CINXE.COM

LII / Legal Information Institute

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article# book: http://ogp.me/ns/book# profile: http://ogp.me/ns/profile# video: http://ogp.me/ns/video# product: http://ogp.me/ns/product# content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"><!--<![endif]--> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate" /> <meta http-equiv="Pragma" content="no-cache" /> <meta http-equiv="Expires" content="0" /> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script type='text/javascript'> <!-- thank you: https://github.com/kaimallea/isMobile --> !function(a){var b=/iPhone/i,c=/iPod/i,d=/iPad/i,e=/(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i,f=/Android/i,g=/(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\bSD4930UR\b)/i,h=/(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\b(?:KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|KFARWI|KFASWI|KFSAWI|KFSAWA)\b)/i,i=/IEMobile/i,j=/(?=.*\bWindows\b)(?=.*\bARM\b)/i,k=/BlackBerry/i,l=/BB10/i,m=/Opera Mini/i,n=/(CriOS|Chrome)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i,o=/(?=.*\bFirefox\b)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i,p=new RegExp('(?:Nexus 7|BNTV250|Kindle Fire|Silk|GT-P1000)','i'),q=function(a,b){return a.test(b)},r=function(a){var r=a||navigator.userAgent,s=r.split('[FBAN');return'undefined'!=typeof s[1]&&(r=s[0]),s=r.split('Twitter'),'undefined'!=typeof s[1]&&(r=s[0]),this.apple={phone:q(b,r),ipod:q(c,r),tablet:!q(b,r)&&q(d,r),device:q(b,r)||q(c,r)||q(d,r)},this.amazon={phone:q(g,r),tablet:!q(g,r)&&q(h,r),device:q(g,r)||q(h,r)},this.android={phone:q(g,r)||q(e,r),tablet:!q(g,r)&&!q(e,r)&&(q(h,r)||q(f,r)),device:q(g,r)||q(h,r)||q(e,r)||q(f,r)},this.windows={phone:q(i,r),tablet:q(j,r),device:q(i,r)||q(j,r)},this.other={blackberry:q(k,r),blackberry10:q(l,r),opera:q(m,r),firefox:q(o,r),chrome:q(n,r),device:q(k,r)||q(l,r)||q(m,r)||q(o,r)||q(n,r)},this.seven_inch=q(p,r),this.any=this.apple.device||this.android.device||this.windows.device||this.other.device||this.seven_inch,this.phone=this.apple.phone||this.android.phone||this.windows.phone,this.tablet=this.apple.tablet||this.android.tablet||this.windows.tablet,'undefined'==typeof window?this:void 0},s=function(){var a=new r;return a.Class=r,a};'undefined'!=typeof module&&module.exports&&'undefined'==typeof window?module.exports=r:'undefined'!=typeof module&&module.exports&&'undefined'!=typeof window?module.exports=s():'function'==typeof define&&define.amd?define('isMobile',[],a.isMobile=s()):a.isMobile=s()}(this); </script> <!-- mobile: vignettes and page-level --> <script async src='//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js'></script> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({ google_ad_client: 'ca-pub-6351434937294517', enable_page_level_ads: true, }); </script> <!-- /mobile: vignettes and page-level --> <!-- adsense --> <script type='text/javascript'> <!-- var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; (function() { var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); //--> </script> <script type='text/javascript'> <!-- function makeDefs() { var width = window.innerWidth || document.documentElement.clientWidth; if (width >= 1200) { var topsize = '[336,280]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[336,280]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[728,90]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[336,15]]'; } else if ((width >= 992) && (width < 1199)){ var topsize = '[336,280]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[336,280]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[468,60]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[336,15]]'; } else if ((width >= 768) && (width < 992)){ var topsize = '[300,250]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[300,250]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[320,100],[320,50]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[300,15]]'; } else if ((width >= 576) && (width < 768)){ var topsize = '[180,150]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[180,150]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[320,100],[320,50]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[180,15]]'; } else if ((width >= 360) && (width < 576)){ var topsize = '[336,280]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[336,280]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[468,60]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[336,15]]'; } else { var topsize = '[300,250]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[300,250]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[300,250],[320,100],[320,50]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[300,15]]'; } var topdefp1 = 'googletag.defineSlot('; var topdefp2 = "'/1519273/LII_About_TopRight', ".concat(topsize,','); var topdef = topdefp1.concat(topdefp2,'\'','div-gpt-ad-top','\'',').addService(googletag.pubads()); '); var middefp1 = 'googletag.defineSlot('; var middefp2 = "'/1519273/LII_About_MidRight', ".concat(midsize,','); var middef = middefp1.concat(middefp2,'\'','div-gpt-ad-middle','\'',').addService(googletag.pubads()); '); var bottomdefp1 = 'googletag.defineSlot('; var bottomdefp2 = "'/1519273/LII_About_Footer', ".concat(bottomsize,','); var bottomdef = bottomdefp1.concat(bottomdefp2,'\'','div-gpt-ad-bottom','\'',').addService(googletag.pubads()); '); var sponsorcaptiondefp1 = 'googletag.defineSlot('; var sponsorcaptiondefp2 = "'/1519273/LII_DEFAULT_sponsor_caption', ".concat(sponsorcaptionsize,','); var sponsorcaptiondef = sponsorcaptiondefp1.concat(sponsorcaptiondefp2,'\'','div-gpt-ad-sponsorcaption','\'',').addService(googletag.pubads()); '); var defs = topdef + middef + bottomdef + sponsorcaptiondef return defs; }; googletag.cmd.push(function() { { mydefs = makeDefs(); eval(mydefs); }; googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); //--> </script> <!-- /adsense --> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/favicon_1.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/index" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="LII / Legal Information Institute" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/index" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Welcome to LII" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/images/liibracketlogo.gif" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@LIICornell" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/index" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Welcome to LII" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/images/liibracketlogo.gif" /> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Welcome to LII" /> <title>LII / Legal Information Institute</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/css/css_tuqeOBz1ozigHOvScJR2wasCmXBizZ9rfd58u6_20EE.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/css/css_CcyzjmrkiQzB9Z_BSrTC-qehkLLL-lcZ-ZxcEcQ1ogk.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/css/css_MnXiytJtb186Ydycnpwpw34cuUsHaKc80ey5LiQXhSY.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/css/css_KkwH4A5QGEouTDN0aBc-Y6h2SLyMcNrdBC1prvZWPmU.css" media="all" /> <!-- HTML5 element support for IE6-8 --> <link href="/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/styles/liins_sass/stylesheets/screen.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/styles/liins_sass/stylesheets/print.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if IE]> <link href="/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/styles/liins_sass/stylesheets/ie.css" media="screen, projection" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <![endif]--> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-PDVVHXRDE6"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-PDVVHXRDE6'); </script> <script>window.google_analytics_uacct = "UA-1734385-15";</script> <script src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/js/js_dmcaEnEJzTGlrxYn6Ic_pkiuBoJb61xJgSvDC_RVKrg.js"></script> <script src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/js/js_leLrwcCMYcDv6-9VF8S-jRIOsiYuuldH5J4VuRdgIZE.js"></script> <script src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/js/js_gPqjYq7fqdMzw8-29XWQIVoDSWTmZCGy9OqaHppNxuQ.js"></script> <script>(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i["GoogleAnalyticsObject"]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,"script","//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js","ga");ga("create", "UA-1734385-15", {"cookieDomain":"auto"});// clientId bulk collection var myId, mySession; ga('create', 'UA-1734385-15', 'auto'); ga(function(tracker) { myId = tracker.get('clientId'); mySession = new Date().getTime() + '.' + Math.random().toString(36).substring(5); ga('set', { // clientId 'dimension1': myId, // made-up session ID; overwrites for each hit in session, finally leaving correct value 'dimension2': mySession }); });ga("send", "pageview");</script> <script src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/js/js_a_XWH2S1EQaU85ypMDyQGiUfzPFez1IOZKxHnhGkv3E.js"></script> <script src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/js/js_VBaNTGZuF4SzV5OM85A0VjAQaqSuBDIag6L3XpvoD60.js"></script> <script>jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","setHasJsCookie":0,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"liizenboot","theme_token":"12msuoj3HYEROcPd8xhjKrp6SM525kK7APbSsdpsefE","js":{"0":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery\/1.8\/jquery.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/jquery.ui.core.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/lii\/lii\/scripts\/jquery.url.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/lii\/lii\/scripts\/jquery.cookie.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/lii\/lii\/scripts\/lii.funcs.js":1,"misc\/form.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/google_analytics\/googleanalytics.js":1,"1":1,"misc\/collapse.