CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sarcoidosis - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2ce03703-7830-46ed-b033-40ad9e05a504","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sarcoidosis","wgTitle":"Sarcoidosis","wgCurRevisionId":1261922718,"wgRevisionId":1261922718,"wgArticleId":287299,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020","Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate","Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate","Ailments of unknown cause","Lung disorders","Abdominal pain","Monocyte- and macrophage-related cutaneous conditions","Autoimmune diseases","Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions" ],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sarcoidosis","wgRelevantArticleId":287299,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q193894","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Chest_X-ray_of_sarcoidosis_nodules.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1104"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chest_X-ray_of_sarcoidosis_nodules.png/800px-Chest_X-ray_of_sarcoidosis_nodules.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="736"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chest_X-ray_of_sarcoidosis_nodules.png/640px-Chest_X-ray_of_sarcoidosis_nodules.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="589"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sarcoidosis - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sarcoidosis rootpage-Sarcoidosis skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sarcoidosis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sarcoidosis" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sarcoidosis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sarcoidosis" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Signs and symptoms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Signs and symptoms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Respiratory_tract" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_tract"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Respiratory tract </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_tract-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Skin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Heart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Eye </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Nervous system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endocrine_and_exocrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endocrine_and_exocrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Endocrine and exocrine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endocrine_and_exocrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gastrointestinal_and_genitourinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastrointestinal_and_genitourinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Gastrointestinal and genitourinary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastrointestinal_and_genitourinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Blood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone,_joints,_and_muscles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone,_joints,_and_muscles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Bone, joints, and muscles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone,_joints,_and_muscles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Cause </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cause-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cause subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infectious_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infectious_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Infectious agents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infectious_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autoimmune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autoimmune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Autoimmune </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autoimmune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pathophysiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pathophysiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Histopathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histopathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Histopathology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histopathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Treatment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treatment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antimetabolites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antimetabolites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Antimetabolites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antimetabolites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immunosuppressants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immunosuppressants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Immunosuppressants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immunosuppressants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_organ_treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_organ_treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Specific organ treatments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_organ_treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Symptoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Prognosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Society and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Pregnancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sarcoidosis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" > 50 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF)" title="غرناوية (ساركويد) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غرناوية (ساركويد)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidoz" title="Sarkoidoz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sarkoidoz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="سارکویدوسیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سارکویدوسیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidoza" title="Sarkoidoza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sarkoidoza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarco%C3%AFdosi" title="Sarcoïdosi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sarcoïdosi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoid%C3%B3za" title="Sarkoidóza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sarkoidóza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidose" title="Sarkoidose – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sarkoidose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidose" title="Sarkoidose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sarkoidose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidoos" title="Sarkoidoos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sarkoidoos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Σαρκοείδωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαρκοείδωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sarcoidosis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidozo" title="Sarkoidozo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sarkoidozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidosi" title="Sarkoidosi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sarkoidosi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="سارکوئیدوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سارکوئیدوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarco%C3%AFdose" title="Sarcoïdose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sarcoïdose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidose" title="Sarcoidose – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sarcoidose" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EC%A6%9D" title="사르코이드증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사르코이드증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%A6" title="Սարկոիդոզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սարկոիդոզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="सारकॉइडोसिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सारकॉइडोसिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidoza" title="Sarkoidoza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sarkoidoza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidosis" title="Sarkoidosis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sarkoidosis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosi" title="Sarcoidosi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sarcoidosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A1" title="סרקואידוזיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרקואידוזיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸಾರ್ಕೊಯಿಡೋಸಿಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾರ್ಕೊಯಿಡೋಸಿಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Саркоидоз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саркоидоз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakoydosis" title="Sakoydosis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sakoydosis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sarcoidosis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidos" title="Sarkoidos – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sarkoidos" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidose" title="Sarcoidose – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sarcoidose" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidosis" title="Sarkoidosis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sarkoidosis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarco%C3%AFdose" title="Sarcoïdose – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sarcoïdose" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9" title="サルコイドーシス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サルコイドーシス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidose" title="Sarkoidose – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sarkoidose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidose" title="Sarkoidose – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sarkoidose" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D" title="ସାର୍କଏଡୋସିସ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାର୍କଏଡୋସିସ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkaidoz" title="Sarkaidoz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sarkaidoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidoza" title="Sarkoidoza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sarkoidoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidose" title="Sarcoidose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sarcoidose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Саркоидоз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саркоидоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidoza" title="Sarkoidoza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sarkoidoza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sarcoidosis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidoza" title="Sarkoidoza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sarkoidoza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Саркоидоза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Саркоидоза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidoza" title="Sarkoidoza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sarkoidoza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidoosi" title="Sarkoidoosi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sarkoidoosi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidos" title="Sarkoidos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sarkoidos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Саркоидоз – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Саркоидоз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkoidoz" title="Sarkoidoz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sarkoidoz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Саркоїдоз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саркоїдоз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E8%8A%82%E7%97%85" title="结节病 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="结节病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193894#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sarcoidosis" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sarcoidosis" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sarcoidosis" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&oldid=1261922718" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sarcoidosis&id=1261922718&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSarcoidosis">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSarcoidosis">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sarcoidosis&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sarcoidosis" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193894" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Abnormal formation of clumps of inflammatory cells (granulomata)</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Sarcoidosis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Sarcoïdosis, sarcoid, Besnier–Boeck–Schaumann disease<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Chest_X-ray_of_sarcoidosis_nodules.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chest_X-ray_of_sarcoidosis_nodules.png/220px-Chest_X-ray_of_sarcoidosis_nodules.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chest_X-ray_of_sarcoidosis_nodules.png/330px-Chest_X-ray_of_sarcoidosis_nodules.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chest_X-ray_of_sarcoidosis_nodules.png/440px-Chest_X-ray_of_sarcoidosis_nodules.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1017" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Chest X-ray showing the typical nodularity of sarcoidosis, predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Root_of_the_lung" title="Root of the lung">hila</a> of the lungs.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>sar-koy-DOH-sis </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Depends on the organ involved<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013What-2">[2]</a></li><li>Lungs: <a href="/wiki/Wheezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheezing">wheezing</a>, cough, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, chest pain<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013Sym-3">[3]</a></li><li>Skin: lumps, ulcers, discolored skin<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013Sym-3">[3]</a></li><li>Children: weight loss, bone pain, feeling tired<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013Sym-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">20–50 years old More common in women<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013Risk-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Few years to long term<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013What-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wj2015-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013What-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Family history<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013Risk-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms and <a href="/wiki/Tissue_biopsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue biopsy">tissue biopsy</a><a href="#cite_note-Gov2015-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">infectious mononucleosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_eosinophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary eosinophilia">pulmonary eosinophilia</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a><a href="#cite_note-Dr2014-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jud2016-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mortality 1–7%<a href="#cite_note-Wj2015-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">1.9 million with <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease" title="Interstitial lung disease">interstitial lung disease</a> (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">122,000 with interstitial lung disease (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-11">[11]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sarcoidosis (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌsɑːrkɔɪˈdoʊsɪs/</a>; also known as Besnier–Boeck–Schaumann disease) is a disease involving abnormal collections of <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">inflammatory cells</a> that form lumps known as <a href="/wiki/Granulomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulomata">granulomata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013What-2">[2]</a> The disease usually begins in the <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph nodes">lymph nodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013What-2">[2]</a> Less commonly affected are the eyes, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, heart, and <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>, though any <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> can be affected.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013What-2">[2]</a> The signs and symptoms depend on the organ involved.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013What-2">[2]</a> Often, no symptoms or only mild symptoms are seen.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013What-2">[2]</a> When it affects the lungs, <a href="/wiki/Wheezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheezing">wheezing</a>, coughing, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, or chest pain may occur.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013Sym-3">[3]</a> Some may have <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6fgren_syndrome" title="Löfgren syndrome">Löfgren syndrome</a> with fever, <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_hilar_lymphadenopathy" title="Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy">enlarged hilar lymph nodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, and a rash known as <a href="/wiki/Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">erythema nodosum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013What-2">[2]</a> The cause of sarcoidosis is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013What-2">[2]</a> Some believe it may be due to an immune reaction to a trigger such as an <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> or chemicals in those who are genetically predisposed.<a href="#cite_note-Bau2011-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Those with affected family members are at greater risk.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013Risk-4">[4]</a> Diagnosis is partly based on signs and symptoms, which may be supported by <a href="/wiki/Tissue_biopsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue biopsy">biopsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gov2015-6">[6]</a> Findings that make it likely include <a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">large lymph nodes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Root_of_the_lung" title="Root of the lung">root of the lung</a> on both sides, <a href="/wiki/Hypercalcaemia" title="Hypercalcaemia">high blood calcium</a> with a normal <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">parathyroid hormone</a> level, or elevated levels of <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme">angiotensin-converting enzyme</a> in the blood.