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<span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ringing_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ringing_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ringing techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ringing_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ringing techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ringing_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple-bell_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple-bell_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Multiple-bell techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple-bell_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Four_bells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_bells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Four bells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_bells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Six_bells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Six_bells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Six bells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Six_bells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Weaving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handbell_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handbell_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Handbell tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handbell_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composers_and_arrangers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composers_and_arrangers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Composers and arrangers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composers_and_arrangers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Performers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaneta_(instrumento)" title="Campaneta (instrumento) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Campaneta (instrumento)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ձեռնազանգակ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ձեռնազանգակ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_zvonek" title="Ruční zvonek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruční zvonek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handglocke" title="Handglocke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Handglocke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4sikell" title="Käsikell – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Käsikell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanilla_(instrumento)" title="Campanilla (instrumento) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campanilla (instrumento)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txilin" title="Txilin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txilin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زنگوله دستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنگوله دستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B8%EB%93%9C%EB%B2%A8" title="핸드벨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="핸드벨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csengetty%C5%B1" title="Csengettyű – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csengettyű" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB" title="ハンドベル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンドベル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5ndklokke" title="Håndklokke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Håndklokke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzwonek_r%C4%99czny" title="Dzwonek ręczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dzwonek ręczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4sikello" title="Käsikello – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Käsikello" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handklocka" title="Handklocka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Handklocka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Кул кыңгыравы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кул кыңгыравы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E9%88%B4" title="手鈴 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="手鈴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%91%87%E9%93%83" title="手摇铃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="手摇铃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q871633#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Handbell</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handbell-Side-and-Bottom-Views.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Handbell-Side-and-Bottom-Views.jpg/83px-Handbell-Side-and-Bottom-Views.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Handbell-Side-and-Bottom-Views.jpg/125px-Handbell-Side-and-Bottom-Views.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Handbell-Side-and-Bottom-Views.jpg/166px-Handbell-Side-and-Bottom-Views.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d8bfd8"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> Percussion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">111.242.222<br />(Sets of clapper bells)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Robert and William Cor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">1696–1724</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d8bfd8"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handchime" title="Handchime">Handchime</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>handbell</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">bell</a> designed to be rung by hand. To ring a handbell, a ringer grasps the bell by its slightly flexible handle – traditionally made of leather, but often now made of plastic – and moves the arm to make the hinged clapper strike the inside of the bell. An individual handbell can be used simply as a signal to catch people's attention or summon them together, but handbells are also often heard in tuned sets.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Handheld bells have a long history. Credit for the development of the modern hand bell, or "handbell", is accorded to brothers Robert and William Cor in <a href="/wiki/Aldbourne" title="Aldbourne">Aldbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, England, between 1696 and 1724.<sup id="cite_ref-Markey_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cor brothers originally made <a href="/wiki/Latten" title="Latten">latten</a> bells for <a href="/wiki/Horse_harness#Parts_of_the_harness" title="Horse harness">hame</a> boxes,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but for reasons unknown they began tuning their bells more finely to have an accurate fundamental tone and fitted them with hinged clappers that moved only in one plane.<sup id="cite_ref-Markey_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A foundry in <a href="/wiki/Loughborough" title="Loughborough">Loughborough</a>, Leicestershire, that originated in the 14th century became <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_%26_Co" title="John Taylor & Co">John Taylor & Co</a> in 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, tuned sets of handbells, such as the ones made by the Cor brothers, were used by <a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">change ringers</a> to rehearse outside their towers. Tower bell ringers' enthusiasm for practising the complicated algorithms of change ringing can easily exceed the neighbours' patience, so in the days before modern sound control handbells offered them a way to continue ringing without causing annoyance. It was also more pleasant for the ringers to learn and practise in the warmth of the local pub rather than in a cold tower in winter.