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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Authors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nine_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nine_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Nine boundaries </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nine_boundaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nine boundaries subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nine_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thresholds_and_tipping_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thresholds_and_tipping_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Thresholds and tipping points </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thresholds_and_tipping_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Safe_operating_spaces"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Safe_operating_spaces""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 "Safe operating spaces" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Safe_operating_spaces"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_among_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_among_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Interaction among boundaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interaction_among_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_new_or_expanded_boundaries_since_2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_new_or_expanded_boundaries_since_2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Proposed new or expanded boundaries since 2012 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_new_or_expanded_boundaries_since_2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_and_further_research_per_boundary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_and_further_research_per_boundary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Debate and further research per boundary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_and_further_research_per_boundary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_in_biosphere_integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_in_biosphere_integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Change in biosphere integrity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_in_biosphere_integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitrogen_and_phosphorus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrogen_and_phosphorus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Nitrogen and phosphorus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrogen_and_phosphorus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_acidification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_acidification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 Ocean acidification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_acidification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land-system_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land-system_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5 Land-system change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land-system_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freshwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freshwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.6 Freshwater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freshwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Green_and_blue_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_and_blue_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.6.1 Green and blue water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_and_blue_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ozone_depletion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ozone_depletion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.7 Ozone depletion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ozone_depletion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_aerosols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_aerosols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.8 Atmospheric aerosols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_aerosols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novel_entities_(chemical_pollution)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novel_entities_(chemical_pollution)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.9 Novel entities (chemical pollution) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novel_entities_(chemical_pollution)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Related concepts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Related concepts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planetary_integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetary_integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Planetary integrity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetary_integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Limits_to_Growth"_(1972)_and_Gaia_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Limits_to_Growth"_(1972)_and_Gaia_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 The "Limits to Growth" (1972) and Gaia theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Limits_to_Growth"_(1972)_and_Gaia_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropocene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropocene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Anthropocene </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reception and debate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Subsequent developments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subsequent_developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Subsequent developments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_"safe_and_just_space"_doughnut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"safe_and_just_space"_doughnut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 The "safe and just space" doughnut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"safe_and_just_space"_doughnut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_environmental_footprints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_environmental_footprints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 National environmental footprints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_environmental_footprints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boundaries_related_to_agriculture_and_food_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundaries_related_to_agriculture_and_food_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Boundaries related to agriculture and food consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundaries_related_to_agriculture_and_food_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_and_collective_allowances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_and_collective_allowances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Individual and collective allowances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_and_collective_allowances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_at_international_policy_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_at_international_policy_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Usage at international policy level </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage_at_international_policy_level-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Usage at international policy level subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Usage_at_international_policy_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 United Nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 European Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Planetary boundaries</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حدود كوكبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حدود كوكبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronteres_planet%C3%A0ries" title="Fronteres planetàries – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fronteres planetàries" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_meze" title="Planetární meze – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Planetární meze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffiniau_planedol" title="Ffiniau planedol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffiniau planedol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetare_Grenzen" title="Planetare Grenzen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Planetare Grenzen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa_taluvuspiirid" title="Maa taluvuspiirid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maa taluvuspiirid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADmites_planetarios" title="Límites planetarios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Límites planetarios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muga_planetarioak" title="Muga planetarioak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Muga planetarioak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="مرزهای سیاره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرزهای سیاره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limites_plan%C3%A9taires" title="Limites planétaires – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Limites planétaires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC_%EC%9C%84%ED%97%98_%ED%95%9C%EA%B3%84%EC%84%A0" title="지구 위험 한계선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지구 위험 한계선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oke_mbara_ala" title="Oke mbara ala – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Oke mbara ala" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="גבולות פלנטריים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גבולות פלנטריים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гаригийн хил хязгаар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гаригийн хил хязгаар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetaire_grenzen" title="Planetaire grenzen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Planetaire grenzen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="プラネタリー・バウンダリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラネタリー・バウンダリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturens_t%C3%A5legrense" title="Naturens tålegrense – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naturens tålegrense" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%90_(%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF)" title="سياروي پولې (حدود) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سياروي پولې (حدود)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granice_planetarne" title="Granice planetarne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Granice planetarne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronteiras_planet%C3%A1rias" title="Fronteiras planetárias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fronteiras planetárias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Планетарные границы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Планетарные границы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%C3%A1rne_medze" title="Planetárne medze – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Planetárne medze" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarne_meje" title="Planetarne meje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Planetarne meje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetaariset_rajat" title="Planetaariset rajat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Planetaariset rajat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv 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Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Planetary+boundaries%22">"Planetary boundaries"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Planetary+boundaries%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Planetary+boundaries%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Planetary+boundaries%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Planetary+boundaries%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Planetary+boundaries%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Limits not to be exceeded if humanity wants to survive in a safe ecosystem</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundary_layer" title="Planetary boundary layer">Planetary boundary layer</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PBs2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/PBs2023.png/220px-PBs2023.