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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormand_x%C9%99st%C9%99liyi" title="Ormand xəstəliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ormand xəstəliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitonealfibrose" title="Retroperitonealfibrose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Retroperitonealfibrose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrosis_retroperitoneal" title="Fibrosis retroperitoneal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fibrosis retroperitoneal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrose_r%C3%A9trop%C3%A9riton%C3%A9ale" title="Fibrose rétropéritonéale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fibrose rétropéritonéale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrosi_retroperitoneale" title="Fibrosi retroperitoneale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fibrosi retroperitoneale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroba_Ormonda" title="Choroba Ormonda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Choroba Ormonda" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Retroperitoneal fibrosis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Ormond's disease</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rheumatology, vascular surgery, urology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">male sex, age<sup id="cite_ref-vanbommel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanbommel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Retroperitoneal fibrosis</b> or <b>Ormond's disease</b> is a disease featuring the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous tissue">fibrous tissue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fibrosis" title="Fibrosis">fibrosis</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroperitoneum">retroperitoneum</a>, the compartment of the body containing the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal tract">renal tract</a>, and various other structures. It may present with <a href="/wiki/Lower_back_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower back pain">lower back pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a>, and other obstructive symptoms. It is named after <a href="/wiki/John_Kelso_Ormond" title="John Kelso Ormond">John Kelso Ormond</a>, who rediscovered the condition in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroperitoneal_fibrosis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The association of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis with various immune-related conditions and response to <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppression</a> led to a search for an <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune disorder">autoimmune</a> cause of idiopathic RPF.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16427494_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16427494-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these previously idiopathic cases can now be attributed to <a href="/wiki/IgG4-related_disease" title="IgG4-related disease">IgG4-related disease</a>, an autoimmune disorder proposed in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lian_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, one-third of cases are secondary to <a href="/wiki/Malignancy" title="Malignancy">malignancy</a>, medication (<a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydralazine" title="Hydralazine">hydralazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a>), prior <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>, or certain infections.<sup id="cite_ref-vanbommel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanbommel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lian_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, emerging evidence suggests that occupational exposure to asbestos and tobacco smoking are also strong, synergistic risk factors for the development of idiopathic RPF, underscoring the importance of preventative measures in high risk populations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other associations include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_disease" title="Connective tissue disease">connective tissue disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-biyani2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biyani2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riedel%27s_thyroiditis" title="Riedel's thyroiditis">Riedel's thyroiditis</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerosing_cholangitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerosing cholangitis">sclerosing cholangitis</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membranous_nephropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Membranous nephropathy">membranous nephropathy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vaglio_2016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaglio_2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">ankylosing spondylitis</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-biyani2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biyani2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANCA-associated_vasculitis" class="mw-redirect" title="ANCA-associated vasculitis">ANCA-associated vasculitis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vaglio_2016_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaglio_2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_pancreatitis" title="Autoimmune pancreatitis">autoimmune pancreatitis</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_biliary_cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary biliary cirrhosis">primary biliary cirrhosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_aortic_aneurysm" title="Inflammatory aortic aneurysm">inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroperitoneal_fibrosis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diagnosis of retroperitoneal fibrosis cannot be made on the basis of the results of laboratory studies. CT is the best diagnostic modality:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a confluent mass surrounding the aorta<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16427494_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16427494-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and common iliac arteries can be seen. On MRI, it has low T1 signal intensity and variable T2 signal. Malignant retroperitoneal fibrosis usually gives uneven MRI signals, is bulky, extends above the origins of renal arteries, or displaces the aorta anteriorly. Additionally, malignant retroperitoneal fibrosis less frequently displaces the ureters medially when compared to other causes of retroperitoneal fibrosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaglio_2016_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaglio_2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Fludeoxyglucose_(18F)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fludeoxyglucose (18F)">fludeoxyglucose (18F)</a> (FDG) <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> (PET) scan, FDG accumulation is shown in the affected area.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaglio_2016_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaglio_2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although biopsy is not usually recommended, it is appropriate when malignancy or infection is suspected. Biopsy should also be done if the location of fibrosis is atypical or if there is an inadequate response to initial treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16427494_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16427494-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroperitoneal_fibrosis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the absence of severe urinary tract obstruction (which generally requires <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> with omental wrapping), treatment is generally with <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoids</a> initially, followed by <a href="/wiki/DMARD" class="mw-redirect" title="DMARD">DMARDs</a> either as steroid-sparing agents or if refractory on steroids.