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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Esdras</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri_di_Esdra" title="Libri di Esdra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libri di Esdra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boky_amin%27_ny_anaran%27_i_Esdrasa" title="Boky amin' ny anaran' i Esdrasa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boky amin' ny anaran' i Esdrasa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99gi_Ezdrasza" title="Księgi Ezdrasza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księgi Ezdrasza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Title of various books by Ezra</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the given name, see <a href="/wiki/Esdras_(given_name)" title="Esdras (given name)">Esdras (given name)</a>.</div> <p>The name "<b>Esdras</b>" is found in the title of four texts (entitled <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> in most <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English versions</a>) attributed to, or associated with, the <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Naming_convention" title="Naming convention">naming convention</a> of the four books of Esdras differs between <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">church traditions</a>, and has changed over time. </p><p>Esdras (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%9C%CF%83%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἔσδρας">Ἔσδρας</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> variation of the Hebrew name "<a href="/wiki/Ezra_(name)" title="Ezra (name)">Ezra</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עזרא</span>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_conventions">Naming conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esdras&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The books associated with Ezra are titled differently in different <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">versions of the Bible</a>. The following table summarizes the various names: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Overview of Biblical books named "Esdras" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><b>#</b> </th> <th scope="col"><b><a href="/wiki/Masorete" class="mw-redirect" title="Masorete">Masoretic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a></b> </th> <th scope="col"><b>Most <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English versions</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Bibles_list_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibles_list-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col"><b><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Jerome's Vulgate</a></b> </th> <th scope="col"><b><a href="/wiki/Clementine_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine Vulgate">Clementine Vulgate</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">English Douay–Rheims</a></b> </th> <th scope="col"><b><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col"><b><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint (LXX)</a></b> </th> <th scope="col"><b><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Ethiopic version</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="3"><b>Alternative names</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">1 Esdras</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">2 Esdras</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Esdras B</a><br />Ἔσδρας βʹ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">1 Ezra</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">2 Esdras</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">(Nehemias)</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td rowspan="4"><i>absent</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4"><i>absent</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">3 Esdras</a> (Apocrypha) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">Esdras A</a><br />Ἔσδρας α' </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">2 Ezra</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">Greek Esdras or 3 Ezra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> (Apocrypha) </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">4 Esdras</a> (Apocrypha) </td> <td rowspan="3"><i>absent</i> </td> <td rowspan="3"><i>absent</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">Ezra Sutuel</a> </td> <td><small>(Ch. 3–14)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras#4_Ezra" title="2 Esdras">4 Ezra</a><br /><i>or</i> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Apocalypse_of_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra">Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra</a><br /><i>or</i> Apocalyptic Esdras </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">Latin Esdras</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>absent</i> </td> <td><small>(Ch. 1–2)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras#5_Ezra" title="2 Esdras">5 Ezra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><small>(Ch. 15–16)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras#6_Ezra" title="2 Esdras">6 Ezra</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a> that define the <a href="/wiki/Doctrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrines">doctrines</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> follow the <a href="/wiki/Naming_convention" title="Naming convention">naming convention</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Clementine_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine Vulgate">Clementine Vulgate</a>. Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> numbering is often used by <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical scholarship">modern scholars</a>, who nevertheless use the name <b>Ezra</b> to avoid confusion with the Greek and <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Slavonic</a> enumerations: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">1 Ezra</a> (Ezra), <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">2 Ezra</a> (Nehemiah), <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">3 Ezra</a> (Esdras A/1 Esdras), <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Apocalypse_of_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra">4 Ezra</a> (chapters 3–14 of 4 Esdras), <a href="/wiki/5_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="5 Ezra">5 Ezra</a> (chapters 1–2 of 4 Esdras) and <a href="/wiki/6_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="6 Ezra">6 Ezra</a> (chapters 15–16 of 4 Esdras). Otherwise, modern scholars sometimes apply the term 'Greek Esdras' for <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">3 Ezra</a>, and '<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> Esdras' for <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">4 Ezra, 5 Ezra and 6 Ezra</a> together. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a> referred to 1 Esdras as the 'first book of Esdras', Ezra–Nehemiah as the 'second book of Esdras', and 2 Esdras as the 'third book of Esdras'.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambrose_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambrose-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some English <a href="/wiki/Translations" class="mw-redirect" title="Translations">translations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/New_English_Translation_of_the_Septuagint" title="New English Translation of the Septuagint">New English Translation of the Septuagint</a></i>, refer to Esdras A as 1 Esdras, and Esdras B (Ezra-Nehemiah) as 2 Esdras.