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<li id="toc-Poet_Jayadeva's_literary_contribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poet_Jayadeva's_literary_contribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Poet Jayadeva's literary contribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poet_Jayadeva's_literary_contribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographical distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Foreign countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardisation_and_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardisation_and_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Standardisation and dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standardisation_and_dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Standardisation and dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Standardisation_and_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_varieties_or_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_varieties_or_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Major varieties or dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_varieties_or_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_tribal_and_community_dialects/sociolects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_tribal_and_community_dialects/sociolects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Major tribal and community dialects/sociolects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_tribal_and_community_dialects/sociolects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Odia_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odia_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Odia script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odia_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Odia language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya" title="Oriya – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oriya" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उड़िया भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उड़िया भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لغة الأوريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة الأوريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ওড়িয়া ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ওড়িয়া ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_oriya" title="Idioma oriya – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma oriya" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="ओड़िया भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ओड़िया भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_dili" title="Oriya dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oriya dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اودیا دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اودیا دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ওড়িয়া ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওড়িয়া ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ория теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ория теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Одыя (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Одыя (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ओडिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ओडिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_(tataramon)" title="Odia (tataramon) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Odia (tataramon)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Одия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Одия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriyeg" title="Oriyeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oriyeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya" title="Oriya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oriya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5)" title="Ори (чĕлхе) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ори (чĕлхе)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_(pinulongan)" title="Odia (pinulongan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Odia (pinulongan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urij%C5%A1tina" title="Urijština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Urijština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_(sprog)" title="Oriya (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oriya (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya" title="Oriya – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oriya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oria_keel" title="Oria keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oria keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Γλώσσα Όντια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Όντια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_oriya" title="Idioma oriya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma oriya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_lingvo" title="Odia lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Odia lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia" title="Odia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Odia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="زبان اوریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اوریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_bhasa" title="Odia bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Odia bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia" title="Odia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Odia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_oriya" title="Lingua oriya – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua oriya" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="ઓડિયા ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઓડિયા ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="ओरिया भास – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ओरिया भास" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya-ng%C3%AE" title="Oriya-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Oriya-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%BC%EC%96%B4" title="오리야어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오리야어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia" title="Odia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Odia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82)" title="Օրիա (լեզու) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրիա (լեզու)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="ओड़िया भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओड़िया भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_jezici" title="Oriya jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oriya jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ওড়িয়া ঠার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ওড়িয়া ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Odia" title="Bahasa Odia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Odia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%ADja" title="Oríja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Oríja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_oriya" title="Lingua oriya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua oriya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="אורייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಒಡಿಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒಡಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="ორია (ენა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორია (ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اۆرِیا زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اۆرِیا زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyoriya" title="Icyoriya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyoriya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kioriya" title="Kioriya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kioriya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Одиа – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Одиа" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ория тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ория тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Orissensis" title="Lingua Orissensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Orissensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriju_valoda" title="Oriju valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oriju valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ория чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ория чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orij%C5%B3_kalba" title="Orijų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Orijų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orija_nyelv" title="Orija nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orija nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="ओड़िया भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ओड़िया भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_%C3%B4di%C3%A0" title="Fiteny ôdià – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny ôdià" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ഒഡിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒഡിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उडिया भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उडिया भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="ორია (ნინა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ორია (ნინა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لغه الاوريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه الاوريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اودیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اودیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Odia" title="Bahasa Odia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Odia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia" title="Odia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Odia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="ओडिया भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ओडिया भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="ओडिया भाय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ओडिया भाय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="オリヤー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オリヤー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya" title="Oriya – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Oriya" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya" title="Oriya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oriya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya" title="Oriya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oriya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya" title="Oriya – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oriya" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_tili" title="Oriya tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oriya tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਓਡੀਆ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਡੀਆ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Oriya" title="Salitan Oriya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Oriya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%DA%91%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اُڑیا بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اُڑیا بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia" title="Odia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Odia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اوډيا ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوډيا ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_oriya" title="Lenga oriya – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga oriya" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_orija" title="Język orija – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język orija" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_ori%C3%A1" title="Língua oriá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua oriá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_oriya" title="Limba oriya – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba oriya" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_simi" title="Oriya simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Oriya simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Ория (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ория (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="ओडियाभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ओडियाभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisht" title="Odisht – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Odisht" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Odia language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%99%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="اڙيا ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اڙيا ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زمانی ئۆدیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئۆدیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Одија (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Одија (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya" title="Oriya – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oriya" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orija" title="Orija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya" title="Oriya – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oriya" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Oriya" title="Wikang Oriya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Oriya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒடியா மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒடியா மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="ఒడియా భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఒడియా భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษาโอริยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาโอริยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_dili" title="Oriya dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oriya dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Орія (мова) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орія (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%91%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اوڑیا زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوڑیا زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%95" title="ئورىياچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئورىياچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Oriya" title="Tiếng Oriya – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Oriya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="奥里亚语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥里亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87" title="奧利亞文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧利亞文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriyaki" title="Oriyaki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Oriyaki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="奥里亚语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥里亚语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Odia" title="Bahasa Odia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Odia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orija_zyvon" title="Orija zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Orija zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Odia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><i>Oṛiā</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Odia_script.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Odia_script.png/130px-Odia_script.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Odia_script.png/195px-Odia_script.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Odia_script.png/260px-Odia_script.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The word "Oṛiā" in <a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia script</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="or-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Odia" title="Help:IPA/Odia">[oˈɽia]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ce\/Or-%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86.oga\/Or-%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Or-\u0b13\u0b21\u0b3c\u0b3f\u0b06.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Or-%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86.oga/Or-%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Or-%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86.oga" title="File:Or-ଓଡ଼ିଆ.