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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_historic_trends_in_world_population_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_historic_trends_in_world_population_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Long-term historic trends in world population growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_historic_trends_in_world_population_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Possible consequences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Possible_consequences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Possible consequences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Possible_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possible_positive_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_positive_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Possible positive effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_positive_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_negative_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_negative_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Possible negative effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_negative_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_decline_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_decline_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Contemporary decline by country </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_decline_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary decline by country subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_decline_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Thailand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe_and_former_Soviet_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe_and_former_Soviet_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Eastern Europe and former Soviet republics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe_and_former_Soviet_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Belarus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Estonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Georgia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Latvia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Lithuania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.7 Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Balkans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Bulgaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Croatia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.5 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.6 Romania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.7 Serbia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Uruguay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Venezuela </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resumed_declines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resumed_declines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Resumed declines </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Resumed_declines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Resumed declines subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Resumed_declines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purportedly_halted_declines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purportedly_halted_declines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Purportedly halted declines </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purportedly_halted_declines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Purportedly halted declines subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Purportedly_halted_declines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Armenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declines_within_regions_or_ethnic_groups_of_a_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declines_within_regions_or_ethnic_groups_of_a_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Declines within regions or ethnic groups of a country </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Declines_within_regions_or_ethnic_groups_of_a_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Declines within regions or ethnic groups of a country subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Declines_within_regions_or_ethnic_groups_of_a_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Lebanon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_efforts_to_confront_declining_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_efforts_to_confront_declining_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 National efforts to confront declining populations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_efforts_to_confront_declining_populations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National efforts to confront declining populations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_efforts_to_confront_declining_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Increase_the_size_of_the_workforce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increase_the_size_of_the_workforce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Increase the size of the workforce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increase_the_size_of_the_workforce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increase_the_productivity_of_the_workforce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increase_the_productivity_of_the_workforce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Increase the productivity of the workforce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increase_the_productivity_of_the_workforce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_future_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_future_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Long-term future trends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_future_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Population decline</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevolkingsafname" title="Bevolkingsafname – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bevolkingsafname" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="افتقار سكاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="افتقار سكاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Дэпапуляцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэпапуляцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Дэпапуляцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэпапуляцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bev%C3%B6lkerungsr%C3%BCckgang" title="Bevölkerungsrückgang – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bevölkerungsrückgang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Υπογεννητικότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπογεννητικότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descenso_de_la_poblaci%C3%B3n" title="Descenso de la población – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Descenso de la población" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B4_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کاهش جمعیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاهش جمعیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9croissance_d%C3%A9mographique" title="Décroissance démographique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Décroissance démographique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC%EA%B0%90%EC%86%8C" title="인구감소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인구감소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depopulacija" title="Depopulacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Depopulacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penurunan_jumlah_penduduk" title="Penurunan jumlah penduduk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penurunan jumlah penduduk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Депопуляция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Депопуляция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Депопуляция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Депопуляция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ju_skaita_samazin%C4%81%C5%A1an%C4%81s" title="Iedzīvotāju skaita samazināšanās – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iedzīvotāju skaita samazināšanās" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Concept in human demographics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about human population decline. For radical losses in any particular species, see <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>. For losses in fauna, see <a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">defaunation</a>.</div> Population decline, also known as depopulation, is a reduction in a human <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> size. Throughout history, Earth's total <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">human population</a> has <a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">continued to grow</a>; however, current projections suggest that this long-term trend of steady population growth may be coming to an end.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a> From antiquity until the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the global population grew very slowly, at about 0.04% per year. After about 1800, the growth rate accelerated to a peak of 2.1% annually during the 1962–1968 period, but since then, due to the worldwide collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a>, it has slowed to 0.9% as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a> The global growth rate in absolute numbers accelerated to a peak of 92.8 million in 1990, but has since slowed to 64.7 million in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Long-term projections</a> indicate that the growth rate of the human population of the planet will continue to slow and that before the end of the 21st century, it will reach <a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">zero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a> Examples of this emerging trend are <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Japan</a>, whose population is currently (2022–2026) declining at the rate of 0.5% per year,<a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">China</a>, whose population has peaked and is currently (2022 – 2026) declining at the rate of about 0.04%.<a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a> By 2050, Europe's population is projected to be declining at the rate of 0.3% per year.<a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a> Population growth has declined mainly due to the abrupt decline in the global <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a>, from 5.3 in 1963 to 2.3 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a> The decline in the total fertility rate has occurred in every region of the world and is a result of a process known as <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">demographic transition</a>. To maintain its population, ignoring migration, a country on average requires a minimum fertility rate of 2.2 children per woman of childbearing age <a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> (the number is slightly greater than 2 because not all children live to adulthood). However, most societies experience a <a href="/wiki/Income_and_fertility" title="Income and fertility">drastic drop in fertility to well below 2 as they grow more wealthy</a>. The tendency of women in wealthier countries to have fewer children is attributed to a <a href="/wiki/Fertility_factor_(demography)" title="Fertility factor (demography)">variety of reasons</a>, such as lower <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> and a reduced need for children as a source of family labor or retirement welfare, both of which reduce the incentive to have many children. Better access to education for young women, which broadens their job prospects, is also often cited.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="#Possible_consequences">Possible consequences</a> of long-term national population decline can be net negative or positive. If a country can increase its <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a> <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> faster than its population is declining, the results, in terms of its economy, the quality of life of its citizens, and the environment, can be net positive. If it cannot increase workforce productivity faster than its population's decline, the results can be negative. <a href="#National_efforts_to_confront_declining_populations">National efforts to confront a declining population</a> to date have been focused on the possible negative economic consequences and have been centered on increasing the size and productivity of the workforce. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> A reduction over time in a region's population can be caused by sudden adverse events such as outbursts of infectious <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> or by long-term trends, for example, <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">sub-replacement fertility</a>, persistently low <a href="/wiki/Birth_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth rates">birth rates</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortality rates">mortality rates</a>, and continued <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short-term_population_shocks">Short-term population shocks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Short-term population shocks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acuna-Soto_EID-v8n4p360_Fig1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Acuna-Soto_EID-v8n4p360_Fig1.png/220px-Acuna-Soto_EID-v8n4p360_Fig1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Acuna-Soto_EID-v8n4p360_Fig1.png/330px-Acuna-Soto_EID-v8n4p360_Fig1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Acuna-Soto_EID-v8n4p360_Fig1.png/440px-Acuna-Soto_EID-v8n4p360_Fig1.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Collapse of population in Mexico during the 16th century, attributed to repeated <a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">epidemics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocoliztli_epidemics" title="Cocoliztli epidemics">cocoliztli</a></figcaption></figure> Historical episodes of short-term human population decline have been common and have been caused by several factors. High mortality rates caused by: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">Disease</a>, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> that devastated Europe in the 14th and 17th centuries, the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange#Disease" title="Columbian exchange">Old World diseases in the Americas</a> during European colonization, and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> pandemic after World War I,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a>, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Irish Famine</a> of the 19th century, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a> caused by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> which caused tens of millions of deaths,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a>, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe#Invasion_of_Hungary" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a> in the 13th century, which may have reduced the population of Hungary by 20–40%,</li> <li>Civil unrest, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war#Internally_displaced_refugees" title="Syrian civil war">forced migration of the population of Syria</a> because of the Syrian Civil War.