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/PBs2023.png/330px-PBs2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/PBs2023.png/440px-PBs2023.png 2x" data-file-width="12000" data-file-height="12000" /></a><figcaption>Visualizations of the Planetary Boundaries; data for September 2023<a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> Planetary boundaries are a framework to describe limits to the impacts of human activities on the <a href="/wiki/Earth_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth system">Earth system</a>. Beyond these limits, the environment may not be able to self-regulate anymore. This would mean the Earth system would leave the period of stability of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, in which human society developed.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The framework is based on scientific evidence that human actions, especially those of industrialized societies since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, have become the main driver of global environmental change. According to the framework, "transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be deleterious or even catastrophic due to the risk of crossing thresholds that will trigger non-linear, abrupt environmental change within continental-scale to planetary-scale systems."<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Normativity" title="Normativity">normative</a> component of the framework is that <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human societies</a> have been able to thrive under the comparatively stable climatic and ecological conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>. To the extent that these Earth system process boundaries have not been crossed, they mark the "safe zone" for human societies on the planet.<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> Proponents of the planetary boundary framework propose returning to this environmental and climatic system; as opposed to human science and technology deliberately creating a more beneficial climate. The concept doesn't address how humans have massively altered ecological conditions to better suit themselves. The climatic and ecological Holocene this framework considers as a "safe zone" doesn't involve massive industrial farming. So this framework begs a reassessment of how to feed modern populations. The concept has since become influential in the international community (e.g. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development</a>), including governments at all levels, international organizations, civil society and the scientific community.<a href="#cite_note-:6-5">[5]</a> The framework consists of nine global change processes. In 2009, according to <a href="/wiki/Johan_Rockstr%C3%B6m" title="Johan Rockström">Rockström</a> and others, three boundaries were already crossed (biodiversity loss, climate change and nitrogen cycle), while others were in imminent danger of being crossed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> In 2015, several of the scientists in the original group published an update, bringing in new co-authors and new model-based analysis. According to this update, four of the boundaries were crossed: climate change, loss of biosphere integrity, land-system change, altered biogeochemical cycles (phosphorus and nitrogen).<a href="#cite_note-Cornell2015-7">[7]</a> The scientists also changed the name of the boundary "<a href="/wiki/Loss_of_biodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of biodiversity">Loss of biodiversity</a>" to "Change in biosphere integrity" to emphasize that not only the number of species but also the functioning of the biosphere as a whole is important for Earth system stability. Similarly, the "Chemical pollution" boundary was renamed to "Introduction of novel entities", widening the scope to consider different kinds of human-generated materials that disrupt Earth system processes. In 2022, based on the available literature, the introduction of novel entities was concluded to be the 5th transgressed planetary boundary.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Freshwater change was concluded to be the 6th transgressed planetary boundary in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Framework_overview_and_principles">Framework overview and principles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Framework overview and principles">edit</a>]</div> The basic idea of the Planetary Boundaries framework is that maintaining the observed resilience of the Earth system in the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> is a precondition for humanity's pursuit of long-term social and economic development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockström28_others2009-9">[9]</a> The Planetary Boundaries framework contributes to an understanding of global <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> because it brings a planetary scale and a long timeframe into focus.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell2015-7">[7]</a> The framework described nine "planetary life support systems" essential for maintaining a "desired <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> state", and attempted to quantify how far seven of these systems had been pushed already.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> Boundaries were defined to help define a "safe space for human development", which was an improvement on approaches aiming at minimizing <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human impacts</a> on the planet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockström28_others2009-9">[9]</a> The framework is based on scientific evidence that human actions, especially those of industrialized societies since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, have become the main driver of global environmental change. According to the framework, "transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be deleterious or even catastrophic due to the risk of crossing thresholds that will trigger non-linear, abrupt <a href="/wiki/Environmental_change" title="Environmental change">environmental change</a> within continental-scale to planetary-scale systems."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockström28_others2009-9">[9]</a> The framework consists of nine global change processes. In 2009, two boundaries were already crossed, while others were in imminent danger of being crossed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> Later estimates indicated that three of these boundaries—<a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> loss, and the biogeochemical flow boundary—appear to have been crossed. The scientists outlined how breaching the boundaries increases the threat of functional disruption, even collapse, in Earth's biophysical systems in ways that could be catastrophic for human wellbeing. While they highlighted scientific uncertainty, they indicated that breaching boundaries could "trigger feedbacks that may result in crossing thresholds that drastically reduce the ability to return within safe levels". The boundaries were "rough, first estimates only, surrounded by large uncertainties and knowledge gaps" which interact in complex ways that are not yet well understood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockström28_others2009-9">[9]</a> The planetary boundaries framework lays the groundwork for a shifting approach to governance and management, away from the essentially sectoral analyses of limits to growth aimed at minimizing negative <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externalities</a>, toward the estimation of the safe space for human development.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Planetary boundaries demarcate, as it were, the "planetary playing field" for humanity if major <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human-induced environmental change</a> on a global scale is to be avoided.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell2015-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authors">Authors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Authors">edit</a>]</div> The authors of this framework was a group of <a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental scientists</a> in 2009 led by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Rockstr%C3%B6m" title="Johan Rockström">Johan Rockström</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Resilience_Centre" title="Stockholm Resilience Centre">Stockholm Resilience Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Will_Steffen" title="Will Steffen">Will Steffen</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. They collaborated with 26 leading academics, including <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel</a> laureate <a href="/wiki/Paul_Crutzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Crutzen">Paul Crutzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a> climate scientist <a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a>, oceanographer <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Richardson_Christensen" title="Katherine Richardson Christensen">Katherine Richardson</a>, geographer <a href="/wiki/Diana_Liverman" title="Diana Liverman">Diana Liverman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="German Chancellor">German Chancellor</a>'s chief climate adviser <a href="/wiki/Hans_Joachim_Schellnhuber" title="Hans Joachim Schellnhuber">Hans Joachim Schellnhuber</a>. Most of the contributing scientists were involved in strategy-setting for the <a href="/wiki/Earth_System_Science_Partnership" title="Earth System Science Partnership">Earth System Science Partnership</a>, the precursor to the international global change research network <a href="/wiki/Future_Earth" title="Future Earth">Future Earth</a>. The group wanted to define a "safe operating space for humanity" for the wider scientific community, as a precondition for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nine_boundaries">Nine boundaries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nine boundaries">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thresholds_and_tipping_points">Thresholds and tipping points</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Thresholds and tipping points">edit</a>]</div> The 2009 study identified nine planetary boundaries and, drawing on current scientific understanding, the researchers proposed quantifications for seven of them. These are: <ol><li>climate change (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a> concentration in the atmosphere < 350 ppm and/or a maximum change of +1 W/m2 in <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a> (mean surface seawater saturation state with respect to <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a> ≥ 80% of pre-<a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrial</a> levels);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratospheric</a> ozone depletion (less than 5% reduction in total atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">O3</a> from a pre-industrial level of 290 <a href="/wiki/Dobson_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobson Unit">Dobson Units</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical</a> flows in the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen (N) cycle</a> (limit industrial and agricultural fixation of N2 to 35 Tg N/yr) and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle" title="Phosphorus cycle">phosphorus (P) cycle</a> (annual P inflow to oceans not to exceed 10 times the natural background <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> of P);</li> <li>global freshwater use (< 4000 km3/yr of consumptive use of runoff resources);</li> <li>land system change (< 15% of the ice-free land surface under cropland);</li> <li>the erosion of biosphere integrity (an annual rate of loss of biological diversity of < 10 extinctions per million species).