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/bootstrap\/js\/bootstrap.min.js":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.core.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/footnotes\/footnotes.css":1,"modules\/book\/book.css":1,"modules\/comment\/comment.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/date\/date_api\/date.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.menus.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/bootstrap\/css\/bootstrap.min.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/aggregator.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/block.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/book.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/color.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/comment.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/contextual.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/dashboard.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/dblog.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/theme\/field.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/field_ui.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/file.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/filter.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/forum.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/help.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/image.admin.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/image.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/locale.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/menu.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/node.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/openid.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/overlay-child.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/overlay-parent.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/poll.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/profile.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/search.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/shortcut.admin.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/shortcut.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/simpletest.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.admin.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.base.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.maintenance.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.messages.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/taxonomy.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/toolbar.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/tracker.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/update.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/user.css":1}},"googleanalytics":{"trackOutbound":1,"trackMailto":1,"trackDownload":1,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip"},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/":true}});</script> <script src="/js/getcc.js"></script> <!-- API url --> <script> SEARCH_URL = 'https://api.law.cornell.edu/lii/search'; </script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/js-cookie@2/src/js.cookie.min.js"></script> </head> <body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" class="html front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-second page-node page-node- page-node-7585 node-type-collection-home-cck show-grid" > <div id="liisurveymodal" class="modal fade bs-example-modal-lg" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="liisurveymodal" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-title-box">Please help us improve our site!</div> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" onclick="snooze_survey()" data-dismiss="modal">&times;</button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <iframe title="Survey Frame" class="survey-content" id="iframeHolder"></iframe> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <!-- <a href="#" data-dismiss="modal" class="btn" onclick="snooze_survey()">Maybe later</a> --> <a href="#" class="btn btn-primary" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" onclick="snooze_survey()">No thank you</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header id="conannav" class="navbar navbar-fixed-top active"> <a href="#content" class="skip">Skip to main content</a> <!-- <a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a> <h1>Skip to Main Content - Keyboard Accessible</h1> --> <!-- include header --> <div id="cu-identity"> <div class="container-fluid"> <a href="https://www.cornell.edu" id="insignialink" title="Cornell University"> <img class="img-responsive" src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/images/insignia.gif" alt="Cornell University insignia" /> </a> <a href="https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/" id="clslink">Cornell Law School</a> <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/search/" id="cusearch">Search Cornell</a> </div> </div> <!