<sup id="cite_ref-theile_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The handbell sets used by change ringers had the same number of bells as in the towers – generally six to twelve, tuned to a <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_scale" title="Diatonic scale">diatonic scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-theile_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Handbells were first taken to the United States from England by Margaret Shurcliff in 1902. She was presented with a set of 10 handbells in London by Arthur Hughes, the general manager of the <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry" title="Whitechapel Bell Foundry">Whitechapel Bell Foundry</a>, after completing two separate two-and-a-half-hour change ringing <a href="/wiki/Peal" title="Peal">peals</a> in one day.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handbells_Whitechapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Handbells_Whitechapel.jpg/220px-Handbells_Whitechapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Handbells_Whitechapel.jpg/330px-Handbells_Whitechapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Handbells_Whitechapel.jpg/440px-Handbells_Whitechapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1885" data-file-height="1795" /></a><figcaption>Two English handbells, manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry" title="Whitechapel Bell Foundry">Whitechapel Bell Foundry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The bells used in American handbell choirs are almost always English handbells. "English handbells" is a reference to a specific type of handbells, not to the country of origin. While some American handbell choirs do use bells made in England, the majority play bells made either by Malmark Bellcraftsmen or by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schulmerich_(bell_maker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schulmerich (bell maker) (page does not exist)">Schulmerich</a>, both based in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, there is a distinction between "American handbells" and "English handbells"; English handbells are traditional, with leather clapper heads and handles (such as the bells Whitechapel makes), while American handbells use modern materials, such as plastic and rubber, to produce the same effect (such as those produced by Malmark and Schulmerich). In America, however, they are all called English handbells.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two major defining characteristics of English handbells are their clappers and ability to produce <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">overtones</a>. The clapper on an English handbell is on a hinge and moves back and forth in a single direction, unlike a school bell in which the clapper swings freely in any direction. It also has a spring that holds the clapper away from the casting after the strike to allow the bell to ring freely. Furthermore, the shaft of the clapper is rigid, such that the bell may be held with its mouth facing upward. The overtones on an English handbell are a 12th (an octave and a perfect fifth) above the fundamental, while Dutch handbells – such as <a href="/wiki/Petit_%26_Fritsen" title="Petit & Fritsen">Petit & Fritsen</a> – focus on the overtone a minor 10th (an octave and a minor third) or a major 10th (an octave and a major third) above the fundamental. </p><p>Handbells can weigh as little as 7 oz (200 g) or upwards of 18 lb (8.2 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Area_X_Handbell_Practice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Area_X_Handbell_Practice.jpg/220px-Area_X_Handbell_Practice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Area_X_Handbell_Practice.jpg/330px-Area_X_Handbell_Practice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Area_X_Handbell_Practice.jpg/440px-Area_X_Handbell_Practice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Handbell choir practicing</figcaption></figure> <p>A handbell choir or ensemble (in the United States) or handbell team (in England) is a group that rings recognizable music with <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melodies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, as opposed to the mathematical permutations used in change ringing. The bells generally include all notes of the <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic scale</a> within the range of the set. While a smaller group uses only 25 bells (two <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a>, G<sub>4</sub>–G<sub>6</sub>), the sets are often larger, ranging up to an eight-octave set (97 bells, C<sub>1</sub>–C<sub>9</sub>). The bells are typically arranged chromatically on foam-covered tables; these tables protect the bronze surface of the bell, as well as keep the bells from rolling when placed on their sides. Unlike an orchestra or choir in which each musician is responsible for one line of the texture, a handbell ensemble acts as one instrument, with each musician responsible for particular notes, sounding their assigned bells whenever those notes appear in the music.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Handbell choirs generally ring music composed or arranged specifically for handbells because of their highly resonant sound, the limited note range of a set, and the unique pitch-by-pitch division of the staff among the ringers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are several major publishers providing printed handbell music such as the Hope Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/The_Lorenz_Corporation" title="The Lorenz Corporation">The Lorenz Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Music" title="Alfred Music">Alfred Music</a> as well as free sites from individual composers and arrangers. Costs associated with handbell music typically result from shipping (many scores are only published in hard-copy) and dissemination; as most scores do not permit duplication and must be purchased individually for each ringer. </p><p>The coordination of the ringers requires a different approach than other ensembles. All the ringers read from a score. This score is similar to a piano score, but with an additional convention: The C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> above <a href="/wiki/Middle_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle C">middle C</a> and all notes below are always written in the <a href="/wiki/Bass_clef" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass clef">bass clef</a>, and the D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> above middle C and all notes above are always written in the <a href="/wiki/Treble_clef" class="mw-redirect" title="Treble clef">treble clef</a>. (This formatting is not always the convention for solo and small-ensemble music.) Handbells<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a <a href="/wiki/Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">transposing instrument</a>, meaning that they "speak" an octave higher than written (this is to help keep the notes centered on the staff), so a middle C bell is actually a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">C<sub>5</sub></a> or "tenor high C".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AGEHR_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGEHR-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (For simplicity, the bell would still always be referred to as middle C or C<sub>5</sub>). However some newer handbell music published today specifies to play an octave lower than written (meaning middle C sounds as C4 like on the piano) if the composer wants a bit more of a vocal character out of the handbells, or if the handbells are being used to accompany vocal <a href="/wiki/Choirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Choirs">choirs</a> in order to not overpower the singers. </p><p>Due to handbells' relative rarity outside of the confines of church services—although less so now than in the 1980s and early 1990s—the majority of pieces last approximately four minutes. A few composers and arrangers write longer and more intricate works; generally these pieces use handbells in combination with other instruments. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_bells_hung_from_stand_(from_Emil_Richards_Collection).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hand_bells_hung_from_stand_%28from_Emil_Richards_Collection%29.jpg/220px-Hand_bells_hung_from_stand_%28from_Emil_Richards_Collection%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hand_bells_hung_from_stand_%28from_Emil_Richards_Collection%29.jpg/330px-Hand_bells_hung_from_stand_%28from_Emil_Richards_Collection%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hand_bells_hung_from_stand_%28from_Emil_Richards_Collection%29.jpg/440px-Hand_bells_hung_from_stand_%28from_Emil_Richards_Collection%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2987" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Hand bells hung chromatically from stand</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ringing_techniques">Ringing techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ringing techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To ring a handbell, the ringer moves it in such a way that the clapper strikes the inside surface of the bell, usually holding it against their shoulder, bell upwards, and then swinging the bell through an elliptical shape to cause the clapper to strike the casting. The tone of the bell will continue to resonate, decaying naturally until it stops completely or the ringer stops it by <a href="/wiki/Damping_(music)" title="Damping (music)">damping</a> the bell with a hand or on the body or a padded surface.<sup id="cite_ref-TSBasic_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSBasic-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Handbell techniques have changed very much over the years. Donald Allured, founding director of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Choir_College" title="Westminster Choir College">Westminster Concert Bell Choir</a>, is credited with fully realizing an American off-the-table style of ringing that includes many non-ringing sound effects including stopped techniques such as plucking the clapper with the bell on the table. He is also credited for promoting precise damping or stopping of the sound by touching the bell to a soft surface, in the service of more musical results.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple-bell_techniques">Multiple-bell techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Multiple-bell techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Normal ringing technique only allows a ringer to ring two bells at a time, one in each hand. Depending on the number of bells needed for a particular piece and the number of ringers, it may be necessary for each ringer to ring more than two bells at a time or in short succession (four-in-hand) There are also many techniques that change the sound of the bell as it is rung. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Four_bells">Four bells</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Four bells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_in_Hand_Handbells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Four_in_Hand_Handbells.jpg/220px-Four_in_Hand_Handbells.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Four_in_Hand_Handbells.jpg/330px-Four_in_Hand_Handbells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Four_in_Hand_Handbells.jpg/440px-Four_in_Hand_Handbells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3762" data-file-height="2477" /></a><figcaption>Performance with four-in-hand technique</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two main ways of ringing two handbells with one hand: four-in-hand and Shelley. </p><p>In the four-in-hand technique, the ringer hold two bells in one hand with the clappers at right angles to each other. This allows the ringer to either move the hand normally ("ring" – primary bell) or ring knuckles-first ("knock" – secondary bell) to ring two bells independently with the same hand (for a total of four bells when ringing with both hands). The two bells can also be played simultaneously by holding the wrist at a 45° angle. In large ensembles, four-in-hand is typically used to ring multiple positions or pick up accidentals. </p><p>Shelley ringing is similar, except that the clappers are each orientated in the same direction, so that the two bells normally ring simultaneously with one movement. Shelley is typically used to ring notes in octaves, but can also be used to ring two notes separately by striking the primary bell sideways and the secondary bell forward in an action like tapping the fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-TSShelley_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSShelley-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As to the relative merits of the two techniques, some believe that Shelley ringing is rendered obsolete when four-in-hand is perfected, while others believe that the motion of the clappers in the same plane makes certain techniques more feasible, particularly shaking, <a href="/wiki/Martellato" class="mw-redirect" title="Martellato">martellato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Six_bells">Six bells</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Six bells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several ways to play six bells at a time (i.e., to ring three bells in each hand). One way is to pick two bells up as if one were Shelley ringing, then pick the third up between one's little and ring fingers (a 'triple Shelley'). All three bells ring together when ringing in a knocking motion. A second way is to pick up the third bell sideways so the clapper swings outward. Ringers with good control can then ring the first bell without ringing the third, allowing them to play three notes in two hands.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another method, called interlocked six-in-hand, can be set up by interlocking the handles of two bells so that the clappers move in the same direction (similar to the Shelley technique), rotating a third bell, and inserting it between the other two. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weaving">Weaving</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Weaving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weaving is the technique of playing a succession of bells by changing which bell is in each hand as required. This is used by bass and solo or small-ensemble ringers. The large size and weight of bass bells makes four-in-hand ringing impractical and impossible, and often a solo or small-ensemble ringer will need to move up and down a range of bells, possibly sharing them with others. This technique means more than two bells can be rung in short succession, using the table to damp and free the hand to pick up the next bell. If the ringing sequence requires bells to be rung in tonal order, this technique often results in a weaving pattern as the ringer must often reach across their body for the next bell.<sup id="cite_ref-TSWeave_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSWeave-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weaving can also be used in combination with the four-in-hand in a technique called "traveling four-in-hand". By combining the ability to hold two bells in each hand with the ability to quickly drop and pick up the secondary bell of a four-in-hand, a ringer has quick access to several bells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_techniques">Other techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mallety.