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span><small>(Odia)</small><br /> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <small>(English)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Odia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern India">Eastern India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Andhra" title="North Andhra">North</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IBNLive_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBNLive-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naresh_Chandra_Pattanayak_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naresh_Chandra_Pattanayak-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-daily.bhaskar.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daily.bhaskar.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Parts of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a><sup id="cite_ref-IBNLive_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBNLive-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naresh_Chandra_Pattanayak_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naresh_Chandra_Pattanayak-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-daily.bhaskar.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daily.bhaskar.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Odia_people" title="Odia people">Odias</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_Odisha" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha">Scheduled Tribes of Odisha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 38 million (2011–2019)<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_ory_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_ory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 3.6 million<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_ory_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_ory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Odia</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi Prakrit</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>Odra Prakrit <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>Old Odia </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#Standardisation_and_dialects">Standard Odia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baleswari_Odia" title="Baleswari Odia">Baleswari Odia</a> (Northern)</li> <li>Kataki (Central)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjami_Odia" title="Ganjami Odia">Ganjami Odia</a> (Southern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundargadi_Odia" title="Sundargadi Odia">Sundargadi Odia</a> (Northwestern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a> (Western)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a> (South-western)</li> <li><a href="#Major_tribal_and_community_dialects/sociolects">Tribal and Community dialects</a></li> <li><a href="#Standardisation_and_dialects">Others dialects</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga script</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia Braille</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a><sup id="cite_ref-The_Avenue_Mail_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Avenue_Mail-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (additional)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (additional)</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Sahitya_Akademi" title="Odisha Sahitya Akademi">Odisha Sahitya Akademi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Odisha" title="Government of Odisha">Government of Odisha</a><sup id="cite_ref-osa_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=or">or</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=342">ori</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ori" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ori">ori</a></code> – inclusive code<br />Individual codes:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ory" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ory">ory</a></code> – Odia<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/spv" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:spv">spv</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ort" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ort">ort</a></code> – Adivasi Odia (Kotia)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/dso" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:dso">dso</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a> (South-western) (duplicate of [ort])<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/macr1269">macr1269</a></code>  Macro-Oriya (Odra)<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oriy1255">oriy1255</a></code>  Odia</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Odia_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Odia_map.svg/320px-Odia_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Odia_map.svg/480px-Odia_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Odia_map.svg/640px-Odia_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff55dd; color:black;"> </span> Odia majority or plurality</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffaaee; color:black;"> </span> Significant Odia minority</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains Odia text.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Odia" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Odia script.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Odia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Odia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a>: <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Odia language) transliteration"><i lang="or-Latn">Oṛiā</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="or-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Odia" title="Help:IPA/Odia">[oˈɽia]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ce\/Or-%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86.oga\/Or-%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Or-\u0b13\u0b21\u0b3c\u0b3f\u0b06.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Or-%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86.oga/Or-%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Or-%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86.oga" title="File:Or-ଓଡ଼ିଆ.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formerly rendered as <b>Oriya</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Classical_languages_of_India" title="Classical languages of India">classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> spoken in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">official language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> (formerly rendered as Orissa),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where native speakers make up 82% of the population,<sup id="cite_ref-LSI-Orissa_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSI-Orissa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is also spoken in parts of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odia is one of the many <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">official languages of India</a>; it is the official language of Odisha and the second official language of Jharkhand. The Odia language has various dialects varieties, including the <a href="/wiki/Baleswari_Odia" title="Baleswari Odia">Baleswari Odia</a> (Northern dialect), Kataki (central dialect), <a href="/wiki/Ganjami_Odia" title="Ganjami Odia">Ganjami Odia</a> (Southern dialect), <a href="/wiki/Sundargadi_Odia" title="Sundargadi Odia">Sundargadi Odia</a> (Northwestern dialect), <a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a> (Western dialect), <a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a> (South-western dialect) and <a href="#Major_tribal_and_community_dialects/sociolects">Tribal Community dialects</a> who spoken by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_Odisha" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha">tribals groups in Odisha</a> who adopted the Odia language.<sup id="cite_ref-IBNLive_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBNLive-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naresh_Chandra_Pattanayak_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naresh_Chandra_Pattanayak-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-daily.bhaskar.com_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daily.bhaskar.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trilingual_Signboard_at_Bhubaneswar_Airport_having_text_in_Odia,_Hindi_and_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trilingual_Signboard_at_Bhubaneswar_Airport_having_text_in_Odia%2C_Hindi_and_English.jpg/220px-Trilingual_Signboard_at_Bhubaneswar_Airport_having_text_in_Odia%2C_Hindi_and_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trilingual_Signboard_at_Bhubaneswar_Airport_having_text_in_Odia%2C_Hindi_and_English.jpg/330px-Trilingual_Signboard_at_Bhubaneswar_Airport_having_text_in_Odia%2C_Hindi_and_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trilingual_Signboard_at_Bhubaneswar_Airport_having_text_in_Odia%2C_Hindi_and_English.jpg/440px-Trilingual_Signboard_at_Bhubaneswar_Airport_having_text_in_Odia%2C_Hindi_and_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption>Trilingual Signboard at Bhubaneswar Airport having text in Odia, Hindi and English</figcaption></figure> <p>Odia is the sixth Indian language to be designated a <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India#Classical" title="Languages of India">classical language</a>, on the basis of having a long literary history and not having borrowed extensively from other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hindu_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known inscription in Odia dates back to the 10th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odia is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan language">Eastern Indo-Aryan language</a> belonging to the Indo-Aryan language family. It descends from Odra Prakrit which itself evolved from <a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi Prakrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter was spoken in east India over 1,500 years ago, and is the primary language used in early <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> and Buddhist texts.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Harvard_Lecture_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Harvard_Lecture-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odia appears to have had relatively little influence from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, compared to other major Indo-Aryan languages.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East-magadhan-proto-languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/East-magadhan-proto-languages.png/330px-East-magadhan-proto-languages.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/East-magadhan-proto-languages.png/495px-East-magadhan-proto-languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/East-magadhan-proto-languages.png/660px-East-magadhan-proto-languages.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The proto-languages of eastern <a href="/wiki/Magadhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadhan">Magadhan</a>; the split and descent of Proto-Odra (Odra Prakrit), the ancestor of the modern Odia language, from Proto-Magadhan (Magadhi Prakrit)<sup id="cite_ref-harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odia-_Urajam_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Odia-_Urajam_inscription.jpg/220px-Odia-_Urajam_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="439" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Odia-_Urajam_inscription.jpg/330px-Odia-_Urajam_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Odia-_Urajam_inscription.jpg/440px-Odia-_Urajam_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>Urajam inscription in Old Odia, royal charter of Eastern Ganga dynasty (1051 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-urajam_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urajam-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The history of the Odia language is divided into eras: </p> <ul><li>Proto-Odia (Odra Prakrit) (10th century and earlier): Inscriptions from 9th century shows the evolution of proto-Odia, i.e. Odra Prakrit or <i>Oriya Prakrit</i> words used along with Sanskrit. The inscriptions are dated to third quarter of 9th century during the reign of early <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Gangas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Old Odia (10th century till 13th century): Inscriptions from the 10th century onwards provide evidence for the existence of the Old Odia language, with the earliest inscription being the Urajam inscription of the Eastern Gangas written in Old Odia in 1051 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-urajam_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urajam-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old Odia written in the form of connected lines is found in inscription dated to 1249 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Early Middle Odia (13th century–15th century): The earliest use of prose can be found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Madala_Panji" title="Madala Panji">Madala Panji</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath Temple at Puri</a>, which dates back to the 12th century. Such works as <i>Sisu Beda</i>, <i>Amarakosa</i>, <i>Gorekha Samhita</i>, <i>Kalasa Chautisa</i> and <i>Saptanga</i> are written in this form of Odia.<sup id="cite_ref-patnaik_1989_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patnaik_1989-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-panda_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panda-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-patnaik_1997_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patnaik_1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Middle Odia (15th century–17th century): <a href="/wiki/Sarala_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarala Das">Sarala Das</a> writes the <i>Mahabharata</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vilanka_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilanka Ramayana">Bilanka Ramayana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sukhdeva2002_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sukhdeva2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mukherjee1998_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherjee1998-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the 15th century, Panchasakha 'five seer poets' namely <a href="/wiki/Balarama_Dasa" title="Balarama Dasa">Balarama Dasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achyutananda_Dasa" title="Achyutananda Dasa">Achyutananda Dasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ananta_Dasa" title="Ananta Dasa">Sisu Ananta Dasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jasobanta_Dasa" title="Jasobanta Dasa">Jasobanta Dasa</a> wrote a number of popular works, including the <i>Odia Bhagabata</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jagamohana_Ramayana" title="Jagamohana Ramayana">Jagamohana Ramayana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Purana" title="Lakshmi Purana">Lakshmi Purana</a></i>, <i>Haribansa</i>, <i>Gobinda Chandra</i> and more. Balarama Dasa, Ananta Dasa and Achyutananda Dasa of Pancha Sakha group hailed from <a href="/wiki/Karan_(caste)" title="Karan (caste)">Karana</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Late Middle Odia (17th century–Early 19th century): <i>Usabhilasa</i> of Sisu Sankara Dasa, the <i>Rahasya Manjari</i> of Deba Durlabha Dasa and the <i>Rukmini Bibaha</i> of Kartika Dasa were written. <a href="/wiki/Upendra_Bhanja" title="Upendra Bhanja">Upendra Bhanja</a> took a leading role in this period with his creations <i>Baidehisa Bilasa</i>, <i>Koti Brahmanda Sundari</i>, <i>Labanyabati</i> which emerged as landmarks in Odia Literature. <a href="/wiki/Dinakrushna_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinakrushna Das">Dinakrushna Dasa</a>'s <i>Rasakallola</i> and <a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu_Samantasinhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhimanyu Samantasinhara">Abhimanyu Samanta Singhara</a>'s <i>Bidagdha Chintamani</i> were prominent latter kabyas. Of the song poets who spearheaded <a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a>, classical music of the state – <a href="/wiki/Upendra_Bhanja" title="Upendra Bhanja">Upendra Bhanja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banamali_Dasa" title="Banamali Dasa">Banamali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baladeba_Ratha" title="Baladeba Ratha">Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopalakrusna_Pattanayaka" title="Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka">Gopalakrusna</a> were prominent. <a href="/wiki/Bhima_Bhoi" title="Bhima Bhoi">Bhima Bhoi</a> emerged towards the end of the 19th century.