-- /cu-identity --> <div id="lii-identity" class="col-12 identity-header"> <div id="liiheader" class="container-fluid"> <nav id="liiallnav" class="navbar" aria-label="Main"> <div id="liibanner" class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#liinav" href="#liinav"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <div id="liilogodiv"> <a id="liilogo" class="navbar-brand" href="/" aria-label="lii logo"></a> </div> <div class="navbar-right" id="liinavbarstuff"> <!-- remove when drupal settings for survey complete - jbp --> <button id="survey" class="btn btn-primary icon-pencil icon-white" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top:-20px; height: 42px">Please help us improve our site!</button> <!-- liidonatewrap --> <div id="liidonatewrap"> <a id="liidonate" class="navbar-link mdblueinv" href="/donate" aria-label="Donate to LII"> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-gift"></span> <span class="gltxt">Support Us!</span> </a> </div> <!-- /#liisearchwrap --> <div id="liisearchlinkwrap"> <a id="liisearchlink" href="#" class="navbar-link cured" aria-label="Search LII"> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span> <span class="gltxt">Search</span> </a> </div> <!-- /#liisearchlinkwrap --> <div id="liisearch" href="#"> <div class="input-group" id="adv-search" role="search" > <input label="Enter the terms you wish to search for." placeholder="Search" class="form-control form-text" type="text" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" list="autocomplete_list" aria-label="Enter search terms text box"> <datalist id="autocomplete_list"> </datalist> <div class="input-group-btn"> <div class="btn-group" role="group" aria-label="Filter and search buttons"> <div class="dropdown dropdown-lg"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="filter dropdown button"><span class="caret" role="button" aria-hidden="true"></span></button> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" role="menu"> <form class="form-horizontal"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="collectionSelector" type="submit">Filter by:</label> <select class="form-control" type="submit" id="collectionSelector" onchange="handleSelectChange(event)" aria-label="Select collection to search" role="menuitem"> <optgroup label="Collections"> <option value="0" selected>All Collections</option> <option value="1">Conan</option> <option value="2">CFR</option> <option value="3">US Code</option> <option value="4">Constitution</option> <option value="5">Federal Rules</option> <option value="6">FRAP</option> <option value="7">FRBP</option> <option value="8">FRCP</option> <option value="9">FRCMP</option> <option value="10">FRE</option> <option value="11">Supct</option> <option value="12">UCC</option> <option value="13">States</option> <option value="14">World</option> <option value="15">Uniform</option> <option value="16">Wex</option> <option value="17">Supreme Court</option> <option value="18">Women And Justice</option> <option value="19">LII Supreme Court Bulletin</option> <option value="20">Wiki</option> </optgroup> </select> <input aria-label="Select" id="submit-button" type="submit" style="display: none;"> </div> </form> </div> </div> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" onclick="findNowClickEvent()" aria-label="Find now"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true" role="button"></span></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="liinav" class="collapse navbar-collapse" role="menu"> <ul id="liiheadernav" class="nav navbar-nav" role="menubar" aria-hidden="false"> <li role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/lii/about/about_lii" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">About LII</a> <ul role="menu" aria-hidden="true" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/who_we_are">Who We Are</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/what_we_do">What We Do</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/who_pays_for_this">Who Pays For This</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/contact_us">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/lii/get_the_law" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Get the law</a> <ul role="menu" aria-hidden="true" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/constitution">Constitution</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/supremecourt/text/home">Supreme Court</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/uscode/text">U.S. Code</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/cfr/text">CFR</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/rules" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Federal Rules</a> <ul role="menu" aria-hidden="true" class="dropdown-menu submenu-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frap">Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frcp">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frcrmp">Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/fre">Federal Rules of Evidence</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frbp">Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ucc">U.C.C.