<a href="#cite_note-Gov2015-6">[6]</a> The diagnosis should be made only after excluding other possible causes of similar symptoms such as <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gov2015-6">[6]</a> Sarcoidosis may resolve without any treatment within a few years.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013What-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wj2015-5">[5]</a> However, some people may have long-term or severe disease.<a href="#cite_note-Wj2015-5">[5]</a> Some symptoms may be improved with the use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dr2014-8">[8]</a> In cases where the condition causes significant health problems, steroids such as <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a> are indicated.<a href="#cite_note-Jud2016-9">[9]</a> Medications such as <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">chloroquine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">azathioprine</a> may occasionally be used in an effort to decrease the side effects of steroids.<a href="#cite_note-Jud2016-9">[9]</a> The risk of death is 1–7%.<a href="#cite_note-Wj2015-5">[5]</a> The chance of the disease returning in someone who has had it previously is less than 5%.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013What-2">[2]</a> In 2015, pulmonary sarcoidosis and <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease" title="Interstitial lung disease">interstitial lung disease</a> affected 1.9 million people globally and they resulted in 122,000 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-11">[11]</a> It is most common in Scandinavians, but occurs in all parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Kob2015-14">[14]</a> In the United States, risk is greater among black people as opposed to white people.<a href="#cite_note-Kob2015-14">[14]</a> It usually begins between the ages of 20 and 50.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013Risk-4">[4]</a> It occurs more often in women than men.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013Risk-4">[4]</a> Sarcoidosis was first described in 1877 by the English doctor <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hutchinson" title="Jonathan Hutchinson">Jonathan Hutchinson</a> as a non-painful skin disease.<a href="#cite_note-hutch-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarcoidosis_signs_and_symptoms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sarcoidosis_signs_and_symptoms.png/290px-Sarcoidosis_signs_and_symptoms.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="502" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Sarcoidosis_signs_and_symptoms.png 1.5x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Signs and symptoms of sarcoidosis<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cutaneous_findings_in_systemic_sarcoidosis.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Multiple reddish-brownish papules and plaques on the left mandibular region of an adult face" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cutaneous_findings_in_systemic_sarcoidosis.JPEG/290px-Cutaneous_findings_in_systemic_sarcoidosis.JPEG" decoding="async" width="290" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cutaneous_findings_in_systemic_sarcoidosis.JPEG/435px-Cutaneous_findings_in_systemic_sarcoidosis.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cutaneous_findings_in_systemic_sarcoidosis.JPEG/580px-Cutaneous_findings_in_systemic_sarcoidosis.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Sarcoid affecting the skin</figcaption></figure> Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease that can affect any organ, although it can be <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">asymptomatic</a> and is discovered by accident in about 5% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-MSRP-17">[17]</a> Common symptoms, which tend to be <a href="/wiki/Non-specific_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-specific symptoms">vague</a>, include <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (physical)">fatigue</a> (unrelieved by sleep; occurs in up to 85% of cases<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenia">lack of energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>, joint aches and pains (which occur in about 70% of cases),<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a> (14–38% of cases), <a href="/wiki/Xerophthalmia" title="Xerophthalmia">dry eyes</a>, swelling of the knees, blurry vision, <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">shortness of breath</a>, a dry, hacking cough, or skin lesions.<a href="#cite_note-Merck-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-dis2009-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dempsey_b3206-23">[23]</a> Less commonly, people may cough up blood.<a href="#cite_note-Merck-20">[20]</a> Sarcoidosis is also accompanied by psychological distress and symptoms of anxiety and depression, which are also associated with fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The cutaneous symptoms vary, and range from <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rashes</a> and noduli (small bumps) to <a href="/wiki/Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">erythema nodosum</a>, granuloma annulare, or <a href="/wiki/Lupus_pernio" title="Lupus pernio">lupus pernio</a>. Sarcoidosis and cancer may mimic one another, making the <a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">distinction</a> difficult.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The combination of <a href="/wiki/Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">erythema nodosum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_hilar_lymphadenopathy" title="Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy">bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthralgia" title="Arthralgia">joint pain</a> is called <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6fgren_syndrome" title="Löfgren syndrome">Löfgren syndrome</a>, which has a relatively good prognosis.<a href="#cite_note-Merck-20">[20]</a> This form of the disease occurs significantly more often in Scandinavian patients than in those of non-Scandinavian origin.<a href="#cite_note-MSR-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiratory_tract">Respiratory tract</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Respiratory tract">edit</a>]</div> Localization to the lungs is by far the most common manifestation of sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> At least 90% of those affected experience lung involvement.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a> Overall, about 50% develop permanent pulmonary abnormalities, and 5 to 15% have progressive fibrosis of the lung <a href="/wiki/Parenchyma" title="Parenchyma">parenchyma</a>. Sarcoidosis of the lung is primarily an <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease" title="Interstitial lung disease">interstitial lung disease</a> in which the inflammatory process involves the alveoli, small bronchi, and small blood vessels.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In acute and subacute cases, physical examination usually reveals dry <a href="/wiki/Crackles" title="Crackles">crackles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a> At least 5% of cases include <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_arterial_hypertension" title="Pulmonary arterial hypertension">pulmonary arterial hypertension</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The upper respiratory tract (including the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinuses">sinuses</a>) may be affected, which occurs in between 5 and 10% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-nat2011-31">[31]</a> The four stages of pulmonary involvement are based on radiological stage of the disease, which is helpful in prognosis:<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <ul><li>Stage I: <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_hilar_lymphadenopathy" title="Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy">bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy</a> (BHL) alone</li> <li>Stage II: BHL with <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_infiltrate" title="Pulmonary infiltrate">pulmonary infiltrates</a></li> <li>Stage III: pulmonary infiltrates without BHL</li> <li>Stage IV: fibrosis</li></ul> Use of the Scadding scale only provides general information regarding the prognosis of the pulmonary disease over time. Caution is recommended, as it only shows a general relation with physiological markers of the disease and the variation is such that it has limited applicability in individual assessments, including treatment decisions.<a href="#cite_note-Bau2011-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin">Skin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Skin">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Skin_manifestations_of_sarcoidosis" title="Skin manifestations of sarcoidosis">Skin manifestations of sarcoidosis</a></div> Sarcoidosis involves the skin in between 9 and 37% of cases and is more common in <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> than in European Americans.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a> The skin is the second-most commonly affected organ after the lungs.<a href="#cite_note-cut2012-33">[33]</a> The most common lesions are erythema nodosum, plaques, <a href="/wiki/Maculopapular" class="mw-redirect" title="Maculopapular">maculopapular</a> eruptions, subcutaneous nodules, and <a href="/wiki/Lupus_pernio" title="Lupus pernio">lupus pernio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cut2012-33">[33]</a> Treatment is not required, since the lesions usually resolve spontaneously in 2–4 weeks. Although it may be disfiguring, cutaneous sarcoidosis rarely causes major problems.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Sarcoidosis of the scalp presents with diffuse or patchy hair loss.<a href="#cite_note-Andrews-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heart">Heart</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Heart">edit</a>]</div> Histologically, sarcoidosis of the heart is an active granulomatous inflammation surrounded by reactive oedema. The distribution of affected areas is patchy with localised enlargement of heart muscles. This causes scarring and remodelling of the heart, which leads to dilatation of heart cavities and thinning of heart muscles. As the situation progresses, it leads to <a href="/wiki/Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">aneurysm</a> of heart chambers. When the distribution is diffuse, there would be dilatation of both ventricles of the heart, causing heart failure and arrhythmia. When the conduction system in the intraventricular septum is affected, it would lead to heart block, <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia" title="Ventricular tachycardia">ventricular tachycardia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular arrhythmia">ventricular arrhythmia</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">sudden death</a>. Nevertheless, the involvement of <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a> and heart valves are uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-Yatsynovich_2018-38">[38]</a> The frequency of cardiac involvement varies and is significantly influenced by race; in Japan, more than 25% of those with sarcoidosis have symptomatic cardiac involvement, whereas in the US and Europe, only about 5% of cases present with cardiac involvement.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a> Autopsy studies in the US have revealed a frequency of cardiac involvement of about 20–30%, whereas autopsy studies in Japan have shown a frequency of 60%.<a href="#cite_note-dis2009-22">[22]</a> The presentation of cardiac sarcoidosis can range from asymptomatic conduction abnormalities to fatal ventricular arrhythmia.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16415205-40">[40]</a> Conduction abnormalities are the most common cardiac manifestations of sarcoidosis in humans and can include complete <a href="/wiki/Heart_block" title="Heart block">heart block</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heart-41">[41]</a> Second to conduction abnormalities, in frequency, are ventricular arrhythmias, which occurs in about 23% of cases with cardiac involvement.<a href="#cite_note-heart-41">[41]</a> Sudden cardiac death, either due to ventricular arrhythmias or complete heart block is a rare complication of cardiac sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rajasenan-1969-43">[43]</a> Cardiac sarcoidosis can cause fibrosis, granuloma formation, or the accumulation of fluid in the interstitium of the heart, or a combination of the former two.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22608949-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Cardiac sarcoidosis may also cause <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a> when granulomas cause myocardial fibrosis and scarring.<a href="#cite_note-stanford-46">[46]</a> Congestive heart failure affects 25-75% of those with cardiac sarcoidosis. <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes mellitus</a> and sarcoidosis-related arrhythmias are believed to be strong risk factors of heart failure in sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> A small (20-40%) increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">acute myocardial infarction</a> has also been described.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Pulmonary arterial hypertension occurs by two mechanisms in cardiac sarcoidosis: reduced left heart function due to granulomas weakening the heart muscle or from impaired blood flow.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eye">Eye</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eye">edit</a>]</div> Eye involvement occurs in about 10–90% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-dis2009-22">[22]</a> Manifestations in the eye include <a href="/wiki/Uveitis" title="Uveitis">uveitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uveoparotitis" title="Uveoparotitis">uveoparotitis</a>, and retinal inflammation, which may result in loss of visual acuity or blindness.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The most common ophthalmologic manifestation of sarcoidosis is <a href="/wiki/Uveitis" title="Uveitis">uveitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dis2009-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The combination of anterior uveitis, <a href="/wiki/Parotitis" title="Parotitis">parotitis</a>, VII cranial nerve paralysis and fever is called uveoparotid fever or <a href="/wiki/Heerfordt_syndrome" title="Heerfordt syndrome">Heerfordt syndrome</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/D86.8">D86.8</a>). Development of scleral nodule associated with sarcoidosis has been observed.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nervous_system">Nervous system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nervous system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neurosarcoidosis" title="Neurosarcoidosis">Neurosarcoidosis</a></div> Any of the components of the nervous system can be involved.<a href="#cite_note-neuro2012-54">[54]</a> Sarcoidosis affecting the nervous system is known as <a href="/wiki/Neurosarcoidosis" title="Neurosarcoidosis">neurosarcoidosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-neuro2012-54">[54]</a> Cranial nerves are most commonly affected, accounting for about 5–30% of neurosarcoidosis cases, and peripheral facial nerve palsy, often bilateral, is the most common neurological manifestation of sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-neuro2012-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-extra2012-56">[56]</a> It occurs suddenly and is usually transient. The central nervous system involvement is present in 10–25% of sarcoidosis cases.<a href="#cite_note-nat2011-31">[31]</a> Other common manifestations of neurosarcoidosis include optic nerve dysfunction, <a href="/wiki/Papilledema" title="Papilledema">papilledema</a>, palate dysfunction, neuroendocrine changes, hearing abnormalities, hypothalamic and pituitary abnormalities, chronic meningitis, and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">peripheral neuropathy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Myelopathy" title="Myelopathy">Myelopathy</a>, that is spinal cord involvement, occurs in about 16–43% of neurosarcoidosis cases and is often associated with the poorest prognosis of the neurosarcoidosis subtypes.<a href="#cite_note-neuro2012-54">[54]</a> Whereas facial nerve palsies and acute meningitis due to sarcoidosis tend to have the most favourable prognosis,<a href="#cite_note-neuro2012-54">[54]</a> another common finding in sarcoidosis with neurological involvement is autonomic or sensory small-fiber neuropathy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21298560-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Neuroendocrine sarcoidosis accounts for about 5–10% of neurosarcoidosis cases and can lead to <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_insipidus" title="Diabetes insipidus">diabetes insipidus</a>, changes in menstrual cycle and hypothalamic dysfunction.<a href="#cite_note-neuro2012-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-extra2012-56">[56]</a> The latter can lead to changes in body temperature, mood, and prolactin (see the endocrine and exocrine section for details).<a href="#cite_note-neuro2012-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endocrine_and_exocrine">Endocrine and exocrine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Endocrine and exocrine">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a> is frequently increased in sarcoidosis, between 3 and 32% of cases have <a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperprolactinemia">hyperprolactinemia</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> this frequently leads to <a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">amenorrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galactorrhea" title="Galactorrhea">galactorrhea</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nonpuerperal_mastitis" title="Nonpuerperal mastitis">nonpuerperal mastitis</a> in women. It also frequently causes an increase in 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D, the active metabolite of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>, which is usually hydroxylated within the kidney, but in sarcoidosis patients, hydroxylation of vitamin D can occur outside the kidneys, namely inside the immune cells found in the granulomas the condition produces. 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D is the main cause for hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis and is overproduced by sarcoid granulomata. Gamma-interferon produced by activated lymphocytes and macrophages plays a major role in the synthesis of 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Hypercalciuria (excessive secretion of calcium in one's urine) and <a href="/wiki/Hypercalcemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercalcemia">hypercalcemia</a> (an excessively high amount of calcium in the blood) are seen in <10% of individuals and likely results from the increased 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D production.<a href="#cite_note-Cush-163-61">[61]</a> Thyroid dysfunction is seen in 4.2–4.6% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-Antonelli_2006_16899854-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parotid" class="mw-redirect" title="Parotid">Parotid</a> enlargement occurs in about 5–10% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a> Bilateral involvement is the rule. The gland is usually not tender, but firm and smooth. <a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">Dry mouth</a> can occur; other exocrine glands are affected only rarely.