</li> <li>Modern Odia (Late 19th century to present): The first Odia magazine, Bodha Dayini was published in Balasore in 1861. During this time many <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> scholars claimed that Odia was just a dialect of Bengali to exercise of power by cornering government jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance Pandit Kanti Chandra Bhattacharya, a teacher of <a href="/wiki/Balasore" title="Balasore">Balasore</a> Zilla School, published a little pamphlet named 'Odia Ekti Swatantray Bhasha Noi' (Odia not an independent language) where Bhattacharya claimed that Odia was not a separate and original form of language and was a mere corruption of Bengali. He suggested British Government to abolish all Odia Vernacular Schools from Odisha and to alter into Bengali Vernacular Schools.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Odia newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Utkala_Deepika" title="Utkala Deepika">Utkala Deepika</a></i>, launched in 1866 under editors <a href="/wiki/Gourishankar_Ray" title="Gourishankar Ray">Gourishankar Ray</a> and Bichitrananda. In 1869 Bhagavati Charan Das started another newspaper, Utkal Subhakari. More Odia newspapers soon followed like Utkal Patra, Utkal Hiteisini from Cuttack, Utkal Darpan and Sambada Vahika from Balasore and Sambalpur Hiteisini from Deogarh. <a href="/wiki/Fakir_Mohan_Senapati" title="Fakir Mohan Senapati">Fakir Mohan Senapati</a> emerged as a prominent Odia fiction writer of this time and <a href="/wiki/Radhanath_Ray" title="Radhanath Ray">Radhanath Ray</a> as a prominent Odia poet. Other prominent Odia writers who helped promote Odia at this time were <a href="/wiki/Madhusudan_Das" title="Madhusudan Das">Madhusudan Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhusudan_Rao" title="Madhusudan Rao">Madhusudan Rao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangadhar_Meher" title="Gangadhar Meher">Gangadhar Meher</a>, Chintamani Mohanty, <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Kishore_Bal" title="Nanda Kishore Bal">Nanda Kishore Bal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reba_Ray" title="Reba Ray">Reba Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopabandhu_Das" title="Gopabandhu Das">Gopabandhu Das</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Das" title="Nilakantha Das">Nilakantha Das</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poet_Jayadeva's_literary_contribution"><span id="Poet_Jayadeva.27s_literary_contribution"></span>Poet Jayadeva's literary contribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Poet Jayadeva's literary contribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a> was a Sanskrit poet. He was born in an <a href="/wiki/Utkala_Brahmin" title="Utkala Brahmin">Utkala Brahmin</a> family of Puri <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> around 1200 CE. He is most known for his composition, the epic poem <a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a>, which depicts the divine love of the Hindu deity Krishna and his consort, Radha, and is considered an important text in the Bhakti movement of Hinduism. About the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Jayadeva" title="Works of Jayadeva">Jayadeva's literary contribution</a> changed the pattern of versification in Odia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1987.7609902728px; border-left-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1323.7769652808px; border-left-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 991.36510217697px; border-left-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 753.47733832244px; border-left-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 583.79700587526px; border-left-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 422.37116738353px; border-left-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 301.31325811305px; border-left-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 196.26105055051px; border-left-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Distribution of Odia language in the state of India<sup id="cite_ref-Census2011MT_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2011MT-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1F78B4; color:;"> </span> Odisha (92.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#33A02C; color:;"> </span> Chattisgarh (2.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E31A1C; color:;"> </span> Jharkhand (1.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F00; color:;"> </span> Andhra Pradesh (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6A3D9A; color:;"> </span> Assam (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B15928; color:;"> </span> Gujarat (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A6CEE3; color:;"> </span> West Bengal (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B2DF8A; color:;"> </span> Maharashtra (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> Other states (0.8%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>According to the 2011 census, there are 37.52 million <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Odia speakers in India</a>, making up 3.1% of the country's population. Among these, 93% reside in Odisha.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odia is also spoken in neighbouring states such as <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> (913,581), <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> (531,077), <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> (361,471), and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> (162,142).<sup id="cite_ref-Census2011MT_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2011MT-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to worker migration as <a href="/wiki/Tea-garden_community" title="Tea-garden community">tea garden workers</a> in colonial India, northeastern states <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> have a sizeable Odia-speaking population,<sup id="cite_ref-Census2011MT_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2011MT-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in <a href="/wiki/Sonitpur_district" title="Sonitpur district">Sonitpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinsukia_district" title="Tinsukia district">Tinsukia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udalguri_district" title="Udalguri district">Udalguri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sivasagar_district" title="Sivasagar district">Sivasagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golaghat_district" title="Golaghat district">Golaghat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh_district" title="Dibrugarh district">Dibrugarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cachar_district" title="Cachar district">Cachar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagaon_district" title="Nagaon district">Nagaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karimganj_district" title="Karimganj district">Karimganj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbi_Anglong_district" title="Karbi Anglong district">Karbi Anglong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorhat_district" title="Jorhat district">Jorhat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakhimpur_district" title="Lakhimpur district">Lakhimpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baksa_district" title="Baksa district">Baksa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamrup_Metropolitan_district" title="Kamrup Metropolitan district">Kamrup Metropolitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hailakandi_district" title="Hailakandi district">Hailakandi district</a> of Assam and <a href="/wiki/West_Tripura_district" title="West Tripura district">West Tripura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhalai_district" title="Dhalai district">Dhalai</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Tripura_district" title="North Tripura district">North Tripura</a> district of Tripura. Similarly, due to increasing worker migration in modern India, the western states <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> also have a significant Odia speaking population.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_of_India_2003_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times_of_India_2003-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, due to economic pursuits, significant numbers of Odia speakers can be found in Indian cities such as <a href="/wiki/Vishakhapatnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishakhapatnam">Vishakhapatnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry (city)">Pondicherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon" title="Gurgaon">Gurgaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silvassa" title="Silvassa">Silvassa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_countries">Foreign countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foreign countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Odia diaspora is sizeable in several countries around the world, bringing the number of Odia speakers worldwide to 50 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anthropology2003_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthropology2003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (March 2018)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> It has a significant presence in eastern countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, mainly brought by the <a href="/wiki/Sadhaba" title="Sadhaba">sadhaba</a>, ancient traders from Odisha who carried the language along with the culture during the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">old-day trading</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Behera2002_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behera2002-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in western countries such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. The language has also spread to <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthropology2003_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthropology2003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardisation_and_dialects">Standardisation and dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standardisation and dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_varieties_or_dialects">Major varieties or dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Major varieties or dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baleswari_Odia" title="Baleswari Odia">Baleswari</a> (Northern Odia): Spoken in <a href="/wiki/Balasore_district" title="Balasore district">Baleswar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhadrak_district" title="Bhadrak district">Bhadrak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayurbhanj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayurbhanj">Mayurbhanj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kendujhar_district" title="Kendujhar district">Kendujhar</a> districts of Odisha and southern parts of undivided <a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a> of West Bengal. The variant spoken in <a href="/wiki/Balasore_district" title="Balasore district">Baleswar</a> is called <i>Baleswaria</i>.</li> <li>Kataki (Central Odia):<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spoken in the coastal and central regions consisting of <a href="/wiki/Cuttack_district" title="Cuttack district">Cuttack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khordha_district" title="Khordha district">Khordha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puri_district" title="Puri district">Puri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nayagarh_district" title="Nayagarh district">Nayagarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jajpur_district" title="Jajpur district">Jajpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagatsinghpur_district" title="Jagatsinghpur district">Jagatsinghpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kendrapara_district" title="Kendrapara district">Kendrapara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhenkanal_district" title="Dhenkanal district">Dhenkanal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angul_district" title="Angul district">Angul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debagarh_district" title="Debagarh district">Debagarh</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Boudh_district" title="Boudh district">Boudh</a> districts of Odisha with regional variations. The Cuttack variant is known as Katakia. <ul><li>Khurda Odia : Spoken in <a href="/wiki/Khordha_district" title="Khordha district">Khordha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puri_district" title="Puri district">Puri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nayagarh_district" title="Nayagarh district">Nayagarh</a> districts of Odisha.<sup id="cite_ref-dsal1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsal1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjami_Odia" title="Ganjami Odia">Ganjami</a> (Southern Odia): Spoken in <a href="/wiki/Ganjam_district" title="Ganjam district">Ganjam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_district" title="Gajapati district">Gajapati</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Kandhamal_district" title="Kandhamal district">Kandhamal</a> districts of Odisha, <a href="/wiki/Srikakulam_district" title="Srikakulam district">Srikakulam</a> district of Andhra Pradesh. The variant spoken in <a href="/wiki/Berhampur" title="Berhampur">Berhampur</a> is also known as <i>Berhampuria</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundargadi_Odia" title="Sundargadi Odia">Sundargadi</a> (Northwestern Odia): Spoken in <a href="/wiki/Sundergarh_district" title="Sundergarh district">Sundergarh</a> and parts of adjoining districts of Odisha and the districts of <a href="/wiki/Jashpur_district" title="Jashpur district">Jashpur</a> of Chhattisgarh and <a href="/wiki/Simdega_district" title="Simdega district">Simdega</a> of Jharkhand.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dsal_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsal-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a> (Western Odia): It is the western dialect/variety of Odia language with the core variant spoken in <a href="/wiki/Sambalpur_district" title="Sambalpur district">Sambalpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharsuguda_district" title="Jharsuguda district">Jharsuguda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bargarh_district" title="Bargarh district">Bargarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balangir_district" title="Balangir district">Balangir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subarnapur_district" title="Subarnapur district">Subarnapur</a> districts, along with parts of <a href="/wiki/Nuapada_district" title="Nuapada district">Nuapada</a> and western parts of <a href="/wiki/Boudh_district" title="Boudh district">Boudh</a> districts of Odisha. Also spoken in parts of <a href="/wiki/Raigarh_district" title="Raigarh district">Raigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahasamund_district" title="Mahasamund district">Mahasamund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raipur_district" title="Raipur district">Raipur</a> districts of Chhattisgarh. A 2006 survey of the varieties spoken in four villages in Western Odisha found out that Sambalpuri share three-quarters of their basic vocabulary with Standard Odia and has 75%–76% lexical similarity with Standard Odia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathaiKelsall20134–6_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathaiKelsall20134–6-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Census_2011_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a> (Southwestern Odia/Koraputi): Spoken in southwestern districts of <a href="/wiki/Nabarangpur_district" title="Nabarangpur district">Nabarangpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rayagada_district" title="Rayagada district">Rayagada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koraput_district" title="Koraput district">Koraput</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malkangiri_district" title="Malkangiri district">Malkangiri</a> and southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Kalahandi_district" title="Kalahandi district">Kalahandi</a> districts of Odisha and in the hilly regions of <a href="/wiki/Vishakhapatnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishakhapatnam">Vishakhapatnam</a> and, <a href="/wiki/Vizianagaram" title="Vizianagaram">Vizianagaram</a> districts of Andhra Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2011_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variant spoken in <a href="/wiki/Koraput" title="Koraput">Koraput</a> is also known as <i>Koraputia</i>.