</a> </li> <li aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Law by jurisdiction</a> <ul role="menu" class="dropdown-menu submenu-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/states">State law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/uniform">Uniform laws</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/federal">Federal law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/world">World law</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://lawyers.law.cornell.edu/">Lawyer directory</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/wex" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Legal encyclopedia</a> <ul role="menu" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/business_law">Business law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/constitutional_law">Constitutional law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/criminal_law_and_procedure">Criminal law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/family_law">Family law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/employment_law">Employment law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/money_and_financial_problems">Money and Finances</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/wex_articles">All Wex articles</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/lii/help_out" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Help out</a> <ul role="menu" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem" aria-hidden="true"> <a href="/donate" aria-hidden="true">Give</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/sponsor" aria-label="LII: sponsorship">Sponsor</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/advertise" aria-label="LII: advertise">Advertise</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" aria-label="LII: create content"> <a href="/lii/help_out/create">Create</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/promote" aria-label="LII: promote">Promote</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/join_directory">Join Lawyer Directory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul id="liinavsoc" class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"> <li> <!-- Go to www.addthis.com/dashboard to customize your tools --> <div class="addthis_horizontal_follow_toolbox"></div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <!-- /liinavbarstuff --> </nav> </div> </div> <!-- /include header --> <!-- /.container--> </header> <div id="page" class="main-container container-fluid"> <!-- header excised - see Zen theme for original code --> <div id="main"> <div id="content" class="col-sm-8" role="main"> <div id="main-content"> <h1 class="title" id="page-title">Welcome to LII</h1> <!-- here if we decide to print the summary in the page display --> <div id="content1"> <div id="main-content-with-extra-column"> <article class="node-7585 node node-collection-home-cck en view-mode-full clearfix" about="/index" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document"> <header> <span property="dc:title" content="Welcome to LII" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span><span property="sioc:num_replies" content="0" datatype="xsd:integer" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> </header> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><div id="intro"> <p>We believe that everyone should be able to read and understand the laws that govern them, without cost. We carry out this vision by:</p> <ul> <li>Publishing law online, for free.</li> <li>Creating materials that help people understand law.</li> <li>Exploring new technologies that make it easier for people to find the law.</li> </ul> <p>We hope you'll learn more about us, and help support our work. </p> </div></div> </div> </div> </article> </div><!-- /#main-content-with-extra-column --> </div><!-- /#content1 --> <div id="content2"> <div id="main-extra-column"> <div class="region region-main-extra-column"> <div id="block-views-block-view-block-1" class="block block-views first last odd"> <div class="view view-block-view view-id-block_view view-display-id-block_1 view-dom-id-1d2219f35be0d77ec86cf78ff5f3384a"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-title blockview What039s-New"> <h2 class="title">What&#039;s New?</h2> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-edit-node"> <span class="field-content"></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><div id="whatsnew_inner"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="entry_inner"> <h3>State Regulations</h3> <p>LII now publishes <a href="/regulations">state regulations for all 50 U.S. states</a>. Updates are released quarterly.</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="entry_inner"> <h3>We're hiring!</h3> <p>Keep an eye on this space for new position postings as they become available. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="entry_inner"> <h3>LII Original Content</h3> <ul> <li>The <a href="/wex">Wex Legal Dictionary and Encyclopedia</a> has new entries on <a href="/wex/statutory_interpretation">statutory interpretation</a>, <a href="/wex/corruption">corruption</a>, and summaries of recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions.</li> <li>The <a href="/supct/cert">LII Supreme Court Bulletin</a> students prepare and publish <a href="/supct/oral_arg_previews.php?when=thisterm">previews of upcoming oral arguments before the U.S. Supreme Court</a>. Recent previews include: <ul> <li><a href="/supct/cert/23-726">Moyle v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/supct/cert/23-719">Trump v. Anderson</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>The <a href="/women-and-justice">Women &amp; Justice collection</a> now features <a href="/women-and-justice/location/ukraine">a new set of resources on legislation in Ukraine</a>.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="entry_inner"> <h3>From the Government</h3> <ul> <li>The <a href="/constitution-conan">Congressional Research Service's U.S. Constitution Annotated</a> now features updates through the most recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Updates include: <ul> <li><a href="/constitution-conan/amendment-14/modern-doctrine-on-appropriate-scrutiny">Modern Doctrine on Appropriate Scrutiny (college admissions)</a></li> <li><a href="/constitution-conan/article-1/section-4/clause-1/states-and-elections-clause">States and Elections Clause (redistricting)</a></li> <li><a href="/constitution-conan/amendment-1/true-threats">True Threats (social media)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>The <a href="/supremecourt/text">U.S. Supreme Court collection</a>: most recent opinions and <a href="/rules/us-supreme-court-code-of-conduct-for-justices">Code of Conduct for Justices</a></li> <li>The <a href="/uscode/text">U.S. Code is up to date</a> through the most recent version published by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel; the <a href="/cfr/text">CFR is up to date</a> through the end of last week.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- /#main-extra-column --> </div><!-- /#content2 --> <div id ="page-bottom"> <div class="region region-bottom"> <div id="block-views-block-view-block-2" class="block block-views first last odd"> <div class="view view-block-view view-id-block_view view-display-id-block_2 view-dom-id-0720b652f3aa8d2be269c2672a1bdd83"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-title blockview Legal-Resources"> <h2 class="title">Legal Resources</h2> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-edit-node"> <span class="field-content"></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><div id="legal_resources"><div class="row"><div class="col-sm-6" id="primary_sources"><div class="entry_inner"><h3>Primary sources</h3><ul><li><a href="/constitution" title="U.S. Constitution">Constitution</a></li><li><a href="/uscode" title="U.S. Code">U.S. Code</a></li><li><a href="/cfr" title="C.F.R.">C.F.R.</a> and</li><li><a href="/supct" title="Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></li><li><a href="/executive-orders">Executive Orders</a></li><li><a href="/rules" title="Federal Rules">Federal Rules</a></li><li><a href="/states/">State law</a> and <a href="/regulations">State regulations</a></li><li><a href="/ucc" title="U.C.C.">U.C.C.</a></li><li>Locators for <a href="/uniform/">Uniform law</a>, <a href="/wex/state_statutes">State statutes by topic</a>, <a href="/world/">World law</a></li></ul></div><!-- /.icontext --></div><!-- /#primary_sources --><div class="col-sm-6" id="original_content"><div class="entry_inner"><h3>Original content</h3><ul><li><a href="/wex">Wex legal encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/constitution-conan/">Congressional Research Service's U.S. Constitution Annotated</a></li><li><a href="/supct/cert/">LII Supreme Court Bulletin</a></li><li><a href="/citation/">Introduction to Basic Legal Citation</a></li><li><a href="/ptoa">Parallel Table of Authorities</a></li><li><a href="/rio">RiO Citation Resolver</a></li><li><a href="/topn">Table of Popular Names</a></li><li><a href="/women-and-justice">The Women &amp; Justice Collection</a></li></ul></div><!-- /.icontext --></div><!-- /#original_content --></div><!-- /.row --><div class="row"><div class="col-sm-6" id="learn_about"><div class="entry_inner"><h3>Learn about</h3><ul><li><a href="/wex/administrative_law">Administrative Law</a></li><li><a href="/wex/category/civics">Civics</a></li><li><a href="/wex/constitutional_law">Constitutional law</a></li><li><a href="/wex/consumer_protection_laws">Consumer Protection</a></li><li><a href="/wex/corporations">Corporations</a></li><li><a href="/wex/category/courts_and_procedure">Courts and procedure</a></li><li><a href="/wex/intellectual_property">Intellectual Property</a></li><li><a href="/wex/legislation">Legislation</a></li><li><a href="/wex/real_estate">Real Estate Law</a></li></ul></div><!