</li> <li>A combination of these. The first half of the 20th century in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was marked by a succession of major wars, <a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">famines</a> and other disasters which caused large-scale population losses (approximately 60 million excess deaths).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li></ul> Less frequently, short-term population declines are caused by <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> or mass <a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">execution</a>. For example, it has been estimated that the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> caused 1.5 million deaths, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Holocaust">Jewish Holocaust</a> about 6 million, and, in the 1970s, the population of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> declined because of wide-scale <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge#Number_of_deaths" title="Khmer Rouge">executions by the Khmer Rouge.</a> In modern times, the <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> have caused short-term drops in fertility<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and significant <a href="/wiki/Mortality_displacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortality displacement">excess mortality</a> in a number of countries.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Some population declines result from indeterminate causes, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age Collapse</a>, which has been described as the worst disaster in ancient history.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term_historic_trends_in_world_population_growth">Long-term historic trends in world population growth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Long-term historic trends in world population growth">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></div> In spite of these short-term population shocks, world population has continued to grow. From around 10,000 BC to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a> (generally 1500 – 1800), <a href="/wiki/World_population_estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="World population estimates">world population</a> grew very slowly, around 0.04% per year. During that period, population growth was governed by conditions now labeled the “<a href="/wiki/Malthusian_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Malthusian trap">Malthusian Trap</a>”. After 1700, driven by increases in human productivity due to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, particularly the increase in <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_productivity" title="Agricultural productivity">agricultural productivity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_population_estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="World population estimates">population growth</a> accelerated to around 0.6% per year, a rate that was over ten times the rate of population growth of the previous 12,000 years. This rapid increase in global population caused <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a> and others to raise the first concerns about <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation#History_of_concept" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a>. After World War I birth rates in the United States and many European countries fell below replacement level. This prompted concern about population decline.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a> The recovery of the birth rate in most western countries around 1940 that produced the "baby boom", with annual growth rates in the 1.0 – 1.5% range, and which peaked during the period 1962 -1968 at 2.1% per year,<a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a> temporarily dispelled prior concerns about population decline, and the world was once again fearful of <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/250px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/375px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/500px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Map of countries by <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_total_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate">fertility rate</a> (2023), according to the <a href="/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau" title="Population Reference Bureau">Population Reference Bureau</a></figcaption></figure> But after 1968 the global population growth rate started a long decline, and in the period 2022–2027 the UN estimates it to be about 0.9%,<a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a> less than half of its peak during the period 1962 - 1968. Although <a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">still growing</a>, the UN predicts that global population will level out around 2086,<a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a> and some sources predict the start of a decline before then.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The principal cause of this phenomenon is the abrupt decline in the global <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a>, from 5.3 in 1963 to 2.3 in 2021, as the world continues to move through the stages of the <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic Transition</a> .<a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a> The decline in the total fertility rate has occurred in every region of the world and has brought renewed concern from some for population decline.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a> The era of rapid global population increase, and concomitant concern about a population explosion, has been short compared with the span of human history. It began roughly at the beginning of the industrial revolution and appears to be now drawing to a close.<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_consequences">Possible consequences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Possible consequences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_consequences_of_population_decline" title="Economic consequences of population decline">Economic consequences of population decline</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dependency_ratio" title="Dependency ratio">Dependency ratio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pensions_crisis" title="Pensions crisis">Pensions crisis</a></div> Predictions of the net economic (and other) effects from a slow and continuous population decline (e.g. due to low fertility rates) are mainly theoretical since such a phenomenon is a relatively new and unprecedented one. The results of many of these studies show that the estimated impact of population growth on economic growth is generally small and can be positive, negative, or nonexistent. A recent meta-study found no relationship between population growth and economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_positive_effects">Possible positive effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Possible positive effects">edit</a>]</div> The effects of a declining population can be positive. The single best gauge of economic success is the growth of GDP per person, not total GDP.<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> GDP per person (also known as GDP per capita or per capita GDP) is a rough proxy for average living standards.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> A country can both increase its average living standard and grow its total GDP even though its population growth is low or even negative. The economies of both <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> went into recovery around the time their populations began to decline (2003–2006). In other words, both the total and per capita GDP in both countries grew more rapidly after 2005 than before. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>'s economy also began to grow rapidly from 1999 onward, even though its population had been shrinking since 1992–93.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Many Eastern European countries have been experiencing similar effects to Russia. Such renewed growth calls into question the conventional wisdom that economic growth requires population growth, or that economic growth is impossible during a population decline. More recently (2009–2017) Japan has experienced a higher growth of GDP per capita than the United States, even though its population declined over that period.<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> In the United States, the relationship between population growth and growth of GDP per capita has been found to be empirically insignificant.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> This evidence shows that individual prosperity can grow during periods of population decline. Attempting to better understand the economic impact of these pluses and minuses, Lee et al. analyzed data from 40 countries. They found that typically fertility well above replacement and population growth would be most beneficial for government budgets. Fertility near replacement and population stability, however, would be most beneficial for standards of living when the analysis includes the effects of age structure on families as well as governments. Fertility moderately below replacement and population decline would maximize per capita consumption when the cost of providing capital for a growing labor force is taken into account.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> A focus on <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> growth that leads to an increase in both per capita GDP and total GDP can bring other <a href="/wiki/Productivity#Benefits_of_productivity_growth" title="Productivity">benefits</a> to: <ul><li>the workforce through higher wages, benefits and better working conditions</li> <li>customers through lower prices</li> <li>owners and shareholders through higher profits</li> <li>the environment through more money for investment in more stringent environmental protection</li> <li>governments through higher tax proceeds to fund government activities</li></ul> Another approach to possible positive effects of population decline is to consider Earth's <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">human carrying capacity</a>. Global population decline would begin to counteract the negative effects of <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">human overpopulation</a>. There have been many estimates of Earth's carrying capacity, each generally predicting a high-low range of maximum human population possible. The lowest low estimate is less than one billion, the highest high estimate is over one trillion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-21">[21]</a> A statistical analysis of these historical estimates revealed that the median of high estimates of all of the ranges would be 12 billion, and the median of low estimates would be about 8 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-21">[21]</a> According to this analysis, this planet may be entering a zone where its human carrying capacity could be exceeded.<a href="#cite_note-:4-21">[21]</a> However, the large variance in these studies’ estimates diminishes our confidence in them, as such estimates are very difficult to make with current data and methods.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_negative_effects">Possible negative effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Possible negative effects">edit</a>]</div> The effects of a declining population can also be negative. As a country's population declines, GDP growth may grow even more slowly or may even decline. If the decline in total population is not matched by an equal or greater increase in productivity (GDP/capita), and if that condition continues from one calendar quarter to the next, it follows that a country would experience a decline in GDP, known as an <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">economic recession</a>. If these conditions become permanent, the country could find itself in a permanent recession. Other possible negative impacts of a declining population are: <ul><li>A rise in the <a href="/wiki/Dependency_ratio" title="Dependency ratio">dependency ratio</a> which would increase the economic pressure on the workforce</li> <li>A loss of culture and the diminishment of trust among citizens<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li>A crisis in end-of-life care for the elderly because there are insufficient caregivers for them<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li>Difficulties in funding entitlement programs because there are fewer workers relative to retirees<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[25]</a></li> <li>A decline in military strength<a href="#cite_note-:2-1">[1]</a></li> <li>A decline in innovation since change comes from the young<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[25]</a></li> <li>A strain on mental health caused by permanent recession<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li>Deflation caused by the aging population<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li></ul> All these negative effects could be summarized under the heading of “Underpopulation”.  Underpopulation is usually defined as a state in which a country's population has declined too much to support its current economic system.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Population decline can cause internal population pressures that then lead to secondary effects such as ethnic conflict, forced refugee flows, and <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">hyper-nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a> This is particularly true in regions where different ethnic or racial groups have different growth rates.<a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a> Low fertility rates that cause long-term population decline can also lead to <a href="/wiki/Population_aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Population aging">population aging</a>, an imbalance in the population age structure. Population aging in Europe due to low fertility rates has given rise to concerns about its impact on social cohesion.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A smaller national population can also have geo-strategic effects, but the correlation between population and <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">power</a> is a tenuous one. Technology and resources often play more significant roles. Since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the "static" theory saw a population's absolute size as being one of the components of a country's national power.<a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a> More recently, the "human capital" theory has emerged. This view holds that the quality and skill level of a labor force and the technology and resources available to it are more important than simply a nation's population size.<a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a> While there were in the past advantages to high fertility rates, that "<a href="/wiki/Demographic_dividend" title="Demographic dividend">demographic dividend</a>" has now largely disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_decline_by_country">Contemporary decline by country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contemporary decline by country">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. It is unclear how the threshold that constitutes a low birth rate, high death rate, etc. has been determined. It is also unclear what about footnotes 3, 4, 5, and 6 makes them significant enough for inclusion compared to other similar events. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The table below shows the countries that have been affected by population decline between 2010 and 2020. The term "population" used here is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship, except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of the country of origin. This means that population growth in this table includes net changes from immigration and emigration. For a table of natural population changes, see the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_increase" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by natural increase">list of countries by natural increase</a>. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Population decline by country and factors </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Country or region </th> <th rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Population estimate (1 July 2020) </th> <th colspan="2">Average annual rate of population change (%) </th> <th rowspan="2">Low birth rate </th> <th rowspan="2">High death rate </th> <th rowspan="2">Emigration </th> <th rowspan="2">High rate of abortion </th></tr> <tr> <th>2010–2015<a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a> </th> <th>2015–2020<a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra"><img alt="Andorra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Andorra" title="Demographics of Andorra">77,543</a> </td> <td>−0.2 </td> <td>+1.5 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">2,877,797</a> </td> <td>−0.2 </td> <td>−0.1 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </td> <td>3,276,845 </td> <td>−1.6 </td> <td>−1.2 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bulgaria" title="Demographics of Bulgaria">6,520,314</a> </td> <td>−0.8 </td> <td>−0.9 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Croatia" title="Demographics of Croatia">4,105,267</a> </td> <td>−0.5 </td> <td>−0.8 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td>1,326,804 </td> <td>−0.2 </td> <td>+0.2 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><a href="#cite_note-tablenote-georgia-32">[Note 1]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">3,989,167</a> </td> <td>−0.3 </td> <td>−0.0 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greece" title="Demographics of Greece">10,423,054</a> </td> <td>−0.4 </td> <td>−0.6 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">9,660,351</a> </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>−0.2 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">60,461,826</a> </td> <td>+0.1 </td> <td>−0.3 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Japan">126,476,461</a> </td> <td>−0.1 </td> <td>−0.3 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latvia" title="Demographics of Latvia">1,864,884</a> </td> <td>−1.1 </td> <td>−1.0 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lithuania" title="Demographics of Lithuania">2,678,864</a> </td> <td>−1.2 </td> <td>−1.0 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><a href="#cite_note-tablenote-moldova-33">[Note 2]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Moldova" title="Demographics of Moldova">4,033,963</a> </td> <td>−2.2 </td> <td>−1.2 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Poland" title="Demographics of Poland">37,846,611</a> </td> <td>−0.0 </td> <td>−0.1 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portugal" title="Demographics of Portugal">10,196,709</a> </td> <td>−0.4 </td> <td>−0.1 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico"><img alt="Puerto Rico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a><a href="#cite_note-tablenote-puerto-rico-34">[Note 3]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Puerto_Rico#Vital_statistics" title="Demographics of Puerto Rico">3,285,874</a> </td> <td>−1.4 </td> <td>−1.1 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania" title="Demographics of Romania">19,237,691</a> </td> <td>−0.5 </td> <td>−0.5 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </td> <td>6,740,936 </td> <td>−0.4 </td> <td>−0.4 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>46,745,896 </td> <td>−0.0 </td> <td>+0.3 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><a href="#cite_note-tablenote-syria-35">[Note 4]</a> </td> <td>18,207,894 </td> <td>−2.6 </td> <td>+1.3 </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-tablenote-ukraine-36">[Note 5]</a> </td> <td>41,390,728 </td> <td>−0.3 </td> <td>−0.5 </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a><a href="#cite_note-tablenote-venezuela-37">[Note 6]</a> </td> <td>28,609,886 </td> <td>+1.2 </td> <td>−1.1 </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tablenote-georgia-32"><a href="#cite_ref-tablenote-georgia_32-0">^</a> Figure includes <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> and South <a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-tablenote-moldova-33"><a href="#cite_ref-tablenote-moldova_33-0">^</a> Includes the <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-tablenote-puerto-rico-34"><a href="#cite_ref-tablenote-puerto-rico_34-0">^</a> Aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria</a> caused an extreme surge in the traditional migration flows to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-tablenote-syria-35"><a href="#cite_ref-tablenote-syria_35-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> that caused high civilian deaths and a massive refugee crisis. </li> <li id="cite_note-tablenote-ukraine-36"><a href="#cite_ref-tablenote-ukraine_36-0">^</a> General socio-economic collapse following the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-tablenote-venezuela-37"><a href="#cite_ref-tablenote-venezuela_37-0">^</a> General socio-economic collapse caused by the ongoing political <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">crisis</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: East Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> China's population peaked at 1.41 billion in 2021 and began declining in 2022<a href="#cite_note-:8-38">[32]</a>,.<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> China recorded more deaths than births for the first time in 2022 with a net decrease of 850 thousand, and this trend continued in 2023 when deaths overnumbered births by a margin of more than 2 million.<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> The UN's Population Division, assuming that China's total fertility rate will rise from 1 in 2022 to 1.34 by 2100, projects its population to be 633 million by 2100, a decline of about 56%.<a href="#cite_note-:8-38">[32]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:11-41">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_Japan" title="Aging of Japan">Aging of Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abandoned_House_Collapsed_from_snow_Hokkaido.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Abandoned_House_Collapsed_from_snow_Hokkaido.jpg/220px-Abandoned_House_Collapsed_from_snow_Hokkaido.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Abandoned_House_Collapsed_from_snow_Hokkaido.jpg/330px-Abandoned_House_Collapsed_from_snow_Hokkaido.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Abandoned_House_Collapsed_from_snow_Hokkaido.jpg/440px-Abandoned_House_Collapsed_from_snow_Hokkaido.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>An abandoned house in <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABbari_District,_Hokkaido" title="Yūbari District, Hokkaido">Yubari district</a>, Hokkaido: an area which has suffered sharp population decline</figcaption></figure> Though Japan's <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_natural_increase" title="Rate of natural increase">natural increase</a> turned negative as early as 2005,<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> the 2010 census result figure was slightly higher, at just above 128 million,<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> than the 2005 census. Factors implicated in the puzzling figures were more Japanese returnees than expected as well as changes in the methodology of data collection. However, the official count put the population as of October 1, 2015, at 127.1 million, down by 947,000 or 0.7% from the previous quinquennial census.<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> The gender ratio is increasingly skewed; some 106 women per 100 men live in Japan. In 2019, Japan's population fell by a record-breaking 276,000; if immigration is excluded from the figures, the drop would have been 487,000.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> Given the population boom of the 1950s and 1960s, the total population is still 52% above 1950 levels.<a href="#cite_note-geohive-47">[41]</a> The UN's Population Division, assuming that Japan's total fertility rate will rise from 1.2 in 2023 to 1.47 by 2100, projects its population to fall to 77 million by 2100, a decline of about 38%.<a href="#cite_note-:8-38">[32]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:11-41">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Korea" title="Demographics of South Korea">Demographics of South Korea</a></div> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>'s total fertility rate has been consistently lower than that of Japan, breaking below 1 in 2018, and fell to 0.778 in 2022. As a result, its population fell in 2020 for the first time in the country's history from 51.8 million in 2020 to 51.6 in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> The UN's Population Division, assuming that South Korea's total fertility rate will rise from 0.72 in 2023 to 1.3 by 2100, projects its population to fall to nearly 22 million by 2100, a decline of about 58%.<a href="#cite_note-:8-38">[32]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:11-41">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Taiwan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Taiwan" title="Demographics of Taiwan">Demographics of Taiwan</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> recorded more deaths than births for the first time in 2020, despite recording virtually no <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Deaths" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 deaths</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> thus starting an era of demographic decline for the foreseeable future. Taiwan's population fell from 23.6 million in 2020 to 23.4 in 2023, while the total fertility rate decreased from 1.05 in 2020 to 0.85 in 2023. The UN's Population Division, assuming that Taiwan's total fertility rate will rise from 0.87 in 2023 to 1.33 by 2100, projects its population to fall to 10 million by 2100, a decline of about 57%.<a href="#cite_note-:8-38">[32]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:11-41">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">Demographics of Thailand</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>'s total fertility rate has been consistently lower than the <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">replacement rate</a> of 2.1 since the beginning of the 1990s and reached a new low in 2022, at 1. Thailand 's population decline started in 2020 and Thailand for the first time recorded more deaths than births in 2021. This negative natural population change amplified in 2022 and 2023 and, in the absence of substantial immigration, this trend will continue in the coming years due to the very low fertility rate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe_and_former_Soviet_republics">Eastern Europe and former Soviet republics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe and former Soviet republics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging of Europe">Aging of Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Cross" title="Russian Cross">Russian Cross</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_increase,_2017_CIA_World_Factbook.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Natural_increase%2C_2017_CIA_World_Factbook.svg/300px-Natural_increase%2C_2017_CIA_World_Factbook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Natural_increase%2C_2017_CIA_World_Factbook.svg/450px-Natural_increase%2C_2017_CIA_World_Factbook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Natural_increase%2C_2017_CIA_World_Factbook.svg/600px-Natural_increase%2C_2017_CIA_World_Factbook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_natural_increase" title="Rate of natural increase">natural population change</a>, from the CIA World Factbook, 2017: <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  ≥ 30</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  25 – 29.99</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  20 – 24.99</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  15 – 19.99</div> </td> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  10 – 14.99</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5 – 9.99</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0 – 4.99</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  –5 – –0.01</div> </td> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  < –5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Data unavailable</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> Population in the <a href="/wiki/Ex-USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-USSR">ex-USSR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> is rapidly shrinking due to low birth rates, very high death rates (linked to <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> and high rates of infectious diseases such as <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">TB</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a>), as well as high emigration rates. In Russia and the former communist bloc, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Cross" title="Russian Cross">birth rates fell abruptly</a> after <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">the fall of the Soviet Union</a>, and death rates generally rose sharply. In addition, in the 25 years after 1989, some 20 million people from Eastern Europe are estimated to have migrated to Western Europe or the United States.<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belarus">Belarus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Belarus">edit</a>]</div> Belarus's population peaked at 10,151,806 in the 1989 Census and declined to 9,480,868 as of 2015 as estimated by the state statistical service.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> This represents a 7.1% decline since the peak census figure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estonia">Estonia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Estonia">edit</a>]</div> In the last Soviet census of 1989, it had a population of 1,565,662, which was close to its peak population.<a href="#cite_note-citypop_estonia-55">[49]</a> The state statistics reported an estimate of 1,314,370 for 2016.<a href="#cite_note-citypop_estonia-55">[49]</a> This represents a 19.2% decline since the peak census figure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Georgia">Georgia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Georgia">edit</a>]</div> In the last Soviet census of 1989, it had a population of 5,400,841, which was close to its <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">peak population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-citypop_georgia-56">[50]</a> The state statistics reported an estimate of 4,010,000 for the 2014 Census, which includes estimated numbers for quasi-independent <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-citypop_georgia-56">[50]</a> This represents a 25.7% decline since the peak census figure, but nevertheless somewhat higher than the 1950 population. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latvia">Latvia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Latvia">edit</a>]</div> When Latvia split from the Soviet Union, it had a population of 2,666,567, which was very close to its peak population.<a href="#cite_note-citypop_latvia-57">[51]</a> The latest census recorded a population of 2,067,887 in 2011, while the state statistics reported an estimate of 1,986,086 for 2015.<a href="#cite_note-citypop_latvia-57">[51]</a> This represents a 25.5% decline since the peak census figure, with only one of two nations worldwide falling below 1950 levels. The decline is caused by both a negative natural population growth (more deaths than births) and a negative <a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">net migration rate</a>. As of 1 May 2024, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> had a total population of 1,862,700.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lithuania">edit</a>]</div> When Lithuania split from the Soviet Union, it had a population of 3.7 million, which was close to its peak population.<a href="#cite_note-bizweek-59">[53]</a> The latest census recorded a population of 3.05 million in 2011, down from 3.4 million in 2001,<a href="#cite_note-bizweek-59">[53]</a> further falling to 2,988,000 on September 1, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> This represents a 23.8% decline since the peak census figure, and some 13.7% since 2001. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_(51926526000).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_%2851926526000%29.jpg/170px-MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_%2851926526000%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_%2851926526000%29.jpg/255px-MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_%2851926526000%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_%2851926526000%29.jpg/340px-MALTESER_Ukrainehilfe_%2851926526000%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3760" data-file-height="5312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">Ukrainian refugees</a> entering Romania, 5 March 2022</figcaption></figure> Ukraine census in 1989 resulted in 51,452,034 people.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> Ukraine's own estimates show a peak of 52,244,000 people in 1993;<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> however, this number has plummeted to 45,439,822 as of December 1, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> Having <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">lost Crimean territory to Russia in early 2014</a> and subsequently experiencing war, the population dropped to 42,981,850 as of August 2014.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> This represents a 19.7% decrease in total population since the peak figure, but 16.8% above the 1950 population even without Crimea.<a href="#cite_note-geohive-47">[41]</a> Its absolute total decline (9,263,000) since its peak population is the highest of all nations; this includes loss of territory and heavy net emigration. Eastern Ukraine may yet lose many Russian-speaking citizens due to the new Russian citizenship law.<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> An editorial projects significant gender and age imbalance in the population in Ukraine as a substantial problem if most refugees, as in other cases, do not return over time.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> Approximately 3.8 million more people have left the country during the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-numbers-67">[61]</a> and thousands have died in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> The Russian invasion of Ukraine considerably deepened the country's demographic crisis. The <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> in Ukraine was 28% lower in the first six months of 2023 compared to the same period in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> A July 2023 study by the <a href="/wiki/The_Vienna_Institute_for_International_Economic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies">Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies</a> stated that "[r]egardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching."<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</div> Hungary's population peaked in 1980, at 10,709,000,<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> and has continued its decline to under 10 million as of August 2010.<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> This represents a decline of 7.1% since its peak; however, compared to neighbors situated to the East, Hungary peaked almost a decade earlier yet the rate has been far more modest, averaging −0.23% a year over the period. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkans">Balkans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Balkans">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Albania">Albania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Albania">edit</a>]</div> Albania's population in 1989 recorded 3,182,417 people, the largest for any census. Since then, its population declined to an estimated 2,893,005 in January 2015.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> The decline has since accelerated with a 1.3% drop in population reported in 2021 leaving a total population of 2.79 million.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> This represents a decrease of 12% in total population since the peak census figure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina">edit</a>]</div> Bosnia and Herzegovina's population peaked at 4,377,033 in the 1991 Census, shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav wars">Yugoslav wars</a> that produced tens of thousands of civilian victims and refugees. The latest census of 2016 reported a population of 3,511,372.<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> This represents a 19.8% decline since the peak census figure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit</a>]</div> Bulgaria's population declined from a peak of 9,009,018 in 1989 and since 2001, has lost yet another 600,000 people, according to 2011 census preliminary figures to no more than 7.3 million,<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> further down to 7,245,000. This represents a 24.3% decrease in total population since the peak and a −0.82% annual rate in the last 10 years. The Bulgarian population has fallen by more than 844,000 people, or 11.5 percent, in the last decade, the National Institute of Statistics in Sofia said during a presentation of the results so far of the 2021 census, the first since 2011. The country currently employs just over 6.5 million people, compared to 7.3 million in the previous workforce. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Croatia">Croatia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Croatia">edit</a>]</div> Croatia's population declined from 4,784,265 <a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_census" title="1991 Croatian census">in 1991</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> to 4,456,096<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> (by the old statistical method) of which 4,284,889<a href="#cite_note-Census_2011_counties-80">[74]</a> are permanent residents (by the new statistical method), in 2011, a decline of 8% (11.5% by the new definition of permanent residency in 2011 census). The main reasons for the decline since 1991 are: low birth rates, emigration and <a href="/wiki/War_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Croatia">war in Croatia</a>. From 2001 and 2011 main reason for the drop in population is due to a difference in the definition of permanent residency used in censuses till 2001 (censuses of 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001) and the one used in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Notes_on_methodology_Census_2011-81">[75]</a> By 2021 the population dropped to 3,888,529, a 9.25% decrease from 2011 numbers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> Greece's population declined by about half a million people between its 2011 and 2021 censuses. The main drivers are increased emigration rates and lower birth rates following the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> Romania's 1991 census showed 23,185,084 people, and the October 2011 census recorded 20,121,641 people, while the state statistical estimate for 2014 is 19,947,311.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> This represents a decrease of 16.2% since the historical peak in 1991. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbia">Serbia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Serbia">edit</a>]</div> Serbia recorded a peak census population of 7,822,795 in 1991 in the Yugoslav era, falling to 7,186,862 in the 2011 census.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> That represents a decline of 5.1% since its peak census figure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> Although Italy had recorded more deaths than births continuously since 1993, the country's population only peaked in 2015 at 60,796,000 due to substantial immigration. The Italian population fell by a record amount in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> and in 2021, it recorded the lowest number of births since its unification in 1861 at only 399,431, with its population being projected to shrink to 47.2 million in 2070, a decline of nearly 20 percent.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> As of April 2024, Italian population stands at 58,968,501 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Uruguay">edit</a>]</div> Uruguay's fertility rate had been consistently low in Latin America since the 20th century at 3 children per women, with the fertility rates in Latin American countries converging at 2 children beginning in the 1990s, but Uruguay's fertility rate declined sharply from 2 in 2015 to 1.28 in 2022, largely due to decreased births to women under 20.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> Uruguay recorded more deaths than births for the first time in 2021 and the population decline has been only offset slightly by immigration.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Venezuela">edit</a>]</div> In spite of a positive <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_natural_increase" title="Rate of natural increase">natural increase</a> of almost 1% per year,<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> Venezuela's population has declined during the 2015-20 period due to emigration caused by threats of violence as well as shortages of <a href="/wiki/Basic_needs" title="Basic needs">basic needs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resumed_declines">Resumed declines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Resumed declines">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Cross" title="Russian Cross">Russian Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_crisis_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic crisis of Russia">Demographic crisis of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deserted_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Deserted_village.jpg/220px-Deserted_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Deserted_village.jpg/330px-Deserted_village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Deserted_village.jpg/440px-Deserted_village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3197" data-file-height="2092" /></a><figcaption>Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Abandoned_village" title="Abandoned village">abandoned villages</a> are scattered across Russia.<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E2%84%96_3009_%D0%90.%D0%98._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%E2%84%96_3009_%D0%90.%D0%98._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%E2%84%96_3009_%D0%90.%D0%98._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%E2%84%96_3009_%D0%90.%D0%98._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/330px-%E2%84%96_3009_%D0%90.%D0%98._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%E2%84%96_3009_%D0%90.%D0%98._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/440px-%E2%84%96_3009_%D0%90.%D0%98._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Stamp depicting Russian soldier killed in Ukraine. The war in that country has further exacerbated Russia's demographic crisis.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a></figcaption></figure> The decline in Russia's total population is among the largest in numbers, but not in percentage. After having peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, the population then decreased, falling to 142,737,196 by 2008.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> This represents a 4.0% decrease in total population since the peak census figure. However, the Russian population then rose to 146,870,000 in 2018. This recent trend can be attributed to a lower death rate, higher birth rate, the annexation of Crimea and continued immigration, mostly from Ukraine and Armenia. It is some 40% above the 1950 population.<a href="#cite_note-geohive-47">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> Russia has become increasingly reliant on immigration to maintain its population; 2021 had the highest net immigration since 1994,<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> despite which there was a small overall decline from 146.1 million to 145.4 million in 2021, the largest decline in over a decade.<a href="#cite_note-interfaxru2022-97">[91]</a> The natural death rate in January 2020, 2021, and 2022 have each been nearly double the natural birth rate.<a href="#cite_note-interfaxru2022-97">[91]</a> In March 2023, The Economist reported that "Over the past three years the country has lost around 2 million more people than it would ordinarily have done, as a result of war [in Ukraine], disease and exodus."<a href="#cite_note-economist-2023-98">[92]</a> According to Russian economist Alexander Isakov, "Russia’s population has been declining and the war will reduce it further. Reasons? <a href="/wiki/Russian_emigration_following_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian emigration following the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Emigration</a>, lower fertility and <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War">war-related casualties</a>."<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> According to the analysis of economists <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Itskhoki" title="Oleg Itskhoki">Oleg Itskhoki</a> and Maxim Mironov, Russia may lose more than 10% of men aged 20–29 as a result of losses in the war and emigration.<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> In June 2024, it was estimated that approximately 2% of all Russian men between the ages of 20 and 50 may have been killed or seriously wounded in Ukraine since February 2022.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%.<a href="#cite_note-:8-38">[32]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-economist-2023-98">[92]</a> The UN's 2024 scenarios project Russia's population to be between 74 million and 112 million in 2100, a decline of 25 to 50%.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Portugal">edit</a>]</div> Between 2011 and 2021, Portugal's population declined from 10.56 to 10.34 million people.