</li></ul> <p><b>Minor regional dialects</b> </p> <ul><li>Medinipuri Odia (Medinipuria): Spoken in parts of undivided <a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a> district and <a href="/wiki/Kakdwip_subdivision" title="Kakdwip subdivision">Kakdwip subdivision</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a>) of West Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhbhumi_Odia" title="Singhbhumi Odia">Singhbhumi Odia</a>: Spoken in parts of <a href="/wiki/East_Singhbhum" class="mw-redirect" title="East Singhbhum">East Singhbhum</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Singhbhum" class="mw-redirect" title="West Singhbhum">West Singhbhum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saraikela-Kharsawan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikela-Kharsawan">Saraikela-Kharsawan</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulbani_Odia" title="Phulbani Odia">Phulbani Odia</a>: spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kandhamal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandhamal">Kandhamal</a> and in parts of <a href="/wiki/Boudh_district" title="Boudh district">Boudh district</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalahandia">Kalahandia Odia</a>: Variant of Odia spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kalahandi_district" title="Kalahandi district">Kalahandi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuapada_district" title="Nuapada district">Nuapada districts</a> and neighbouring districts of <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>.</li> <li>Debagadia Odia: Variant of Odia spoken in <a href="/wiki/Debagarh_district" title="Debagarh district">Debagarh district</a> and the adjoining <a href="/wiki/Rairakhol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rairakhol">Rairakhol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athmallik" title="Athmallik">Athmallik</a> area. It is known as Debgadia or Deogarhia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_tribal_and_community_dialects/sociolects"><span id="Major_tribal_and_community_dialects.2Fsociolects"></span>Major tribal and community dialects/sociolects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Major tribal and community dialects/sociolects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a> (Jharia): spoken by the Parang Proja tribe of <a href="/wiki/Koraput_district" title="Koraput district">Koraput</a> and neighbouring districts of Odisha.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a>: language variety spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Bhottada" title="Bhottada">Bhottada</a> tribe in Odisha and Chhattisgarh.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a>: language variety spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Reli_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Reli people">Reli people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Koraput_district" title="Koraput district">Koraput</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rayagada_district" title="Rayagada district">Rayagada districts</a> of southern Odisha and bordering districts of Andhra Pradesh.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a>: language variety spoken by <a href="/wiki/Valmiki_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valmiki (caste)">Valmiki</a> people of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Koraput_district" title="Koraput district">Koraput</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_district" title="Visakhapatnam district">Visakhapatnam</a> districts.</li></ul> <p><b>Minor sociolects</b> </p><p>Odia minor dialects include:<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Bhuyan: Tribal dialect spoken in Northern Odisha.</li> <li>Kurmi: Northern Odisha and Southwest Bengal.</li> <li>Sounti: Spoken in Northern Odisha and Southwest Bengal.</li> <li>Bathudi: Spoken in Northern Odisha and Southwest Bengal.</li> <li>Kondhan: Tribal dialect spoken in Western Odisha.</li> <li>Agharia: Spoken by <a href="/wiki/Agharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agharia">Agharia</a> community in districts of Western Odisha and Chhattisgarh.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhulia_(dialect)" title="Bhulia (dialect)">Bhulia</a>: Spoken by <a href="/wiki/Bhulia" title="Bhulia">Bhulia</a> community in districts of Western Odisha and Chhattisgarh.</li> <li>Matia: Tribal dialect spoken in Southern Odisha.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Odia_phonology.webm/220px--Odia_phonology.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="161" data-durationhint="155" data-mwtitle="Odia_phonology.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Odia_phonology.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Odia_phonology.webm/Odia_phonology.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="656" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Odia_phonology.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="786" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Odia_phonology.webm/Odia_phonology.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="196" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Odia_phonology.webm/Odia_phonology.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="328" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Odia_phonology.webm/Odia_phonology.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="492" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Odia_phonology.webm/Odia_phonology.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="492" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AOdia_phonology.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AOdia_phonology.webm&lang=or&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="or" label="ଓଡ଼ିଆ ‪(or)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Odia_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia alphabet">Odia alphabet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Odia has 30 consonant phonemes, 2 semivowel phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Odia vowel phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cardona_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardona-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Length is not contrastive. The vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span> can also be heard as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span>, or as an allophone of the coalescence of the sequences <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j<span class="wrap"> </span>+<span class="wrap"> </span>a/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j<span class="wrap"> </span>+<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Final vowels are pronounced in the standard language, e.g. Odia <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰulɔ]</span> contrasts <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰul]</span> "flower".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Odia consonant phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial consonants">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar consonants">Alveolar</a><br />/<a href="/wiki/Dental_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental consonants">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex consonants">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post alv.</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal consonants">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar consonants">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottal consonants">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">voiceless aspirated</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʃʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Murmured_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Murmured voice">voiced aspirated</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">bʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɖʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʒʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a>/<a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ɽʰ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant#Approximants" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Odia retains the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">voiced retroflex lateral approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages. The <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span> is given phonemic status in some analyses, as it also occurs as a terminal sound, e.g. ଏବଂ- ebaṅ /ebɔŋ/<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasals assimilate for <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place</a> in nasal–stop clusters. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖʱ/</span> have the near-allophonic intervocalic<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">flaps</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɽʱ]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Intervocalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Intervocalic">intervocalic</a> position and in final position (but not at <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> boundaries). Stops are sometimes <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">deaspirated</a> between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> and a vowel or an <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open syllable</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>+vowel and a vowel. Some speakers distinguish between single and <a href="/wiki/Geminate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate consonant">geminate consonants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia grammar</a></div> <p>Odia retains most of the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, though the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a> have merged (both without a separate marker), as have the accusative and dative. There are three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter) and two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical numbers</a>(singular and plural). However, there are no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a>. The usage of gender is semantic, i.e. to differentiate male members of a class from female members.<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_Cardona_2007_p._450_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain_Cardona_2007_p._450-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three tenses coded via affixes (i.e., present, past and future), others being expressed via auxiliaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odia_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia braille">Odia braille</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_Oriya_Language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Evolution_of_Oriya_Language.jpg/220px-Evolution_of_Oriya_Language.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Evolution_of_Oriya_Language.jpg/330px-Evolution_of_Oriya_Language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Evolution_of_Oriya_Language.jpg/440px-Evolution_of_Oriya_Language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>A detailed chart depicting evolution of the Odia script as displayed in a museum at <a href="/wiki/Ratnagiri,_Odisha" title="Ratnagiri, Odisha">Ratnagiri, Odisha</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Odia language uses the Odia script (also known as the Kalinga script). It is a <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic script">Brahmic script</a> used to write primarily the Odia language and others like Sanskrit and several minor regional languages. The script has developed over nearly 1000 years, with the earliest trace of the script being dated to 1051 AD. </p><p>Odia is a syllabic alphabet, or an abugida, wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol. </p><p>The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear if too many straight lines are used.<sup id="cite_ref-Caldwell_1998_p._125_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caldwell_1998_p._125-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odia_script">Odia script</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Odia script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"> <caption><b>Vowels</b> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ସ୍ୱର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ</span></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଅ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଆ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଇ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଈ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଉ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଊ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଋ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୠ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଌ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୡ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଏ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଐ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଓ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଔ</span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"> <caption><b>Consonants</b> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ</span></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଖ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଗ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଘ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଙ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଚ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଛ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଜ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଝ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଞ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଟ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଠ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଡ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଢ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଣ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ତ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଥ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଦ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଧ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ନ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ପ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଫ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ବ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଭ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ମ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଯ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ର</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଳ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୱ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଶ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଷ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ସ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ହ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୟ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଲ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଡ଼</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଢ଼</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କ୍ଷ</span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"> <caption><b>Diacritics</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ା</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ି</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୀ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୁ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୂ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୃ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୄ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୢ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୣ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">େ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୈ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୋ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୌ</span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"> <caption><b>Signs, Punctuation</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଂ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଃ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଁ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">୍</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">଼</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">।