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mallety.jpg/240px-Mallety.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mallety.jpg/360px-Mallety.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mallety.jpg/480px-Mallety.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Various kinds of mallets by Malmark.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are other ways to play music besides traditional ringing. Other techniques include plucking, shaking (or trilling), table damping (or martellato), and malleting bells (on the table or suspended). </p><p><i>Echo</i> technique adds a brief pulse of increased volume to a sustained note. This is accomplished by gently touching the rim of a vibrating bell to the table.<sup id="cite_ref-AGEHR_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGEHR-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Gyro</i> is a technique that involves holding the bell in a vertical position, then rotating it clockwise or counterclockwise slowly to create a small vibrating sound; this can also be done horizontally to push the sound outwards.<sup id="cite_ref-techniques_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techniques-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Malleting</i> involves using one of several types of rubber, plastic, or yarn-wrapped <a href="/wiki/Mallet#Musical_instruments" title="Mallet">mallet</a> to strike the casting of the bell. This can create a staccato tone when the casting is pressed into padding, a normal tone when the bell is suspended, or even a drum-roll effect when multiple mallets are used or multiple hits on the bell are played. Suspended malleting can be employed to create a bell tree which allows many bells to be played by one ringer.<sup id="cite_ref-TSMallet_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSMallet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Martellato</i> also creates a staccato tone and is accomplished by striking the bell into the foam in such a way that the clapper strikes the casting immediately after the bell strikes the foam. A variation called a "Mart Lift" is accomplished by lifting the bell off the table very soon after the clapper strikes. This creates a staccato tone followed by a softened sounding of the bell.<sup id="cite_ref-AGEHR_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGEHR-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Plucking</i> is accomplished by using the thumb and forefinger to force the clapper head into the casting while the bell is on the table with the handle toward the ringer, producing a <a href="/wiki/Staccato" title="Staccato">staccato</a> tone.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Shaking</i> is accomplished by rapidly ringing the bell back and forth so the clapper strikes the front and back of the casting in quick succession. This creates a continuous sound, as opposed to normal ringing in which the tone decays rapidly after sounding. Because of their size, bass bells are rarely shaken.<sup id="cite_ref-TSShake_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSShake-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A suspended mallet roll is usually played if a shaking sound is desired on a bass bell. </p><p>The <i>singing bell</i> technique creates a sustained pitch similar to the sound a wineglass makes as its rim is rubbed with a wet fingertip and is accomplished in much the same way. A short wooden dowel is touched to the outside of the rim of a handbell which is being held in the other hand. The dowel is then used to rub the rim in a circular motion. The Singing Bell technique is adapted from the "<a href="/wiki/Singing_Bowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Singing Bowl">Singing Bowl</a>" tradition of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AGEHR_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGEHR-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>tower swing</i> is when the bell is rung and then swung down and a bit behind the ringer and back up to the normal position. This creates an "echo" effect. The mouth of the bell must rotate around to create the sound change that resembles a tower bell. Usually this is done over a period of three or four beats. </p><p><i>Thumb damp</i> provides a staccato sound similar to plucking or malleting on the table. This is often described as a "tinkling" sound. The bell is rung with a thumb and/or several fingers touching the outside below the rim; this damps the sound immediately after the bell is rung. This technique can often be easier than plucking or malleting with smaller bells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notation">Notation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of abbreviations and notations used exclusively or almost exclusively in handbell music: </p> <ul><li>LV ("<i>laissez vibrer</i>" or "let vibrate", similar to a piano's sustain pedal)</li> <li>R ("ring", regular ringing or meaning to end the LV)</li> <li>SK ("shake", <i>i.e.</i> shaking the bell continuously during the duration of the note)</li> <li>TD ("thumb damp", ringing the bell with a thumb on the casting to create a staccato note)</li> <li>PL ("pluck", which means to throw down the clapper while the bell lies on the table)</li> <li>▼ ("<i><a href="/wiki/Martellato" class="mw-redirect" title="Martellato">martellato</a></i>", to strike bell against padding of the table, pushing the casting firmly against padding as to quickly dampen sound)</li> <li>SW ("swing", to play the bell in a normal position, swing it down to the waist, then bring it back up)</li> <li>BD ("brush damp", brushing the rim of the bell against the ringer's chest to cause a quick diminuendo) and</li> <li>↑ or <span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-90deg);">↪</span> ("echo", ringing the bell and then touching it very briefly to the table, creating an echo effect).<sup id="cite_ref-techniques_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techniques-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>⨥ ("mallet with handbell on table", to use mallets to strike the casting of the bell on the table, creating a staccato effect).</li> <li>+ ("mallet on suspended handbell", to hold the bell upright and strike the casting with a mallet, creating the same sound as a normal ring albeit a softer strike).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Handbell_tree">Handbell tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Handbell tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Handbells can be played as a handbell tree where the handles are interlaced within each other, allowing multiple bells to be played with mallets to obtain an undamped sound. This performance technique was invented by Louise Frier in the 1980s. It was further developed by Barbara Brocker who developed a standardized bell layout. It is used by many soloists. The notational symbol used for Handbell Tree features a series of interlocking diagonal lines, one for each handbell. The pitch is placed at the lowest point of each diagonal line.