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a> The eyes, their glands, or the parotid glands are affected in 20–50% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-Path-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastrointestinal_and_genitourinary">Gastrointestinal and genitourinary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gastrointestinal and genitourinary">edit</a>]</div> Symptomatic gastrointestinal (GI) involvement occurs in less than 1% of cases (if one excludes the liver), and most commonly the stomach is affected, although the small or large intestine may also be affected in a small portion of cases.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Studies at autopsy have revealed GI involvement in less than 10% of people.<a href="#cite_note-extra2012-56">[56]</a> These cases would likely mimic <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>, which is a more commonly intestine-affecting granulomatous disease.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a> About 1–3% of people have evidence of pancreatic involvement at autopsy.<a href="#cite_note-extra2012-56">[56]</a> Symptomatic kidney involvement occurs in just 0.7% of cases, although evidence of kidney involvement at autopsy has been reported in up to 22% of people and occurs exclusively in cases of chronic disease.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-dis2009-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-extra2012-56">[56]</a> Symptomatic kidney involvement is usually <a href="/wiki/Nephrocalcinosis" title="Nephrocalcinosis">nephrocalcinosis</a>, although granulomatous interstitial nephritis that presents with reduced <a href="/wiki/Creatinine" title="Creatinine">creatinine</a> clearance and little <a href="/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria">proteinuria</a> is a close second.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-extra2012-56">[56]</a> Less commonly, the <a href="/wiki/Epididymis" title="Epididymis">epididymis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Testicles">testicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallopian tubes">fallopian tubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a> may be affected, the latter may cause vulva itchiness.<a href="#cite_note-dis2009-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paknejad_269–27-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Testicular_sarcoidosis" title="Testicular sarcoidosis">Testicular involvement</a> has been reported in about 5% of people at autopsy.<a href="#cite_note-extra2012-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paknejad_269–27-67">[67]</a> In males, sarcoidosis may lead to infertility.<a href="#cite_note-Paknejad_269–27-67">[67]</a> Around 70% of people have granulomas in their livers, although only in about 20–30% of cases, liver function test anomalies reflecting this fact are seen.<a href="#cite_note-Merck-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a> About 5–15% of patients exhibit <a href="/wiki/Hepatomegaly" title="Hepatomegaly">hepatomegaly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dis2009-22">[22]</a> Only 5–30% of cases of liver involvement are symptomatic.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Usually, these changes reflect a <a href="/wiki/Cholestatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholestatic">cholestatic</a> pattern and include raised levels of <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase" title="Alkaline phosphatase">alkaline phosphatase</a> (which is the most common liver function test anomaly seen in those with sarcoidosis), while <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aminotransferases" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminotransferases">aminotransferases</a> are only mildly elevated. Jaundice is rare.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood">Blood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Blood">edit</a>]</div> Abnormal blood tests are frequent, accounting for over 50% of cases, but are not diagnostic.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-nat2011-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lymphopenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphopenia">Lymphopenia</a> is the most common blood anomaly in sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">Anemia</a> occurs in about 20% of people with sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leukopenia" title="Leukopenia">Leukopenia</a> is less common and occurs in even fewer cases but is rarely severe.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenia" title="Thrombocytopenia">Thrombocytopenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_anemia" title="Hemolytic anemia">hemolytic anemia</a> are fairly rare.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a> In the absence of <a href="/wiki/Splenomegaly" title="Splenomegaly">splenomegaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukopenia" title="Leukopenia">leukopenia</a> may reflect bone marrow involvement, but the most common mechanism is a redistribution of blood T cells to sites of disease.<a href="#cite_note-AJR1999-69">[69]</a> Other nonspecific findings include <a href="/wiki/Monocytosis" title="Monocytosis">monocytosis</a>, occurring in the majority of sarcoidosis cases,<a href="#cite_note-MonocyteSarcoid-70">[70]</a> increased hepatic enzymes or <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase" title="Alkaline phosphatase">alkaline phosphatase</a>. People with sarcoidosis often have immunologic anomalies like allergies to test antigens such as <a href="/wiki/Candida_(fungus)" title="Candida (fungus)">Candida</a> or <a href="/wiki/Purified_protein_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="Purified protein derivative">purified protein derivative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Path-64">[64]</a> Polyclonal <a href="/wiki/Hypergammaglobulinemia" title="Hypergammaglobulinemia">hypergammaglobulinemia</a> is also a fairly common immunologic anomaly seen in sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-Path-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">Lymphadenopathy</a> (swollen glands) is common in sarcoidosis and occurs in 15% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-Dempsey_b3206-23">[23]</a> Intrathoracic nodes are enlarged in 75 to 90% of all people; usually this involves the hilar nodes, but the paratracheal nodes are commonly involved. Peripheral lymphadenopathy is very common, particularly involving the <a href="/wiki/Cervical_lymph_nodes" title="Cervical lymph nodes">cervical</a> (the most common head and neck manifestation of the disease), axillary, epitrochlear, and inguinal nodes.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Approximately 75% of cases show microscopic involvement of the spleen, although only in about 5–10% of cases does <a href="/wiki/Splenomegaly" title="Splenomegaly">splenomegaly</a> appear.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Path-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bone,_joints,_and_muscles">Bone, joints, and muscles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bone, joints, and muscles">edit</a>]</div> Sarcoidosis can be involved with the joints, bones, and muscles. This causes a wide variety of musculoskeletal complaints that act through different mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">[72]</a> About 5–15% of cases affect the bones, joints, or muscles.<a href="#cite_note-nat2011-31">[31]</a> Arthritic syndromes can be categorized as acute or chronic.<a href="#cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">[72]</a> Sarcoidosis patients with acute arthritis often also have bilateral <a href="/wiki/Hilar_lymphadenopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilar lymphadenopathy">hilar lymphadenopathy</a> and erythema nodosum. These three associated syndromes often occur together in Löfgren syndrome.<a href="#cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">[72]</a> The arthritis symptoms of Löfgren syndrome occur most frequently in the ankles, followed by the knees, wrists, elbows, and metacarpophalangeal joints.<a href="#cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">[72]</a> Usually, true arthritis is not present, but instead, periarthritis appears as a swelling in the soft tissue around the joints that can be seen by ultrasonographic methods.<a href="#cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">[72]</a> These joint symptoms tend to precede or occur at the same time as erythema nodosum develops.<a href="#cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">[72]</a> Even when erythema nodosum is absent, it is believed that the combination of hilar lymphadenopathy and ankle periarthritis can be considered as a variant of Löfgren syndrome.<a href="#cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enthesitis" title="Enthesitis">Enthesitis</a> also occurs in about one-third of patients with acute sarcoid arthritis, mainly affecting the Achilles tendon and heels.<a href="#cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">[72]</a> Soft-tissue swelling of the ankles can be prominent, and biopsy of this soft tissue reveals no granulomas, but does show <a href="/wiki/Panniculitis" title="Panniculitis">panniculitis</a> similar to erythema nodosum.<a href="#cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">[72]</a> Chronic sarcoid arthritis usually occurs in the setting of more diffuse organ involvement.<a href="#cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">[72]</a> The ankles, knees, wrists, elbows, and hands may all be affected in the chronic form and often this presents itself in a polyarticular pattern.<a href="#cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dactylitis" title="Dactylitis">Dactylitis</a> similar to that seen in <a href="/wiki/Psoriatic_arthritis" title="Psoriatic arthritis">psoriatic arthritis</a>, that is associated with pain, swelling, overlying skin erythema, and underlying bony changes may also occur.<a href="#cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">[72]</a> Development of <a href="/wiki/Jaccoud_arthropathy" title="Jaccoud arthropathy">Jaccoud arthropathy</a> (a nonerosive deformity) is very rarely seen.<a href="#cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">[72]</a> Bone involvement in sarcoidosis has been reported in 1–13% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-extra2012-56">[56]</a> The most frequent sites of involvement are the hands and feet, whereas the spine is less commonly affected.<a href="#cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">[72]</a> Half of the patients with bony lesions experience pain and stiffness, whereas the other half remain asymptomatic.<a href="#cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Periostitis" title="Periostitis">Periostitis</a> is rarely seen in sarcoidosis and has been found to present itself at the femoral bone.<a href="#cite_note-Shimamura_2015-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Korkmaz_1999-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cause">edit</a>]</div> The exact cause of sarcoidosis is not known.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013What-2">[2]</a> The current working hypothesis is, in genetically susceptible individuals, sarcoidosis is caused through alteration to the immune response after exposure to an environmental, occupational, or infectious agent.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Some cases may be caused by treatment with <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor" title="Tumor necrosis factor">tumor necrosis factor</a> (TNF) inhibitors like <a href="/wiki/Etanercept" title="Etanercept">etanercept</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> The heritability of sarcoidosis varies according to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a>. About 20% of <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> with sarcoidosis have a family member with the condition, whereas the same figure for <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a> is about 5%. Additionally, in African Americans, who seem to experience more severe and chronic disease, siblings and parents of sarcoidosis cases have about a 2.5-fold increased risk for developing the disease.<a href="#cite_note-MSR-26">[26]</a> In Swedish individuals heritability was found to be 39%.<a href="#cite_note-:1-77">[77]</a> In this group, if a first-degree family member was affected, a person has a four-fold greater risk of being affected.<a href="#cite_note-:1-77">[77]</a> Investigations of genetic susceptibility yielded many candidate genes, but only few were confirmed by further investigations and no reliable genetic markers are known. Currently, the most interesting candidate gene is <a href="/wiki/BTNL2" title="BTNL2">BTNL2</a>; several <a href="/wiki/HLA-DR" title="HLA-DR">HLA-DR</a> risk alleles are also being investigated.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In persistent sarcoidosis, the HLA haplotype <a href="/wiki/HLA-B7" title="HLA-B7">HLA-B7</a>-<a href="/wiki/HLA-DR15" title="HLA-DR15">DR15</a> is either cooperating in disease or another gene between these two loci is associated. In nonpersistent disease, a strong genetic association exists with <a href="/wiki/HLA_DR3-DQ2" title="HLA DR3-DQ2">HLA DR3-DQ2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14656748-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Cardiac sarcoid has been connected to <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">tumor necrosis factor alpha</a> (TNFA) variants.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infectious_agents">Infectious agents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Infectious agents">edit</a>]</div> Several infectious agents appear to be significantly associated with sarcoidosis, but none of the known associations is specific enough to suggest a direct causative role.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The major implicated infectious agents include: <a href="/wiki/Mycobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacteria">mycobacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borrelia" title="Borrelia">borrelia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rickettsia" title="Rickettsia">rickettsia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-path2013-84">[84]</a> A meta-analysis investigating the role of mycobacteria in sarcoidosis found it was present in 26.4% of cases, but they also detected a possible <a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">publication bias</a>, so the results need further confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">catalase</a>-<a href="/wiki/Peroxidase" title="Peroxidase">peroxidase</a> has been identified as a possible antigen catalyst of sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The disease has also been reported by transmission via <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> A large epidemiological study found little evidence that infectious diseases spanning years before sarcoidosis diagnosis could confer measurable risks for sarcoidosis diagnosis in the future.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autoimmune">Autoimmune</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Autoimmune">edit</a>]</div> Association of <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune">autoimmune</a> disorders has been frequently observed. The exact mechanism of this relation is not known, but some evidence supports the hypothesis that this is a consequence of Th1 lymphokine prevalence.<a href="#cite_note-Antonelli_2006_16899854-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Romagnani_1997_9190109-90">[90]</a> Tests of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity have been used to measure progression.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11948059-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Granulomatous_inflammation" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulomatous inflammation">Granulomatous inflammation</a> is characterized primarily by the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> and activated <a href="/wiki/T-lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="T-lymphocytes">T-lymphocytes</a>, with increased production of key inflammatory mediators, <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">tumor necrosis factor alpha</a> (TNF), <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma">interferon gamma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">interleukin 2</a> (IL-2), <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8" title="Interleukin 8">IL-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10" title="Interleukin 10">IL-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">IL-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_18" title="Interleukin 18">IL-18</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_23" title="Interleukin 23">IL-23</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">transforming growth factor beta</a> (TGF-β), indicative of a <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">T helper cell</a>-mediated immune response.<a href="#cite_note-path2013-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-cyt-92">[92]</a> Sarcoidosis has paradoxical effects on inflammatory processes; it is characterized by increased macrophage and CD4 helper T-cell activation, resulting in accelerated inflammation, but immune response to antigen challenges such as tuberculin is suppressed. This paradoxic state of simultaneous hyper- and hypoactivity is suggestive of a state of <a href="/wiki/Anergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anergy">anergy</a>. The anergy may also be responsible for the increased risk of infections and cancer.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The regulatory T-lymphocytes in the periphery of sarcoid granulomas appear to suppress IL-2 secretion, which is hypothesized to cause the state of anergy by preventing antigen-specific memory responses.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> While TNF is widely believed to play an important role in the formation of granulomas (this is further supported by the finding that in animal models of mycobacterial granuloma formation inhibition of either TNF or IFN-γ production inhibits granuloma formation), sarcoidosis can and does still develop in those being treated with TNF antagonists like <a href="/wiki/Etanercept" title="Etanercept">etanercept</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Verschueren_2007_17340045-94">[94]</a> B cells also likely play a role in the pathophysiology of sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-MSR-26">[26]</a> Serum levels of soluble <a href="/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen" title="Human leukocyte antigen">human leukocyte antigen</a> (HLA) class I antigens and <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_converting_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin converting enzyme">angiotensin converting enzyme</a> (ACE) are higher in people with sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-MSR-26">[26]</a> Likewise the ratio of CD4/CD8 T cells in <a href="/wiki/Bronchoalveolar_lavage" title="Bronchoalveolar lavage">bronchoalveolar lavage</a> is usually higher in people with pulmonary sarcoidosis (usually >3.5), although it can be normal or even abnormally low in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-MSR-26">[26]</a> Serum ACE levels have been found to usually correlate with total granuloma load.