</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">॥</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଽ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଓଁ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">୰</span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"> <caption><b>Numbers</b> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ସଂଖ୍ୟା</span></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">୦</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">୧</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">୨</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">୩</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">୪</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">୫</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">୬</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">୭</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">୮</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">୯</span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Odia_literature" title="Odia literature">Odia literature</a></div> <p>The earliest literature in Odia can be traced to the Charyapadas, composed in the 7th to 9th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before Sarala Das, the most important works in Odia literature are the Shishu Veda, Saptanga, Amara Kosha, <i>Rudrasudhanidhi</i>, <i>Kesaba Koili</i>, <i>Kalasa Chautisa,</i> etc.<sup id="cite_ref-patnaik_1989_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patnaik_1989-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-panda_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panda-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-patnaik_1997_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patnaik_1997-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 14th century, the poet <a href="/wiki/Sarala_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarala Das">Sarala Das</a> wrote the Sarala Mahabharata, Chandi Purana, and Vilanka Ramayana, in praise of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>. Rama-Bibaha, written by Arjuna Dasa, was the first long poem written in the Odia language. </p><p>The following era is termed the <a href="/wiki/Odia_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia Literature">Panchasakha Age</a> and stretches until the year 1700. Notable religious works of the Panchasakha Age include those of <a href="/wiki/Balarama_Dasa" title="Balarama Dasa">Balarama Dasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a>, Yasovanta, Ananta and <a href="/wiki/Acyutananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Acyutananda">Acyutananda</a>. The authors of this period mainly translated, adapted, or imitated Sanskrit literature. Other prominent works of the period include the <i>Usabhilasa</i> of Sisu Sankara Dasa, the <i>Rahasya Manjari</i> of Debadurlabha Dasa and the <i>Rukmini Bibha</i> of Kartika Dasa. A new form of novels in verse evolved during the beginning of the 17th century when Ramachandra Pattanayaka wrote <i>Harabali</i>. Other poets, like Madhusudana, Bhima Dhibara, Sadasiba and Sisu Iswara Dasa composed another form called <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81vya" title="Kāvya">kavyas</a> (long poems) based on themes from Puranas, with an emphasis on plain, simple language. </p><p>However, during the <a href="/wiki/Odia_literature#Age_of_Upendra_Bhanja" title="Odia literature">Bhanja Age</a> (also known as the Age of Riti Yuga) beginning with turn of the 18th century, verbally tricky Odia became the order of the day. Verbal jugglery and eroticism characterise the period between 1700 and 1850, particularly in the works of the era's eponymous poet <a href="/wiki/Upendra_Bhanja" title="Upendra Bhanja">Upendra Bhanja</a> (1670–1720). Bhanja's work inspired many imitators, of which the most notable is Arakshita Das. Family chronicles in prose relating religious festivals and rituals are also characteristic of the period. </p><p>The first Odia printing typeset was cast in 1836 by Christian missionaries. Although the handwritten Odia script of the time closely resembled the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese scripts</a>, the one adopted for the printed typesets was significantly different, leaning more towards the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu script</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amos_Sutton" title="Amos Sutton">Amos Sutton</a> produced an Oriya Bible (1840), Oriya Dictionary (1841–43) and<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>An Introductory Grammar of Oriya</i> (1844).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odia has a rich literary heritage dating back to the thirteenth century. <a href="/wiki/Sarala_Dasa" title="Sarala Dasa">Sarala Dasa</a> who lived in the fourteenth century is known as the <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a> of Odisha. He wrote the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> into Odia. In fact, the language was initially standardised through a process of translating or transcreating classical Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata, <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>. The translation of the <i>Bhagavatam</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)"><i>Atibadi</i> Jagannatha Dasa</a> was particularly influential on the written form of the language. Another of the Panchasakha, <a href="/wiki/Balarama_Dasa" title="Balarama Dasa"><i>Matta</i> Balarama Dasa</a> transcreated the Ramayana in Odia, titled <i><a href="/wiki/Jagamohana_Ramayana" title="Jagamohana Ramayana">Jagamohana Ramayana</a></i>. Odia has had a strong tradition of poetry, especially <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">devotional</a> poetry. </p><p>Other eminent Odia poets include <a href="/wiki/Kabi_Samrat_Upendra_Bhanja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja"><i>Kabi Samrat</i> Upendra Bhanja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavisurya_Baladev_Rath" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavisurya Baladev Rath"><i>Kabisurjya</i> Baladeba Ratha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banamali_Dasa" title="Banamali Dasa">Banamali Dasa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinakrusna_Dasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinakrusna Dasa (page does not exist)">Dinakrusna Dasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gopalakrusna_Pattanayaka" title="Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka">Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka</a>. Classical Odia literature is inextricably tied to music, and most of it was written for singing, set to traditional Odissi ragas and talas. These compositions form the core of the system of <a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a>, the classical music of the state. </p><p>Three great poets and prose writers, <a href="/wiki/Kabibar_Radhanath_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabibar Radhanath Ray">Kabibar Radhanath Ray</a> (1849–1908), <a href="/wiki/Fakir_Mohan_Senapati" title="Fakir Mohan Senapati">Fakir Mohan Senapati</a> (1843–1918) and <a href="/wiki/Madhusudan_Rao" title="Madhusudan Rao">Madhusudan Rao</a> (1853–1912) made Odia their own. They brought in a modern outlook and spirit into Odia literature. Around the same time the modern drama took birth in the works of Rama Sankara Ray beginning with Kanci-Kaveri (1880). </p><p>Among the contemporaries of Fakir Mohan, four novelists deserve special mention: Aparna Panda, Mrutyunjay Rath, Ram Chandra Acharya and Brajabandhu Mishra. Aparna Panda's Kalavati and Brajabandhu Mishra's Basanta Malati were both published in 1902, the year in which Chha Mana Atha Guntha came out in the book form. Brajabandhu Mishra's Basanta Malati, which came out from Bamanda, depicts the conflict between a poor but highly educated young man and a wealthy and highly egoistic young woman whose conjugal life is seriously affected by ego clashes. Through a story of union, separation and reunion, the novelist delineates the psychological state of a young woman in separation from her husband and examines the significance of marriage as a social institution in traditional Indian society. Ram Chandra Acharya wrote about seven novels during 1924–1936. All his novels are historical romances based on the historical events in Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Odisha. Mrutyunjay Rath's novel, Adbhuta Parinama, published in 1915, centres round a young Hindu who gets converted to Christianity to marry a Christian girl. </p><p>One of the great writers in the 20th century was Pandit <a href="/wiki/Krushna_Chandra_Kar" title="Krushna Chandra Kar">Krushna Chandra Kar</a> (1907–1995) from Cuttack, who wrote many books for children like <i>Pari Raija, Kuhuka Raija, Panchatantra, Adi Jugara Galpa Mala</i>, etc. He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in 1971–72 for his contributions to Odia literature, development of children's fiction, and biographies. </p><p>One of the prominent writers of the 20th and 21st centuries was Muralidhar Mallick (1927–2002). His contribution to Historical novels is beyond words. He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in the year 1998 for his contributions to Odia literature. His son Khagendranath Mallick (born 1951) is also a writer. His contribution towards poetry, criticism, essays, story and novels is commendable. He was the former President of Utkal Kala Parishad and also former President of Odisha Geeti Kabi Samaj. Presently he is a member of the Executive Committee of Utkal Sahitya Samaj. Another illustrious writer of the 20th century was Chintamani Das. A noted academician, he was written more than 40 books including fiction, short stories, biographies and storybooks for children. Born in 1903 in Sriramachandrapur village under Satyabadi block, Chintamani Das is the only writer who has written biographies on all the five 'Pancha Sakhas' of Satyabadi namely Pandit Gopabandhu Das, Acharya Harihara, Nilakantha Das, Krupasindhu Mishra and Pandit Godabarisha. Having served as the Head of the Odia department of Khallikote College, Berhampur, Chintamani Das was felicitated with the Sahitya Akademi Samman in 1970 for his outstanding contribution to Odia literature in general and Satyabadi Yuga literature in particular. Some of his well-known literary creations are 'Bhala Manisha Hua', 'Manishi Nilakantha', 'Kabi Godabarisha', 'Byasakabi Fakiramohan', 'Usha', 'Barabati'. </p><p>20th century writers in Odia include Pallikabi <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Kishore_Bal" title="Nanda Kishore Bal">Nanda Kishore Bal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangadhar_Meher" title="Gangadhar Meher">Gangadhar Meher</a>, Chintamani Mahanti and <a href="/wiki/Kuntala_Kumari_Sabat" title="Kuntala Kumari Sabat">Kuntala Kumari Sabat</a>, besides Niladri Dasa and <a href="/wiki/Gopabandhu_Das" title="Gopabandhu Das">Gopabandhu Das</a>. The most notable novelists were Umesa Sarakara, Divyasimha Panigrahi, <a href="/wiki/Gopala_Chandra_Praharaj" title="Gopala Chandra Praharaj">Gopala Chandra Praharaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalindi_Charan_Panigrahi" title="Kalindi Charan Panigrahi">Kalindi Charan Panigrahi</a>. Sachi Kanta Rauta Ray is the great introducer of the ultra-modern style in modern Odia poetry. Others who took up this form were Godabarisha Mohapatra, <a href="/wiki/Mayadhar_Mansingh" title="Mayadhar Mansingh">Mayadhar Mansingh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nityananda_Mahapatra" title="Nityananda Mahapatra">Nityananda Mahapatra</a> and Kunjabihari Dasa. Prabhasa Chandra Satpathi is known for his translations of some western classics apart from Udayanatha Shadangi, Sunanda Kara and Surendranatha Dwivedi. Criticism, essays and history also became major lines of writing in the Odia language. Esteemed writers in this field were Professor Girija Shankar Ray, Pandit Vinayaka Misra, Professor Gauri Kumara Brahma, Jagabandhu Simha and <a href="/wiki/Harekrushna_Mahatab" title="Harekrushna Mahatab">Harekrushna Mahatab</a>. Odia literature mirrors the industrious, peaceful and artistic image of the <a href="/wiki/Odia_people" title="Odia people">Odia people</a> who have offered and gifted much to the Indian civilisation in the field of art and literature. Now Writers <a href="/wiki/Manoj_Das" title="Manoj Das">Manoj Das</a>'s creations motivated and inspired people towards a positive lifestyle. Distinguished prose writers of the modern period include <a href="/wiki/Baidyanath_Misra" title="Baidyanath Misra">Baidyanath Misra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fakir_Mohan_Senapati" title="Fakir Mohan Senapati">Fakir Mohan Senapati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhusudan_Das" title="Madhusudan Das">Madhusudan Das</a>, Godabarisha Mohapatra, Kalindi Charan Panigrahi, <a href="/wiki/Surendra_Mohanty" title="Surendra Mohanty">Surendra Mohanty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manoj_Das" title="Manoj Das">Manoj Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kishori_Charan_Das" title="Kishori Charan Das">Kishori Charan Das</a>, Gopinath Mohanty, Rabi Patnaik, Chandrasekhar Rath, Binapani Mohanty, Bhikari Rath, <a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Mohanty" title="Jagadish Mohanty">Jagadish Mohanty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Sahoo" title="Sarojini Sahoo">Sarojini Sahoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yashodhara_Mishra" title="Yashodhara Mishra">Yashodhara Mishra</a>, Ramchandra Behera, Padmaja Pal. But it is poetry that makes modern Odia literature a force to reckon with. Poets like <a href="/wiki/Kabibar_Radhanath_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabibar Radhanath Ray">Kabibar Radhanath Ray</a>, Sachidananda Routray, Guruprasad Mohanty, Soubhagya Misra, <a href="/wiki/Ramakanta_Rath" title="Ramakanta Rath">Ramakanta Rath</a>, Sitakanta Mohapatra, Rajendra Kishore Panda, Pratibha Satpathy have made significant contributions towards Indian poetry. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anita_Desai" title="Anita Desai">Anita Desai</a>'s novella, <i>Translator Translated</i>, from her collection <i>The Art of Disappearance</i>, features a translator of a fictive Odia short story writer. The novella contains a discussion of the perils of translating works composed in regional Indian languages into English. </p><p>Four writers in Odia – <a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Mohanty" title="Gopinath Mohanty">Gopinath Mohanty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sachidananda_Routray" title="Sachidananda Routray">Sachidananda Routray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitakant_Mahapatra" title="Sitakant Mahapatra">Sitakant Mahapatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pratibha_Ray" title="Pratibha Ray">Pratibha Ray</a> – have been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith</a>, an Indian literary award. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a sample text in Odia of Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (<span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ମାନବିକ ଅଧିକାରର ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ଘୋଷଣା</span></span>): </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_ori_-_ra_-_Art1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_ori_-_ra_-_Art1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_ori_-_ra_-_Art1.ogg/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_ori_-_ra_-_Art1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUniversal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_ori_-_ra_-_Art1.ogg&lang=or&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="or" label="ଓଡ଼ିଆ ‪(or)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span> </p><p><b>Odia in the Odia script</b> </p> <dl><dd><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or"><b>ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ ୧:</b> ସମସ୍ତ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଜନ୍ମକାଳରୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ଏବଂ ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦା ଓ ଅଧିକାରରେ ସମାନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ବୁଦ୍ଧି ଓ ବିବେକ ନିହିତ ଅଛି ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଭ୍ରାତୃତ୍ୱ ମନୋଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ଉଚିତ୍ ।