<sup id="cite_ref-NETS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NETS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esdras&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two books universally considered <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></i> (lines 1 and 2 of the table above), originated in the Hebrew bible as <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">one book titled <i>Ezra</i></a> (= <i>Esdras</i>). </p><p>Otherwise, however, early Christian citations of the 'Book of Ezra' without qualification commonly denote the alternative Greek translation of Ezra represented by <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a>; so that when early Christian writers talk of 'two books of Ezra', it is 1 Esdras and <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a> that are being identified, and surviving <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Old Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical manuscripts">biblical manuscripts</a> include both books in that order as the "first" and "second" books of Ezra.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17–20">: 17–20 </span></sup> </p><p>In the Greek canon, and in all surviving early Greek <a href="/wiki/Pandect" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandect">pandect</a> bibles, 1 Esdras and <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a> are termed <i><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">Esdras A</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Esdras B</a></i> respectively. For <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> 1 Esdras was the 'first book of Esdras', Ezra–Nehemiah was the 'second book of Esdras', and 2 Esdras was the 'third book of Esdras'.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambrose_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambrose-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage">Council of Carthage</a> (397) and <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a> (393), under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, determined that only 'two books of Ezra' were to be considered canonical, it was both Ezra–Nehemiah and 1 Esdras which were stated as being included in <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scripture</a>, while 2 Esdras was being excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11–12">: 11–12 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> however, in his new Vulgate translation of the Old Testament directly from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> of the early <a href="/wiki/5th_century_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="5th century BCE">5th century BCE</a> affirmed in his prologue to Ezra that there was only one canonical book of that title, corresponding to Hebrew Ezra–Nehemiah, while the "third and fourth books" of Ezra were apocryphal;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in all early manuscripts of the Vulgate (as with the <a href="/wiki/7th_century_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="7th century CE">7th century CE</a> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Amiatinus" title="Codex Amiatinus">Codex Amiatinus</a>) this book is presented without division, and <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> are omitted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> appears to have considered the two books of Ezra in the Old Latin - translating Greek Esdras A and Esdras B respectively - as "variant versions" of <a href="/wiki/Ezra-Nehemiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra-Nehemiah">Ezra-Nehemiah</a>, in which case his <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a> "third and fourth books" correspond to the texts in 'Latin Esdras'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerome's practice is followed in the 9th century Vulgate bibles of <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodulf_of_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodulf of Orleans">Theodulf of Orleans</a>, but from the <a href="/wiki/9th_century_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="9th century CE">9th century CE</a> onwards <a href="/wiki/Vulgate_manuscripts" title="Vulgate manuscripts">Vulgate manuscripts</a> are found sporadically which split Ezra–Nehemiah into two books; and this becomes standard with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Vulgate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Vulgate (page does not exist)">Paris Vulgate</a> bibles of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_century_CE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th century CE (page does not exist)">13th century CE</a> while Greek Esdras and Latin Esdras also came to be included in the Paris bibles so that the Ezra portion becomes 1 Esdras, the Nehemiah portion becomes 2 Esdras, Greek Esdras becomes 3 Esdras and Latin Esdras becomes 4 Esdras. The naming conventions of the Paris bibles were taken over into the <a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Clementine Vulgate</a>. However, in the <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_Vulgate" title="Stuttgart Vulgate">Stuttgart Vulgate</a>, Ezra–Nehemiah is once again printed as a single text with the title 'Ezra', while (Clementine) 3 Esdras and 4 Esdras are in an appendix; named 3 Ezra and 4 Ezra respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, most English translations<sup id="cite_ref-Bibles_list_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibles_list-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have split the book of Ezra–Nehemiah under the titles 'Ezra' and 'Nehemiah'; while the <a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay–Rheims</a> version has followed the <a href="/wiki/Clementine_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine Vulgate">Clementine Vulgate</a>. </p><p>Greek Esdras or 1 Esdras (line 3 of the table above) is the version of Ezra most commonly cited as scripture by early Christians,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consequently was included in the Old Testament in late <a href="/wiki/4th_century_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="4th century CE">4th century CE</a> Greek and Latin canon lists before Jerome; but with the increasing dominance of Jerome's Vulgate translation it dropped out of use in the West; although from the 13th century, it was commonly reintroduced under the title <i><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">3 Esdras</a></i>. This Latin text of 3 Esdras is found in later <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval </a>Vulgate manuscripts and the <a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a>, and is however a completely different (and likely earlier) translation of Greek Esdras A from that found in the <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Old Latin</a>, as witnessed in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Colbertinus" title="Codex Colbertinus">Codex Colbertinus</a>. Where the Vulgate text of 3 Esdras is woodenly literal in its rendering of the Greek, the Old Latin text of 'First Esdras' tends towards free <a href="/wiki/Paraphrase" title="Paraphrase">paraphrase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Douay–Rheims version followed the Clementine Vulgate title, while <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> English versions chose a separate numbering for apocryphal books and called it <i><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></i> (using the Greek form to differentiate the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocryphal book</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></i>). </p><p>Latin Esdras or 2 Esdras (lines 4, 5 and 6 of the table above) is contained in some Latin bibles as <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">4 Esdras</a>; and in some Slavonic manuscripts as <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">3 Esdras</a>. Except for the Douay–Rheims version (which follows the Vulgate), most English versions containing this book call it <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> (again using the Greek form for the apocryphal book). The book is not included in the Greek Septuagint and no complete copy of the Greek text has survived, though it is quoted by the <a href="/wiki/Church_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Church fathers">Church fathers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a> content, the book (specifically as referring to chapters 3-14) has also been called <i><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">Esdras the Prophet</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">Apocalyptic Esdras</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">The Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra</a></i>. Because the most complete <a href="/wiki/Extant_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant text">extant text</a> is in Latin, the book is also called <i><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">Latin Esdras</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latin version differs from other versions of 2 Esdras in that it contains additional opening and closing chapters, which are also called <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras#5_Ezra" title="2 Esdras">5 Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras#6_Ezra" title="2 Esdras">6 Ezra</a> by scholars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Ezra_writings">Other Ezra writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esdras&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other Ezra writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other books associated with Ezra are the <i><a href="/wiki/Greek_Apocalypse_of_Ezra" title="Greek Apocalypse of Ezra">Greek Apocalypse of Ezra</a></i>, the Latin <i><a href="/wiki/Vision_of_Ezra" title="Vision of Ezra">Vision of Ezra</a></i>, the Armenian <i><a href="/wiki/Questions_of_Ezra" title="Questions of Ezra">Questions of Ezra</a></i>, the Syriac <i><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Ezra" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ezra">Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ezra</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Revelation_of_Ezra" title="Revelation of Ezra">Revelation of Ezra</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Apocalypse_of_Ezra" title="Ethiopic Apocalypse of Ezra">Ethiopic Apocalypse of Ezra</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canonicity">Canonicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esdras&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canonicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jewish canon considers the Book of <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical</a>. All <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> consider the separate books <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Book of Nehemiah</a> to be canonical. <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> do not generally recognize <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> as being canonical. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, generally consider <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">Esdras A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezra-Nehemiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra-Nehemiah">Esdras B</a> to be canonical, and do not recognize <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish Apocalypse of Ezra (<a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a>), whose authorship is ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is canonical in the Syriac and Ethiopian traditions; and is included in the <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Church">Armenian Church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esdras&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bibles_list-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bibles_list_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibles_list_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Including <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">KJB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">RSV</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">NRSV</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">ESV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_English_Bible" title="Common English Bible">CEB</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_English_Bible" title="New English Bible">NEB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revised_English_Bible" title="Revised English Bible">REB</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Good_News_Bible" title="Good News Bible">GNB</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esdras&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBogaert2013" class="citation cs2">Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2013), "The Latin Bible", in Paget, James Carleton; Schaper, Joachim (eds.), <i>The New Cambridge History of the Bible; Volume 1; from the Beginnings to 600</i>, CUP, p. 511, <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"1 and 2 Esdras refers to 3 Esdras (A Esdras in Greek) and Esdras-Nehemiah (B Esdras in Greek).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Latin+Bible&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible%3B+Volume+1%3B+from+the+Beginnings+to+600&rft.pages=511&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bogaert&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsdras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowley1974" class="citation journal cs1">Cowley, R. W. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Bible/Text/Canon/ethiopican.html">"The Biblical Canon Of The Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today"</a>. <i>Ostkirchliche Studien</i>. <b>23</b>: 318–323<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ostkirchliche+Studien&rft.atitle=The+Biblical+Canon+Of+The+Ethiopian+Orthodox+Church+Today&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=318-323&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Cowley&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-awareness.org%2FBible%2FText%2FCanon%2Fethiopican.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsdras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ambrose-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ambrose_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ambrose_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogaert2013" class="citation cs2">Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2013), "The Latin Bible", in Paget, James Carleton; Schaper, Joachim (eds.), <i>The New Cambridge History of the Bible; Volume 1; from the Beginnings to 600</i>, CUP, pp. 505–524</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Latin+Bible&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible%3B+Volume+1%3B+from+the+Beginnings+to+600&rft.pages=505-524&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bogaert&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsdras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NETS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NETS_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://septuaginta.uni-goettingen.de/ioscs/nets/edition"><i>New English Translation of the Septuagint</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528975-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528975-6"><bdi>978-0-19-528975-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+English+Translation+of+the+Septuagint&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-528975-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseptuaginta.uni-goettingen.de%2Fioscs%2Fnets%2Fedition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsdras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherMeade2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edmon_L._Gallagher" title="Edmon L. Gallagher">Gallagher, Edmon L.