<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> The fertility rate has been consistently below 2 since the early 1980s, and the gap is increasingly being made up by immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purportedly_halted_declines">Purportedly halted declines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Purportedly halted declines">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Armenia">edit</a>]</div> Armenia's population peaked at 3,604,000 in 1991<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> and declined to a post-Soviet low of 2,961,500 at the beginning of 2020, in spite of a continuous natural population increase. This represented a 17.2% decrease in the total population since the peak census figure. Armenia's population began to increase again to 2,962,300 in 2021; 2,969,200 in 2022 and 2,990,900 in 2023. As of the beginning of 2024 the population had rebounded to 3,015,400 at 1978 levels.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> In Germany, a continuously low birth rate has been offset by waves of immigration. From 2002 to 2011 the population declined by 2 million, the most since the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-destatis-107">[101]</a> The 2011 national census recorded a population of 80.2 million people,<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> following which official estimates showed an increase of 3 million over the next decade. The official estimate for 2020 was a slight decrease from 2019.<a href="#cite_note-destatis-107">[101]</a> Third-party estimates show a slight increase, instead.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> In the current area of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, the population has fluctuated dramatically. The population of Ireland was 8 million in 1841, but it dropped due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Irish famine</a> and later emigration. The population of the Republic of Ireland hit a bottom at 2.8 million in the 1961 census, but it then rose and in 2011 it was 4.58 million. As of 2020, it is estimated to be just under 5 million according to the country's Central Statistics Office.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> The population of Poland in the last 20 years has caused many years of recorded growth and decline with the population. The recorded population of Poland between 2002 and 2006 had shown a decreasing trend while between 2007 and 2012 the population had an increasing trend.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> Though since 2020, COVID-19 has started to cause the population to decline rapidly, with over 117,000 people reportedly dying from COVID-19 in Poland by October 2022.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> However, Poland also saw a large number of Ukrainian Refugees move into Poland, with over 7.8 million people having crossed the border by October 2022 between Poland and Ukraine since the war began, of which 1.4 million have stayed in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</div> Syria's population declined during the period 2012 - 2018 due to an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">civil war</a>. During that period many Syrians emigrated to other <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle eastern</a> countries. The civil war makes an accurate count of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Syrian population</a> difficult, but the UN estimates that it peaked in 2012 at 22.9 million and dropped to 18.9 million in 2018, a decline of 17%.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> Since then Syria's population has resumed growing, and the UN projects that by 2025 it will have reached 24.9 million.<a href="#cite_note-:8-38">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declines_within_regions_or_ethnic_groups_of_a_country">Declines within regions or ethnic groups of a country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Declines within regions or ethnic groups of a country">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Majority_minority" title="Majority minority">Majority minority</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_demographic_decline" title="White demographic decline">White demographic decline</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:US_population_growth_rates_since_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/US_population_growth_rates_since_1900.jpg/200px-US_population_growth_rates_since_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/US_population_growth_rates_since_1900.jpg/300px-US_population_growth_rates_since_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/US_population_growth_rates_since_1900.jpg/400px-US_population_growth_rates_since_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="436" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">US population growth rates since 1900</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:US_population_birth,_death,_and_growth_rates_since_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/US_population_birth%2C_death%2C_and_growth_rates_since_2000.jpg/200px-US_population_birth%2C_death%2C_and_growth_rates_since_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/US_population_birth%2C_death%2C_and_growth_rates_since_2000.jpg/300px-US_population_birth%2C_death%2C_and_growth_rates_since_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/US_population_birth%2C_death%2C_and_growth_rates_since_2000.jpg/400px-US_population_birth%2C_death%2C_and_growth_rates_since_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="527" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">US population change and the components of change since 2000</div></div></div></div></div> In spite of a growing population at a national level, some formerly large American municipalities have dramatically shrunk after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, and in particular during the 1950s–1970s, due to <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">suburbanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">race riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">high crime rates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a> and emigration from the <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a>. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Detroit#Demographics" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>'s population peaked at almost 2 million in 1953,<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> and then declined to less than 700,000 by 2020. Other cities whose populations have dramatically shrunk since the 1950s include <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington (Delaware)</a>. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Depopulation_of_the_Great_Plains" title="Depopulation of the Great Plains">depopulation of the Great Plains</a>, caused by a very high rate of <a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">rural flight</a> from isolated agricultural counties, has been going on since the 1930s. In addition, starting from the 1950s, the United States has witnessed the phenomenon of the <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a> or white exodus,<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> the large-scale migration of <a href="/wiki/European_American" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">people of various European ancestries</a> from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> or <a href="/wiki/Exurban" class="mw-redirect" title="Exurban">exurban</a> regions. The term has more recently been applied to other migrations by <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">whites</a>, from older, inner suburbs to rural areas, as well as from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> to the warmer climate in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> Migration of middle-class white populations was observed during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> in the 1950s and 1960s out of cities such as <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City">Kansas City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland">Oakland</a>, although racial segregation of public schools had ended there long before the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>' decision <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> in 1954. In the 1970s, attempts to achieve effective <a href="/wiki/Desegregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation">desegregation</a> (or "integration") using forced <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation busing in the United States">busing</a> in some areas led to more families moving out of former areas.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> More recently, as of 2018, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> had the largest ethnic/racial <a href="/wiki/Majority-minority_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority-minority state">minority</a> population in the United States; <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a> decreased from about 76.3 – 78% of the state's population in 1970<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> to 36.6%% in 2018 and 39.3% of the total population was <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic-Latino</a> (of any race).<a href="#cite_note-CensusACS2018-125">[119]</a> A combination of long-term trends, housing affordability, falling birthrates and rising death rates from the COVID-19 pandemic have caused as many as 16 US states to start declining in population.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> The Commonwealth of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Puerto_Rico#Vital_statistics" title="Demographics of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico's population</a> peaked in 2000 at 3.8 million and has since declined to 3.3 million in 2020, due to a negative <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_natural_increase" title="Rate of natural increase">natural change</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico#Population_makeup" title="Puerto Rico">emigration</a>, due to natural disasters and economic difficulties. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> The term 'Empty diagonal' is used for <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">French departments</a> that have low or declining populations. Due to continued emigration, many departments in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> are seeing declines in population, including: <a href="/wiki/Aisne" title="Aisne">Aisne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allier" title="Allier">Allier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardennes_(department)" title="Ardennes (department)">Ardennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantal" title="Cantal">Cantal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charente" title="Charente">Charente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cher_(department)" title="Cher (department)">Cher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze" title="Corrèze">Corrèze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creuse" title="Creuse">Creuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eure" title="Eure">Eure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eure-et-Loir" title="Eure-et-Loir">Eure-et-Loir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haute-Marne" title="Haute-Marne">Haute-Marne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Haute-Saône">Haute-Saône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haute-Vienne" title="Haute-Vienne">Haute-Vienne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indre" title="Indre">Indre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jura_(department)" title="Jura (department)">Jura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loir-et-Cher" title="Loir-et-Cher">Loir-et-Cher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lot-et-Garonne" title="Lot-et-Garonne">Lot-et-Garonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loz%C3%A8re" title="Lozère">Lozère</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manche" title="Manche">Manche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marne_(department)" title="Marne (department)">Marne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayenne" title="Mayenne">Mayenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orne" title="Orne">Orne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarthe" title="Sarthe">Sarthe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somme_(department)" title="Somme (department)">Somme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Territoire_de_Belfort" title="Territoire de Belfort">Territoire de Belfort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yonne" title="Yonne">Yonne</a>. For more information, see the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_population" title="List of French departments by population">List of French departments by population</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> The term 'white flight' has also been used for large-scale <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">post-colonial</a> emigration of <a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="White Africans of European ancestry">whites from Africa</a>, or parts of that continent,<a href="#cite_note-Hammer2010-127">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> driven by levels of violent crime and anti-colonial state policies.<a href="#cite_note-:5-132">[126]</a> In recent decades, there has been a steady and proportional decline in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>'s white community, due to higher birth rates among other South African ethnic groups, as well as a high rate of emigration. In 1977, there were 4.3 million <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">White South Africans</a>, constituting 16.4% of the population at the time. An estimated 800,000 emigrated between 1995 and 2016,<a href="#cite_note-:5-132">[126]</a> citing <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">crime</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">lack of employment</a> opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> It may also be noted that in recent times, a large proportion of white South African emigrants have chosen to return home. For instance, in May 2014, Homecoming Revolution estimated that around 340,000 white South Africans had returned to South Africa in the preceding decade.<a href="#cite_note-BBCFlanagan-134">[128]</a> Furthermore, immigration from Europe has also supplemented the white population. The 2011 census found that 63,479 white people living in South Africa were born in Europe; of these, 28,653 had moved to South Africa since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-superwebmigr-135">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a> of India have one of the lowest fertility rates in the world (0.8 children per woman in 2017); this coupled with emigration has resulted in population decline at least since the 1940s. Their population has more than halved from its peak.