</span></span></dd></dl> <p><b>Odia in <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a></b> </p> <dl><dd><b>Anuccheda eka:</b> Samasta manuṣya janmakāḷaru swādhīna ebaṅ marẏyādā o adhikārare samāna. Semānaṅkaṭhāre buuddhi o bibeka nihita achi ebaṅ semānaṅku paraspara prati bhrātr̥twa manobhābare byabahāra karibā ucit.</dd></dl> <p><b>Odia in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></b> </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔnut͡ːʃʰed̪ɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ekɔ</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sɔmɔst̪ɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>mɔnuʂjɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒɔnmɔkaɭɔɾu<span class="wrap"> </span>swad̪ʱinɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ebɔŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>mɔɾd͡ʒjad̪a<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔd̪ʱikaɾɔɾe<span class="wrap"> </span>sɔmanɔ.<span class="wrap"> </span>semanɔŋkɔʈʰaɾe<span class="wrap"> </span>bud̪ːʱi<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>bibekɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>niɦit̪ɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔt͡ʃʰi<span class="wrap"> </span>ebɔŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>semanɔŋku<span class="wrap"> </span>pɔɾɔspɔɾɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>pɾɔt̪i<span class="wrap"> </span>bʱɾat̪ɾut̪wɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>mɔnobʱabɔɾe<span class="wrap"> </span>bjɔbɔɦaɾɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>kɔɾiba<span class="wrap"> </span>ut͡ʃit̪</span></dd></dl> <p><b>Gloss</b> </p> <dl><dd><b>Article 1:</b> All human beings from birth are free and dignity and rights are equal. Their reason and intelligence endowed with and they towards one another in a brotherhood spirit behaviour to do should.</dd></dl> <p><b>Translation</b> </p> <dl><dd><b>Article 1:</b> All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Google introduced the first automated translator for Odia in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft too incorporated Odia in its automated translator later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Odia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Odia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011140354/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/odia">"Odia"</a>, <i>Lexico</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBNLive-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IBNLive_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBNLive_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBNLive_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815161939/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html">"Oriya gets its due in neighbouring state- Orissa"</a>. IBNLive. 4 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html">the original</a> on 15 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oriya+gets+its+due+in+neighbouring+state-+Orissa&rft.pub=IBNLive&rft.date=2011-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibnlive.in.com%2Fnews%2Foriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state%2F181258-60-117.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naresh_Chandra_Pattanayak-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naresh_Chandra_Pattanayak_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naresh_Chandra_Pattanayak_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naresh_Chandra_Pattanayak_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaresh_Chandra_Pattanayak2011" class="citation web cs1">Naresh Chandra Pattanayak (1 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Oriya-second-language-in-Jharkhand/articleshow/9818431.cms">"Oriya second language in Jharkhand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707035944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/bhubaneswar/29953104_1_oriya-jharkhand-assembly-jharkhand-cabinet">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Oriya+second+language+in+Jharkhand&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft.au=Naresh+Chandra+Pattanayak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fbhubaneswar%2FOriya-second-language-in-Jharkhand%2Farticleshow%2F9818431.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daily.bhaskar.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daily.bhaskar.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-daily.bhaskar.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-daily.bhaskar.com_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-bengali-Oriya-among-12-dialects-as-2nd-language-in-jharkhand-2392920.html">"Bengali, Oriya among 12 dialects as 2nd language in Jharkhand"</a>. daily.bhaskar.com. 31 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pioneer&rft.atitle=Govt+to+provide+study+facility+to+Odia-speaking+people+in+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2F2013%2Fstate-editions%2Fgovt-to-provide-study-facility-to-odia-speaking-people-in-state.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125073157/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2014/mar/engpdf/5-14.pdf">"Classical Language: Odia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2014/mar/engpdf/5-14.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classical+Language%3A+Odia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodisha.gov.in%2Fe-magazine%2Forissareview%2F2014%2Fmar%2Fengpdf%2F5-14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odia-gets-classical-language-status/article5709028.ece">"Odia gets classical language status"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Odia+gets+classical+language+status&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fodia-gets-classical-language-status%2Farticle5709028.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011125236/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140221/jsp/frontpage/story_18004148.jsp">"Odia becomes sixth classical language"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140221/jsp/frontpage/story_18004148.jsp">the original</a> on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Odia+becomes+sixth+classical+language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1140221%2Fjsp%2Ffrontpage%2Fstory_18004148.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Milestone-for-state-as-Odia-gets-classical-language-status/articleshow/30779140.cms">"Milestone for state as Odia gets classical language status"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 21 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Milestone+for+state+as+Odia+gets+classical+language+status&rft.date=2014-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fbhubaneswar%2FMilestone-for-state-as-Odia-gets-classical-language-status%2Farticleshow%2F30779140.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattanayakPrusty" class="citation book cs1">Pattanayak, Debi Prasanna; Prusty, Subrat Kumar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orissalinks.com/odia/classical3.pdf#16"><i>Classical Odia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a>: KIS Foundation. p. 54<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Odia&rft.place=Bhubaneswar&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=KIS+Foundation&rft.aulast=Pattanayak&rft.aufirst=Debi+Prasanna&rft.au=Prusty%2C+Subrat+Kumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orissalinks.com%2Fodia%2Fclassical3.pdf%2316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFToulmin2006">Toulmin 2006</a>:306)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Harvard_Lecture-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Harvard_Lecture_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Misra, Bijoy (11 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odia.org/articles/harvardLecture.pdf">Oriya Language and Literature</a> (PDF) (Lecture). Languages and Literature of India. Harvard University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010094555/https://www.odishatourism.net/odisha-language/">"Odia Language"</a>. <i>Odisha Tourism</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odishatourism.net/odisha-language/">the original</a> on 10 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Odisha+Tourism&rft.atitle=Odia+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.odishatourism.net%2Fodisha-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urajam-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urajam_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urajam_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathī1962" class="citation book cs1">Tripathī, Kunjabihari (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script</i></a>. Utkal University. pp. 29, 222<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Oriya+Language+and+Script&rft.pages=29%2C+222&rft.pub=Utkal+University&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Tripath%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Kunjabihari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db8MKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFRajaguru1966">Rajaguru 1966</a>:152)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._P._Mahapatra1989" class="citation book cs1">B. P. Mahapatra (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&pg=PA389"><i>Constitutional languages</i></a>. Presses Université Laval. p. 389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7637-7186-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7637-7186-1"><bdi>978-2-7637-7186-1</bdi></a>. <q>Evidence of Old Oriya is found from early inscriptions dating from the 10th century onwards, while the language in the form of connected lines is found only in the inscription dated 1249 A.D.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+languages&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=Presses+Universit%C3%A9+Laval&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1&rft.au=B.+P.+Mahapatra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyU8nq-C6wnoC%26pg%3DPA389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patnaik_1989-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patnaik_1989_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patnaik_1989_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatnaik1989" class="citation book cs1">Patnaik, Durga (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90_qAeMT1bwC&pg=PA11"><i>Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa</i></a>. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-248-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-248-2"><bdi>978-81-7017-248-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palm+Leaf+Etchings+of+Orissa&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-248-2&rft.aulast=Patnaik&rft.aufirst=Durga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D90_qAeMT1bwC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-panda-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-panda_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-panda_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanda1991" class="citation book cs1">Panda, Shishir (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C_LT5Q-f3YEC&pg=PA106"><i>Medieval Orissa: A Socio-economic Study</i></a>. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-261-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-261-5"><bdi>978-81-7099-261-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Orissa%3A+A+Socio-economic+Study&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-261-5&rft.aulast=Panda&rft.aufirst=Shishir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC_LT5Q-f3YEC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patnaik_1997-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patnaik_1997_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patnaik_1997_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatnaik1997" class="citation book cs1">Patnaik, Nihar (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&pg=PA149"><i>Economic History of Orissa</i></a>. New Delhi: Indus Publishing. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-075-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-075-0"><bdi>978-81-7387-075-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+History+of+Orissa&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7387-075-0&rft.aulast=Patnaik&rft.aufirst=Nihar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1AA9W9_4Z9gC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sukhdeva2002-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sukhdeva2002_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukhdeva2002" class="citation book cs1">Sukhdeva (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BMyxwk5g3NEC&pg=PT7"><i>Living Thoughts of the Ramayana</i></a>. Jaico Publishing House. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7992-002-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7992-002-2"><bdi>978-81-7992-002-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Thoughts+of+the+Ramayana&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Jaico+Publishing+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7992-002-2&rft.au=Sukhdeva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBMyxwk5g3NEC%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mukherjee1998-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mukherjee1998_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSujit_Mukherjee1998" class="citation book cs1">Sujit Mukherjee (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA420"><i>A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. p. 420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1453-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1453-9"><bdi>978-81-250-1453-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Indian+Literature%3A+Beginnings-1850&rft.pages=420&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1453-9&rft.au=Sujit+Mukherjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYCJrUfVtZxoC%26pg%3DPA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallik2004" class="citation book cs1">Mallik, Basanta Kumar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KOnZAAAAMAAJ&q=balarama+dasa+karana"><i>Paradigms of Dissent and Protest: Social Movements in Eastern India, C. AD 1400-1700</i></a>. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-522-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-522-6"><bdi>978-81-7304-522-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradigms+of+Dissent+and+Protest%3A+Social+Movements+in+Eastern+India%2C+C.+AD+1400-1700&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-522-6&rft.aulast=Mallik&rft.aufirst=Basanta+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKOnZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbalarama%2Bdasa%2Bkarana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritish Acharya, "Nationalistic Politics: Nature, Objectives and Strategy." From Late 19th Century to Formation of UPCC", in Culture, Tribal History and Freedom Movement, ed. P.K. Mishra, Delhi: Agam Kala Prakasham, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sachidananda Mohanty, "Rebati and the Woman Question in Odisha", India International Centre Quarterly, New Delhi, Vol. 21, No.4, Winter 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2011MT-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2011MT_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2011MT_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2011MT_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX">"C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011"</a>. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C-16%3A+Population+by+mother+tongue%2C+India+-+2011&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F10191%2Fdownload%2F13303%2FDDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sambadenglish.com/number-of-odia-speaking-people-declines-census-report/">"Number of Odia speaking people declines: Census report"</a>. <i>sambad</i>. 18 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sambad&rft.atitle=Number+of+Odia+speaking+people+declines%3A+Census+report&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsambadenglish.com%2Fnumber-of-odia-speaking-people-declines-census-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Minahan2012" class="citation book cs1">James Minahan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA233"><i>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-659-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-659-1&rft.au=James+Minahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabNDLZQ6quYC%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Times_of_India_2003-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Times_of_India_2003_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/A-Little-Orissa-in-the-heart-of-Surat/articleshow/46707510.cms">"A Little Orissa in the heart of Surat – Ahmedabad News"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 18 May 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=A+Little+Orissa+in+the+heart+of+Surat+%E2%80%93+Ahmedabad+News&rft.date=2003-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fahmedabad%2FA-Little-Orissa-in-the-heart-of-Surat%2Farticleshow%2F46707510.