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">chemical pollution</a> (introduction of novel entities in the environment).</li></ol> For one process in the planetary boundaries framework, the scientists have not specified a global boundary quantification: <ol start="9"> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">atmospheric aerosol loading</a>;</li> </ol> The quantification of individual planetary boundaries is based on the observed dynamics of the interacting Earth system processes included in the framework. The control variables were chosen because together they provide an effective way to track the human-caused shift away from Holocene conditions. For some of Earth's dynamic processes, historic data display clear <a href="/wiki/Ecological_threshold" title="Ecological threshold">thresholds</a> between comparatively stable conditions. For example, past <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice-ages</a> show that during peak glacial conditions, the atmospheric concentration of CO2 was ~180-200 ppm. In interglacial periods (including the Holocene), CO2 concentration has fluctuated around 280 ppm. To know what <a href="/wiki/File:All_palaeotemps.svg" title="File:All palaeotemps.svg">past climate conditions</a> were like with an atmosphere with over 350 ppm CO2, scientists need to look back about 3 million years. The <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">paleo record</a> of climatic, ecological and biogeochemical changes shows that the Earth system has experienced <a href="/wiki/Tipping_point_(climatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipping point (climatology)">tipping points</a>, when a very small increment for a control variable (like CO2) triggers a larger, possibly catastrophic, change in the response variable (global warming) through <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change feedback">feedbacks</a> in the natural Earth System itself. For several of the processes in the planetary boundaries framework, it is difficult to locate individual points that mark the threshold shift away from Holocene-like conditions. This is because the Earth system is complex and the scientific evidence base is still partial and fragmented. Instead, the planetary boundaries framework identifies many Earth system thresholds at multiple scales that will be influenced by increases in the control variables.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> Examples include shifts in <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> behavior linked to the <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">aerosol loading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water#Freshwater_withdrawal" title="Fresh water">freshwater use</a> planetary boundaries. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Planetary Boundaries (as defined in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Earth-system process</th> <th>Control variable<a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a></th> <th>Boundary value in 2023</th> <th>"Current" value (i.e. for the year provided in the source) </th> <th>Boundary now exceeded beyond the 2023 values? (based on "current" value)</th> <th>Preindustrial Holocene base value </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1. <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Climate change</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Atmospheric carbon dioxide</a> concentration (<a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> by volume)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tipping_point_(climatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipping point (climatology)">Tipping point (climatology)</a></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;">350</td> <td style="text-align:center;">417<a href="#cite_note-igcc2022-12">[12]</a></td> <td style="background:#ffaaaa;text-align:center;">yes</td> <td style="text-align:center;">280 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total anthropogenic <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> at top-of-atmosphere (W/m2) since the start of the industrial revolution (~1750)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.0</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.91<a href="#cite_note-igcc2022-12">[12]</a></td> <td style="background:#ffaaaa;text-align:center;">yes</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2. <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Change in biosphere integrity</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-1">[1]</a></td> <td>Genetic diversity: Extinction rate measured as E/MSY (<a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinctions</a> per million species-years)</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><10 E/MSY but with an aspirational goal of ca. 1 E/MSY (assumed background rate of extinction loss)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">>100 E/MSY</td> <td style="background:#ffaaaa;text-align:center;">yes</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 E/MSY </td></tr> <tr> <td>Functional diversity: energy available to ecosystems (NPP) (% HANPP)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">HANPP (in billion tonnes of C year−1) <10% of preindustrial Holocene NPP, i.e., >90% remaining for supporting biosphere function</td> <td style="text-align:center;">30% HANPP</td> <td style="background:#ffaaaa;text-align:center;">yes</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.9% (2σ variability of preindustrial Holocene century-mean NPP) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3. <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogeochemical">Biogeochemical</a></td> <td>Phosphate global: P flow from freshwater systems into the ocean; regional: P flow from fertilizers to erodible soils (Tg of P year−1)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Phosphate global: 11 Tg of P year−1; regional: 6.2 Tg of P year−1 mined and applied to erodible (agricultural) soils.</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Global: 22 Tg of P year−1;<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> regional: 17.5 Tg of P year−1</td> <td style="background:#ffaaaa;text-align:center;">yes</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nitrogen global: industrial and intentional fixation of N (Tg of N year−1)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">62</td> <td style="text-align:center;">190</td> <td style="background:#ffaaaa;text-align:center;">yes</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></td> <td>Global mean saturation state of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> in surface seawater (omega units)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.75</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.8</td> <td style="background:#aaddaa;text-align:center;">no</td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></td> <td>Part of forests rested intact (percent)<a href="#cite_note-Cornell2015-7">[7]</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">75 from all forests including 85 from <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">Boreal forest</a>, 50 from <a href="/wiki/Temperate_forest" title="Temperate forest">Temperate forests</a> and 85 from <a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">Tropical forests</a><a href="#cite_note-Cornell2015-7">[7]</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Global: 60<a href="#cite_note-Cornell2015-7">[7]</a></td> <td style="background:#ffaaaa;text-align:center;">yes</td> <td style="text-align:center;">100 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">6. <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Freshwater change</a></td> <td>Blue water: human induced disturbance of blue water flow</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Upper limit (95th percentile) of global land area with deviations greater than during preindustrial, Blue water: 10.2%</td> <td style="text-align:center;">18.2%</td> <td style="background:#ffaaaa;text-align:center;">yes</td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Green water: human induced disturbance of water available to plants (% land area with deviations from preindustrial variability)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">11.1%</td> <td style="text-align:center;">15.8%</td> <td style="background:#ffaaaa;text-align:center;">yes</td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ozone#Ozone_in_Earth's_atmosphere" title="Ozone">Stratospheric ozone</a> concentration (<a href="/wiki/Dobson_unit" title="Dobson unit">Dobson units</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">276</td> <td style="text-align:center;">284.6</td> <td style="background:#aaddaa;text-align:center;">no</td> <td style="text-align:center;">290 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8. <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">Atmospheric aerosols</a></td> <td>Interhemispheric difference in AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.1 (mean annual interhemispheric difference)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.076</td> <td style="background:#aaddaa;text-align:center;">no</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9. <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Novel entities</a></td> <td>Percentage of synthetic chemicals released to the environment without adequate safety testing</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Transgressed</td> <td style="background:#ffaaaa;text-align:center;">yes</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Safe_operating_spaces"">"Safe operating spaces"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "Safe operating spaces"">edit</a>]</div> The planetary boundaries framework proposes a range of values for its control variables. This range is supposed to span the threshold between a 'safe operating space' where Holocene-like dynamics can be maintained and a highly uncertain, poorly predictable world where Earth system changes likely increase risks to societies. The boundary is defined as the lower end of that range. If the boundaries are persistently crossed, the world goes further into a danger zone.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> It is difficult to restore a 'safe operating space' for humanity that is described by the planetary boundary concept. Even if past biophysical changes could be mitigated, the predominant paradigms of social and economic development appear largely indifferent to the looming possibilities of large scale environmental disasters triggered by human actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockström28_others2009-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern2007-14">[14]</a> Legal boundaries can help keep human activities in check, but are only as effective as the political will to make and enforce them.