<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Lebanon">edit</a>]</div> Lebanon has recorded major waves of emigration from the late 19th century to early 20th century and during the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> which led to the exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_refugee_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian refugee crisis">Syrian refugee crisis</a>, according to the UN's population division, Lebanon's population increased massively from 5.05 million in 2011 to 6.5 million in 2015, but the population began declining again in 2016, with a total population of 6.26 million, 6.11 million in 2017, 5.95 million in 2018, and 5.76 million in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:11-41">[35]</a> Between 2018 and 2023, the decline in the number of Lebanese accelerated from 25,000 per year to 78,000 due to massive emigration caused by the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis" title="Lebanese liquidity crisis">Lebanese liquidity crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> However, the number of births to refugees has been increasing and the country hosts a large population of unregistered refugees, other illegal residents, and other people without legal documentation, making it difficult to count the population of Lebanon. Dr. Ali Faour, a population affairs researcher, estimates the Lebanese population including undocumented migrants to be 8 million. Regardless, the population of Lebanese nationality continues to age and decline as financial struggles increase emigration and decrease marriages. Consequentially, the share of Lebanese nationals in Lebanon may have decreased to between 45 and 50 percent, a sharp decline from 80 percent in 2004, although a 2024 report estimated the share at 65 to 69 percent of the resident population. Regionally, the mountainous and Christian-majority areas have low fertility rates comparable to European nations, with most of the population increase being concentrated in northern Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_efforts_to_confront_declining_populations">National efforts to confront declining populations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: National efforts to confront declining populations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_womb" title="Artificial womb">Artificial womb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Child_tax_credit" title="Child tax credit">Child tax credit</a></div> A country with a declining population will struggle to fund public services such as health care, old age benefits, defense, education, water and sewage infrastructure, etc.<a href="#cite_note-:7-140">[134]</a> To maintain some level of economic growth and continue to improve its citizens’ quality of life, national efforts to confront declining populations will tend to focus on the threat of a declining GDP. Because a country's GDP is dependent on the size and productivity of its workforce, a country confronted with a declining population, will focus on increasing the size and productivity of that workforce. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increase_the_size_of_the_workforce">Increase the size of the workforce</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Increase the size of the workforce">edit</a>]</div> A country's <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a> is that segment of its working-age population that is employed. Working age population is generally defined as those people aged 15–64.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> Policies that could increase the size of the workforce include: <ul><li>Natalism</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a> is a set of government policies and cultural changes that promote parenthood and encourage women to bear more children. These generally fall into three broad categories:<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> <ol><li>Financial incentives. These may include child benefits and other public transfers that help families cover the cost of children.</li> <li>Support for parents to combine family and work. This includes maternity-leave policies, parental-leave policies that grant (by law) leaves of absence from work to care for their children, and childcare services.</li> <li>Broad social change that encourages children and parenting</li></ol> For example, Sweden built up an extensive <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> from the 1930s and onward, partly as a consequence of the debate following "<a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_the_Population_Question" title="Crisis in the Population Question">Crisis in the Population Question</a>", published in 1934. Today, (2017) Sweden has extensive parental leave that allows parents to share 16 months of paid leave per child, the cost divided between both employer and State.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> Other examples include <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#Attempts_to_increase_the_fertility_rate" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Romania's natalist policy</a> during the 1967–90 period and Poland's 500+ program.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> <ul><li>Encourage more women to join the workforce. </li></ul> Encouraging those women in the working-age population who are not working to find jobs would increase the size of the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-:7-140">[134]</a> Female <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">participation in the workforce</a> currently (2018) lags men's in all but three countries worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-:7-140">[134]</a> Among developed countries, the workforce participation gap between men and women can be especially wide. For example, currently (2018), in South Korea 59% of women work compared with 79% of men.<a href="#cite_note-:7-140">[134]</a> However, even assuming that more women would want to join the workforce, increasing their participation would give these countries only a short-term increase in their workforce, because at some point a participation ceiling is reached, further increases are not possible, and the impact on GDP growth ceases. <ul><li>Stop the decline of men in the workforce.</li></ul> In the United States, the labor force participation of men has been falling since the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-:12-145">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Labor_force_participation_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor force participation rate">labor force participation rate</a> is the ratio between the size of the workforce and the size of the working-age population. In 1969 the labor force participation rate of men in their prime years of 25–54 was 96% and in 2015 was under 89%.<a href="#cite_note-:12-145">[139]</a> <ul><li>Raise the retirement age.</li></ul> Raising the retirement age has the effect of increasing the working-age population,<a href="#cite_note-:7-140">[134]</a> but raising the retirement age requires other policy and cultural changes if it is to have any impact on the size of the workforce: <ol><li>Pension reform. Many retirement policies encourage early retirement. For example, in 2018 less than 10% of Europeans between ages 64–74 were employed.<a href="#cite_note-:7-140">[134]</a> Instead of encouraging work after retirement, many public pension plans restrict earnings or hours of work.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a></li> <li>Workplace cultural reform. Employer attitudes towards older workers must change. Extending working lives will require investment in training and working conditions to maintain the productivity of older workers.<a href="#cite_note-:7-140">[134]</a></li></ol> One study estimated that increasing the retirement age by 2–3 years per decade between 2010 and 2050 would offset declining working-age populations faced by "old" countries such as Germany and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-:7-140">[134]</a> <ul><li>Increase <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a>. </li></ul> A country can increase the size of its workforce by importing more migrants into their working age population.<a href="#cite_note-:7-140">[134]</a> Even if the indigenous workforce is declining, qualified immigrants can reduce or even reverse this decline. However, this policy can only work if the immigrants can join the workforce and if the indigenous population accepts them.<a href="#cite_note-:7-140">[134]</a> For example, starting in 2019 Japan, a country with a declining workforce, will allow five-year visas for 250,000 unskilled guest workers. Under the new measure, between 260,000 and 345,000 five-year visas will be made available for workers in 14 sectors suffering severe labor shortages, including caregiving, construction, agriculture and shipbuilding.<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> <ul><li>Reduce <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">emigration</a>.</li></ul> The table above shows that long-term persistent emigration, often caused by what is called "<a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain Drain</a>", is often one of the major causes of a county's population decline. However, <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight#Education_and_innovation" title="Human capital flight">research</a> has also found that emigration can have net positive effects on sending countries, so this would argue against any attempts to reduce it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increase_the_productivity_of_the_workforce">Increase the productivity of the workforce</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Increase the productivity of the workforce">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></div> Development economists would call increasing the size of the workforce "extensive growth". They would call increasing the <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> of that workforce "intensive growth". In this case, GDP growth is driven by increased output per worker, and by extension, increased GDP/capita.<a href="#cite_note-:22-148">[142]</a> In the context of a stable or declining population, increasing workforce productivity is better than mostly short-term efforts to increase the size of the workforce. Economic theory predicts that in the long term, most growth will be attributable to intensive growth, that is, new <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> and new and better ways of doing things plus the addition of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> to spread them to the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-:22-148">[142]</a> Increasing workforce productivity through intensive growth can only succeed if workers who become unemployed through the introduction of new technology can be retrained so that they can keep their skills current and not be left behind. Otherwise, the result is <a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">technological unemployment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> Funding for worker retraining could come from a <a href="/wiki/Robot_tax" title="Robot tax">robot tax</a>, although the idea is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Long-term_future_trends">Long-term future trends</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Long-term future trends">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Births_and_deaths_per_year_(1950-2100).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Births_and_deaths_per_year_%281950-2100%29.svg/440px-Births_and_deaths_per_year_%281950-2100%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Births_and_deaths_per_year_%281950-2100%29.svg/660px-Births_and_deaths_per_year_%281950-2100%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Births_and_deaths_per_year_%281950-2100%29.svg/880px-Births_and_deaths_per_year_%281950-2100%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Births and deaths per year (1950-2100)</figcaption></figure> A long-term population decline is typically caused by <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">sub-replacement fertility</a>, coupled with a net immigration rate that fails to compensate for the excess of deaths over births.<a href="#cite_note-Bonin-152">[146]</a> A long-term decline is accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Population_aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Population aging">population aging</a> and creates an increase in the ratio of <a href="/wiki/Pensioner" title="Pensioner">retirees</a> to workers and children.<a href="#cite_note-Bonin-152">[146]</a> When a sub-replacement fertility rate remains constant, population decline accelerates over the long term.<a href="#cite_note-Bonin-152">[146]</a> Because of the global decline in the fertility rate, projections of future global population show a marked slowing of population growth and the possibility of long-term decline.<a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a> The table below summarizes the United Nations projections for future population growth. Any such long-term projections are necessarily highly speculative. The UN divides the world into six regions. Under their projections, during the period 2045–2050, Europe's population will be in decline and all other regions will experience significant reductions in growth; then, by the end of the 21st century (the period 2095–2100) three of these regions will be showing population decline and global population will have peaked and started to decline. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Annual percent change in population for three periods in the future<a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>2022–27 </th> <th>2045–50 </th> <th>2095–2100 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Africa </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>−0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe </td> <td>−0.1 </td> <td>−0.3 </td> <td>−0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latin America & the Caribbean </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>−0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern America </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oceania </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>The World </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>- 0.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> Note: the UN's methods for generating these numbers are explained at this reference.<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> The table shows UN predictions of long-term decline of population growth rates in every region; however, short-term baby booms and healthcare improvements, among other factors, can cause reversals of trends. Population declines in Russia (1994–2008), Germany (1974–1984), and Ireland (1850–1961) have seen long-term reversals.<a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a> The UK, having seen almost zero growth during the period 1975–1985, is now (2015–2020) growing at 0.6% per year.