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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mimeograph" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mimeograph" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Papyrograph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papyrograph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Papyrograph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papyrograph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_pen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_pen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Electric pen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_pen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyclostyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyclostyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Cyclostyle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyclostyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mimeography_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mimeography_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mimeography process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mimeography_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mimeography process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mimeography_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparing_stencils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparing_stencils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Preparing stencils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparing_stencils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Durability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Durability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Durability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Durability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contemporary use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses and art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ناسخة روسمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناسخة روسمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Циклостил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Циклостил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplikator" title="Duplikator – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Duplikator" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimeographie" title="Mimeographie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mimeographie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mime%C3%B3grafo" title="Mimeógrafo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mimeógrafo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimeografo" title="Mimeografo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mimeografo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimeografo" title="Mimeografo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mimeografo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mim%C3%A9ographe" title="Miméographe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Miméographe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%82%AC%EA%B8%B0" title="등사기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="등사기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Ռոտատոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոտատոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अनुलिपित्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनुलिपित्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C" title="סטנסיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטנסיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machina_mimeographica" title="Machina mimeographica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Machina mimeographica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotatorius" title="Rotatorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rotatorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A6%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81" title="میمئوگرف – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میمئوگرف" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AC%84%E5%86%99%E7%89%88" title="謄写版 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="謄写版" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stensilmaskin" title="Stensilmaskin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stensilmaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mime%C3%B3grafo" title="Mimeógrafo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mimeógrafo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98apirograf" title="Șapirograf – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șapirograf" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ротатор (полиграфия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ротатор (полиграфия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahaskopiokone" title="Vahaskopiokone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vahaskopiokone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencilapparat" title="Stencilapparat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stencilapparat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E5%8D%B0" title="油印 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="油印" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q877869#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of duplicating machine</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the stencil-based process. Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_duplicator" title="Spirit duplicator">spirit duplicator</a> which is sometimes incorrectly called a "mimeograph".</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the EP by Old 97's, see <a href="/wiki/Mimeograph_(EP)" title="Mimeograph (EP)">Mimeograph (EP)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mimeograph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mimeograph.svg/250px-Mimeograph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mimeograph.svg/375px-Mimeograph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mimeograph.svg/500px-Mimeograph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a typical mimeograph machine</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg/220px-Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg/330px-Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg/440px-Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="955" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">200</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1040</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">Intaglio (printmaking)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1430</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">Printing press</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1440</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">Etching</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1515</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">Mezzotint</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1642</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Relief_printing" title="Relief