-- /.icontext --></div><!-- /#learn_about --><div class="col-sm-6" id="legal_topics"><div class="entry_inner"><h3>Legal topics</h3><ul><li><a href="/wex/category/business_law">Business law</a></li><li><a href="/wex/category/criminal_law_and_procedure">Criminal law</a></li><li><a href="/wex/estate_planning">Estate Planning</a></li><li><a href="/wex/category/family_law">Family law</a></li><li><a href="/wex/category/employment_law">Employment law</a></li><li><a href="/wex/immigration">Immigration Law</a></li><li><a href="/wex/landlord-tenant_law">Landlord/Tenant</a></li><li><a href="/wex/category/money_and_financial_problems">Money and Finances</a></li><li><a href="/wex/personal_injury">Personal Injury</a></li></ul></div><!-- /.icontext --></div><!-- /#legal_topics --></div><!-- /.row --></div><!-- /#legal_resources --> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- /#main-content --> </div><!-- /#content --> </div><!-- /#main --> <aside id="sidebar-second" class="col-sm-4"> <section class="region region-sidebar-second column sidebar"> <div id="block-block-50" class="block block-block first odd"> <h2 class="title toolbox">Toolbox</h2> <!-- included via the libraries/lii/toolbox.inc inclusion --> <div class="social"> <div class="socSep"><hr /></div><!--/socSep--> <!-- This is the draft code for the toolbox --> <!-- Add This Button BEGIN --> <!-- Go to www.addthis.com/dashboard to customize your tools --> <div class="socSep"> <hr /> </div> <!--/socSep--> <div class="addthis_sharing_toolbox"></div> <div class="socSep"> <hr /> </div> <!--/socSep--> <script type="text/javascript"> var addthis_config = { data_track_addressbar: false, data_track_clickback: true, publid: 'liiadverts', ui_tabindex: 0, ui_508_compliant: true }; var addthis_share = { url_transforms: { shorten: { twitter: 'bitly' } }, shorteners: { bitly: { login: 'liicornell', apiKey: 'R_75b99d95e1c3033c4dbea23ce04bf5d3' } }, passthrough: { twitter: { via: 'LIICornell' } } }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=liiadverts" async="async"></script> <!-- AddThis Button END --> </div><!-- /social --> </div> <div id="block-views-block-view-block" class="block block-views last even"> <div class="view view-block-view view-id-block_view view-display-id-block view-dom-id-fc265c002b1ea186deb56a957d9b172a"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-title blockview Stay-Involved"> <h2 class="title">Stay Involved</h2> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-edit-node"> <span class="field-content"></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><div id="stayinvolved_inner"> <ul> <li><a href="http://blog.law.cornell.edu">LII Announce Blog</a></li> <li><a href="/supct/cert/subscribe">LII Supreme Court Bulletin</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/donors/">Make a donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wex">Contribute content</a></li> <li><a href="/lii/business_opportunities">Become a sponsor</a></li> <li><a href="/contact">Give feedback</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </aside> <!-- /.sidebars --> </div><!-- /#page --> <!-- MB: It is not rendering the footer --> <!-- LII --> <!-- lii footer --> <!-- include footer --> <footer id="liifooter" class="container-fluid"> <ul id="liifooternav" class="nav navbar-nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/lii/about/accessibility" class="nav" aria-label="LII accessibility help">Accessibility</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/about/about_lii" class="nav">About LII</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/about/contact_us" class="nav">Contact us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help_out/sponsor">Advertise here</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help" class="nav" aria-label="LII general help">Help</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/terms/documentation" class="nav">Terms of use</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/lii/terms/privacy_policy" class="nav" aria-label="LII privacy policy">Privacy</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"> <li> <a href="/"> <img src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/images/LII_logo_footer.gif" alt="LII home"> </a> </li> </ul> </footer> <!-- /include footer --> <!-- end lii footer --> <!-- LII --> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery("#liisearchlink").click(function () { jQuery("#liisearch").toggle('slide'); jQuery("#liinavbarstuff").toggleClass('searchboxslid'); }); }); jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').each(function () { var $elem = jQuery(this); $elem.tooltip({ html: true, container: $elem, delay: { hide: 400 } }); }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/lii_scriptinator_drupal.js"> </script> </body> </html> <!-- Page cached by Boost @ 2024-12-17 23:20:01, expires @ 2025-12-16 23:20:01, lifetime 12 months 4 days -->

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10