<a href="#cite_note-path2013-84">[84]</a> Cases of sarcoidosis have also been reported as part of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_reconstitution_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune reconstitution syndrome">immune reconstitution syndrome</a> of <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, that is, when people receive treatment for HIV, their immune system rebounds and the result is that it starts to attack the antigens of opportunistic infections caught prior to said rebound and the resulting immune response starts to damage healthy tissue.<a href="#cite_note-cyt-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Histopathology">Histopathology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Histopathology">edit</a>]</div> Sarcoidosis is characterized by the formation of non-necrotizing ("non-caseating") <a href="/wiki/Granuloma" title="Granuloma">granulomas</a> in various organs and tissues.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giant_cell" title="Giant cell">Giant cells</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Langhans_giant_cell" title="Langhans giant cell">Langhans giant cells</a>, are often seen in sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Schaumann_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaumann bodies">Schaumann bodies</a> seen in sarcoidosis are calcium and protein inclusions inside of giant cells as part of a granuloma.<a href="#cite_note-GranLung-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroid bodies">Asteroid bodies</a> can be seen in sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-GranLung-97">[97]</a> Hamazaki–Wesenberg bodies can be seen in lymph nodes and more rarely in lung biopsies with sarcoidosis and are inclusion bodies of <a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">lysosomes</a> with protein, glycoprotein and iron.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 294px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 292px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarcoidosis_(1)_lymph_node_biopsy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarcoidosis in a lymph node"><img alt="Sarcoidosis in a lymph node" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sarcoidosis_%281%29_lymph_node_biopsy.jpg/438px-Sarcoidosis_%281%29_lymph_node_biopsy.jpg" decoding="async" width="292" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Sarcoidosis_%281%29_lymph_node_biopsy.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="452" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sarcoidosis in a lymph node</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 296.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 294.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Asteroid_body_intermed_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pulmonary sarcoidosis with granulomas with Langhans giant cells and asteroid bodies"><img alt="Pulmonary sarcoidosis with granulomas with Langhans giant cells and asteroid bodies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Asteroid_body_intermed_mag.jpg/442px-Asteroid_body_intermed_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Asteroid_body_intermed_mag.jpg/664px-Asteroid_body_intermed_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Asteroid_body_intermed_mag.jpg/885px-Asteroid_body_intermed_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3817" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary">Pulmonary</a> sarcoidosis with <a href="/wiki/Granuloma" title="Granuloma">granulomas</a> with <a href="/wiki/Langhans_giant_cell" title="Langhans giant cell">Langhans giant cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroid bodies">asteroid bodies</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 288px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 286px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarcoidosis_-_Schaumann_body_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schaumann body in sarcoidosis"><img alt="Schaumann body in sarcoidosis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sarcoidosis_-_Schaumann_body_2.jpg/429px-Sarcoidosis_-_Schaumann_body_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sarcoidosis_-_Schaumann_body_2.jpg/644px-Sarcoidosis_-_Schaumann_body_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sarcoidosis_-_Schaumann_body_2.jpg/859px-Sarcoidosis_-_Schaumann_body_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2103" data-file-height="1617" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Schaumann_body" title="Schaumann body">Schaumann body</a> in sarcoidosis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 324.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 322.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarcoidosis_-_Asteroid_body_(6152059052).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asteroid body in sarcoidosis"><img alt="Asteroid body in sarcoidosis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sarcoidosis_-_Asteroid_body_%286152059052%29.jpg/484px-Sarcoidosis_-_Asteroid_body_%286152059052%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="323" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sarcoidosis_-_Asteroid_body_%286152059052%29.jpg/725px-Sarcoidosis_-_Asteroid_body_%286152059052%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sarcoidosis_-_Asteroid_body_%286152059052%29.jpg/967px-Sarcoidosis_-_Asteroid_body_%286152059052%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1901" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_body" title="Asteroid body">Asteroid body</a> in sarcoidosis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 324.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 322.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarcoidosis_-_Hamazaki-Wesenberg_(H-W)_bodies-_Lymph_node_(6134890353).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamazaki–Wesenberg bodies in sarcoidosis in lymph node"><img alt="Hamazaki–Wesenberg bodies in sarcoidosis in lymph node" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sarcoidosis_-_Hamazaki-Wesenberg_%28H-W%29_bodies-_Lymph_node_%286134890353%29.jpg/484px-Sarcoidosis_-_Hamazaki-Wesenberg_%28H-W%29_bodies-_Lymph_node_%286134890353%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="323" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sarcoidosis_-_Hamazaki-Wesenberg_%28H-W%29_bodies-_Lymph_node_%286134890353%29.jpg/725px-Sarcoidosis_-_Hamazaki-Wesenberg_%28H-W%29_bodies-_Lymph_node_%286134890353%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sarcoidosis_-_Hamazaki-Wesenberg_%28H-W%29_bodies-_Lymph_node_%286134890353%29.jpg/967px-Sarcoidosis_-_Hamazaki-Wesenberg_%28H-W%29_bodies-_Lymph_node_%286134890353%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1901" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hamazaki–Wesenberg bodies in sarcoidosis in lymph node</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarkoidose1_CT_axial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sarkoidose1_CT_axial.jpg/250px-Sarkoidose1_CT_axial.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sarkoidose1_CT_axial.jpg/375px-Sarkoidose1_CT_axial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sarkoidose1_CT_axial.jpg/500px-Sarkoidose1_CT_axial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">CT scan</a> of the chest showing <a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">lymphadenopathy</a> (arrows) in the <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a> due to sarcoidosis</figcaption></figure> Diagnosis of sarcoidosis is a <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_exclusion" title="Diagnosis of exclusion">matter of exclusion</a>, as there is no specific test for the condition other than the Kveim-Siltzbach test. To exclude sarcoidosis in a case presenting with pulmonary symptoms might involve a <a href="/wiki/Chest_radiograph" title="Chest radiograph">chest radiograph</a>, <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> of chest, <a href="/wiki/PET_scan" class="mw-redirect" title="PET scan">PET scan</a>, CT-guided biopsy, mediastinoscopy, open lung biopsy, bronchoscopy with biopsy, endobronchial ultrasound, and <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_ultrasound" title="Endoscopic ultrasound">endoscopic ultrasound</a> with <a href="/wiki/Fine-needle_aspiration" title="Fine-needle aspiration">fine-needle aspiration</a> of mediastinal <a href="/wiki/Lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph nodes">lymph nodes</a> (EBUS FNA). <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissue</a> from <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> of lymph nodes is subjected to both <a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">flow cytometry</a> to rule out cancer and special stains (<a href="/wiki/Acid_fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid fast">acid fast</a> bacilli stain and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6m%C3%B6ri_methenamine_silver_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gömöri methenamine silver stain">Gömöri methenamine silver stain</a>) to rule out <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bau2011-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Serum markers of sarcoidosis, include: <a href="/wiki/Serum_amyloid_A" title="Serum amyloid A">serum amyloid A</a>, soluble <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-2 receptor">interleukin-2 receptor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysozyme" title="Lysozyme">lysozyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_converting_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin converting enzyme">angiotensin converting enzyme</a>, and the glycoprotein KL-6.<a href="#cite_note-MSRW-102">[102]</a> Angiotensin-converting enzyme blood levels are used in the monitoring of sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-MSRW-102">[102]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Bronchoalveolar_lavage" title="Bronchoalveolar lavage">bronchoalveolar lavage</a> can show an elevated (of at least 3.5) CD4/CD8 T cell ratio, which is indicative (but not proof) of pulmonary sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-MSR-26">[26]</a> In at least one study the induced sputum ratio of CD4/CD8 and level of TNF was correlated to those in the lavage fluid.<a href="#cite_note-MSRW-102">[102]</a> A sarcoidosis-like lung disease called <a href="/wiki/Granulomatous%E2%80%93lymphocytic_interstitial_lung_disease" title="Granulomatous–lymphocytic interstitial lung disease">granulomatous–lymphocytic interstitial lung disease</a> can be seen in patients with <a href="/wiki/Common_variable_immunodeficiency" title="Common variable immunodeficiency">common variable immunodeficiency</a> (CVID) and therefore serum antibody levels should be measured to exclude CVID.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Differential diagnosis includes metastatic disease, lymphoma, septic emboli, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_nodule" title="Rheumatoid nodule">rheumatoid nodules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Granulomatosis with polyangiitis">granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varicella_zoster_virus" title="Varicella zoster virus">varicella</a> infection, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, and atypical infections, such as <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_avium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium avium">Mycobacterium avium</a> complex, <a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">cytomegalovirus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus" title="Cryptococcus">cryptococcus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Sarcoidosis is confused most commonly with neoplastic diseases, such as lymphoma, or with disorders characterized also by a mononuclear cell granulomatous inflammatory process, such as the mycobacterial and fungal disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a> Chest radiograph changes are divided into four stages:<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Bihilar_lymphadenopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihilar lymphadenopathy">bihilar lymphadenopathy</a></li> <li>bihilar lymphadenopathy and reticulonodular infiltrates</li> <li>bilateral pulmonary infiltrates</li> <li>fibrocystic sarcoidosis typically with upward hilar retraction, cystic and bullous changes</li></ol> Although people with stage 1 radiographs tend to have the acute or subacute, reversible form of the disease, those with stages 2 and 3 often have the chronic, progressive disease; these patterns do not represent consecutive "stages" of sarcoidosis. Thus, except for epidemiologic purposes, this categorization is mostly of historic interest.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a> In sarcoidosis presenting in the Caucasian population, hilar adenopathy and erythema nodosum are the most common initial symptoms. In this population, a biopsy of the gastrocnemius muscle is a useful tool in correctly diagnosing the person. The presence of a noncaseating <a href="/wiki/Epithelioid_cell" title="Epithelioid cell">epithelioid</a> granuloma in a gastrocnemius specimen is definitive evidence of sarcoidosis, as other tuberculoid and fungal diseases extremely rarely present histologically in this muscle.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</a> (CMR) is one modality for diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis. It has 78% specificity in diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-Yatsynovich_2018-38">[38]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/MRI_sequence#T1_and_T2" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI sequence">T2-weighted imaging</a> can detect acute inflammation. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging#Late_gadolinium_enhancement" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">late gadolinium contrast</a> (LGE) can detect fibrosis or scar. Lesions at the subpericardium and midwall enhancement of basal septum or inferolateral wall is strongly suggestive of sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-Yatsynovich_2018-38">[38]</a> MRI can also follow up on the treatment efficacy of corticosteroids and <a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">prognosis</a> of cardiac sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> PET scan is able to quantify disease activity which cannot be performed by CMR.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HilarAdenopathy.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hilar adenopathy especially on the person's left (AP CXR)"><img alt="Hilar adenopathy especially on the person's left (AP CXR)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HilarAdenopathy.png/257px-HilarAdenopathy.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HilarAdenopathy.png/386px-HilarAdenopathy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HilarAdenopathy.png/514px-HilarAdenopathy.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="699" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hilar adenopathy especially on the person's left (AP CXR)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HilarAdenopathyLt.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hilar adenopathy especially on the person's left (lateral CXR)"><img alt="Hilar adenopathy especially on the person's left (lateral CXR)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/HilarAdenopathyLt.png/207px-HilarAdenopathyLt.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/HilarAdenopathyLt.png/310px-HilarAdenopathyLt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/HilarAdenopathyLt.png/413px-HilarAdenopathyLt.png 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="990" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hilar adenopathy especially on the person's left (lateral CXR)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HilarAdenopathyCCor.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hilar adenopathy especially on the person's left (coronal CT)"><img alt="Hilar adenopathy especially on the person's left (coronal CT)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HilarAdenopathyCCor.png/265px-HilarAdenopathyCCor.png" decoding="async" width="177" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HilarAdenopathyCCor.png/397px-HilarAdenopathyCCor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HilarAdenopathyCCor.png/529px-HilarAdenopathyCCor.png 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="798" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hilar adenopathy especially on the person's left (coronal CT)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HilarAdenopathyCT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hilar adenopathy especially on the person's left (transverse CT)"><img alt="Hilar adenopathy especially on the person's left (transverse CT)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/HilarAdenopathyCT.png/296px-HilarAdenopathyCT.png" decoding="async" width="198" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/HilarAdenopathyCT.png/445px-HilarAdenopathyCT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/HilarAdenopathyCT.png/592px-HilarAdenopathyCT.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="753" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hilar adenopathy especially on the person's left (transverse CT)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Sarcoidosis may be divided into the following types:<a href="#cite_note-Andrews-36">[36]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annular_sarcoidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Annular sarcoidosis">Annular sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrodermic_sarcoidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrodermic sarcoidosis">Erythrodermic sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosiform_sarcoidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosiform sarcoidosis">Ichthyosiform sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypopigmented_sarcoidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypopigmented sarcoidosis">Hypopigmented sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6fgren_syndrome" title="Löfgren syndrome">Löfgren syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_pernio" title="Lupus pernio">Lupus pernio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpheaform_sarcoidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Morpheaform sarcoidosis">Morpheaform sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucosal_sarcoidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosal sarcoidosis">Mucosal sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosarcoidosis" title="Neurosarcoidosis">Neurosarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papular_sarcoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Papular sarcoid">Papular sarcoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scar_sarcoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Scar sarcoid">Scar sarcoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_sarcoidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous sarcoidosis">Subcutaneous sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_sarcoidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic sarcoidosis">Systemic sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_sarcoidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulcerative sarcoidosis">Ulcerative sarcoidosis</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> Treatments for sarcoidosis vary greatly depending on the patient.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> At least half of patients require no systemic therapy.