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanesh_JainGeorge_Cardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Danesh Jain; George Cardona (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Routledge. p. 445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=445&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.au=Danesh+Jain&rft.au=George+Cardona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtCPAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oriya-language">"Oriya language"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>Oriya language, also spelled Odia, Indo-Aryan language with some 50 million speakers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Oriya+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FOriya-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthropology2003-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthropology2003_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthropology2003_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Social_Research_and_Applied_Anthropology2003" class="citation book cs1">Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJGAAAAAMAAJ"><i>Man and Life</i></a>. Vol. 29. Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+and+Life&rft.pub=Institute+of+Social+Research+and+Applied+Anthropology&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Institute+of+Social+Research+and+Applied+Anthropology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJGAAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behera2002-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Behera2002_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubhakanta_Behera2002" class="citation book cs1">Subhakanta Behera (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hbVjAAAAMAAJ"><i>Construction of an identity discourse: Oriya literature and the Jagannath cult (1866–1936)</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Construction+of+an+identity+discourse%3A+Oriya+literature+and+the+Jagannath+cult+%281866%E2%80%931936%29&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Subhakanta+Behera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhbVjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mugh1242">"Mughalbandi"</a>. <i>Glottolog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Mughalbandi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fmugh1242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dsal1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dsal1_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/398/mode/1up">"LSI Vol-5 part-2"</a>. dsal. pp. 369, 382.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSI+Vol-5+part-2&rft.pages=369%2C+382&rft.pub=dsal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fbooks%2Flsi%2Flsi.php%3Fvolume%3D5-2%26pages%3D466%23page%2F398%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2659">"Northwestern Oriya"</a>. <i>Glottolog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Northwestern+Oriya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fnort2659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dsal-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dsal_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/420/mode/1up">"LSI Vol-5 part-2"</a>. dsal. p. 403.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSI+Vol-5+part-2&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=dsal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fbooks%2Flsi%2Flsi.php%3Fvolume%3D5-2%26pages%3D466%23page%2F420%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathaiKelsall20134–6-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathaiKelsall20134–6_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathaiKelsall2013">Mathai & Kelsall 2013</a>, pp. 4–6. The precise figures are 75–76%. This was based on comparisons of 210-item wordlists.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/spv">"Sambalpuri"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Sambalpuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fspv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2011-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census_2011_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_2011_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCENSUS_OF_INDIA_2011" class="citation web cs1">CENSUS OF INDIA 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf">"LANGUAGE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government of India. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LANGUAGE&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft.au=CENSUS+OF+INDIA+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FC-16_25062018_NEW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/midn1239">"Midnapore Oriya"</a>. <i>Glottolog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Midnapore+Oriya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fmidn1239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bgw">"Bhatri"</a>. Ethnologue<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bhatri&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fbgw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masica (1991:16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabindra_Nath_PatiJagannatha_Dash2002" class="citation book cs1">Rabindra Nath Pati; Jagannatha Dash (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qxxnZ4XxUbsC&pg=PA53"><i>Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects</i></a>. New Delhi: APH PUBLISHING CORPORATION. pp. 51–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7648-322-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7648-322-2"><bdi>81-7648-322-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribal+and+Indigenous+People+of+India%3A+Problems+and+Prospects&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=51-59&rft.pub=APH+PUBLISHING+CORPORATION&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-7648-322-2&rft.au=Rabindra+Nath+Pati&rft.au=Jagannatha+Dash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqxxnZ4XxUbsC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay2003">Ray (2003</a>:526)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cardona-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cardona_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardonaJain2003" class="citation book cs1">Cardona, George; Jain, Danesh (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Routledge. p. 488. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=488&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Jain%2C+Danesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtCPAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Neukom, Lukas; Patnaik, Manideepa (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay2003">Ray (2003</a>:488–489)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masica (1991:107)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanesh_JainGeorge_Cardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Danesh Jain; George Cardona (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Routledge. p. 490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=490&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.au=Danesh+Jain&rft.au=George+Cardona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtCPAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masica (1991:147)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay2003">Ray (2003</a>:490–491)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jain_Cardona_2007_p._450-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jain_Cardona_2007_p._450_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainCardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Jain, D.; Cardona, G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA450"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Routledge language family series. Taylor & Francis. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.series=Routledge+language+family+series&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Cardona%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtCPAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldwell_1998_p._125-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_1998_p._125_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell1998" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell, R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PPCYBApSnIC&pg=PA519"><i>A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0117-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0117-8"><bdi>978-81-206-0117-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Grammar+of+the+Dravidian+Or+South-Indian+Family+of+Languages&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0117-8&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5PPCYBApSnIC%26pg%3DPA519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC"><i>Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. 1 January 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0365-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0365-5"><bdi>978-81-260-0365-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Indian+Literature%3A+Surveys+and+selections&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0365-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKYLpvaKJIMEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biswamoy Pati Situating social history: Orissa, 1800–1997 p30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti): 2 p1030 ed. Amaresh Datta – 2006 "Amos Sutton also prepared a dictionary named Sadhu bhasharthabhidhan, a vocabulary of current Sanskrit terms with Odia definitions which was also printed in Odisha Mission Press in 1844."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatt2020" class="citation web cs1">Statt, Nick (26 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/26/21154417/google-translate-new-languages-support-odia-tatar-turkmen-uyghur-kinyarwanda">"Google Translate supports new languages for the first time in four years, including Uyghur"</a>. <i>The Verge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Google+Translate+supports+new+languages+for+the+first+time+in+four+years%2C+including+Uyghur&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft.aulast=Statt&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2020%2F2%2F26%2F21154417%2Fgoogle-translate-new-languages-support-odia-tatar-turkmen-uyghur-kinyarwanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/translator/blog/2020/08/13/odia-language-text-translation-is-now-available-in-microsoft-translator/">"Odia Language Text Translation is Now Available in Microsoft Translator"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></i>. 13 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Odia+Language+Text+Translation+is+Now+Available+in+Microsoft+Translator&rft.date=2020-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Ftranslator%2Fblog%2F2020%2F08%2F13%2Fodia-language-text-translation-is-now-available-in-microsoft-translator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathaiKelsall2013" class="citation report cs1">Mathai, Eldose K.; Kelsall, Juliana (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/54878">Sambalpuri of Orissa, India: A Brief Sociolinguistic Survey</a> (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Sambalpuri+of+Orissa%2C+India%3A+A+Brief+Sociolinguistic+Survey&rft.series=SIL+Electronic+Survey+Reports&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mathai&rft.aufirst=Eldose+K.&rft.au=Kelsall%2C+Juliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2Fentry%2F54878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajaguru1966" class="citation book cs1">Rajaguru, Satyanarayan (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BswxmAEACAAJ"><i>Inscriptions of Orissa C. 600–1100 A.D.</i></a> Vol. 2. Government of Orissa, Superintendent of Research & Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+of+Orissa+C.+600%E2%80%931100+A.D.&rft.pub=Government+of+Orissa%2C+Superintendent+of+Research+%26+Museum&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Rajaguru&rft.aufirst=Satyanarayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBswxmAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2003" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Tapas S. (2003). "Oriya". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Routledge. pp. 485–522. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1130-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1130-7"><bdi>978-0-7007-1130-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oriya&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=485-522&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1130-7&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Tapas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToulmin2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Toulmin, Matthew William Stirling (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/45743"><i>Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan</i></a> (PhD dissertation). The Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25911%2F5d7a2b0c76304">10.25911/5d7a2b0c76304</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F45743">1885/45743</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Reconstructing+linguistic+history+in+a+dialect+continuum%3A+The+Kamta%2C+Rajbanshi%2C+and+Northern+Deshi+Bangla+subgroup+of+Indo-Aryan&rft.inst=The+Australian+National+University&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F45743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25911%2F5d7a2b0c76304&rft.aulast=Toulmin&rft.aufirst=Matthew+William+Stirling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.anu.edu.au%2Fhandle%2F1885%2F45743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2003" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Arun (2003). <i>An ethnolinguistic profile of Eastern India: a case of South Orissa</i>. Burdwan: Dept. of Bengali (D.S.A.), University of Burdwan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+ethnolinguistic+profile+of+Eastern+India%3A+a+case+of+South+Orissa&rft.place=Burdwan&rft.pub=Dept.+of+Bengali+%28D.S.A.%29%2C+University+of+Burdwan&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Arun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1991" class="citation book cs1">Masica, Colin (1991). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2"><bdi>978-0-521-29944-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Language+Surveys&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29944-2&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mohanty, Prasanna Kumar (2007). <i>The History of: History of Oriya Literature</i> (Oriya Sahityara Adya Aitihasika Gana).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeukomPatnaik2003" class="citation book cs1">Neukom, Lukas; Patnaik, Manideepa (2003). <i>A Grammar of Oriya</i>. Arbeiten des Seminars für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Zürich. Vol. 17. Zurich: University of Zurich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9521010-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9521010-9-4"><bdi>978-3-9521010-9-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Oriya&rft.place=Zurich&rft.series=Arbeiten+des+Seminars+f%C3%BCr+Allgemeine+Sprachwissenschaft+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pub=University+of+Zurich&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-9521010-9-4&rft.aulast=Neukom&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rft.au=Patnaik%2C+Manideepa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odia.org/articles/harvardLecture.pdf">"Oriya Language and Literature"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Odia.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oriya+Language+and+Literature&rft.pub=Odia.