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interaction_among_boundaries">Interaction among boundaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interaction among boundaries">edit</a>]</div> Understanding the Earth system is fundamentally about understanding interactions among environmental change processes. The planetary boundaries are defined with reference to dynamic conditions of the Earth system, but scientific discussions about how different planetary boundaries relate to each other are often philosophically and analytically muddled. Clearer definitions of the basic concepts and terms might help give clarity. There are many many interactions among the processes in the planetary boundaries framework.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell2015-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> While these interactions can create both stabilizing and destabilizing feedbacks in the Earth system, the authors suggested that a transgressed planetary boundary will reduce the safe operating space for other processes in the framework rather than expand it from the proposed boundary levels.<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> They give the example that the <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> boundary could "shift downward" if the freshwater boundary is breached, causing lands to become arid and unavailable for agriculture. At a regional level, water resources may decline in Asia if <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> continues in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon</a>. That way of framing the interactions shifts from the framework's biophysical definition of boundaries based on Holocene-like conditions to an anthropocentric definition (demand for agricultural land). Despite this conceptual slippage, considerations of known Earth system interactions across scales suggest the need for "extreme caution in approaching or transgressing any individual planetary boundaries."<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> Another example has to do with <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystems</a>: In 2009, researchers showed that, since 1990, calcification in the reefs of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier</a> that they examined decreased at a rate unprecedented over the last 400 years (14% in less than 20 years).<a href="#cite_note-Fabricius-16">[16]</a> Their evidence suggests that the increasing temperature stress and the declining ocean saturation state of <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a> is making it difficult for reef corals to deposit calcium carbonate. Multiple stressors, such as increased nutrient loads and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing pressure">fishing pressure</a>, moves corals into less desirable ecosystem states.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood-17">[17]</a> Ocean acidification will significantly change the distribution and abundance of a whole range of marine life, particularly species "that build skeletons, shells, and tests of biogenic calcium carbonate. Increasing temperatures, surface <a href="/wiki/UV_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="UV radiation">UV radiation</a> levels and ocean acidity all stress marine <a href="/wiki/Biota_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biota (ecology)">biota</a>, and the combination of these stresses may well cause perturbations in the abundance and diversity of marine biological systems that go well beyond the effects of a single stressor acting alone."<a href="#cite_note-Guinotte-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_new_or_expanded_boundaries_since_2012">Proposed new or expanded boundaries since 2012</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Proposed new or expanded boundaries since 2012">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Running" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Running">Steven Running</a> suggested a tenth boundary, the annual net global <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a> of all <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_plant" title="Terrestrial plant">terrestrial plants</a>, as an easily determinable measure integrating many variables that will give "a clear signal about the health of ecosystems".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 2015, a second paper was published in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> to update the Planetary Boundaries concept.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell2015-7">[7]</a> The update concluded four boundaries had now been transgressed: climate, biodiversity, land use and biogeochemical cycles. The 2015 paper emphasized interactions of the nine boundaries and identified climate change and <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_biodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of biodiversity">loss of biodiversity</a> integrity as 'core boundaries' of central importance to the framework because the interactions of climate and the biosphere are what scientifically defines Earth system conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Frank-23">[23]</a> In 2017, some authors argued that marine systems are underrepresented in the framework. Their proposed remedy was to include the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a> as a component of the earth surface change boundary. They also wrote that the framework should account for "changes in vertical mixing and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans#Changing_ocean_currents" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">ocean circulation patterns</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Frank-23">[23]</a> Subsequent work on planetary boundaries begins to relate these thresholds at the regional scale.<a href="#cite_note-:2-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_and_further_research_per_boundary">Debate and further research per boundary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Debate and further research per boundary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">List of environmental issues</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate change">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></div> A 2018 study calls into question the adequacy of efforts to limit warming to 2 °C above pre-industrial temperatures, as set out in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-24">[24]</a> The scientists raise the possibility that even if <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> are <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">substantially reduced</a> to limit warming to 2 °C, that might exceed the "threshold" at which self-reinforcing <a href="/wiki/Climate_feedbacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate feedbacks">climate feedbacks</a> add additional warming until the <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> system stabilizes in a <a href="/wiki/Climate_state#Hothouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate state">hothouse climate state</a>. This would make parts of the world uninhabitable for people, raise sea levels by up to 60 metres (200 feet), and raise temperatures by 4–5 °C (7.2–9.0 °F) to levels that are higher than any <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> period in the past 1.2 million years.<a href="#cite_note-:3-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Change_in_biosphere_integrity">Change in biosphere integrity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Change in biosphere integrity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></div> According to the biologist <a href="/wiki/Cristi%C3%A1n_Samper" title="Cristián Samper">Cristián Samper</a>, a "boundary that expresses the probability of families of species disappearing over time would better reflect our potential impacts on the future of life on Earth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamper2009-26">[26]</a> The biodiversity boundary has also been criticized for framing biodiversity solely in terms of the extinction rate. The global extinction rate has been highly variable over the Earth's history, and thus using it as the only biodiversity variable can be of limited usefulness.<a href="#cite_note-Frank-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nitrogen_and_phosphorus">Nitrogen and phosphorus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nitrogen and phosphorus">edit</a>]</div> The biogeochemist <a href="/wiki/William_H._Schlesinger" title="William H. Schlesinger">William Schlesinger</a> thinks waiting until we near some suggested limit for nitrogen deposition and other pollutions will just permit us to continue to a point where it is too late. He says the boundary suggested for phosphorus is not sustainable, and would exhaust the known phosphorus reserves in less than 200 years.<a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger_2009-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemist">ocean chemist</a> Peter Brewer queries whether it is "truly useful to create a list of environmental limits without serious plans for how they may be achieved ... they may become just another stick to beat citizens with. Disruption of the global nitrogen cycle is one clear example: it is likely that a large fraction of people on Earth would not be alive today without the artificial production of fertilizer. How can such ethical and economic issues be matched with a simple call to set limits? ... food is not optional."<a href="#cite_note-Brewer_2009-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">Peak phosphorus</a> is a concept to describe the point in time at which the maximum global <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> production rate is reached. Phosphorus is a scarce finite resource on earth and means of production other than mining are unavailable because of its non-gaseous environmental cycle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesetCordell20112-29">[29]</a> According to some researchers, Earth's phosphorus reserves are expected to be completely depleted in 50–100 years and peak phosphorus to be reached by approximately 2030.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordellDrangertWhite2009292-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis20081-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ocean_acidification">Ocean acidification</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ocean acidification">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Surface ocean acidity</a> is clearly interconnected with the climate change boundaries, since the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also the underlying control variable for the ocean acidification boundary.<a href="#cite_note-Stockholm_Resilience_Centre_2009-32">[32]</a> The ocean chemist Peter Brewer thinks "ocean acidification has impacts other than simple changes in pH, and these may need boundaries too."<a href="#cite_note-Brewer_2009-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land-system_change">Land-system change</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Land-system change">edit</a>]</div> Across the planet, forests, wetlands and other vegetation types are being converted to agricultural and other <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land uses</a>, impacting freshwater, carbon and other cycles, and reducing biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-Stockholm_Resilience_Centre_2009-32">[32]</a> In the year 2015 the boundary was defined as 75% of <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> rested intact, including 85% of <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forests">boreal forests</a>, 50% of <a href="/wiki/Temperate_forest" title="Temperate forest">temperate forests</a> and 85% of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">tropical forests</a>. The boundary is crossed because only 62% of forests rested intact as of the year 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell2015-7">[7]</a> The boundary for land use has been criticized as follows: "The boundary of 15 per cent <a href="/wiki/Land-use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-use change">land-use change</a> is, in practice, a premature policy guideline that dilutes the authors' overall scientific proposition. Instead, the authors might want to consider a limit on <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a> or soil loss. This would be a more valid and useful indicator of the state of terrestrial health."