<sup id="cite_ref-AGEHR_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGEHR-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belleplates" title="Belleplates">Belleplates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanology" title="Campanology">Campanology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handchime" title="Handchime">Handchime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_bell" title="Dead bell">Dead bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">Angklung</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composers_and_arrangers">Composers and arrangers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Composers and arrangers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Dobrinski" title="Cynthia Dobrinski">Cynthia Dobrinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Dean_Wagner" title="H. Dean Wagner">H. Dean Wagner</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performers">Performers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Performers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bells_on_Temple_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Bells on Temple Square">Bells on Temple Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Shaw_Bell_Choir" title="Dorothy Shaw Bell Choir">Dorothy Shaw Bell Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikes_Peak_Ringers" title="Pikes Peak Ringers">Pikes Peak Ringers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Raleigh_Ringers" title="The Raleigh Ringers">The Raleigh Ringers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPU_Handbell_Choir" title="CPU Handbell Choir">CPU Handbell Choir</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuebert2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Guebert, Alexander M (2014). <i>The modern handbell ensemble as an asset to new music: Expanding opportunities in extended technique</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-303-98469-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-303-98469-3"><bdi>978-1-303-98469-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/886962867">886962867</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1550893039">1550893039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+modern+handbell+ensemble+as+an+asset+to+new+music%3A+Expanding+opportunities+in+extended+technique&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F886962867&rft.isbn=978-1-303-98469-3&rft.aulast=Guebert&rft.aufirst=Alexander+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markey-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Markey_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markey_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkey1997" class="citation cs2">Markey, Willard H. (May–June 1997), "More History?: From Hame Boxes to Handbells", <i>Overtones</i>, <b>43</b> (3): 36–37</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Overtones&rft.atitle=More+History%3F%3A+From+Hame+Boxes+to+Handbells&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=36-37&rft.date=1997-05%2F1997-06&rft.aulast=Markey&rft.aufirst=Willard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A hame box is a device that attaches to the top of a <a href="/wiki/Horse_collar" title="Horse collar">horse collar</a> and contains several bells that ring when the horse moves. For more information about the Cor brothers and a picture of a hame box, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aldbourne.org.uk/awg/portal/main/?Section=Features&SubSect=41+..Graham+Palmer&Story=Foundaries">A Brief History of The Aldbourne Bell Foundries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825183457/http://www.aldbourne.org.uk/awg/portal/main/?Section=Features&SubSect=41+..Graham+Palmer&Story=Foundaries">Archived</a> 2009-08-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leicestershire-55355374">"Historical Loughborough bell foundry gets £3.45m lottery grant"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2020-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Historical+Loughborough+bell+foundry+gets+%C2%A33.45m+lottery+grant&rft.date=2020-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leicestershire-55355374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theile-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theile_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theile_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheile" class="citation web cs1">Theile, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handbellringers.com/handbell_history.html">"The History of Handbell Ringing"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Handbell+Ringing&rft.aulast=Theile&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhandbellringers.com%2Fhandbell_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullen1998" class="citation cs2">Bullen, Nigel (March–April 1998), "Researching the History of Handbells: In the Beginning", <i>Overtones</i>, <b>44</b> (2): 37–38</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Overtones&rft.atitle=Researching+the+History+of+Handbells%3A+In+the+Beginning&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37-38&rft.date=1998-03%2F1998-04&rft.aulast=Bullen&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2013/12/23/256568061/the-great-handbell-war">"The Great Handbell War"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=The+Great+Handbell+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fmoney%2F2013%2F12%2F23%2F256568061%2Fthe-great-handbell-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2013" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Irma H. (2013-10-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-b22AQAAQBAJ&dq=In+the+United+Kingdom,+there+is+a+distinction+between+%22American+handbells%22+and+%22English+handbells%22&pg=PA131"><i>Dictionary of Music Education</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8652-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-8652-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Music+Education&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8652-0&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Irma+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-b22AQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DIn%2Bthe%2BUnited%2BKingdom%2C%2Bthere%2Bis%2Ba%2Bdistinction%2Bbetween%2B%2522American%2Bhandbells%2522%2Band%2B%2522English%2Bhandbells%2522%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olypen.com/nwbell/handbell/sidenote/bell_weights.html">"Handbell Weights and Measurements"</a>. <i>www.olypen.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.olypen.com&rft.atitle=Handbell+Weights+and+Measurements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olypen.com%2Fnwbell%2Fhandbell%2Fsidenote%2Fbell_weights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbellservice.ca/">"Handbell Repair"</a>. <i>Handbell Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbell+Service&rft.atitle=Handbell+Repair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhandbellservice.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt-Jones" class="citation web cs1">Schmidt-Jones, Catherine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnx.org/content/m10672/latest/">"Transposing Instruments"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transposing+Instruments&rft.aulast=Schmidt-Jones&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnx.org%2Fcontent%2Fm10672%2Flatest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGEHR-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AGEHR_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AGEHR_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AGEHR_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AGEHR_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AGEHR_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The American Guild of English Handbell Ringers, <i>Handbell and Handchime Notation</i>. AGEHR 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TSBasic-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TSBasic_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1998" class="citation cs2">Moore, Daniel K. (May–June 1998), "Technique-ly Speaking: The Basic Ringing Stroke/Shoulder