<a href="#cite_note-BaughmanOct2015-109">[109]</a> Most people (>75%) only require symptomatic treatment with <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> (NSAIDs) like <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MSRT-110">[110]</a> For those presenting with lung symptoms, unless the respiratory impairment is devastating, active pulmonary sarcoidosis is observed usually without therapy for two to three months; if the inflammation does not subside spontaneously, therapy is instituted.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a> Major categories of drug interventions include <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">antimetabolites</a>, biologic agents especially monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies.<a href="#cite_note-BaughmanOct2015-109">[109]</a> Investigational treatments include specific <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotic</a> combinations and <a href="/wiki/Mesenchymal_stem_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenchymal stem cells">mesenchymal stem cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BaughmanOct2015-109">[109]</a> If drug intervention is indicated, a step-wise approach is often used to explore alternatives in order of increasing side effects and to monitor potentially toxic effects.<a href="#cite_note-BaughmanOct2015-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a>, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prednisolone" title="Prednisolone">prednisolone</a>, have been the standard treatment for many years.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a> In some people, this treatment can slow or reverse the course of the disease, but other people do not respond to steroid therapy. The use of corticosteroids in mild disease is controversial because in many cases the disease remits spontaneously.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antimetabolites">Antimetabolites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Antimetabolites">edit</a>]</div> Antimetabolites, also categorized as <a href="/wiki/Steroid-sparing_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid-sparing agent">steroid-sparing agents</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">azathioprine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid" title="Mycophenolic acid">mycophenolic acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leflunomide" title="Leflunomide">leflunomide</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-chest2012-114">[114]</a> are often used as alternatives to corticosteroids.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-king-115">[115]</a> Of these, methotrexate is most widely used and studied.<a href="#cite_note-king-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-resp2013-116">[116]</a> Methotrexate is considered a first-line treatment in neurosarcoidosis, often in conjunction with corticosteroids.<a href="#cite_note-neuro2012-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-king-115">[115]</a> Long-term treatment with methotrexate is associated with liver damage in about 10% of people and hence may be a significant concern in people with liver involvement and requires regular liver function test monitoring.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a> Methotrexate can also lead to pulmonary toxicity (lung damage), although this is fairly uncommon and more commonly it can confound the leukopenia caused by sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a> Due to these safety concerns it is often recommended that methotrexate is combined with folic acid in order to prevent toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a> Azathioprine treatment can also lead to liver damage.<a href="#cite_note-resp2013-116">[116]</a> However, the risk of infection appears to be about 40% lower in those treated with methotrexate instead of azathioprine.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Leflunomide is being used as a replacement for methotrexate, possibly due to its purportedly lower rate of pulmonary toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-resp2013-116">[116]</a> Mycophenolic acid has been used successfully in uveal sarcoidosis,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> neurosarcoidosis (especially CNS sarcoidosis; minimally effective in sarcoidosis myopathy),<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and pulmonary sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunosuppressants">Immunosuppressants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Immunosuppressants">edit</a>]</div> As the granulomas are caused by collections of immune system cells, particularly <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>, there has been some success using immunosuppressants (like <a href="/wiki/Cyclophosphamide" title="Cyclophosphamide">cyclophosphamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cladribine" title="Cladribine">cladribine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chlorambucil" title="Chlorambucil">chlorambucil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyclosporine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclosporine">cyclosporine</a>), immunomodulatory (<a href="/wiki/Pentoxifylline" title="Pentoxifylline">pentoxifylline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">thalidomide</a>), and anti-<a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor" title="Tumor necrosis factor">tumor necrosis factor</a> treatment<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Infliximab" title="Infliximab">infliximab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etanercept" title="Etanercept">etanercept</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golimumab" title="Golimumab">golimumab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adalimumab" title="Adalimumab">adalimumab</a>).<a href="#cite_note-MSRP-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-ther2013-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In a clinical trial cyclosporine added to prednisone treatment failed to demonstrate any significant benefit over prednisone alone in people with pulmonary sarcoidosis, although there was evidence of increased toxicity from the addition of cyclosporine to the steroid treatment including infections, malignancies (cancers), <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, and kidney dysfunction.<a href="#cite_note-resp2013-116">[116]</a> Likewise chlorambucil and cyclophosphamide are seldom used in the treatment of sarcoidosis due to their high degree of toxicity, especially their potential for causing malignancies.<a href="#cite_note-or2013-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Infliximab" title="Infliximab">Infliximab</a> has been used successfully to treat pulmonary sarcoidosis in clinical trials in a number of cases.<a href="#cite_note-resp2013-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Etanercept" title="Etanercept">Etanercept</a>, on the other hand, has failed to demonstrate any significant efficacy in people with uveal sarcoidosis in a couple of clinical trials.<a href="#cite_note-resp2013-116">[116]</a> Likewise <a href="/wiki/Golimumab" title="Golimumab">golimumab</a> has failed to show any benefit in those with pulmonary sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-resp2013-116">[116]</a> One clinical trial of <a href="/wiki/Adalimumab" title="Adalimumab">adalimumab</a> found treatment response in about half of subjects, which is similar to that seen with infliximab, but as adalimumab has better tolerability profile it may be preferred over infliximab.<a href="#cite_note-resp2013-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_organ_treatments">Specific organ treatments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Specific organ treatments">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ursodeoxycholic_acid" title="Ursodeoxycholic acid">Ursodeoxycholic acid</a> has been used successfully as a treatment for cases with liver involvement.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a> has also been tried successfully as a treatment for treatment-resistant <a href="/wiki/Lupus_pernio" title="Lupus pernio">lupus pernio</a> in a clinical trial, which may stem from its anti-TNF activity, although it failed to exhibit any efficacy in a pulmonary sarcoidosis clinical trial.<a href="#cite_note-cyt-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-ther2013-125">[125]</a> Cutaneous disease may be successfully managed with antimalarials (such as <a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">chloroquine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine" title="Hydroxychloroquine">hydroxychloroquine</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Tetracycline_antibiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracycline antibiotic">tetracycline antibiotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">minocycline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-ther2013-125">[125]</a> Antimalarials have also demonstrated efficacy in treating sarcoidosis-induced hypercalcemia and neurosarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a> Long-term use of antimalarials is limited, however, by their potential to cause irreversible blindness and hence the need for regular ophthalmologic screening.<a href="#cite_note-or2013-127">[127]</a> This toxicity is usually less of a problem with <a href="/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine" title="Hydroxychloroquine">hydroxychloroquine</a> than with <a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">chloroquine</a>, although hydroxychloroquine can disturb the glucose homeostasis.<a href="#cite_note-or2013-127">[127]</a> Recently selective <a href="/wiki/Phosphodiesterase_4" title="Phosphodiesterase 4">phosphodiesterase 4</a> (PDE4) inhibitors like <a href="/wiki/Apremilast" title="Apremilast">apremilast</a> (a thalidomide derivative), <a href="/wiki/Roflumilast" title="Roflumilast">roflumilast</a>, and the less subtype-selective <a href="/wiki/PDE4_inhibitor" title="PDE4 inhibitor">PDE4 inhibitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentoxifylline" title="Pentoxifylline">pentoxifylline</a>, have been tried as a treatment for sarcoidosis, with successful results being obtained with apremilast in cutaneous sarcoidosis in a small open-label study.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Pentoxifylline has been used successfully to treat acute disease although its use is greatly limited by its gastrointestinal toxicity (mostly nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea).<a href="#cite_note-chest2012-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-resp2013-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-or2013-127">[127]</a> Case reports have supported the efficacy of <a href="/wiki/Rituximab" title="Rituximab">rituximab</a>, an anti-<a href="/wiki/CD20" title="CD20">CD20</a> monoclonal antibody and a clinical trial investigating <a href="/wiki/Atorvastatin" title="Atorvastatin">atorvastatin</a> as a treatment for sarcoidosis is under-way.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="ACE inhibitors">ACE inhibitors</a> have been reported to cause remission in cutaneous sarcoidosis and improvement in pulmonary sarcoidosis, including improvement in pulmonary function, remodeling of lung parenchyma and prevention of pulmonary fibrosis in separate case series'.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17492847-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> patches have been found to possess anti-inflammatory effects in sarcoidosis patients, although whether they had <a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_treatment" title="Disease-modifying treatment">disease-modifying effects</a> requires further investigation.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimycobacterial" title="Antimycobacterial">Antimycobacterial</a> treatment (drugs that kill off mycobacteria, the causative agents behind <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a>) has also proven itself effective in treating chronic cutaneous (that is, it affects the skin) sarcoidosis in one clinical trial.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">Quercetin</a> has also been tried as a treatment for pulmonary sarcoidosis with some early success in one small trial.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Because of its uncommon nature, the treatment of male reproductive tract sarcoidosis is controversial. Since the differential diagnosis includes <a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">testicular cancer</a>, some recommend <a href="/wiki/Orchiectomy" title="Orchiectomy">orchiectomy</a>, even if evidence of sarcoidosis in other organs is present. In the newer approach, testicular, epididymal biopsy and resection of the largest lesion has been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-Paknejad_269–27-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symptoms">Symptoms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Symptoms">edit</a>]</div> People with sarcoidosis may have a range of symptoms that do not correspond with objective physical evidence of disease but that still decrease <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drent2015-138">[138]</a> Physical therapy, rehabilitation, and counseling can help avoid deconditioning,<a href="#cite_note-Drent2015-138">[138]</a>: 733  and improve social participation, psychological well-being, and activity levels. Key aspects are avoiding exercise intolerance and muscle weakness.<a href="#cite_note-Drent2015-138">[138]</a>: 734  Low or moderate-intensity physical training has been shown to improve fatigue, psychological health, and physical functioning in people sarcoidosis without adverse effects.<a href="#cite_note-Marcellis_2015-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strookappe2015-140">[140]</a> Inspiratory muscle training has also decreased severe fatigue perception in subjects with early stages of sarcoidosis, as well as improving functional and maximal exercise capacity and respiratory muscle strength.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The duration, frequency, and physical intensity of exercise needs to accommodate impairments such as joint pain, muscle pain, and fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-Drent2015-138">[138]</a>: 734 <a href="#cite_note-Strookappe2015-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Neurostimulants such as <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">modafinil</a> have shown some effectiveness as an adjunct for treatment of sarcoidosis fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-Drent2015-138">[138]</a>: 733 <a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Treatments for symptomatic neuropathic pain in sarcoidosis patients is similar to that for other causes, and include <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsants</a> and prolonged-release <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>, however, only 30 to 60% of patients experience limited pain relief.<a href="#cite_note-Drent2015-138">[138]</a>: 733  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Prognosis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarcoidosis_-_Honeycombing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sarcoidosis_-_Honeycombing.jpg/220px-Sarcoidosis_-_Honeycombing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sarcoidosis_-_Honeycombing.jpg/330px-Sarcoidosis_-_Honeycombing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sarcoidosis_-_Honeycombing.jpg/440px-Sarcoidosis_-_Honeycombing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Gross pathology image showing sarcoidosis with honeycombing: Prominent honeycombing is present in the lower lobes accompanied by fibrosis and some honeycombing in the upper lungs. Honeycombing consists of cystically dilated airways separated by scar tissue resembling the honeycomb of bees. It is a nonspecific end stage of many types of interstitial lung disease.</figcaption></figure> The disease can remit spontaneously or become chronic, with exacerbations and remissions. In some cases, it can progress to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">pulmonary fibrosis</a> and death. In benign cases, remission can occur in 24 to 36 months without treatment but regular follow ups are required. Some cases, however, may persist several decades.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a> Two-thirds of people with the condition achieve a remission within 10 years of the diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> When the heart is involved, the prognosis is generally less favourable, though corticosteroids appear effective in improving AV conduction.<a href="#cite_note-Syed04-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The prognosis tends to be less favourable in African Americans than in white Americans.<a href="#cite_note-MSR-26">[26]</a> In a Swedish population-based analysis, the majority of cases who did not have severe disease at diagnosis had comparable mortality to the general population.<a href="#cite_note-:0-147">[147]</a> The risk for premature death was markedly (2.3-fold) increased compared to the general population for a smaller group of cases with severe disease at diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-:0-147">[147]</a> Serious infections, sometimes multiple during the course of disease, and heart failure might contribute to the higher risk of early death in some patients with sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-:3-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Some 1990s studies indicated that people with sarcoidosis appear to be at significantly increased risk for cancer, in particular <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphomas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Karakantza-1996-150">[150]</a> and cancer in other organs known to be affected in sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> In sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome, sarcoidosis is followed by the development of a <a href="/wiki/Lymphoproliferative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphoproliferative disorder">lymphoproliferative disorder</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Non-Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Non-Hodgkin lymphoma">non-Hodgkin lymphoma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11907791-153">[153]</a> This may be attributed to the underlying immunological abnormalities that occur during the sarcoidosis disease process.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17917102-154">[154]</a> Sarcoidosis can also follow cancer<a href="#cite_note-Sarcoidosis_Occurring_After_Lymphoma-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15659510-156">[156]</a> or occur concurrently with cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10705270-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19531456-158">[158]</a> There have been reports of <a href="/wiki/Hairy_cell_leukemia" title="Hairy cell leukemia">hairy cell leukemia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid14513061-159">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">acute myeloid leukemia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid1548666-160">[160]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloblastic_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute myeloblastic leukemia">acute myeloblastic leukemia</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3855267-161">[161]</a> associated with sarcoidosis. Sometimes, sarcoidosis, even untreated, can be complicated by opportunistic infections although these are rare.