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2009-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freshwater">Freshwater</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Freshwater">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">freshwater cycle</a> is another boundary significantly affected by climate change.<a href="#cite_note-Stockholm_Resilience_Centre_2009-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a> of freshwater occurs if a water resource is mined or extracted at a rate that exceeds the recharge rate. <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion" title="Saltwater intrusion">saltwater intrusion</a> can also turn much of the world's underground water and lakes into finite resources with "<a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">peak water</a>" usage debates similar to <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palaniappan_2008-35">[35]</a> The hydrologist David Molden stated in 2009 that planetary boundaries are a welcome new approach in the "<a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">limits to growth</a>" debate but said "a global limit on water consumption is necessary, but the suggested planetary boundary of 4,000 cubic kilometres per year is too generous."<a href="#cite_note-Molden_2009-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Green_and_blue_water">Green and blue water</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Green and blue water">edit</a>]</div> A study concludes that the 'Freshwater use' boundary should be renamed to the 'Freshwater change', composed of "green" and "blue" water components.<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s43017-022-00287-8-37">[37]</a> 'Green water' refers to disturbances of terrestrial precipitation, evaporation and soil moisture.<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s43017-022-00287-8-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a> can have substantial effects in agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-physscarcity-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1029/2021EF002567-39">[39]</a> When measuring and projecting water scarcity in <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">for climate change scenarios</a>, both "green water" and "blue water" are of relevance.<a href="#cite_note-physscarcity-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1029/2021EF002567-39">[39]</a> In April 2022, scientists proposed and preliminarily evaluated 'green water' in the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a> as a likely transgressed planetary boundary, as <a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">measured by root-zone soil moisture deviation from Holocene variability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s43017-022-00287-8-37">[37]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ozone_depletion">Ozone depletion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ozone depletion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></div> The stratospheric <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> protectively filters <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a> (UV) from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, which would otherwise damage biological systems. The actions taken after the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a> appeared to be keeping the planet within a safe boundary.<a href="#cite_note-Stockholm_Resilience_Centre_2009-32">[32]</a> The Nobel laureate in chemistry, <a href="/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario J. Molina">Mario Molina</a>, says "five per cent is a reasonable limit for acceptable ozone depletion, but it doesn't represent a tipping point".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolina2009-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atmospheric_aerosols">Atmospheric aerosols</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Atmospheric aerosols">edit</a>]</div> Worldwide each year, <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a> particles result in about 800,000 premature deaths from <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Aerosol loading is sufficiently important to be included among the planetary boundaries, but it is not yet clear whether an appropriate safe threshold measure can be identified.<a href="#cite_note-Stockholm_Resilience_Centre_2009-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Novel_entities_(chemical_pollution)">Novel entities (chemical pollution)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Novel entities (chemical pollution)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants.svg/220px-Map_of_Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants.svg/330px-Map_of_Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants.svg/440px-Map_of_Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>State parties to the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants" title="Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants</a></figcaption></figure> Some chemicals, such as <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutants" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent organic pollutants">persistent organic pollutants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclides</a>, have potentially irreversible <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">additive</a> and synergic effects on biological organisms, reducing fertility and resulting in permanent <a href="/wiki/Genetic_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic damage">genetic damage</a>. Sublethal uptakes are drastically reducing marine bird and mammal populations. This boundary seems important, although it is hard to quantify.<a href="#cite_note-Stockholm_Resilience_Centre_2009-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 2019, it was suggested that novel entities could include <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetically modified organisms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-5">[5]</a> A Bayesian emulator for persistent organic pollutants has been developed which can potentially be used to quantify the boundaries for chemical pollution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandohKawai2011-42">[42]</a> To date, critical exposure levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) above which mass mortality events of marine mammals are likely to occur, have been proposed as a chemical pollution planetary boundary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandohKawai2014-43">[43]</a> There are at least 350,000 artificial chemicals in the world. They are coming from "<a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial chemicals">industrial chemicals</a>, chemicals in consumer products, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>". They have mostly "negative effects on planetary health". Their production increased 50 times since 1950 and is expected to increase 3 times more by 2050. Plastic alone contain more than 10,000 chemicals and create large problems. The researchers are calling for limit on chemical production and shift to <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a>, meaning to products that can be <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reused</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycled</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In January 2022 a group of scientists concluded that this planetary boundary is already exceeded, which puts in risk the stability of the Earth system.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> They integrated the literature information on how production and release of a number of novel entities, including <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazardous chemicals">hazardous chemicals</a>, have rapidly increased in the last decades with significant impact on the planetary processes.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> In August 2022, scientists concluded that the (overall transgressed) boundary is a placeholder for multiple different boundaries for NEs that may emerge, reporting that <a href="/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances" title="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances">PFAS pollution</a> is one such new boundary. They show that levels of these so-called "<a href="/wiki/Forever_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Forever chemicals">forever chemicals</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Rainwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainwater">rainwater</a> are ubiquitously, and often greatly, above guideline safe levels worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-bbc62391069-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> There are some moves to restrict and replace their use.<a href="#cite_note-bbc62391069-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Related concepts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planetary_integrity">Planetary integrity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Planetary integrity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals#Weak_on_environmental_sustainability" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals § Weak on environmental sustainability</a></div> Planetary integrity is also called earth's life-support systems or ecological integrity.<a href="#cite_note-Biermann-48">[48]</a>: 140  Scholars have pointed out that planetary integrity "needs to be maintained for long-term <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Biermann-48">[48]</a>: 140  The current <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> is threatening ecological integrity on a global scale.<a href="#cite_note-Biermann-48">[48]</a>: 140  The term integrity refers to <a href="/wiki/Ecological_health" title="Ecological health">ecological health</a> in this context.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The concept of planetary integrity is interlinked within the concept of planetary boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> An expert Panel on Ecological Integrity in 1998 has defined ecological integrity as follows: "Ecosystems have integrity when they have their native components (plants, animals and other organisms) and processes (such as growth and reproduction) intact."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> might be able to act as a steering mechanism to address the current loss of planetary integrity.<a href="#cite_note-Biermann-48">[48]</a>: 142  There are many negative <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human impacts on the environment</a> that are causing a reduction in planetary integrity.