Damp", <i>Overtones</i>, <b>44</b> (3): 10–11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Overtones&rft.atitle=Technique-ly+Speaking%3A+The+Basic+Ringing+Stroke%2FShoulder+Damp&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=10-11&rft.date=1998-05%2F1998-06&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Daniel+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TSShelley-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TSShelley_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2000" class="citation cs2">Leonard, Karen E. (September–October 2000), "Technique-ly Speaking: Shelley Ringing", <i>Overtones</i>, <b>46</b> (5): 13–14</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Overtones&rft.atitle=Technique-ly+Speaking%3A+Shelley+Ringing&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=13-14&rft.date=2000-09%2F2000-10&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Karen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2000" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Christine (2000-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knology.net/~jkearns/faqtechniques.htm#Four-in-hand/Shelley">"Multiple Bells In-Hand"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multiple+Bells+In-Hand&rft.date=2000-01-14&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knology.net%2F~jkearns%2Ffaqtechniques.htm%23Four-in-hand%2FShelley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TSWeave-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TSWeave_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllured1999" class="citation cs2">Allured, Don (May–June 1999), "Technique-ly Speaking: The Weave and Other Multiple Bell Doings", <i>Overtones</i>, <b>45</b> (3): 41–44</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Overtones&rft.atitle=Technique-ly+Speaking%3A+The+Weave+and+Other+Multiple+Bell+Doings&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=41-44&rft.date=1999-05%2F1999-06&rft.aulast=Allured&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-techniques-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-techniques_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-techniques_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handbellworld.com/music/HandbellNotation.cfm">"Handbell Notation Symbols & Definitions"</a>. <i>Handbell World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbell+World&rft.atitle=Handbell+Notation+Symbols+%26+Definitions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handbellworld.com%2Fmusic%2FHandbellNotation.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TSMallet-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TSMallet_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrier1999" class="citation cs2">Frier, Louise (September–October 1999), "Technique-ly Speaking: Malleting Suspended Handbells", <i>Overtones</i>, <b>45</b> (5): 14–16</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Overtones&rft.atitle=Technique-ly+Speaking%3A+Malleting+Suspended+Handbells&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=14-16&rft.date=1999-09%2F1999-10&rft.aulast=Frier&rft.aufirst=Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kingsbur/articulations.html">http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kingsbur/articulations.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090810213148/http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kingsbur/articulations.html">Archived</a> 2009-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2009-10-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TSShake-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TSShake_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbling-Thorne1998" class="citation cs2">Ebling-Thorne, Kathy (September–October 1998), "Technique-ly Speaking: The Shake and The Trill – What a Thrill!", <i>Overtones</i>, <b>44</b> (5): 9–10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Overtones&rft.atitle=Technique-ly+Speaking%3A+The+Shake+and+The+Trill+%E2%80%93+What+a+Thrill%21&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=9-10&rft.date=1998-09%2F1998-10&rft.aulast=Ebling-Thorne&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kingsbur/articulations.html">http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kingsbur/articulations.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090810213148/http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kingsbur/articulations.html">Archived</a> 2009-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 10/09/09</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipton2011" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Tipton, Nancy (6 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/handbell-l/browse_thread/thread/788cc206273e0d4e">"proper term"</a>. <i>emp-handbell-l</i> (Mailing list)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=proper+term&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft.aulast=Tipton&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fhandbell-l%2Fbrowse_thread%2Fthread%2F788cc206273e0d4e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110909045758/http://belltreesandmore.com/About/TheFounder.aspx">"The Founder"</a>. Belltrees and More, Inc. 2009–2010. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Founder&rft.pub=Belltrees+and+More%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009%2F2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelltreesandmore.com%2FAbout%2FTheFounder.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505072329/http://www.choraegus.com/wordpress/handbell-clinician-barbara-brocker/">"Barbara Brocker Bio"</a>. choraegus. 31 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choraegus.com/wordpress/handbell-clinician-barbara-brocker/">the original</a> on May 5, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barbara+Brocker+Bio&rft.pub=choraegus&rft.date=2011-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.choraegus.com%2Fwordpress%2Fhandbell-clinician-barbara-brocker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHandbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_Bourke" title="Cormac Bourke">Bourke, Cormac</a>. <i>The Early Medieval Hand-bells of Ireland and Britain</i>. Dublin: Wordwell, 2022. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9017-7788-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9017-7788-1">978-0-9017-7788-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbell&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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type</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pitched_percussion_instrument" title="Pitched percussion instrument">Pitched percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Keyboard_percussion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_percussion_instrument" title="Keyboard percussion instrument">Keyboard percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotales" title="Crotales">Crotales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">Glockenspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">Marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubaphone" title="Tubaphone">Tubaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone">Vibraphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">Xylophone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handpan" title="Handpan">Handpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">Steelpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unpitched_percussion_instrument" title="Unpitched percussion instrument">Unpitched percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">Bass drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhr%C3%A1n" title="Bodhrán">Bodhrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongos">Bongos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabasa" title="Cabasa">Cabasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n" title="Cajón">Cajón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">Castanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">Claves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">Conga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbell_(instrument)" title="Cowbell (instrument)">Cowbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">Cymbals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djembe" title="Djembe">Djembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">Maracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_tree" title="Mark tree">Mark tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">Snare drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">Taiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong#Chau_gong_(tam-tam)" title="Gong">Tam-tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_blocks" title="Temple blocks">Temple blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbales" title="Timbales">Timbales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_(instrument)" title="Woodblock (instrument)">Wood block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic percussion">Electronic percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum" title="Electronic drum">Electronic drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Octapad" title="Roland Octapad">Octapad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_percussion" title="Marching percussion">Marching percussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_ensemble" title="Front ensemble">Front ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_percussion_ensemble" title="Indoor percussion ensemble">Indoor percussion ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_section" title="Percussion section">Percussion section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_ensemble" title="Percussion ensemble">Percussion ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_circle" title="Drum circle">Drum circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_percussion_instruments" title="Classification of percussion instruments">Classification of percussion instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_stick" title="Drum stick">Drum stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">Percussion mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cymbal_manufacturers" title="List of cymbal manufacturers">List of cymbal manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drum_manufacturers" title="List of drum manufacturers">List of drum manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marimba_manufacturers" title="List of marimba manufacturers">List of marimba manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vibraphone_manufacturers" title="List of vibraphone manufacturers">List of vibraphone manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timpani_manufacturers" title="List of timpani manufacturers">List of timpani manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bells" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bells" title="Template:Bells"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">Bell tower / Campanile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-ringer" title="Bell-ringer">Bell-ringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfry_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfry (architecture)">Belfry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourdon_(bell)" title="Bourdon (bell)">Bourdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanology" title="Campanology">Campanology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Index_of_campanology_articles" title="Index of campanology articles">index</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peal" title="Peal">Peal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_bells" title="Ring of bells">Ring of bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_tone" title="Strike tone">Strike tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_clock" title="Striking clock">Striking clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvonnitsa" title="Zvonnitsa">Zvonnitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agog%C3%B4" title="Agogô">Agogô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Altar bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluphone" title="Aluphone">Aluphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babendil" title="Babendil">Babendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_tree" title="Bell tree">Bell tree</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bianzhong" title="Bianzhong">Bianzhong</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_bell" title="Bicycle bell">Bicycle bell</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bonsh%C5%8D" title="Bonshō">Bonshō</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_bell" title="Call bell">Call bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_bell" title="Cat bell">Cat bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">Church bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbell_(instrument)" title="Cowbell (instrument)">Cowbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotal_bell" title="Crotal bell">Crotal bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_bell" title="Dead bell">Dead bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorbell" title="Doorbell">Doorbell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku">Dōtaku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_bell" title="Jingle bell">Jingle bell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kane_(instrument)" title="Kane (instrument)">Kane</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-ring" title="Mini-ring">Mini-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_bell" title="Ship's bell">Ship's bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_bell" title="Servant bell">Servant bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_bell" title="Standing bell">Standing bell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Suzu_(bell)" title="Suzu (bell)">Suzu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintinnabulum" title="Tintinnabulum">Tintinnabulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ringing styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chiming <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Canpan%C3%B2" title="Canpanò">Canpanò</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellacombe_apparatus" title="Ellacombe apparatus">Ellacombe apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian Orthodox bell ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blagovest" title="Blagovest">Blagovest</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_circle_ringing" title="Full circle ringing">Full circle ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">Change ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_changes" title="Call changes">Call changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_ringing" title="Method ringing">Method ringing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_bell_ringing" title="Bolognese bell ringing">Bolognese bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_bell_ringing" title="Veronese bell ringing">Veronese bell ringing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable bells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heaviest_bells" title="List of heaviest bells">List of heaviest bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangiga_bells" title="Balangiga bells">Balangiga bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_of_Good_Luck" title="Bell