</a>; Meade, John D. (2017), <i>The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity</i>, OUP, p. 269</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Canon+Lists+from+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Edmon+L.&rft.au=Meade%2C+John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsdras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogaert2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2000). "Les livres d'Esdras et leur numérotation dans l'histoire du canon de la Bible latin". <i>Revue Bénédictine</i>. <b>110</b> (1–2): 5–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.RB.5.100750">10.1484/J.RB.5.100750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine&rft.atitle=Les+livres+d%27Esdras+et+leur+num%C3%A9rotation+dans+l%27histoire+du+canon+de+la+Bible+latin&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=5-26&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.RB.5.100750&rft.aulast=Bogaert&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsdras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherMeade2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edmon_L._Gallagher" title="Edmon L. Gallagher">Gallagher, Edmon L.</a>; Meade, John D. (2017), <i>The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity</i>, OUP, p. 223</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Canon+Lists+from+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Edmon+L.&rft.au=Meade%2C+John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsdras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_preface_ezra.htm">"St. Jerome, The Prologue on the Book of Ezra: English translation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Jerome%2C+The+Prologue+on+the+Book+of+Ezra%3A+English+translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fjerome_preface_ezra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsdras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherMeade2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edmon_L._Gallagher" title="Edmon L. Gallagher">Gallagher, Edmon L.</a>; Meade, John D. (2017), <i>The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity</i>, OUP, p. 201</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Canon+Lists+from+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Edmon+L.&rft.au=Meade%2C+John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsdras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem</i>. Robert Weber, Roger Gryson (eds.) (4 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. 1994. pp. XXXIV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-438-05303-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-438-05303-9"><bdi>978-3-438-05303-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblia+Sacra+iuxta+vulgatam+versionem&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=XXXIV&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Deutsche+Bibelgesellschaft&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-438-05303-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsdras" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenter1962" class="citation cs2">Denter, Thomas (1962), <i>Die Stellung der Bucher Esdras im Kanon des Alten Testaments</i>, Buch -und Kunsthandlung, pp. 53–57</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Stellung+der+Bucher+Esdras+im+Kanon+des+Alten+Testaments&rft.pages=53-57&rft.pub=Buch+-und+Kunsthandlung&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Denter&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsdras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/527826">The Latin Versions of First Esdras</a>", Harry Clinton York, <i>The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures</i>, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Jul., 1910), pp. 253–302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=E&artid=463">Jewish Encyclopedia: Esdras, Books of</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206195607/https://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=E&artid=463">Archived</a> February 6, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://net.bible.org/dictionary.php?word=Apocalyptic%20Esdras">NETBible: Apocalyptic Esdras</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234523/http://net.bible.org/dictionary.php?word=Apocalyptic%20Esdras">Archived</a> 2007-09-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriarchia.ru/bible/ezr3/">"Ветхий Завет : Третья книга Ездры : Глава 1 / Патриархия.ru"</a>. <i>Патриархия.ru</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82+%3A+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B+%3A+%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+1+%2F+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriarchia.ru%2Fbible%2Fezr3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsdras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1990" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Michael Edward (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourthezracommen0000ston/page/37"><i>Fourth Ezra; A Commentary on the Book of Fourth Ezra</i></a>. Hermeneia. <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Press">Fortress Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourthezracommen0000ston/page/37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-6026-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-6026-9"><bdi>0-8006-6026-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fourth+Ezra%3B+A+Commentary+on+the+Book+of+Fourth+Ezra&rft.series=Hermeneia&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8006-6026-9&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Michael+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourthezracommen0000ston%2Fpage%2F37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsdras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esdras&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05535a.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>: Esdras II. The Books of Esdras</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206195607/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=463&letter=E"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>: Esdras, Books of</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Esdras%201&version=nrsvae">1 Esdras 1</a> – NRSV</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Esdras%201&version=nrsvae">2 Esdras 1</a> – NRSV</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/1esdras.html">1 Esdras at earlyjewishwritings.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/2esdras.html">2 Esdras at earlyjewishwritings.com</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esdras&oldid=1260059596">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esdras&oldid=1260059596</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ezra" title="Category:Ezra">Ezra</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 16:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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