<a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_dearth" title="Birth dearth">Birth dearth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Easter_Island#Destruction_of_society_and_population" title="History of Easter Island">History of Easter Island#Destruction of society and population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cycle" title="Population cycle">Population cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Rural flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li></ul> Case studies: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Cross" title="Russian Cross">Russian Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_diagonal" title="Empty diagonal">Empty diagonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_total_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate">List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging of Europe">Aging of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_Japan" title="Aging of Japan">Aging of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_South_Korea" title="Aging of South Korea">Aging of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging of the United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft.atitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%2C+Standard+Projections%2C+Compact+File%2C+Estimates+tab%2C+Total+Population%2C+as+of+1+January+column&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FStandard%2FMostUsed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2013" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Andrew James (2013). The world's cities : contrasting regional, national, and global perspectives (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415894852" title="Special:BookSources/9780415894852"><bdi>9780415894852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world%27s+cities+%3A+contrasting+regional%2C+national%2C+and+global+perspectives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=355&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780415894852&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Andrew+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_C._FeldDonna_M._Bishop2013" class="citation book cs1">Barry C. Feld; Donna M. Bishop, eds. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199338276" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199338276"><bdi>978-0199338276</bdi></a>. <q>The <a href="/wiki/Kerner_Commission" title="Kerner Commission">Kerner Commission</a> report ... concluded that "Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white" ... Black urban in-migration and White exodus had developed concentrations of impoverished persons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Juvenile+Crime+and+Juvenile+Justice&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199338276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_W._Kweit2015" class="citation book cs1">Robert W. Kweit (2015). People and Politics in Urban America, Second Edition. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138012028" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138012028"><bdi>978-1138012028</bdi></a>. <q>The U.S. court of Appeals ruled that Norfolk was rightly concerned with the white exodus from public schools and that the decision to end mandatory busing was not based on discriminatory intent, but on the desire to keep enough whites in the school system to prevent resegregation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+and+Politics+in+Urban+America%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1138012028&rft.au=Robert+W.+Kweit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_J._MinchinJohn_A._Salmond2011" class="citation book cs1">Timothy J. Minchin; John A. Salmond (2011). "Chapter 8 'Mixed Outcomes'". After the Dream: Black and White Southerners since 1965 (Civil Rights and Struggle). <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813129785" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813129785"><bdi>978-0813129785</bdi></a>. <q>Even success in desegregating downtown stores and buses was now undercut by the white exodus. As they fled the cities, many whites lost interest in the civil rights issue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8+%27Mixed+Outcomes%27&rft.btitle=After+the+Dream%3A+Black+and+White+Southerners+since+1965+%28Civil+Rights+and+Struggle%29&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0813129785&rft.au=Timothy+J.+Minchin&rft.au=John+A.+Salmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2008" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, Richard T., ed. (2008). The Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. 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Merriam-Webster Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=white+flight&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fwhite%2520flight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmor,_David_J.1986" class="citation book cs1">Armor, David J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BJuAZpULzAsC&q=%22causes+white+flight%22+armor&pg=PA177">Forced Justice: School Desegregation and the Law</a>. Oxford University Press US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1953-58179" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1953-58179"><bdi>978-0-1953-58179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forced+Justice%3A+School+Desegregation+and+the+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-1953-58179&rft.au=Armor%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBJuAZpULzAsC%26q%3D%2522causes%2Bwhite%2Bflight%2522%2Barmor%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClotfelter,_Charles_T.2004" class="citation book cs1">Clotfelter, Charles T. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691119113" title="Special:BookSources/9780691119113"><bdi>9780691119113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Brown%3A+The+Rise+and+Retreat+of+School+Desegregation&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780691119113&rft.au=Clotfelter%2C+Charles+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafterbrownrisere00clot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavitch1983" class="citation book cs1">Ravitch, Diane (1983). <a href="/wiki/The_Troubled_Crusade:_American_Education,_1945%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945–1980">The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945–1980</a>. 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The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/19/take-five-months-parental-leave-swedish-fathers-told/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Take+five+months+parental+leave%2C+Swedish+fathers+told&rft.date=2017-12-20&rft.aulast=Crisp&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F12%2F19%2Ftake-five-months-parental-leave-swedish-fathers-told%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premier.gov.pl/en/news/news/prime-minister-mateusz-morawiecki-the-500-programme-is-an-investment-in-polands-future.html">"Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki: The "500+" Programme is an investment in Poland's future"</a>. premier.gov.pl. 19 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=premier.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Prime+Minister+Mateusz+Morawiecki%3A+The+%22500%2B%22+Programme+is+an+investment+in+Poland%27s+future&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premier.gov.pl%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fprime-minister-mateusz-morawiecki-the-500-programme-is-an-investment-in-polands-future.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothstein2019" class="citation web cs1">Rothstein, Donna (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-8/male-nonworkers-nlsy.htm">"Men who do not work during their prime years: What do the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth data reveal?"</a>. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft.atitle=Men+who+do+not+work+during+their+prime+years%3A+What+do+the+National+Longitudinal+Surveys+of+Youth+data+reveal%3F&rft.date=2019-08&rft.aulast=Rothstein&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fopub%2Fbtn%2Fvolume-8%2Fmale-nonworkers-nlsy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzpatrick, Maria D. (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w25299">"Pension Reform and Return to Work Policies"</a>. The National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper Series. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw25299">10.3386/w25299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239843977">239843977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research&rft.atitle=Pension+Reform+and+Return+to+Work+Policies&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw25299&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239843977%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Maria+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw25299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich2018" class="citation web cs1">Rich, Motoko (7 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/07/world/asia/japan-parliament-foreign-workers.html">"Bucking a Global Trend, Japan Seeks More Immigrants. Ambivalently"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bucking+a+Global+Trend%2C+Japan+Seeks+More+Immigrants.+Ambivalently.&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Motoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F12%2F07%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fjapan-parliament-foreign-workers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2013/01/12/has-the-ideas-machine-broken-down">"Has the ideas machine broken down?"</a>. The Economist. 12 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Has+the+ideas+machine+broken+down%3F&rft.date=2013-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbriefing%2F2013%2F01%2F12%2Fhas-the-ideas-machine-broken-down&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrynjolfssonMcAfee2011" class="citation book cs1">Brynjolfsson, Erik; McAfee, Andrew (2011). Race Against The Machine: How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy. Digital Frontier Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+Against+The+Machine%3A+How+the+Digital+Revolution+is+Accelerating+Innovation%2C+Driving+Productivity%2C+and+Irreversibly+Transforming+Employment+and+the+Economy&rft.pub=Digital+Frontier+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Brynjolfsson&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=McAfee%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2020" class="citation web cs1">Rubin, Richard (8 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-robot-tax-debate-heats-up-11578495608">"The "Robot Tax" Debate Heats Up"</a>. The Wall Street Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+%22Robot+Tax%22+Debate+Heats+Up&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-robot-tax-debate-heats-up-11578495608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney2017" class="citation web cs1">Delaney, Kevin (17 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/911968/bill-gates-the-robot-that-takes-your-job-should-pay-taxes/">"The robot that takes your job should pay taxes, says Bill Gates"</a>. QUARTZ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QUARTZ&rft.atitle=The+robot+that+takes+your+job+should+pay+taxes%2C+says+Bill+Gates&rft.date=2017-02-17&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F911968%2Fbill-gates-the-robot-that-takes-your-job-should-pay-taxes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonin-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonin_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonin_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonin_152-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonin2001" class="citation book cs1">Bonin, Holger (2001). Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-42266-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-42266-2"><bdi>978-3-540-42266-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generational+accounting%3A+theory+and+application&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-540-42266-2&rft.aulast=Bonin&rft.aufirst=Holger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_Methodology.pdf">"World Population Prospects 2019, Methodology of the United Nations population estimates and projections"</a> (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft.atitle=World+Population+Prospects+2019%2C+Methodology+of+the+United+Nations+population+estimates+and+projections&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FPublications%2FFiles%2FWPP2019_Methodology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_decline&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia801907.us.archive.org/30/items/human-population-numbers-as-a-function-o/Human_population_numbers_as_a_function_o.pdf">"Human population numbers as a function of food supply"</a> (PDF). Russell Hopfenberg (1 <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, Durham, NC, USA;)* and <a href="/wiki/David_Pimentel_(scientist)" title="David Pimentel (scientist)">David Pimentel</a> (2 <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, Ithaca, NY, USA). Environment, development and sustainability 3.1: 1-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russell+Hopfenberg+%281+Duke+University%2C+Durham%2C+NC%2C+USA%3B%29%2A+and+David+Pimentel+%282+Cornell+University%2C+Ithaca%2C+NY%2C+USA%29&rft.atitle=Human+population+numbers+as+a+function+of+food+supply&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia801907.us.archive.org%2F30%2Fitems%2Fhuman-population-numbers-as-a-function-o%2FHuman_population_numbers_as_a_function_o.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopulation+decline" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Funabashi, Yoichi. Japan’s Population Implosion: The 50 Million Shock (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-10-4983-5?source=shoppingads&locale=en-jp&gclid=CjwKCAiAu5agBhBzEiwAdiR5tGfny0bkfVX1yMoELIfHHoCPypPl7S3vIBSwWZZ1mzBT-bVNFFxbJRoCMMYQAvD_BwE">[2]</a></li> <li>Yoshikawa, Hiroshi. Population and the Japanese Economy: Longevity, Innovation, and Economic Growth (Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jpicinternational.com/books/businessandeconomics/873a0db00ee75762290ad04a621da7af38d5f4c7.html">[3]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_populations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human populations">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Population" title="Category:Population">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" title="Template:Lists of countries by population statistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" title="Template talk:Lists of countries by population statistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lists of countries by population statistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_population_statistics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Demographic_statistics" title="Demographic statistics">population statistics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">Current population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_(United_Nations)" title="List of countries by population (United Nations)">United Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_and_continental_subregions_by_population" title="List of continents and continental subregions by population">Continents/subregions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_population" title="List of Asian countries by population">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of European countries by population">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_by_population" title="List of North American countries by population">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_countries_by_population" title="List of Caribbean countries by population">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Oceanian countries by population">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_population" title="List of South American countries by population">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_the_Americas_by_population" title="List of countries in the Americas by population">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Arab countries by population">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations_by_population" title="List of member states of the Commonwealth of Nations by population">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eurasian_countries_by_population" title="List of Eurasian countries by population">Eurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_population" title="List