of Good Luck">Bell of Good Luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_of_King_Seongdeok" title="Bell of King Seongdeok">Bell of King Seongdeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell" title="Freedom Bell">Freedom Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bell_of_Dhammazedi" title="Great Bell of Dhammazedi">Great Bell of Dhammazedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tom_(bell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tom (bell)">Great Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Great_Bell_Tower" title="Ivan the Great Bell Tower">Ivan the Great Bell Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gloriosa" title="Maria Gloriosa">Maria Gloriosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingun_Bell" title="Mingun Bell">Mingun Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bells_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris">Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Bell" title="Olympic Bell">Olympic Bell</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Petersglocke" title="Petersglocke">Petersglocke</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund Bell">Sigismund Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Bells" title="Swan Bells">Swan Bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Bell_(Boston)" title="Temple Bell (Boston)"><i>Temple Bell</i> (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar_Bell" title="Tsar Bell">Tsar Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_(Newport,_Kentucky)" title="World Peace Bell (Newport, Kentucky)">Kentucky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bell_Temple" title="Big Bell Temple">Yongle Big Bell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bell founders <br />and foundries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergholtz_Bellfoundry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergholtz Bellfoundry (page does not exist)">Bergholtz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergholtz_klockgjuteri" class="extiw" title="sv:Bergholtz klockgjuteri">sv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbie_family" title="Bilbie family">Bilbie family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Chokhov" title="Andrey Chokhov">Andrey Chokhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cockey#Origins_of_the_family" title="Edward Cockey">Cockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Eijsbouts_bell_foundry" title="Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry">Royal Eijsbouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashpir_Ganusov" title="Kashpir Ganusov">Kashpir Ganusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanden_Gheyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanden Gheyn">Vanden Gheyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillett_%26_Johnston" title="Gillett & Johnston">Gillett & Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassmayr_Bell_Foundry" title="Grassmayr Bell Foundry">Grassmayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Graye" title="Miles Graye">Miles Graye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatch_bell_foundry" title="Hatch bell foundry">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_and_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hemony" title="Pieter and François Hemony">Pieter and François Hemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hodson_(bell-founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Hodson (bell-founder)">Christopher Hodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Illenfeld" title="Franciscus Illenfeld">Franciscus Illenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juutila_Foundry" title="Juutila Foundry">Juutila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Fonderia_Marinelli" title="Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli">Marinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McShane_Bell_Foundry" title="McShane Bell Foundry">McShane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meneely_Bell_Foundry" class="mw-redirect" title="Meneely Bell Foundry">Meneely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murphy_(bellfounder)" title="John Murphy (bellfounder)">John Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olsen_Nauen_Bell_Foundry" title="Olsen Nauen Bell Foundry">Olsen Nauen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glockengie%C3%9Ferei_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glockengießerei Otto (page does not exist)">Glockengießerei Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonderie_Paccard" title="Fonderie Paccard">Paccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_%26_Fritsen" title="Petit & Fritsen">Petit & Fritsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Phelps_(bell-founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Phelps (bell-founder)">Richard Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudhall_of_Gloucester" title="Rudhall of Gloucester">Rudhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_William_Rufford" title="John and William Rufford">John and William Rufford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarlouiser_Glockengie%C3%9Ferei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saarlouiser Glockengießerei (page does not exist)">Saarlouiser Glockengießerei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schilling_(bellfounder_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schilling (bellfounder family) (page does not exist)">Schilling</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilling_(Glockengie%C3%9Ferfamilie)" class="extiw" title="de:Schilling (Glockengießerfamilie)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_%26_Co" title="John Taylor & Co">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Watts_(bellfounder)" title="Hugh Watts (bellfounder)">Hugh Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner_%26_Sons" title="John Warner & Sons">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry" title="Whitechapel Bell Foundry">Whitechapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_van_Wou" title="Geert van Wou">Geert van Wou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dove%27s_Guide_for_Church_Bell_Ringers" title="Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers">Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenmuseum_Stiftskirche_Herrenberg" title="Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg">Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Memorial_Museum" title="Liberty Bell Memorial Museum">Liberty Bell Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Museum" title="Liberty Bell Museum">Liberty Bell Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bell_Festival" title="National Bell Festival">National Bell Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bell_ringing_organizations" title="List of bell ringing organizations">Ringing organizations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell,_American_Legion" title="Freedom Bell, American Legion">Freedom Bell, American Legion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Bells" title="All the Bells">All the Bells</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871633#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871633#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871633#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00982102">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/ee376c6e-128d-45be-b060-35e9655a612f">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handbell&oldid=1251976352">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handbell&oldid=1251976352</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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