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> Sarcoidosis most commonly affects young adults of both sexes, although studies have reported more cases in females. Incidence is highest for individuals younger than 40 and peaks in the age-group from 20 to 29 years; a second peak is observed for women over 50.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syed04-145">[145]</a> Sarcoidosis occurs throughout the world in all races with an average incidence of 16.5 per 100,000 in men and 19 per 100,000 in women. The disease is most common in Northern European countries and the highest annual incidence of 60 per 100,000 is found in Sweden and Iceland. In the United Kingdom the prevalence is 16 in 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> In the United States, sarcoidosis is more common in people of <a href="/wiki/African_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="African descent">African descent</a> than <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasians</a>, with annual incidence reported as 35.5 and 10.9 per 100,000, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Henke-165">[165]</a> Sarcoidosis is less commonly reported in South America, Spain, India, Canada, and the Philippines. There may be a higher susceptibility to sarcoidosis in those with <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>. An association between the two disorders has been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> There also has been a seasonal clustering observed in sarcoidosis-affected individuals.<a href="#cite_note-lancet-167">[167]</a> In Greece about 70% of diagnoses occur between March and May every year, in Spain about 50% of diagnoses occur between April and June, and in Japan it is mostly diagnosed during June and July.<a href="#cite_note-lancet-167">[167]</a> The differing incidence across the world may be at least partially attributable to the lack of screening programs in certain regions of the world, and the overshadowing presence of other granulomatous diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, that may interfere with the diagnosis of sarcoidosis where they are prevalent.<a href="#cite_note-Syed04-145">[145]</a> There may also be differences in the severity of the disease between people of different ethnicities. Several studies suggest the presentation in people of African origin may be more severe and disseminated than for Caucasians, who are more likely to have asymptomatic disease.<a href="#cite_note-AJR1999-69">[69]</a> Manifestation appears to be slightly different according to race and sex. <a href="/wiki/Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">Erythema nodosum</a> is far more common in men than in women and in Caucasians than in other races. In Japanese people, ophthalmologic and cardiac involvement are more common than in other races.<a href="#cite_note-nunes-19">[19]</a> It is more common in certain occupations, namely <a href="/wiki/Firefighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefighters">firefighters</a>, educators, military personnel, those who work in industries where pesticides are used, law enforcement, and healthcare personnel.<a href="#cite_note-env2009-168">[168]</a> In the year after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, the rate of sarcoidosis incidence went up four-fold (to 86 cases per 100,000).<a href="#cite_note-nat2011-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-env2009-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> It was first described in 1877 by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hutchinson" title="Jonathan Hutchinson">Jonathan Hutchinson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dermatologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermatologist">dermatologist</a> as a condition causing red, raised rashes on the face, arms, and hands.<a href="#cite_note-hutch-15">[15]</a> In 1889 the term <a href="/wiki/Lupus_pernio" title="Lupus pernio">lupus pernio</a> was coined by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Besnier" title="Ernest Besnier">Ernest Besnier</a>, another dermatologist.<a href="#cite_note-histb-169">[169]</a> Later in 1892 lupus pernio's <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> was defined.<a href="#cite_note-histb-169">[169]</a> In 1902 bone involvement was first described by a group of three doctors.<a href="#cite_note-histb-169">[169]</a> Between 1909 and 1910 uveitis in sarcoidosis was first described, and later in 1915 it was emphasised, by Dr. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rgen_Nielsen_Schaumann" title="Jörgen Nielsen Schaumann">Jörgen Nielsen Schaumann</a>, that it was a systemic condition.<a href="#cite_note-histb-169">[169]</a> This same year lung involvement was also described.<a href="#cite_note-histb-169">[169]</a> In 1937 <a href="/wiki/Heerfordt_syndrome" title="Heerfordt syndrome">uveoparotid fever</a> was first described and likewise in 1941 <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6fgren_syndrome" title="Löfgren syndrome">Löfgren syndrome</a> was first described.<a href="#cite_note-histb-169">[169]</a> In 1958 the first international conference on sarcoidosis was called in London, likewise the first USA sarcoidosis conference occurred in Washington, D.C., in the year 1961.<a href="#cite_note-histb-169">[169]</a> It has also been called <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Besnier" title="Ernest Besnier">Besnier</a>–<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6sar_Peter_M%C3%B8ller_Boeck" title="Cæsar Peter Møller Boeck">Boeck</a> disease or <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Besnier" title="Ernest Besnier">Besnier</a>–<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6sar_Peter_M%C3%B8ller_Boeck" title="Cæsar Peter Møller Boeck">Boeck</a>–<a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rgen_Nielsen_Schaumann" title="Jörgen Nielsen Schaumann">Schaumann</a> disease.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word "sarcoidosis" comes from Greek [σάρκο-] sarco- meaning "flesh", the suffix -(e)ido (from the Greek εἶδος -eidos [usually omitting the initial e in English as the diphthong epsilon-iota in Classic Greek stands for a long "i" = English ee]) meaning "type", " resembles" or "like", and -sis, a common suffix in Greek meaning "condition". Thus the whole word means "a condition that resembles crude flesh". The first cases of sarcoïdosis, which were recognised as a new pathological entity, in Scandinavia, at the end of the 19th century exhibited skin nodules resembling cutaneous sarcomas, hence the name initially given.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> The World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG) is an organisation of physicians involved in the diagnosis and treatment of sarcoidosis and related conditions.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> WASOG publishes the journal Sarcoidosis, Vasculitis and Diffuse Lung Diseases.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Additionally, the Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research (FSR) is devoted to supporting research into sarcoidosis and its possible treatments.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> There have been concerns that <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> rescue workers are at a heightened risk for sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Comedian and actor <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Mac" title="Bernie Mac">Bernie Mac</a> had sarcoidosis. In 2005, he mentioned that the disease was in remission.<a href="#cite_note-Grimes-176">[176]</a> His death on August 9, 2008, was caused by complications from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, though Mac's agent states the sarcoidosis was not related to his fatal pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-Death-177">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karen_Duffy" title="Karen Duffy">Karen "Duff" Duffy</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> personality and actress, was diagnosed with neurosarcoidosis in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> American football player <a href="/wiki/Reggie_White" title="Reggie White">Reggie White</a> died in 2004, with pulmonary and cardiac sarcoidosis being contributing factors to his fatal heart arrhythmia.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Singer <a href="/wiki/Sean_Levert" title="Sean Levert">Sean Levert</a> died in 2008 of sarcoidosis complications.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manning_Marable" title="Manning Marable">Manning Marable</a>, a professor of public policy at Columbia University, died of pneumonia in 2011, less than a year after undergoing a double lung transplant following a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. In 2012, he was posthumously awarded a Pulitzer Prize in history for his biography "<a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X:_A_Life_of_Reinvention" title="Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention">Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention</a>." <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rago" title="Joseph Rago">Joseph Rago</a>, Pulitzer Prize-winning writer known for his work at The Wall Street Journal, died of sarcoidosis complications in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Several historical figures are suspected of having sarcoidosis. In a 2014 letter to the British medical journal <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>, it was suggested that the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a> may have had sarcoidosis, causing him impairment during his time as head of the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24360387-182">[182]</a> The symptoms associated with <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>'s 1827 death have been described as possibly consistent with sarcoidosis.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Author <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a> (1850–1894) had a history of chronic coughs and chest complaints, and sarcoidosis has been suggested as a diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pregnancy">edit</a>]</div> Sarcoidosis generally does not prevent successful pregnancy and delivery; the increase in estrogen levels during pregnancy may even have a slightly beneficial immunomodulatory effect. In most cases, the course of the disease is unaffected by pregnancy, with improvement in a few cases and worsening of symptoms in very few cases, although a number of the immunosuppressants (such as <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclophosphamide" title="Cyclophosphamide">cyclophosphamide</a>) used in corticosteroid-refractory sarcoidosis are known <a href="/wiki/Teratogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogens">teratogens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pregnancy-185">[185]</a> Increased risks associated with sarcoidosis ranging from 30 to 70% have been reported for preeclampsia/eclampsia, cesarian or preterm delivery as well as (non-cardiac) birth defects in first singleton pregnancies.<a href="#cite_note-:2-186">[186]</a> In absolute numbers, birth defects and other complications such as maternal death, cardiac arrest, placental abruption or venous thromboembolism are extremely rare in sarcoidosis pregnancies.<a href="#cite_note-:2-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKonstantinidis2005" class="citation book cs1">Konstantinidis G (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lCKRIT-7X6UC&pg=PA1454">Elsevier's Dictionary of Medicine and Biology: in English, Greek, German, Italian and Latin</a>. Elsevier. p. 1454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-046012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-046012-3"><bdi>978-0-08-046012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elsevier%27s+Dictionary+of+Medicine+and+Biology%3A+in+English%2C+Greek%2C+German%2C+Italian+and+Latin&rft.pages=1454&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-08-046012-3&rft.aulast=Konstantinidis&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlCKRIT-7X6UC%26pg%3DPA1454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2013What-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013What_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013What_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013What_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013What_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013What_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013What_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013What_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013What_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013What_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013What_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013What_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013What_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013What_2-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sarc">"What Is Sarcoidosis?"</a>. NHLBI. June 14, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406004249/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sarc">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHLBI&rft.atitle=What+Is+Sarcoidosis%3F&rft.date=2013-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhlbi.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fhealth-topics%2Ftopics%2Fsarc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2013Sym-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013Sym_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013Sym_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013Sym_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013Sym_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sarc/signs">"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sarcoidosis?"</a>. NHLBI. June 14, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407101632/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sarc/signs">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHLBI&rft.atitle=What+Are+the+Signs+and+Symptoms+of+Sarcoidosis%3F&rft.date=2013-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhlbi.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fhealth-topics%2Ftopics%2Fsarc%2Fsigns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2013Risk-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013Risk_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013Risk_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013Risk_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013Risk_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2013Risk_4-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sarc/atrisk">"Who Is at Risk for Sarcoidosis?"</a>. NHLBI. June 14, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407101620/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sarc/atrisk">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Is+at+Risk+for+Sarcoidosis%3F&rft.pub=NHLBI&rft.date=2013-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhlbi.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fhealth-topics%2Ftopics%2Fsarc%2Fatrisk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wj2015-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wj2015_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wj2015_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wj2015_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wj2015_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wj2015_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWijsenbeekCulver2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wijsenbeek MS, Culver DA (December 2015). "Treatment of Sarcoidosis". Clinics in Chest Medicine. 36 (4): 751–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ccm.2015.08.015">10.1016/j.ccm.2015.08.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26593147">26593147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinics+in+Chest+Medicine&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+Sarcoidosis&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E751-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ccm.2015.08.015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26593147&rft.aulast=Wijsenbeek&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Culver%2C+DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gov2015-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gov2015_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gov2015_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gov2015_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gov2015_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovenderBerman2015" class="citation journal cs1">Govender P, Berman JS (December 2015). "The Diagnosis of Sarcoidosis". Clinics in Chest Medicine. 36 (4): 585–602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ccm.2015.08.003">10.1016/j.ccm.2015.08.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26593135">26593135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinics+in+Chest+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Diagnosis+of+Sarcoidosis&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E585-%3C%2Fspan%3E602&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ccm.2015.08.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26593135&rft.aulast=Govender&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Berman%2C+JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerri2010" class="citation book cs1">Ferri FF (2010). Ferri's differential diagnosis: a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. p. Chapter S. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-07699-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-07699-9"><bdi>978-0-323-07699-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferri%27s+differential+diagnosis%3A+a+practical+guide+to+the+differential+diagnosis+of+symptoms%2C+signs%2C+and+clinical+disorders&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=Chapter+S&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FMosby&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-323-07699-9&rft.aulast=Ferri&rft.aufirst=FF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dr2014-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dr2014_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dr2014_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrentCremersJansen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Drent M, Cremers JP, Jansen TL (May 2014). "Pulmonology meets rheumatology in sarcoidosis: a review on the therapeutic approach". Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 26 (3): 276–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fbor.0000000000000052">10.1097/bor.0000000000000052</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24614277">24614277</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24353355">24353355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Rheumatology&rft.atitle=Pulmonology+meets+rheumatology+in+sarcoidosis%3A+a+review+on+the+therapeutic+approach&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24353355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24614277&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fbor.0000000000000052&rft.aulast=Drent&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Cremers%2C+JP&rft.au=Jansen%2C+TL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jud2016-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jud2016_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jud2016_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jud2016_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Judson MA (February 2016). "Corticosteroids in Sarcoidosis". Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. 42 (1): 119–35, ix. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rdc.2015.08.012">10.1016/j.rdc.2015.08.