<a href="#cite_note-Biermann-48">[48]</a>: 142  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Limits_to_Growth"_(1972)_and_Gaia_theory">The "Limits to Growth" (1972) and Gaia theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The "Limits to Growth" (1972) and Gaia theory">edit</a>]</div> The idea that there are limits to the burden placed upon our planet by human activities has been around for a long time. The Planetary Boundaries framework acknowledges the influence of the 1972 study, <a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Limits to Growth</a>, that presented a model in which <a href="/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">exponential</a> growth in <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, food production, and <a href="/wiki/Resources_depletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Resources depletion">resources depletion</a> outstrip the ability of technology to increase resources availability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeadowsothers1972-52">[52]</a> Subsequently, the report was widely dismissed, particularly by economists and business people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerNørgård2010-53">[53]</a> and it has often been claimed that history has proved the projections to be incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 2008, Graham Turner from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation</a> (CSIRO) published "A comparison of The Limits to Growth with thirty years of reality".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200837-55">[55]</a> The Limits to Growth has been widely discussed, both by critics of the modelling approach and its conclusions<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and by analysts who argue that the insight that societies do not live in an unlimited world and that historical data since the 1970s support the report's findings.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The Limits to Growth approach explores how the socio-technical dynamics of the world economy may limit humanity's opportunities and introduce risks of collapse. In contrast, the Planetary Boundaries framework focuses on the biophysical dynamics of the Earth system.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell2015-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future">Our Common Future</a> was published in 1987 by United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">World Commission on Environment and Development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-60">[60]</a> It tried to recapture the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">Stockholm Conference</a>. Its aim was to interlock the concepts of development and environment for future political discussions. It introduced the famous definition for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>: "Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."<a href="#cite_note-:7-60">[60]</a> Another key idea influencing the Planetary Boundaries framework is the <a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia theory or hypothesis</a>. In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">James Lovelock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microbiologist" title="Microbiologist">microbiologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a> presented the idea that all <a href="/wiki/Organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisms">organisms</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic">inorganic</a> surroundings on Earth are integrated into a single self-regulating system.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The system has the ability to react to perturbations or deviations, much like a living organism adjusts its regulation mechanisms to accommodate environmental changes such as temperature (<a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>). Nevertheless, this capacity has limits. For instance, when a living organism is subjected to a temperature that is lower or higher than its living range, it can perish because its regulating mechanism cannot make the necessary adjustments. Similarly the Earth may not be able to react to large deviations in critical parameters.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell2015-7">[7]</a> In Lovelock's book <a href="/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Gaia" title="The Revenge of Gaia">The Revenge of Gaia</a>, he suggests that the destruction of rainforests and biodiversity, compounded with <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> resulting from the increase of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> made by humans, could shift feedbacks in the Earth system away from a self-regulating balance to a positive (intensifying) feedback loop. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Anthropocene">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #f8f8f8;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div style="text-align: center;">From the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Memorandum" title="Stockholm Memorandum">Stockholm Memorandum</a></div> Science indicates that we are transgressing planetary boundaries that have kept civilization safe for the past 10,000 years. Evidence is growing that human pressures are starting to overwhelm the Earth’s buffering capacity. Humans are now the most significant driver of <a href="/wiki/Global_change" title="Global change">global change</a>, propelling the planet into a new geological epoch, the <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a>. We can no longer exclude the possibility that our collective actions will trigger tipping points, risking abrupt and irreversible consequences for human communities and ecological systems. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">– <a href="#CITEREFStockholm_Memorandum2011">Stockholm Memorandum (2011)</a></cite> </div> Scientists have affirmed that the planet has entered a new epoch, the <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In the Anthropocene, humans have become the main agents of not only change to the Earth System<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> but also the driver of Earth System rupture,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> disruption of the Earth System's ability to be resilient and recover from that change, potentially ultimately threatening <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">planetary habitability</a>. The previous geological epoch, the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> began about 10,000 years ago. It is the current <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> period, and was a relatively stable environment of the Earth. There have been natural environmental fluctuations during the Holocene, but the key atmospheric and biogeochemical parameters have remained within relatively narrow bounds.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> This stability has allowed societies to thrive worldwide, developing agriculture, large-scale settlements and complex networks of trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Leeuw2008-66">[66]</a> According to Rockström et al., we "have now become so dependent on those investments for our way of life, and how we have organized society, technologies, and economies around them, that we must take the range within which Earth System processes varied in the Holocene as a scientific reference point for a desirable planetary state."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockström28_others2009-9">[9]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Biophysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical">biophysical</a> processes that are important in maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_resilience" title="Ecological resilience">resilience</a> of the Earth system are also undergoing large and rapid change because of human actions.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> For example, since the advent of the Anthropocene, the rate at which species are going extinct has increased over 100 times,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaceMasundireBaillie2005-68">[68]</a> and humans are now the driving force altering global river flows<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiklomanovRodda2003-69">[69]</a> as well as water vapor flows from the land surface.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonPetersonBennett2008-70">[70]</a> Continuing perturbation of Earth system processes by human activities raises the possibility that further pressure could be destabilizing, leading to non-linear, abrupt, large-scale or irreversible <a href="/wiki/Environmental_change" title="Environmental change">environmental change</a> responses by the Earth system within <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continental</a>- to planetary-scale systems.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell2015-7">[7]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_debate">Reception and debate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reception and debate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Debate_and_further_research_per_boundary">§ Debate and further research per boundary</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #f8f8f8;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> In summary, the planetary boundary concept is a very important one, and its proposal should now be followed by discussions of the connections between the various boundaries and of their association with other concepts such as the '<a href="/wiki/Limits_to_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Limits to growth">limits to growth</a>'. Importantly, this novel concept highlights the risk of reaching thresholds or tipping points for non-linear or abrupt changes in Earth-system processes. As such, it can help society to reach the agreements required for dealing effectively with existing global environmental threats, such as climate change. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">– Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario J. Molina">Mario J. Molina</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolina2009-40">[40]</a></cite> </div> The 2009 report<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> was presented to the General Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/Club_of_Rome" title="Club of Rome">Club of Rome</a> in Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockström2009-71">[71]</a> An edited summary of the report was published as the featured article in a special 2009 edition of <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a> alongside invited critical commentary from leading academics like Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario J. Molina">Mario J. Molina</a> and biologist <a href="/wiki/Cristi%C3%A1n_Samper" title="Cristián Samper">Cristián Samper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolina2009-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development studies</a> scholars have been critical of aspects of the framework and constraints that its adoption could place on the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a>. Proposals to conserve a certain proportion of Earth's remaining forests can be seen as rewarding the countries such as those in Europe that have already economically benefitted from exhausting their forests and converting land for agriculture. In contrast, countries that have yet to industrialize are asked to make sacrifices for global environmental damage they may have had little role in creating.<a href="#cite_note-Frank-23">[23]</a> The biogeochemist <a href="/wiki/William_H._Schlesinger" title="William H. Schlesinger">William Schlesinger</a> queries whether thresholds are a good idea for pollutions at all. He thinks waiting until we near some suggested limit will just permit us to continue to a point where it is too late. "Management based on thresholds, although attractive in its simplicity, allows pernicious, slow and diffuse degradation to persist nearly indefinitely."