printing">Relief printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1690</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Aquatint" title="Aquatint">Aquatint</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1772</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">Lithography</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1796</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Chromolithography" title="Chromolithography">Chromolithography</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1837</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Rotary_printing_press" title="Rotary printing press">Rotary press</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1843</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Hectograph" title="Hectograph">Hectograph</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1860</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">Offset printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1875</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Hot_metal_typesetting" title="Hot metal typesetting">Hot metal typesetting</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1884</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mimeograph</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1885</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Daisy_wheel_printing" title="Daisy wheel printing">Daisy wheel printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1889</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Photostat_machine" title="Photostat machine">Photostat and rectigraph</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1907</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">Screen printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1911</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_duplicator" title="Spirit duplicator">Spirit duplicator</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1923</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Dot_matrix_printing" title="Dot matrix printing">Dot matrix printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1925</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Xerography" title="Xerography">Xerography</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1938</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Spark_printing" title="Spark printing">Spark printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">Phototypesetting</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1949</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printing" title="Inkjet printing">Inkjet printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1950</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Dye-sublimation_printing" title="Dye-sublimation printing">Dye-sublimation</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1957</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Laser_printing" title="Laser printing">Laser printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_printing" title="Thermal printing">Thermal printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1972</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Solid_ink" title="Solid ink">Solid ink printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1972</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Thermal-transfer_printing" title="Thermal-transfer printing">Thermal-transfer printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1981</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1986</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Digital_printing" title="Digital printing">Digital printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1991</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_printing" title="Template:History of printing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_printing" title="Template talk:History of printing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_printing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of printing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>mimeograph machine</b> (often abbreviated to <b>mimeo</b>, sometimes called a <b>stencil duplicator</b> or <b>stencil machine</b>) was a low-cost <a href="/wiki/Duplicating_machines" title="Duplicating machines">duplicating machine</a> that worked by forcing ink through a <a href="/wiki/Stencil" title="Stencil">stencil</a> onto paper.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was called <b>mimeography</b>, and a copy made by the process was a <b>mimeograph</b>. </p><p>Mimeographs, along with <a href="/wiki/Spirit_duplicator" title="Spirit duplicator">spirit duplicators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hectograph" title="Hectograph">hectographs</a>, were common technologies for printing small quantities of a document, as in office work, classroom materials, and church bulletins. For even smaller quantities, up to about five, a <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typist</a> would use <a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">carbon paper</a>. Early <a href="/wiki/Fanzines" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanzines">fanzines</a> were printed by mimeograph because the machines and supplies were widely available and inexpensive. Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing into the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Photocopying" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocopying">photocopying</a> gradually displaced mimeographs, spirit duplicators, and hectographs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimeograph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Use of <a href="/wiki/Stencil" title="Stencil">stencils</a> is an ancient art, but – through chemistry, papers, and presses – techniques advanced rapidly in the late nineteenth century: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papyrograph">Papyrograph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimeograph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Papyrograph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A description of the Papyrograph method of duplication was published by David Owen:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>A major beneficiary of the invention of synthetic dyes was a document reproduction technique known as stencil duplicating. Its earliest form was invented in 1874 by Eugenio de Zuccato, a young Italian studying law in London, who called his device the Papyrograph. Zuccato's system involved writing on a sheet of varnished paper with caustic ink, which ate through the varnish and paper fibers, leaving holes where the writing had been. This sheet – which had now become a stencil – was placed on a blank sheet of paper, and ink rolled over it so that the ink oozed through the holes, creating a duplicate on the second sheet.</p></blockquote> <p>The process was commercialized<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Zuccato applied for a patent in 1895 having stencils prepared by typewriting.