<sup id="cite_ref-vanbommel_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanbommel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glucocorticoids act as anti-inflammatory agents, diminishing the size of the retroperitoneal mass and alleviating obstructions and associated complications; this is achieved through the suppression of cytokine synthesis that contributes to the acute-phase reaction, and by impeding the development of collagen.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">selective estrogen receptor modulator</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">tamoxifen</a> has shown to improve the condition in various small trials, although the exact mechanism of its action remains unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retroperitoneal_fibrosis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vanbommel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanbommel_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanbommel_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanbommel_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFvan_Bommel_EF2002" class="citation journal cs1">van Bommel EF (July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njmonline.nl/getpdf.php?t=i&id=28">"Retroperitoneal fibrosis"</a>. <i>Neth J Med</i>. <b>60</b> (6): 231–42. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12365466">12365466</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neth+J+Med&rft.atitle=Retroperitoneal+fibrosis&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=231-42&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12365466&rft.au=van+Bommel+EF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njmonline.nl%2Fgetpdf.php%3Ft%3Di%26id%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetroperitoneal+fibrosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1712.html">Albarran-Ormond syndrome</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Who_Named_It%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Who Named It?">Who Named It?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmond_JK1948" class="citation journal cs1">Ormond JK (1948). "Bilateral ureteral obstruction due to envelopment and compression by an inflammatory retroperitoneal process". <i>J. Urol</i>. <b>59</b> (6): 1072–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0022-5347%2817%2969482-5">10.1016/s0022-5347(17)69482-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18858051">18858051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Urol.&rft.atitle=Bilateral+ureteral+obstruction+due+to+envelopment+and+compression+by+an+inflammatory+retroperitoneal+process&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1072-9&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0022-5347%2817%2969482-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18858051&rft.au=Ormond+JK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARetroperitoneal+fibrosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmond_JK1965" class="citation journal cs1">Ormond JK (October 1965). 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1600050" class="extiw" title="d:Q1600050">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/K66.2">K66.2</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=593.4">593.4</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012185">D012185</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb11445.htm">11445</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000463.htm">000463</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/radio/605-overview">radio/605</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3664.htm#">med/3664</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_urinary_tract" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urinary_tract_disease" title="Template:Urinary tract disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urinary_tract_disease" title="Template talk:Urinary tract disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urinary_tract_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urinary tract disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_urinary_tract" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract">urinary tract</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ureteritis" title="Ureteritis">Ureteritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureterocele" title="Ureterocele">Ureterocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaureter" title="Megaureter">Megaureter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureteric_stricture" title="Ureteric stricture">Ureteric stricture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder_disease" title="Urinary bladder disease">Bladder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Cystitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_cystitis" title="Interstitial cystitis">Interstitial cystitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunner%27s_ulcer" title="Hunner's ulcer">Hunner's ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonitis" title="Trigonitis">Trigonitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhagic_cystitis" title="Hemorrhagic cystitis">Hemorrhagic cystitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenic_bladder_dysfunction" title="Neurogenic bladder dysfunction">Neurogenic bladder dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladder_sphincter_dyssynergia" title="Bladder sphincter dyssynergia">Bladder sphincter dyssynergia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesicointestinal_fistula" title="Vesicointestinal fistula">Vesicointestinal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesicoureteral_reflux" title="Vesicoureteral reflux">Vesicoureteral reflux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urethritis" title="Urethritis">Urethritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-gonococcal_urethritis" title="Non-gonococcal urethritis">Non-gonococcal urethritis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_syndrome" title="Urethral syndrome">Urethral syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_stricture" title="Urethral stricture">Urethral stricture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatal_stenosis" title="Meatal stenosis">Meatal stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_caruncle" title="Urethral caruncle">Urethral caruncle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Any/all</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urologic_chronic_pelvic_pain_syndrome" title="Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome">Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_uropathy" title="Obstructive uropathy">Obstructive uropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Retroperitoneal fibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urolithiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Urolithiasis">Urolithiasis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bladder_stone" title="Bladder stone">Bladder stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stone">Kidney stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_colic" title="Renal colic">Renal colic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakoplakia" title="Malakoplakia">Malakoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Urinary incontinence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stress_incontinence" title="Stress incontinence">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overactive_bladder" title="Overactive bladder">Urge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_incontinence" title="Overflow incontinence">Overflow</a></li></ul></li></ul> 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