<a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger_2009-27">[27]</a> In a global empirical study, researchers investigated how students of environmental and sustainability studies in 35 countries assessed the planetary boundaries. It was found that there are substantial global differences in the perception of planetary boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_developments">Subsequent developments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Subsequent developments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"safe_and_just_space"_doughnut">The "safe and just space" doughnut</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The "safe and just space" doughnut">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doughnut_(economic_model).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Doughnut_%28economic_model%29.jpg/220px-Doughnut_%28economic_model%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Doughnut_%28economic_model%29.jpg/330px-Doughnut_%28economic_model%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Doughnut_%28economic_model%29.jpg/440px-Doughnut_%28economic_model%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1907" /></a><figcaption>Doughnut (economic model)</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Doughnut_(economic_model)" title="Doughnut (economic model)">Doughnut (economic model)</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doughnut_(economic_model)&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Doughnut_(economic_model)" title="Doughnut (economic model)">Doughnut</a>, or Doughnut economics, is a visual framework for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> – shaped like a <a href="/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut">doughnut</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lifebuoy" title="Lifebuoy">lifebelt</a> – combining the concept of planetary boundaries with the complementary concept of social boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The name derives from the shape of the diagram, i.e. a disc with a hole in the middle. The centre hole of the model depicts the proportion of people that lack access to <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">life's essentials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">healthcare</a>, education, <a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">equity</a> and so on) while the crust represents the ecological ceilings (planetary boundaries) that life depends on and must not be <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issue" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issue">overshot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The diagram was developed by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Kate_Raworth" title="Kate Raworth">Kate Raworth</a> in her 2012 <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> paper A Safe and Just Space for Humanity and elaborated upon in her 2017 book <a href="/wiki/Doughnut_Economics:_Seven_Ways_to_Think_Like_a_21st-Century_Economist" title="Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist">Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist</a> and paper.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The framework was proposed to regard the performance of an economy by the extent to which the needs of people are met without overshooting Earth's ecological ceiling.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The main goal of the new model is to re-frame economic problems and set new goals. In this context, the model is also referred to as a "wake-up call to transform our capitalist worldview".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In this model, an economy is considered <a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">prosperous</a> when all twelve social foundations are met without overshooting any of the nine ecological ceilings. This situation is represented by the area between the two rings, considered by its creator as a safe and just space for humanity.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_environmental_footprints">National environmental footprints</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: National environmental footprints">edit</a>]</div> Several studies have assessed environmental footprints of nations based on planetary boundaries: for Portugal,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Sweden,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Switzerland,<a href="#cite_note-Dao-81">[81]</a> the Netherlands,<a href="#cite_note-Lucas_&_Wilting-82">[82]</a> the European Union,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> India,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> many of Belt and Road Initiative countries <a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> as well as for the world's most important economies.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> While the metrics and allocation approaches applied varied, there is a converging outcome that resource use of wealthier nations – if extrapolated to world population – is not compatible with planetary boundaries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundaries_related_to_agriculture_and_food_consumption">Boundaries related to agriculture and food consumption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Boundaries related to agriculture and food consumption">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PB_english_cc-BY-NC-ND.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PB_english_cc-BY-NC-ND.png/250px-PB_english_cc-BY-NC-ND.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PB_english_cc-BY-NC-ND.png/375px-PB_english_cc-BY-NC-ND.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PB_english_cc-BY-NC-ND.png/500px-PB_english_cc-BY-NC-ND.png 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="2067" /></a><figcaption>Visualization of the planetary boundaries related to agriculture and nutrition<a href="#cite_note-Meier_2017-89">[89]</a></figcaption></figure> Human activities related to agriculture and nutrition globally contribute to the transgression of four out of nine planetary boundaries. Surplus nutrient flows (N, P) into aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are of highest importance, followed by excessive land-system change and biodiversity loss. Whereas in the case of biodiversity loss, P cycle and land-system change, the transgression is in the zone of uncertainty—indicating an increasing risk (yellow circle in the figure), the N boundary related to agriculture is more than 200% transgressed—indicating a high risk (red marked circle in the figure). Here, nutrition includes food processing and trade as well as food consumption (preparation of food in households and gastronomy). Consumption-related environmental impacts are not quantified at the global level for the planetary boundaries of freshwater use, atmospheric aerosol loading (<a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>) and stratospheric ozone depletion.<a href="#cite_note-Meier_2017-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_and_collective_allowances">Individual and collective allowances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Individual and collective allowances">edit</a>]</div> Approaches based on a general framework of ecological limits include (transferable) <a href="/wiki/Personal_carbon_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal carbon allowance">personal carbon allowances</a> and "legislated" national greenhouse gas emissions limits.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Consumers would have freedom in their (informed) choice within (the collective) boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_at_international_policy_level">Usage at international policy level</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Usage at international policy level">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations">United Nations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United Nations">edit</a>]</div> The United Nations secretary general <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> endorsed the concept of planetary boundaries on 16 March 2012, when he presented the key points of the report of his High Level Panel on Global Sustainability to an informal <a href="/wiki/Plenary_session" title="Plenary session">plenary</a> of the UN General Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Ban stated: "The Panel's vision is to eradicate poverty and reduce inequality, to make growth inclusive and production and consumption more sustainable, while combating climate change and respecting a range of other planetary boundaries."<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The concept was incorporated into the so-called "zero draft" of the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development</a> to be convened in Rio de Janeiro 20–22 June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> However, the use of the concept was subsequently withdrawn from the text of the conference, "partly due to concerns from some poorer countries that its adoption could lead to the sidelining of poverty reduction and economic development. It is also, say observers, because the idea is simply too new to be officially adopted, and needed to be challenged, weathered and chewed over to test its robustness before standing a chance of being internationally accepted at UN negotiations."<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 2011, at their second meeting, the High-level Panel on Global Sustainability of the United Nations had incorporated the concept of planetary boundaries into their framework, stating that their goal was: "To eradicate poverty and reduce inequality, make growth inclusive, and production and consumption more sustainable while combating climate change and respecting the range of other planetary boundaries."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_GSP_2_meeting20115-96">[96]</a> Elsewhere in their proceedings, panel members have expressed reservations about the political effectiveness of using the concept of "planetary boundaries": "Planetary boundaries are still an evolving concept that should be used with caution [...] The planetary boundaries question can be divisive as it can be perceived as a tool of the "North" to tell the "South" not to follow the resource intensive and environmentally destructive development pathway that rich countries took themselves... This language is unacceptable to most of the developing countries as they fear that an emphasis on boundaries would place unacceptable brakes on poor countries."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_Sherpa_3_meeting2011-97">[97]</a> However, the concept is routinely used in the proceedings of the United Nations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_Agenda_21-98">[98]</a> and in the UN Daily News. For example, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP) Executive Director <a href="/wiki/Achim_Steiner" title="Achim Steiner">Achim Steiner</a> states that the challenge of agriculture is to "feed a growing global population without pushing humanity's <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">footprint</a> beyond planetary boundaries."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The UNEP Yearbook 2010 also repeated Rockström's message, conceptually linking it with <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_management" title="Ecosystem management">ecosystem management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Governance_Indicators" title="Sustainable Governance Indicators">environmental governance indicators</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNEP2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-100">[100]</a> In their 2012 report entitled "Resilient People, Resilient Planet: A future worth choosing", The High-level Panel on Global Sustainability called for bold global efforts, "including launching a major global scientific initiative, to strengthen the interface between science and policy. We must define, through science, what scientists refer to as "planetary boundaries", "environmental thresholds" and "tipping points"".