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_pen">Electric pen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimeograph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electric pen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_pen" title="Electric pen">Electric pen</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> received US patent 180,857 for Autographic Printing on August 8, 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patent covered the electric pen, used for making the stencil, and the flatbed duplicating press. In 1880, Edison obtained a further patent, US 224,665: "Method of Preparing Autographic Stencils for Printing," which covered the making of stencils using a file plate, a grooved metal plate on which the stencil was placed which perforated the stencil when written on with a blunt metal stylus.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>mimeograph</i> was first used by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Blake_Dick" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Blake Dick">Albert Blake Dick</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he licensed Edison's patents in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dick received <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">Trademark</a> Registration no. 0356815 for the term <i>mimeograph</i> in the US Patent Office. It is currently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2022)">as of?</span></a></i>]</sup> listed as a dead entry, but shows the <a href="/wiki/A.B._Dick_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="A.B. Dick Company">A.B. Dick Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> as the owner of the name. </p><p>Over time, the term became generic and is now an example of a <a href="/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">genericized trademark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Roneograph</i>, also <i>Roneo machine</i>, was another trademark used for mimeograph machines, the name being a contraction of <i>Rotary Neostyle</i>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyclostyle">Cyclostyle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimeograph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cyclostyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cyclostyle_(copier)" title="Cyclostyle (copier)">Cyclostyle (copier)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stencil_machine_with_its_last_paper_in,_Hendrik_Conscience_Heritage_Library,_Antwerp,_Belgium,_2016-07-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stencil_machine_with_its_last_paper_in%2C_Hendrik_Conscience_Heritage_Library%2C_Antwerp%2C_Belgium%2C_2016-07-26.jpg/220px-Stencil_machine_with_its_last_paper_in%2C_Hendrik_Conscience_Heritage_Library%2C_Antwerp%2C_Belgium%2C_2016-07-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stencil_machine_with_its_last_paper_in%2C_Hendrik_Conscience_Heritage_Library%2C_Antwerp%2C_Belgium%2C_2016-07-26.jpg/330px-Stencil_machine_with_its_last_paper_in%2C_Hendrik_Conscience_Heritage_Library%2C_Antwerp%2C_Belgium%2C_2016-07-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stencil_machine_with_its_last_paper_in%2C_Hendrik_Conscience_Heritage_Library%2C_Antwerp%2C_Belgium%2C_2016-07-26.jpg/440px-Stencil_machine_with_its_last_paper_in%2C_Hendrik_Conscience_Heritage_Library%2C_Antwerp%2C_Belgium%2C_2016-07-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>A Rotary Cyclostyle No. 6 duplicating press.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1891, <a href="/wiki/David_Gestetner" title="David Gestetner">David Gestetner</a> patented his Automatic Cyclostyle. This was one of the first rotary machines that retained the flatbed, which passed back and forth under inked rollers. This invention provided for more automated, faster reproductions since the pages were produced and moved by rollers instead of pressing one single sheet at a time. </p><p>By 1900, two primary types of mimeographs had come into use: a single-drum machine and a dual-drum machine. The single-drum machine used a single drum for ink transfer to the stencil, and the dual-drum machine used two drums and silk-screens to transfer the ink to the stencils. The single drum (example Roneo) machine could be easily used for multi-color work by changing the drum – each of which contained ink of a different color. This was spot color for mastheads. Colors could not be mixed. </p><p>The mimeograph became popular because it was much cheaper than traditional print – there was neither <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a> nor skilled labor involved. One individual with a <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a> and the necessary equipment became their own printing factory, allowing for greater circulation of printed material. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1889_Edison_Mimeograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Advertisement from 1889 for the Edison Mimeograph"><img alt="Advertisement from 1889 for the Edison Mimeograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/1889_Edison_Mimeograph.jpg/230px-1889_Edison_Mimeograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/1889_Edison_Mimeograph.jpg/345px-1889_Edison_Mimeograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/1889_Edison_Mimeograph.jpg/460px-1889_Edison_Mimeograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="441" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Advertisement from 1889 for the Edison Mimeograph</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison%27s*_mimeograph_box.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A wooden Edison's mimeograph size 12""><img alt="A wooden Edison's mimeograph size 12"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Edison%27s%2A_mimeograph_box.jpg/127px-Edison%27s%2A_mimeograph_box.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Edison%27s%2A_mimeograph_box.jpg/191px-Edison%27s%2A_mimeograph_box.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Edison%27s%2A_mimeograph_box.jpg/255px-Edison%27s%2A_mimeograph_box.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wooden Edison's mimeograph size 12"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mimeograph,_1918.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1918 illustration of a mimeograph machine"><img alt="1918 illustration of a mimeograph machine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mimeograph%2C_1918.png/230px-Mimeograph%2C_1918.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mimeograph%2C_1918.png/345px-Mimeograph%2C_1918.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mimeograph%2C_1918.png/460px-Mimeograph%2C_1918.png 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1918 illustration of a mimeograph machine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mimeograph_-_The_National_Duplicator.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jackson & O'Sullivan's "The National" Duplicator. Produced in Brisbane, Queensland during World War II."