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26611555">26611555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rheumatic+Disease+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Corticosteroids+in+Sarcoidosis&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E35%2C+ix&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rdc.2015.08.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26611555&rft.aulast=Judson&rft.aufirst=MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBD2015Pre-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015Pre_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015Pre_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055577">"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"</a>. Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. October 2016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931678-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055577">5055577</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733282">27733282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Global%2C+regional%2C+and+national+incidence%2C+prevalence%2C+and+years+lived+with+disability+for+310+diseases+and+injuries%2C+1990%E2%80%932015%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2015&rft.volume=388&rft.issue=10053&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1545-%3C%2Fspan%3E1602&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5055577%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27733282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931678-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5055577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBD2015De-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015De_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015De_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903">"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"</a>. Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. October 2016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931012-1">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903">5388903</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281">27733281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Global%2C+regional%2C+and+national+life+expectancy%2C+all-cause+mortality%2C+and+cause-specific+mortality+for+249+causes+of+death%2C+1980%E2%80%932015%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2015&rft.volume=388&rft.issue=10053&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1459-%3C%2Fspan%3E1544&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5388903%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27733281&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931012-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5388903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bau2011-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bau2011_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bau2011_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bau2011_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaughmanCulverJudson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Baughman RP, Culver DA, Judson MA (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3081278">"A concise review of pulmonary sarcoidosis"</a>. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 183 (5): 573–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Frccm.201006-0865CI">10.1164/rccm.201006-0865CI</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3081278">3081278</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21037016">21037016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+concise+review+of+pulmonary+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E573-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3081278%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21037016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Frccm.201006-0865CI&rft.aulast=Baughman&rft.aufirst=RP&rft.au=Culver%2C+DA&rft.au=Judson%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3081278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sarc/causes">"What Causes Sarcoidosis?"</a>. NHLBI. June 14, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406004424/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sarc/causes">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHLBI&rft.atitle=What+Causes+Sarcoidosis%3F&rft.date=2013-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhlbi.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fhealth-topics%2Ftopics%2Fsarc%2Fcauses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kob2015-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kob2015_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kob2015_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobak2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kobak S (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572362">"Sarcoidosis: a rheumatologist's perspective"</a>. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease. 7 (5): 196–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1759720x15591310">10.1177/1759720x15591310</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4572362">4572362</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26425148">26425148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Therapeutic+Advances+in+Musculoskeletal+Disease&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis%3A+a+rheumatologist%27s+perspective&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4572362%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26425148&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1759720x15591310&rft.aulast=Kobak&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4572362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hutch-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hutch_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutch_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesSharma2002" class="citation journal cs1">James DG, Sharma OP (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ildcare.eu/Downloads/artseninfo/History_of_sarcoidosis.pdf">"From Hutchinson to now: a historical glimpse"</a> (PDF). Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 8 (5): 416–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00063198-200209000-00013">10.1097/00063198-200209000-00013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12172446">12172446</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204934/http://www.ildcare.eu/Downloads/artseninfo/History_of_sarcoidosis.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Pulmonary+Medicine&rft.atitle=From+Hutchinson+to+now%3A+a+historical+glimpse&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E416-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00063198-200209000-00013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12172446&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=DG&rft.au=Sharma%2C+OP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ildcare.eu%2FDownloads%2Fartseninfo%2FHistory_of_sarcoidosis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/sarc/sar_signsandsymptoms.html">"Lung Diseases: Sarcoidosis: Signs & Symptoms"</a>. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090507163504/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/sarc/sar_signsandsymptoms.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lung+Diseases%3A+Sarcoidosis%3A+Signs+%26+Symptoms&rft.pub=National+Heart%2C+Lung%2C+and+Blood+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhlbi.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fdci%2FDiseases%2Fsarc%2Fsar_signsandsymptoms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSRP-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSRP_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSRP_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamangarRohaniShorr2014" class="citation web cs1">Kamangar N, Rohani P, Shorr AF (6 February 2014). Peters SP, Talavera F, Rice TD, Mosenifar Z (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-clinical#showall">"Sarcoidosis Clinical Presentation"</a>. Medscape Reference. WebMD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225084711/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-clinical#showall">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape+Reference&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis+Clinical+Presentation&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft.aulast=Kamangar&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Rohani%2C+P&rft.au=Shorr%2C+AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F301914-clinical%23showall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_KleijnDe_VriesLowerElfferich2009" class="citation journal cs1">de Kleijn, Willemien PE; De Vries, Jolanda; Lower, Elyse E; Elfferich, Marjon DP; Baughman, Robert P; Drent, Marjolein (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0b013e32832d0403">"Fatigue in sarcoidosis: a systematic review"</a>. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 15 (5): 499–506. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMCP.0b013e32832d0403">10.1097/MCP.0b013e32832d0403</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1070-5287">1070-5287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19458531">19458531</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205784334">205784334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Pulmonary+Medicine&rft.atitle=Fatigue+in+sarcoidosis%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E499-%3C%2Fspan%3E506&rft.date=2009-09&rft.issn=1070-5287&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205784334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19458531&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMCP.0b013e32832d0403&rft.aulast=de+Kleijn&rft.aufirst=Willemien+PE&rft.au=De+Vries%2C+Jolanda&rft.au=Lower%2C+Elyse+E&rft.au=Elfferich%2C+Marjon+DP&rft.au=Baughman%2C+Robert+P&rft.au=Drent%2C+Marjolein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1097%2FMCP.0b013e32832d0403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nunes-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunes_19-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunesBouvrySolerValeyre2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nunes H, Bouvry D, Soler P, Valeyre D (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2169207">"Sarcoidosis"</a>. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 2: 46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1750-1172-2-46">10.1186/1750-1172-2-46</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2169207">2169207</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18021432">18021432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orphanet+Journal+of+Rare+Diseases&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2169207%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18021432&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1750-1172-2-46&rft.aulast=Nunes&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Bouvry%2C+D&rft.au=Soler%2C+P&rft.au=Valeyre%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2169207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merck-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_20-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing,_TE_Jr.2008" class="citation web cs1">King, TE Jr. (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung_and_airway_disorders/interstitial_lung_diseases/sarcoidosis.html">"Sarcoidosis: Interstitial Lung Diseases: Merck Manual Home Edition"</a>. The Merck Manual Home Edition. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220034716/http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung_and_airway_disorders/interstitial_lung_diseases/sarcoidosis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Merck+Manual+Home+Edition&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis%3A+Interstitial+Lung+Diseases%3A+Merck+Manual+Home+Edition&rft.date=2008-03&rft.au=King%2C+TE+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckmanuals.com%2Fhome%2Flung_and_airway_disorders%2Finterstitial_lung_diseases%2Fsarcoidosis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweissPattersonSawaqedJabbar2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sweiss NJ, Patterson K, Sawaqed R, Jabbar U, Korsten P, Hogarth K, Wollman R, Garcia JG, Niewold TB, Baughman RP (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3314339">"Rheumatologic manifestations of sarcoidosis"</a>. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 31 (4): 463–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0030-1262214">10.1055/s-0030-1262214</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3314339">3314339</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20665396">20665396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.atitle=Rheumatologic+manifestations+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E463-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3314339%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20665396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-0030-1262214&rft.aulast=Sweiss&rft.aufirst=NJ&rft.au=Patterson%2C+K&rft.au=Sawaqed%2C+R&rft.au=Jabbar%2C+U&rft.au=Korsten%2C+P&rft.au=Hogarth%2C+K&rft.au=Wollman%2C+R&rft.au=Garcia%2C+JG&rft.au=Niewold%2C+TB&rft.au=Baughman%2C+RP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3314339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dis2009-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dis2009_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dis2009_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dis2009_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dis2009_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dis2009_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dis2009_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dis2009_22-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesLazarus2009" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes J, Lazarus A (November 2009). "Sarcoidosis: extrathoracic manifestations". Disease-a-Month. 55 (11): 675–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.disamonth.2009.05.002">10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19857642">19857642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Disease-a-Month&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis%3A+extrathoracic+manifestations&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E675-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.disamonth.2009.05.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19857642&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Lazarus%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dempsey_b3206-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dempsey_b3206_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dempsey_b3206_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempseyPatersonKerrDenison2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dempsey OJ, Paterson EW, Kerr KM, Denison AR (August 2009). "Sarcoidosis". BMJ. 339: b3206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.b3206">10.1136/bmj.b3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19717499">19717499</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220114548">220114548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis&rft.volume=339&rft.pages=b3206&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220114548%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19717499&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.b3206&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=OJ&rft.au=Paterson%2C+EW&rft.au=Kerr%2C+KM&rft.au=Denison%2C+AR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolasKowalskiDubaniewiczFarnik2018" class="citation journal cs1">Holas, Pawel; Kowalski, Joachim; Dubaniewicz, Anna; Farnik, Małgorzata; Jarzemska, Agnieszka; Warzechowska, Marta Maskey-; Bielecki, Maximilian; Domagala-Kulawik, Joanna (2018-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/">"Relationship of emotional distress and physical concerns with fatigue severity in sarcoidosis"</a>. Sarcoidosis Vasculitis and Diffuse Lung Disease. 35 (2): 160–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36141%2Fsvdld.v35i2.6604">10.36141/svdld.v35i2.6604</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2532-179X">2532-179X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7170092">7170092</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32476897">32476897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarcoidosis+Vasculitis+and+Diffuse+Lung+Disease&rft.atitle=Relationship+of+emotional+distress+and+physical+concerns+with+fatigue+severity+in+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7170092%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2532-179X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32476897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36141%2Fsvdld.v35i2.6604&rft.aulast=Holas&rft.aufirst=Pawel&rft.au=Kowalski%2C+Joachim&rft.au=Dubaniewicz%2C+Anna&rft.au=Farnik%2C+Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft.au=Jarzemska%2C+Agnieszka&rft.au=Warzechowska%2C+Marta+Maskey-&rft.au=Bielecki%2C+Maximilian&rft.au=Domagala-Kulawik%2C+Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mattioli1885journals.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolaneyColsonGillSchulte2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tolaney SM, Colson YL, Gill RR, Schulte S, Duggan MM, Shulman LN, Winer EP (October 2007). "Sarcoidosis mimicking metastatic breast cancer". Clinical Breast Cancer. 7 (10): 804–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3816%2FCBC.2007.n.044">10.3816/CBC.2007.n.044</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18021484">18021484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Breast+Cancer&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis+mimicking+metastatic+breast+cancer&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E804-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3816%2FCBC.2007.n.044&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18021484&rft.aulast=Tolaney&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Colson%2C+YL&rft.au=Gill%2C+RR&rft.au=Schulte%2C+S&rft.au=Duggan%2C+MM&rft.au=Shulman%2C+LN&rft.au=Winer%2C+EP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSR-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSR_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSR_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSR_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSR_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSR_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSR_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSR_26-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamangarRohaniShorr2014" class="citation web cs1">Kamangar N, Rohani P, Shorr AF (6 February 2014). Peters SP, Talavera F, Rice TD, Mosenifar Z (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-overview#showall">"Sarcoidosis"</a>. Medscape Reference. WebMD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210163445/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-overview#showall">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape+Reference&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft.aulast=Kamangar&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Rohani%2C+P&rft.au=Shorr%2C+AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F301914-overview%23showall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaughmanLowerGibson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Baughman RP, Lower EE, Gibson K (June 2012). "Pulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis". Presse Médicale. 