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odia.org%2Farticles%2FharvardLecture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabindra_Nath_PatiJagannatha_Dash2002" class="citation book cs1">Rabindra Nath Pati; Jagannatha Dash (2002). <i>Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects</i>. India: APH PUBLISHING CORPORATION. pp. 51–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7648-322-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7648-322-2"><bdi>81-7648-322-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribal+and+Indigenous+People+of+India%3A+Problems+and+Prospects&rft.place=India&rft.pages=51-59&rft.pub=APH+PUBLISHING+CORPORATION&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-7648-322-2&rft.au=Rabindra+Nath+Pati&rft.au=Jagannatha+Dash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathi1962" class="citation book cs1">Tripathi, Kunjabihari (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510155332/http://ktpress.org.in/pdf/evolution_of_oriya_language.pdf"><i>The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cuttack: Utkal University. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Oriya+Language+and+Script&rft.place=Cuttack&rft.pub=Utkal+University&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=Kunjabihari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fktpress.org.in%2Fpdf%2Fevolution_of_oriya_language.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdia+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odia_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="or:"> Odia edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Odia_phrasebook#Q33810" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Odia phrasebook">Odia</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Odia_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Odia language">Odia language</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_page" class="extiw" title="or:Main page">Odia Wikipedia</a></li> <li>Praharaj, G.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/">Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805184601/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/">Archived</a> 5 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Odia-English dictionary). Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931–1940.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7tmlF2a7fcC&q=oriya">A Comprehensive English-Oriya Dictionary (1916–1922)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Odia_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Odia_language" title="Template:Odia language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Odia_language" title="Template talk:Odia language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Odia_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Odia language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Odia_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odia language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects/Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baleswari_Odia" title="Baleswari Odia">Baleswari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjami_Odia" title="Ganjami Odia">Ganjami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundargadi_Odia" title="Sundargadi Odia">Sundargadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li>Minor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalahandia_Odia" title="Kalahandia Odia">Kalahandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulbani_Odia" title="Phulbani Odia">Phulbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhbhumi_Odia" title="Singhbhumi Odia">Singhbhumi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociolects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_numerals" title="Odia numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_literature" title="Odia literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chautisa" title="Chautisa">Chautisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Odia_writers" title="List of Odia writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_winners_for_Odia" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Odia">Sahitya Akademi Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Translation_Prize_winners_for_Odia" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Odia">Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuva_Puraskar_winners_for_Odia" title="List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Odia">Yuva Puraskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Sahitya_Akademi" title="Odisha Sahitya Akademi">Odisha Sahitya Akademi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Sahitya_Akademi_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award">Odisha Sahitya Akademi Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atibadi_Jagannath_Das_Award" title="Atibadi Jagannath Das Award">Atibadi Jagannath Das Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_India" title="Template talk:Languages of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Union-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th schedule</a> to the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamatapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Major<br />unofficial<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#More_than_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Over 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#100,000_to_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">100,000 – 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sema_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_India" title="Multilingualism in India">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Scheduled languages in states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kashmiri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda–<br />Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–<br />Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins<br />and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x16px&#124;Emblem_of_Odisha_State_of_Odisha" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Odisha" title="Template:Odisha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Odisha" title="Template talk:Odisha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Odisha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Odisha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x16px&#124;Emblem_of_Odisha_State_of_Odisha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orissa_Flag(INDIA).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Odisha"><img alt="Emblem of Odisha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Orissa_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/24px-Orissa_Flag%28INDIA%29.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Orissa_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/36px-Orissa_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Orissa_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/48px-Orissa_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <b><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Odisha" title="Emblem of Odisha">Emblem of Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bande_Utkala_Janani" title="Bande Utkala Janani">Bande Utkala Janani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saraca_asoca" title="Saraca asoca">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Sacred fig</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Tor_tor" title="Tor tor">Mahanadi mahseer</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Konark_Sun_Temple_Wheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Konark_Sun_Temple_Wheel.jpg/100px-Konark_Sun_Temple_Wheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Konark_Sun_Temple_Wheel.jpg/150px-Konark_Sun_Temple_Wheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Konark_Sun_Temple_Wheel.jpg/200px-Konark_Sun_Temple_Wheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Odisha" title="Government of Odisha">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Odisha" title="List of governors of Odisha">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Odisha" title="List of chief ministers of Odisha">Chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Legislative_Assembly" title="Odisha Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Odisha_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly">Constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orissa_High_Court" title="Orissa High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Police" title="Odisha Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Odisha" title="Elections in Odisha">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Odisha" title="Politics of Odisha">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Odisha Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Odisha" title="History of Odisha">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Odisha" title="List of rulers of Odisha">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Mahameghavahana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murunda_dynasty" title="Murunda dynasty">Murunda dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nala_dynasty" title="Nala dynasty">Nala dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathara_dynasty" title="Mathara dynasty">Mathara dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitrbhakta_dynasty" title="Pitrbhakta dynasty">Pitrbhakta dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shailodbhava_dynasty" title="Shailodbhava dynasty">Shailodbhava dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhauma-Kara_dynasty" title="Bhauma-Kara dynasty">Bhauma-Kara dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhanja_dynasty" title="Bhanja dynasty">Bhanja dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somavamshi_dynasty" title="Somavamshi dynasty">Somavamshi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhoi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orissa_Tributary_States" title="Orissa Tributary States">Orissa Tributary States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkal_Sammilani" title="Utkal Sammilani">Utkal Sammilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_sites_in_Odisha" title="Historic sites in Odisha">Historic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Maritime history of Odisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Odisha" title="Geography of Odisha">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Odisha" title="Flora and fauna of Odisha">Flora and Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Odisha" title="Forests in Odisha">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkal_Plains" title="Utkal Plains">Utkal Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhjat_Hills" title="Garhjat Hills">Garhjat Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilika_Lake" title="Chilika Lake">Chilika Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deomali_(mountain)" title="Deomali (mountain)">Deomali (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kalam_Island" title="Abdul Kalam Island">Abdul Kalam Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Odisha" title="List of districts of Odisha">Districts</a><br />by<br /><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Odisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of Odisha">division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angul_district" title="Angul district">Angul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangir_district" title="Balangir district">Balangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargarh_district" title="Bargarh district">Bargarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debagarh_district" title="Debagarh district">Debagarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhenkanal_district" title="Dhenkanal district">Dhenkanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharsuguda_district" title="Jharsuguda district">Jharsuguda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendujhar_district" title="Kendujhar district">Kendujhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpur_district" title="Sambalpur district">Sambalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subarnapur_district" title="Subarnapur district">Subarnapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundergarh_district" title="Sundergarh district">Sundergarh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balasore_district" title="Balasore district">Balasore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrak_district" title="Bhadrak district">Bhadrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttack_district" title="Cuttack district">Cuttack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagatsinghpur_district" title="Jagatsinghpur district">Jagatsinghpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jajpur_district" title="Jajpur district">Jajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendrapara_district" title="Kendrapara district">Kendrapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordha_district" title="Khordha district">Khordha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurbhanj_district" title="Mayurbhanj district">Mayurbhanj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayagarh_district" title="Nayagarh district">Nayagarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puri_district" title="Puri district">Puri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boudh_district" title="Boudh district">Boudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajapati_district" title="Gajapati district">Gajapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjam_district" title="Ganjam district">Ganjam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahandi_district" title="Kalahandi district">Kalahandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandhamal_district" title="Kandhamal district">Kandhamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraput_district" title="Koraput district">Koraput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkangiri_district" title="Malkangiri district">Malkangiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabarangpur_district" title="Nabarangpur district">Nabrangpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuapada_district" title="Nuapada district">Nuapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayagada_district" title="Rayagada district">Rayagada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Odisha_by_population" title="List of cities in Odisha by population">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angul" title="Angul">Angul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangir" title="Balangir">Balangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasore" title="Balasore">Balasore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbil" title="Barbil">Barbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargarh" title="Bargarh">Bargarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baripada" title="Baripada">Baripada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrak" title="Bhadrak">Bhadrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawanipatna" title="Bhawanipatna">Bhawanipatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampur" title="Berhampur">Berhampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhenkanal" title="Dhenkanal">Dhenkanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jajpur" title="Jajpur">Jajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharsuguda" title="Jharsuguda">Jharsuguda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeypore" title="Jeypore">Jeypore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joda" title="Joda">Joda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendrapara" title="Kendrapara">Kendrapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendujhar" title="Kendujhar">Kendujhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordha" title="Khordha">Khordha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradeep" title="Paradeep">Paradeep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rourkela" title="Rourkela">Rourkela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpur" title="Sambalpur">Sambalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcher" title="Talcher">Talcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampur_Patta" title="Berhampur Patta">Berhampur Patta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomkai_sari" title="Bomkai sari">Bomkai sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhalapathar_Parda_%26_Fabrics" title="Dhalapathar Parda & Fabrics">Dhalapathar Parda & Fabrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjam_Kewda_Flower" title="Ganjam Kewda Flower">Ganjam Kewda Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjam_Kewda_Rooh" title="Ganjam Kewda Rooh">Ganjam Kewda Rooh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalpur_Tussar_Fabrics" title="Gopalpur Tussar Fabrics">Gopalpur Tussar Fabrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habaspuri_sari" title="Habaspuri sari">Habaspuri sari</a></li> <li><a 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