><img alt="Jackson & O'Sullivan's "The National" Duplicator. Produced in Brisbane, Queensland during World War II." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mimeograph_-_The_National_Duplicator.JPG/230px-Mimeograph_-_The_National_Duplicator.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mimeograph_-_The_National_Duplicator.JPG/345px-Mimeograph_-_The_National_Duplicator.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mimeograph_-_The_National_Duplicator.JPG/460px-Mimeograph_-_The_National_Duplicator.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2410" data-file-height="1610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jackson & O'Sullivan's "The National" Duplicator. Produced in Brisbane, Queensland during World War II.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Resistance_mimeograph_machines.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mimeograph machines used by the Belgian resistance during World War II to produce underground newspapers and pamphlets"><img alt="Mimeograph machines used by the Belgian resistance during World War II to produce underground newspapers and pamphlets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Resistance_mimeograph_machines.JPG/227px-Resistance_mimeograph_machines.JPG" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Resistance_mimeograph_machines.JPG/341px-Resistance_mimeograph_machines.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Resistance_mimeograph_machines.JPG/454px-Resistance_mimeograph_machines.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2811" data-file-height="2106" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mimeograph machines used by the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian resistance">Belgian resistance</a> during World War II to produce underground newspapers and pamphlets</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mimeography_process">Mimeography process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimeograph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mimeography process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The image transfer medium was originally a stencil made from <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxed</a> <a href="/wiki/Rice_paper#Mulberry_paper" title="Rice paper">mulberry paper</a>. Later this became an immersion-coated long-fiber paper, with the coating being a plasticized <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrocellulose</a>. This flexible waxed or coated sheet is backed by a sheet of stiff card stock, with the two sheets bound at the top. </p><p>Once prepared, the stencil is wrapped around the ink-filled drum of the rotary machine. When a blank sheet of paper is drawn between the rotating drum and a pressure roller, ink is forced through the holes on the stencil onto the paper. Early flatbed machines used a kind of <a href="/wiki/Squeegee" title="Squeegee">squeegee</a>. </p><p>The ink originally had a <a href="/wiki/Lanolin" title="Lanolin">lanolin</a> base<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later became an oil in water emulsion. This emulsion commonly uses turkey-red oil (sulfated <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">castor oil</a>) which gives it a distinctive and heavy scent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparing_stencils">Preparing stencils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimeograph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Preparing stencils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One uses a regular typewriter, with a stencil setting, to create a stencil. The operator loads a stencil assemblage into the typewriter like paper and uses a switch on the typewriter to put it in stencil mode. In this mode, the part of the mechanism which lifts the <a href="/wiki/Typewriter_ribbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Typewriter ribbon">ribbon</a> between the type element and the paper is disabled so that the bare, sharp type element strikes the stencil directly. The impact of the type element displaces the coating, making the tissue paper permeable to the <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">oil</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a>. This is called "cutting a stencil".<sup id="cite_ref-MimeoTypewriter_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MimeoTypewriter-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variety of specialized <a href="/wiki/Styluses" class="mw-redirect" title="Styluses">styluses</a> were used on the stencil to render lettering, illustrations, or other artistic features by hand against a textured plastic backing plate.<sup id="cite_ref-MimeoHand_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MimeoHand-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mistakes were corrected by brushing them out with a specially formulated <a href="/wiki/Correction_fluid" title="Correction fluid">correction fluid</a>, and retyping once it has dried. (Obliterine was a popular brand of correction fluid in Australia and the United Kingdom.)<sup id="cite_ref-MimeoCorrect_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MimeoCorrect-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stencils were also made with a thermal process, an infrared method similar to that used by early photocopiers. The common machine was a <a href="/wiki/Thermofax" title="Thermofax">Thermofax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another device, called an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrostencil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrostencil (page does not exist)">electrostencil</a> machine, sometimes was used to make mimeo stencils from a typed or printed original. It worked by scanning the original on a rotating drum with a moving optical head and burning through the blank stencil with an <a href="/wiki/Electric_spark" title="Electric spark">electric spark</a> in the places where the optical head detected ink. It was slow and produced <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>. Text from electrostencils had lower resolution than that from typed stencils, although the process was good for reproducing illustrations. A skilled mimeo operator using an electrostencil and a very coarse <a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftone</a> screen could make acceptable printed copies of a photograph. </p><p>During the declining years of the mimeograph, some people made stencils with early computers and <a href="/wiki/Dot_matrix_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot matrix printer">dot-matrix impact printers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MimeoDotMatrix_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MimeoDotMatrix-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations">Limitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimeograph&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike spirit duplicators (where the only ink available is depleted from the master image), mimeograph technology works by forcing a replenishable supply of ink through the stencil master. In theory, the mimeography process could be continued indefinitely, especially if a durable stencil master were used (e.g. a thin metal foil). In practice, most low-cost mimeo stencils gradually wear out over the course of producing several hundred copies. Typically the stencil deteriorates gradually, producing a characteristic degraded image quality until the stencil tears, abruptly ending the print run. If further copies are desired at this point, another stencil must be made. </p><p>Often, the stencil material covering the interiors of closed <a href="/wiki/Letterform" title="Letterform">letterforms</a> (e.g. <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>g</i>, etc.) would fall away during continued printing, causing ink-filled letters in the copies. The stencil would gradually stretch, starting near the top where the mechanical forces were greatest, causing a characteristic "mid-line sag" in the textual lines of the copies, that would progress until the stencil failed completely. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gestetner" title="Gestetner">Gestetner</a> Company (and others) devised various methods to make mimeo stencils more durable.<sup id="cite_ref-DupStencil_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DupStencil-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to spirit duplication, mimeography produced a darker, more legible image. Spirit duplicated images were usually tinted a light purple or lavender, which gradually became lighter over the course of some dozens of copies. Mimeography was often considered "the next step up" in quality, capable of producing hundreds of copies. Print runs beyond that level were usually produced by professional printers or, as the technology became available, <a href="/wiki/Xerography" title="Xerography">xerographic copiers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Durability">Durability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimeograph&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Durability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mimeographed images generally have much better durability than spirit-duplicated images, since the inks are more resistant to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>. The primary preservation challenge is the low-quality paper often used, which would yellow and degrade due to <a href="/wiki/Slow_fire" title="Slow fire">residual acid</a> in the treated pulp from which the paper was made. In the worst case, old copies can crumble into small particles when handled. Mimeographed copies have moderate durability when <a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">acid-free paper</a> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_use">Contemporary use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimeograph&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gestetner" title="Gestetner">Gestetner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risograph" title="Risograph">Risograph</a>, and other companies still make and sell highly automated mimeograph-like machines that are externally similar to photocopiers. The modern version of a mimeograph, called a <a href="/wiki/Digital_duplicator" title="Digital duplicator">digital duplicator</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Copyprinter" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyprinter">copyprinter</a>, contains a <a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">scanner</a>, a thermal head for stencil cutting, and a large roll of stencil material entirely inside the unit. The stencil material consists of a very thin polymer film laminated to a long-fiber non-woven tissue. It makes the stencils and mounts and unmounts them from the print drum automatically, making it almost as easy to operate as a photocopier. The Risograph is the best known of these machines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although mimeographs remain more economical and energy-efficient in mid-range quantities, easier-to-use photocopying and offset printing have replaced mimeography almost entirely in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Mimeography continues to be used in some <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> because it is a simple, cheap, and robust technology. Many mimeographs can be hand-cranked, requiring no electricity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_and_art">Uses and art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimeograph&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Uses and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mimeographs and the closely related but distinctly different spirit duplicator process were both used extensively in schools to copy homework assignments and tests. They were also commonly used for low-budget amateur <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a>, including club newsletters and church bulletins. They were especially popular with <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> fans, who used them extensively in the production of <a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">fanzines</a> in the middle 20th century, before photocopying became inexpensive. </p><p>Letters and typographical symbols were sometimes used to create illustrations, in a precursor to <a href="/wiki/ASCII_art" title="ASCII art">ASCII art</a>. Because changing ink color in a mimeograph could be a laborious process, involving extensively cleaning the machine or, on newer models, replacing the drum or rollers, and then running the paper through the machine a second time, some fanzine publishers experimented with techniques for painting several colors on the pad.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, mimeographs were used by many resistance groups during <a href="/wiki/World_War_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="World War Two">World War Two</a> as a way to print illegal newspapers and publications in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimeograph&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duplicating_machines" title="Duplicating machines">Duplicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Gocco">Gocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_duplicating_processes" title="List of duplicating processes">List of duplicating processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimeoscope" title="Mimeoscope">Mimeoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimeo_Revolution" title="Mimeo Revolution">Mimeo Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_duplicator" title="Spirit duplicator">Spirit duplicator</a> (also known as a "Rexograph" or "Ditto machine" in the US or a "Banda machine" in the UK)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimeograph&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mimeograph">"Definition of MIMEOGRAPH"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+MIMEOGRAPH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmimeograph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimeograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QbFobeCexgsC&pg=PA42"><i>Copies in Seconds</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5117-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5117-2"><bdi>0-7432-5117-2</bdi></a> – via Google book preview.