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_GSP_meeting201214-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Commission">European Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: European Commission">edit</a>]</div> The planetary boundaries concept is also used in proceedings by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenfield2010-103">[103]</a> and was referred to in the <a href="/wiki/European_Environment_Agency" title="European Environment Agency">European Environment Agency</a> synthesis report The European environment – state and outlook 2010.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinHenrichsothers2010-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_change" title="Global change">Global change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Human impact on the nitrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impacts_on_the_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Human impacts on the environment">Human impacts on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health" title="Planetary health">Planetary health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_planetary_crisis" title="Triple planetary crisis">Triple Planetary Crisis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:8-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonSteffenLucht2023" class="citation journal cs1">Richardson, Katherine; Steffen, Will; Lucht, 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Sustainability. 2 (8): 2424–2448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu2082424">10.3390/su2082424</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10535%2F6499">10535/6499</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050">2071-1050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Losing+the+Forest+for+the+Trees%3A+Environmental+Reductionism+in+the+Law&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2424-2448&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10535%2F6499&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu2082424&rft.aulast=Bosselmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu2082424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanetary+boundaries" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeadowsothers1972-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeadowsothers1972_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeadowsothers1972">Meadows & others 1972</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerNørgård2010-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerNørgård2010_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyerNørgård2010">Meyer & Nørgård 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_VuurenFaber2009">van Vuuren & Faber 2009</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200837-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner200837_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner2008">Turner 2008</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerNoergaard2011" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, N. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+CIRP&rft.atitle=Better+%E2%80%93+But+is+it+Good+Enough%3F+On+the+Need+to+Consider+Both+Eco-efficiency+and+Eco-effectiveness+to+Gauge+Industrial+Sustainability&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55994719%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2212-8271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.procir.2015.02.126&rft.aulast=Hauschild&rft.aufirst=Michael+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.orbit.dtu.dk%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F118946760%2FBetter_but_good_enough.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanetary+boundaries" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scidev.net/en/science-and-innovation-policy/science-at-rio-20/news/rio-20-zero-draft-accepts-planetary-boundaries-.html">Rio+20 zero draft accepts 'planetary boundaries'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331031921/http://www.scidev.net/en/science-and-innovation-policy/science-at-rio-20/news/rio-20-zero-draft-accepts-planetary-boundaries-.html">Archived</a> 31 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> SciDev.Net, 28 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sgsm14166.doc.htm">Secretary-General Highlights Key Points...</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320215723/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sgsm14166.doc.htm">Archived</a> 20 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> United Nations News, 16 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621181116/http://www.scidev.net/en/agriculture-and-environment/features/your-guide-to-science-and-technology-at-rio-20-1.html">Archived</a> 21 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> scidev.net, 12 June 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_GSP_2_meeting20115-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_GSP_2_meeting20115_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUN_GSP_2_meeting2011">UN GSP 2 meeting 2011</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_Sherpa_3_meeting2011-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_Sherpa_3_meeting2011_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUN_Sherpa_3_meeting2011">UN Sherpa 3 meeting 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_Agenda_21-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_Agenda_21_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUN_Agenda_21">UN Agenda 21</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_boundaries&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Planetary_boundaries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries/planetary-boundaries-data.html">Figures and data</a> for the updated Planetary Boundaries can be found at the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Resilience_Centre" title="Stockholm Resilience Centre">Stockholm Resilience Centre</a> website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/specials/planetaryboundaries/index.html#feature">Planetary Boundaries: Specials</a> <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, 24 September 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/talks/johan_rockstrom_let_the_environment_guide_our_development">Johan Rockstrom: Let the environment guide our development</a> <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> video, July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://initforthegold.blogspot.com/2010/09/rockstrom-on-planetary-boundaries.html">Transcript html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SieN0IrZ5wg">The Planetary Boundaries and what they mean for the Future of Humanity</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_impact_on_the_environment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template talk:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_impact_on_the_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">list of issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Impact assessment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (ethics)">Social ecology (ethics)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">animal agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cannabis_cultivation" title="Environmental impact of cannabis cultivation">cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of irrigation">irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cocoa_production" title="Environmental impact of cocoa production">cocoa production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">(US)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_bitcoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate behavior">Corporate behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">Energy industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Environmental impact of electricity generation">electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fracking_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental impact of fracking in the United States">fracking (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power" title="Environmental impact of nuclear power">nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Environmental impact of the oil shale industry">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_impact_of_explosives" title="Ecological impact of explosives">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use#Environment" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cleaning_products" title="Environmental impact of cleaning products">cleaning agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Environmental_effects" title="Plastic">plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Impact of nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paint">paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">pesticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">pharmaceuticals and personal care</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of rail">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity threats">Biodiversity threats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">runaway climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">Environmental insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater cycle">Freshwater cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss and damage">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Loss of green belts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle#Human_influences" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification#Possible_impacts" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water degradation">Water degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_engineering" title="Climate engineering">Climate engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_resilience" title="Community resilience">Community resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">Decoupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_mitigation" title="Environmental mitigation">Environmental mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitigation_banking" title="Mitigation banking">Mitigation banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environmental impact">Commons</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_source" title="Category:Environmental impact by source">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_country" title="Category:Environmental impact by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Category:Environmental impact assessment">assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_mitigation" title="Category:Environmental mitigation">mitigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Globalization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Globalization" title="Template:Globalization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Globalization" title="Template talk:Globalization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Globalization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_globalization-related_journals" title="List of globalization-related journals">Journals</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">Environmental globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workforce" title="Global workforce">Global workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics / sociology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non–academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Globalization" title="Category:Globalization">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future">Our Common Future (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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