of European Union member states by population">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population" title="List of islands by population">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_countries_by_population" title="List of Latin American countries by population">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Middle East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities/urban areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">World cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals_by_population" title="List of national capitals by population">National capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">Megalopolises</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past and future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_future_population" title="List of countries by past and projected future population">Past and future population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="World population estimates">World population estimates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_by_population_in_1_CE" title="List of states by population in 1 CE">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1000" title="List of countries by population in 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1500" title="List of countries by population in 1500">1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1600" title="List of countries by population in 1600">1600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1700" title="List of countries by population in 1700">1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1800" title="List of countries by population in 1800">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1900" title="List of countries by population in 1900">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1939" title="List of countries by population in 1939">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1989" title="List of countries by population in 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2000" title="List of countries by population in 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2005" title="List of countries by population in 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2010" title="List of countries by population in 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_2015" title="List of countries by population in 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_milestones_by_country" title="List of population milestones by country">Population milestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">Current density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Past_and_future_population_density_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Past and future population density by country">Past and future population density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_arable_land_density" title="List of countries by arable land density">Person-to-arable land ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growth indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_growth_rate" title="List of countries by population growth rate">Population growth rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_increase" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by natural increase">Natural increase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_net_reproduction_rate" title="List of countries by net reproduction rate">Net reproduction rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_births" title="List of countries by number of births">Number of births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_deaths" title="List of countries by number of deaths">Number of deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_birth_rate" title="List of countries by birth rate">Birth rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_mortality_rate" title="List of countries by mortality rate">Mortality rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_total_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate">Fertility rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_fertility_rate" title="List of countries by past fertility rate">Past fertility rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African countries by life expectancy">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Asian countries by life expectancy">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of North American countries by life expectancy">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Oceanian countries by life expectancy">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South American countries by life expectancy">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of world regions by life expectancy">world regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by past life expectancy">past life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_mean_age_at_childbearing" title="List of countries by mean age at childbearing">Age at childbearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_age_at_first_marriage" title="List of countries by age at first marriage">Age at first marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_age_structure" title="List of countries by age structure">Age structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_dependency_ratio" title="List of countries by dependency ratio">Dependency ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_demography" title="Divorce demography">Divorce rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_ranked_by_ethnic_and_cultural_diversity_level" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level">Ethnic and cultural diversity level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ethnic_groups" title="List of countries by ethnic groups">Ethnic composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_immigrant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population">Immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_diversity_index" title="Linguistic diversity index">Linguistic diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age" title="List of countries by median age">Median age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_net_migration_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by net migration rate">Net migration rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_households" title="List of countries by number of households">Number of households</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Religion</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irreligion" title="List of countries by irreligion">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_sex_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by sex ratio">Sex ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_urban_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by urban population">Urban population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanization by country">Urbanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_antidepressant_consumption" title="List of countries by antidepressant consumption">Antidepressant consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockpiling_antiviral_medications_for_pandemic_influenza" title="Stockpiling antiviral medications for pandemic influenza">Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_infant_and_under-five_mortality_rates" title="List of countries by infant and under-five mortality rates">Infant and under-five mortality rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maternal_mortality_ratio" title="List of countries by maternal mortality ratio">Maternal mortality rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_obesity_rate" title="List of countries by obesity rate">Obesity rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_suffering_from_undernourishment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by percentage of population suffering from undernourishment">Percentage suffering from undernourishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_OECD_health_expenditure_by_country_by_type_of_financing" class="mw-redirect" title="List of OECD health expenditure by country by type of financing">Health expenditure by country by type of financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">Suicide rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">Total health expenditure per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_spending_by_country_as_a_percent_of_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare spending by country as a percent of gross domestic product">Total healthcare spending as % of GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_body_mass_index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by body mass index">Body mass index</a> (BMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and innovation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Innovation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg Innovation Index">Bloomberg Innovation Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">Education Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Innovation_Index" title="International Innovation Index">International Innovation Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">Literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_International_Assessment_of_Adult_Competencies" title="Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies">Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> (PISA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_International_Reading_Literacy_Study" title="Progress in International Reading Literacy Study">Progress in International Reading Literacy Study</a> (PIRLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trends_in_International_Mathematics_and_Science_Study" title="Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study">Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study</a> (TIMSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tertiary_education_attainment" title="List of countries by tertiary education attainment">Tertiary education attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators" title="World Intellectual Property Indicators">World Intellectual Property Indicators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Economic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_share_of_population_with_access_to_financial_services" title="List of countries by share of population with access to financial services">Access to financial services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_development_aid_sovereign_state_donors" title="List of development aid sovereign state donors">Development aid donors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_Official_Development_Assistance_received" title="List of sovereign states by Official Development Assistance received">Official Development Assistance received</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_employment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by employment rate">Employment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area" title="List of countries by irrigated land area">Irrigated land area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index">inequality-adjusted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_planetary_pressures%E2%80%93adjusted_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by planetary pressures–adjusted Human Development Index">planetary pressures–adjusted HDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by income equality">Income equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labour_force" title="List of countries by labour force">Labour force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_share_of_income_of_the_richest_one_percent" title="List of countries by share of income of the richest one percent">Share of income of top 1%</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_millionaires" title="List of countries by number of millionaires">Number of millionaires (US dollars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of countries by number of billionaires">Number of billionaires (US dollars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">Percentage living in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_public_sector_size" title="List of countries by public sector size">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wealth_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by wealth inequality">Wealth inequality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">List of international rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_by_country" title="Lists by country">Lists by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_impact_on_the_environment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template talk:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_impact_on_the_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">list of issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (ethics)">Social ecology (ethics)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">animal agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cannabis_cultivation" title="Environmental impact of cannabis cultivation">cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of irrigation">irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cocoa_production" title="Environmental impact of cocoa production">cocoa production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">(US)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_bitcoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate behavior">Corporate behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">Energy industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Environmental impact of electricity generation">electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fracking_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental impact of fracking in the United States">fracking (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power" title="Environmental impact of nuclear power">nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Environmental impact of the oil shale industry">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_impact_of_explosives" title="Ecological impact of explosives">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use#Environment" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cleaning_products" title="Environmental impact of cleaning products">cleaning agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Environmental_effects" title="Plastic">plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Impact of nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paint">paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">pesticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">pharmaceuticals and personal care</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of rail">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity threats">Biodiversity threats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">runaway climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">Environmental insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater cycle">Freshwater cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss and damage">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Loss of green belts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle#Human_influences" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification#Possible_impacts" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water degradation">Water degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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