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copies+in+Seconds&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5117-2&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQbFobeCexgsC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimeograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1878: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tuLgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA390">Library Journal 3:390</a> Advertisement via Google Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.officemuseum.com/copy_machines.htm">Antique Copying Machines</a> from Office Museum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugenic de Zuccato (1895) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US548116">Patent US548116</a> Improvement for stencils from typewriting</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFEdison1876"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edison.rutgers.edu/images/patents/00180857.PDF">US 180857</a>, Edison, Thomas A., "Improvement in autographic printing", issued 1876-08-08</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=180857&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Improvement+in+autographic+printing&rft.inventor=Edison&rft.date=1876-08-08&rft.appldate=1876-03-13"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFEdison1880"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edison.rutgers.edu/images/patents/00224665.PDF">US 224665</a>, Edison, Thomas A., "Method of Preparing Autographic Stencils for Printing", issued 1880-02-17</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=224665&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Method+of+Preparing+Autographic+Stencils+for+Printing&rft.inventor=Edison&rft.date=1880-02-17&rft.appldate=1870-03-17"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick_(A.B.)_Co" class="citation web cs1">Dick (A.B.) Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edisondigital.rutgers.edu/document/CA035A">"Circular Edison Mimeograph"</a>. <i>Thomas A. Edison Papers at Rutgers University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas+A.+Edison+Papers+at+Rutgers+University&rft.atitle=Circular+Edison+Mimeograph&rft.au=Dick+%28A.B.%29+Co&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedisondigital.rutgers.edu%2Fdocument%2FCA035A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimeograph" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick_(A.B.)_Co" class="citation web cs1">Dick (A.B.) Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edisondigital.rutgers.edu/document/LB024149">"Agreement, Thomas Alva Edison, Dick (A.B.) Co"</a>. <i>Thomas A. Edison Papers at Rutgers University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas+A.+Edison+Papers+at+Rutgers+University&rft.atitle=Agreement%2C+Thomas+Alva+Edison%2C+Dick+%28A.B.%29+Co&rft.au=Dick+%28A.B.%29+Co&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedisondigital.rutgers.edu%2Fdocument%2FLB024149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimeograph" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908113755/http://www.bartleby.com/61/68/M0306800.html">"mimeograph. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/68/M0306800.html">the original</a> on September 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=mimeograph.+The+American+Heritage%C2%AE+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%3A+Fourth+Edition.+2000.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2F68%2FM0306800.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimeograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chem.5677567.com/formula/mimeograph-ink-vehicle-formula.html">Mimeograph Ink Vehicle Formula</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709153405/http://chem.5677567.com/formula/mimeograph-ink-vehicle-formula.html">Archived</a> 2012-07-09 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> Chemical Industry</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MimeoTypewriter-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MimeoTypewriter_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121016144524/http://www.sil.org/lingualinks/literacy/implementaliteracyprogram/howtoprepareamimeographstencil2.htm">"How to prepare a mimeograph stencil by using a typewriter"</a>. <i>LinguaLinks Library</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LinguaLinks+Library&rft.atitle=How+to+prepare+a+mimeograph+stencil+by+using+a+dot+matrix+printer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Flingualinks%2Fliteracy%2Fimplementaliteracyprogram%2Fhowtoprepareamimeographstencil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimeograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DupStencil-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DupStencil_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130421191131/http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/4535690/description.html">"Duplicating stencil"</a>. <i>Patentstorm</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/4535690/description.html">the original</a> on April 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patentstorm&rft.atitle=Duplicating+stencil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patentstorm.us%2Fpatents%2F4535690%2Fdescription.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimeograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5270099A/en">US 5270099</a>, "Thermal mimeograph paper", issued 1990-12-21</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5270099&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Thermal+mimeograph+paper&rft.date=1990-12-21"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich_Brown2006" class="citation web cs1">Rich Brown (June 26, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fanac.org/Fannish_Reference_Works/Fan_terms/Fan_terms-09.html#023">"Dr. Gafia's Fan Terms – VICOLOR"</a>. <i>The FANAC Fan History Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+FANAC+Fan+History+Project&rft.atitle=Dr.+Gafia%27s+Fan+Terms+%E2%80%93+VICOLOR&rft.date=2006-06-26&rft.au=Rich+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fanac.org%2FFannish_Reference_Works%2FFan_terms%2FFan_terms-09.html%23023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMimeograph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone, Harry (1996). <i>Writing in the Shadow: Resistance Publications in Occupied Europe</i> (1st ed.). London: Cass. ISBN 0-7146-3424-7.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimeograph&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hutchison, Howard. <i>Mimeograph: Operation Maintenance and Repair</i>. Blue Ridge Summit: Tab Books, 1979. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimeograph&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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