41 (6 Pt 2): e289–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lpm.2012.03.019">10.1016/j.lpm.2012.03.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22579234">22579234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presse+M%C3%A9dicale&rft.atitle=Pulmonary+manifestations+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6+Pt+2&rft.pages=e289-302&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lpm.2012.03.019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22579234&rft.aulast=Baughman&rft.aufirst=RP&rft.au=Lower%2C+EE&rft.au=Gibson%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_28-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauciKasperHauserJameson2011" class="citation book cs1">Fauci A, Kasper D, Hauser S, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (2011). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07174889-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07174889-6"><bdi>978-0-07174889-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harrison%27s+Principles+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-07174889-6&rft.aulast=Fauci&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Kasper%2C+D&rft.au=Hauser%2C+S&rft.au=Jameson%2C+J&rft.au=Loscalzo%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuhrerMyers2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fuhrer G, Myers JN (November 2009). "Intrathoracic sarcoidosis". Disease-a-Month. 55 (11): 661–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.disamonth.2009.04.009">10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.04.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19857641">19857641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Disease-a-Month&rft.atitle=Intrathoracic+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E661-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.disamonth.2009.04.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19857641&rft.aulast=Fuhrer&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Myers%2C+JN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunesUzunhanFreynetHumbert2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nunes H, Uzunhan Y, Freynet O, Humbert M, Brillet PY, Kambouchner M, Valeyre D (June 2012). "Pulmonary hypertension complicating sarcoidosis". Presse Médicale. 41 (6 Pt 2): e303–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lpm.2012.04.003">10.1016/j.lpm.2012.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22608948">22608948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presse+M%C3%A9dicale&rft.atitle=Pulmonary+hypertension+complicating+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6+Pt+2&rft.pages=e303-16&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lpm.2012.04.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22608948&rft.aulast=Nunes&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Uzunhan%2C+Y&rft.au=Freynet%2C+O&rft.au=Humbert%2C+M&rft.au=Brillet%2C+PY&rft.au=Kambouchner%2C+M&rft.au=Valeyre%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nat2011-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nat2011_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nat2011_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nat2011_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nat2011_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nat2011_31-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenMoller2011" class="citation journal cs1">Chen ES, Moller DR (July 2011). "Sarcoidosis--scientific progress and clinical challenges". Nature Reviews. Rheumatology. 7 (8): 457–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrrheum.2011.93">10.1038/nrrheum.2011.93</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21750528">21750528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21345455">21345455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Rheumatology&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis--scientific+progress+and+clinical+challenges&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21345455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21750528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrrheum.2011.93&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=ES&rft.au=Moller%2C+DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Kumar and Clark, Clinical Medicine, 8th edition, p. 846. </li> <li id="cite_note-cut2012-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cut2012_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cut2012_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMañáMarcoval2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mañá J, Marcoval J (June 2012). "Skin manifestations of sarcoidosis". Presse Médicale. 41 (6 Pt 2): e355–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lpm.2012.02.046">10.1016/j.lpm.2012.02.046</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22579238">22579238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presse+M%C3%A9dicale&rft.atitle=Skin+manifestations+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6+Pt+2&rft.pages=e355-74&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lpm.2012.02.046&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22579238&rft.aulast=Ma%C3%B1%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Marcoval%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeathDavidTaylor2012" class="citation journal cs1">Heath CR, David J, Taylor SC (January 2012). "Sarcoidosis: Are there differences in your skin of color patients?". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 66 (1): 121.e1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaad.2010.06.068">10.1016/j.jaad.2010.06.068</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22000704">22000704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis%3A+Are+there+differences+in+your+skin+of+color+patients%3F&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121.e1-14&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaad.2010.06.068&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22000704&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=CR&rft.au=David%2C+J&rft.au=Taylor%2C+SC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodhaSanchezPrystowsky2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lodha S, Sanchez M, Prystowsky S (August 2009). "Sarcoidosis of the skin: a review for the pulmonologist". Chest. 136 (2): 583–596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.08-1527">10.1378/chest.08-1527</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19666758">19666758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis+of+the+skin%3A+a+review+for+the+pulmonologist&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E583-%3C%2Fspan%3E596&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.08-1527&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19666758&rft.aulast=Lodha&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Sanchez%2C+M&rft.au=Prystowsky%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesBergerElston2006" class="citation book cs1">James WD, Berger TG, Elston DM (2006). Andrew's Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. pp. 708–711. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0808923510" title="Special:BookSources/978-0808923510"><bdi>978-0808923510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew%27s+Diseases+of+the+Skin%3A+Clinical+Dermatology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E708-%3C%2Fspan%3E711&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Saunders+Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0808923510&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=WD&rft.au=Berger%2C+TG&rft.au=Elston%2C+DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouseWelshEnglish2012" class="citation journal cs1">House NS, Welsh JP, English JC (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0fp92370">"Sarcoidosis-induced alopecia"</a>. Dermatology Online Journal. 18 (8): 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2FD30FP92370">10.5070/D30FP92370</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22948054">22948054</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122043/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0fp92370">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dermatology+Online+Journal&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis-induced+alopecia&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5070%2FD30FP92370&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22948054&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=NS&rft.au=Welsh%2C+JP&rft.au=English%2C+JC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F0fp92370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yatsynovich_2018-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yatsynovich_2018_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yatsynovich_2018_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yatsynovich_2018_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatsynovichDittoePetrovMaroz2018" class="citation journal cs1">Yatsynovich Y, Dittoe N, Petrov M, Maroz N (February 2018). "Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Review of Contemporary Challenges in Diagnosis and Treatment". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 355 (2): 113–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amjms.2017.08.009">10.1016/j.amjms.2017.08.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29406038">29406038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205477032">205477032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+the+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Cardiac+Sarcoidosis%3A+A+Review+of+Contemporary+Challenges+in+Diagnosis+and+Treatment&rft.volume=355&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205477032%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29406038&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amjms.2017.08.009&rft.aulast=Yatsynovich&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Dittoe%2C+N&rft.au=Petrov%2C+M&rft.au=Maroz%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirnieSauerBogunCooper2014" class="citation journal cs1">Birnie DH, Sauer WH, Bogun F, Cooper JM, Culver DA, Duvernoy CS, Judson MA, Kron J, Mehta D, Cosedis Nielsen J, Patel AR, Ohe T, Raatikainen P, Soejima K (July 2014). "HRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias associated with cardiac sarcoidosis". Heart Rhythm. 11 (7): 1305–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.hrthm.2014.03.043">10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.03.043</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24819193">24819193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heart+Rhythm&rft.atitle=HRS+expert+consensus+statement+on+the+diagnosis+and+management+of+arrhythmias+associated+with+cardiac+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1305-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.hrthm.2014.03.043&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24819193&rft.aulast=Birnie&rft.aufirst=DH&rft.au=Sauer%2C+WH&rft.au=Bogun%2C+F&rft.au=Cooper%2C+JM&rft.au=Culver%2C+DA&rft.au=Duvernoy%2C+CS&rft.au=Judson%2C+MA&rft.au=Kron%2C+J&rft.au=Mehta%2C+D&rft.au=Cosedis+Nielsen%2C+J&rft.au=Patel%2C+AR&rft.au=Ohe%2C+T&rft.au=Raatikainen%2C+P&rft.au=Soejima%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16415205-40"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16415205_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughanWilliams2006" class="citation journal cs1">Doughan AR, Williams BR (February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1860791">"Cardiac sarcoidosis"</a>. Heart. 92 (2): 282–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fhrt.2005.080481">10.1136/hrt.2005.080481</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1860791">1860791</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16415205">16415205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heart&rft.atitle=Cardiac+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E282-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1860791%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16415205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fhrt.2005.080481&rft.aulast=Doughan&rft.aufirst=AR&rft.au=Williams%2C+BR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1860791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-heart-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heart_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-heart_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoussefBeanlandsBirnieNery2011" class="citation journal cs1">Youssef G, Beanlands RS, Birnie DH, Nery PB (December 2011). "Cardiac sarcoidosis: applications of imaging in diagnosis and directing treatment". Heart. 97 (24): 2078–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fhrt.2011.226076">10.1136/hrt.2011.226076</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22116891">22116891</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44374668">44374668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heart&rft.atitle=Cardiac+sarcoidosis%3A+applications+of+imaging+in+diagnosis+and+directing+treatment&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2078-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44374668%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22116891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fhrt.2011.226076&rft.aulast=Youssef&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Beanlands%2C+RS&rft.au=Birnie%2C+DH&rft.au=Nery%2C+PB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuhlSchneiderSievertLutz1997" class="citation journal cs1">Reuhl J, Schneider M, Sievert H, Lutz FU, Zieger G (October 1997). "Myocardial sarcoidosis as a rare cause of sudden cardiac death". Forensic Science International. 89 (3): 145–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0379-0738%2897%2900106-0">10.1016/S0379-0738(97)00106-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9363623">9363623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International&rft.atitle=Myocardial+sarcoidosis+as+a+rare+cause+of+sudden+cardiac+death&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1997-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0379-0738%2897%2900106-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9363623&rft.aulast=Reuhl&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Schneider%2C+M&rft.au=Sievert%2C+H&rft.au=Lutz%2C+FU&rft.au=Zieger%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rajasenan-1969-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Rajasenan-1969_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajasenanCooper1969" class="citation journal cs1">Rajasenan V, Cooper ES (July 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2611747">"Myocardial sarcoidosis, bouts of ventricular tachycardia, psychiatric manifestations and sudden death. A case report"</a>. Journal of the National Medical Association. 61 (4): 306–9. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2611747">2611747</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5796402">5796402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+National+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Myocardial+sarcoidosis%2C+bouts+of+ventricular+tachycardia%2C+psychiatric+manifestations+and+sudden+death.+A+case+report&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1969-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2611747%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5796402&rft.aulast=Rajasenan&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Cooper%2C+ES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2611747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22608949-44"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22608949_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapelon-Abric2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chapelon-Abric C (June 2012). "Cardiac sarcoidosis". Presse Médicale. 41 (6 Pt 2): e317–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lpm.2012.04.002">10.1016/j.lpm.2012.04.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22608949">22608949</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12132106">12132106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presse+M%C3%A9dicale&rft.atitle=Cardiac+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6+Pt+2&rft.pages=e317-30&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12132106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22608949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lpm.2012.04.002&rft.aulast=Chapelon-Abric&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHultenAslamOsborneAbbasi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hulten E, Aslam S, Osborne M, Abbasi S, Bittencourt MS, Blankstein R (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4731586">"Cardiac sarcoidosis-state of the art review"</a>. Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. 6 (1): 50–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3978%2Fj.issn.2223-3652.2015.12.13">10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2015.12.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4731586">4731586</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26885492">26885492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cardiovascular+Diagnosis+and+Therapy&rft.atitle=Cardiac+sarcoidosis-state+of+the+art+review&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4731586%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26885492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3978%2Fj.issn.2223-3652.2015.12.13&rft.aulast=Hulten&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Aslam%2C+S&rft.au=Osborne%2C+M&rft.au=Abbasi%2C+S&rft.au=Bittencourt%2C+MS&rft.au=Blankstein%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4731586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanford-46"><a href="#cite_ref-stanford_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://med.stanford.edu/sarcoidosis/about-.html">"About Sarcoidosis"</a>. Stanford University Sarcoidosis Program. Retrieved 2019-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+University+Sarcoidosis+Program&rft.atitle=About+Sarcoidosis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmed.stanford.edu%2Fsarcoidosis%2Fabout-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossidesKullbergGrunewaldEklund2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rossides, Marios; Kullberg, Susanna; Grunewald, Johan; Eklund, Anders; Di Giuseppe, Daniela; Askling, Johan; Arkema, Elizabeth V (2021-05-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8899480">"Risk and predictors of heart failure in sarcoidosis in a population-based cohort study from Sweden"</a>. Heart. 108 (6): heartjnl–2021–319129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fheartjnl-2021-319129">10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1355-6037">1355-6037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8899480">8899480</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34021039">34021039</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235076619">235076619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heart&rft.atitle=Risk+and+predictors+of+heart+failure+in+sarcoidosis+in+a+population-based+cohort+study+from+Sweden&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=heartjnl-2021-319129&rft.date=2021-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8899480%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235076619%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fheartjnl-2021-319129&rft.issn=1355-6037&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34021039&rft.aulast=Rossides&rft.aufirst=Marios&rft.au=Kullberg%2C+Susanna&rft.au=Grunewald%2C+Johan&rft.au=Eklund%2C+Anders&rft.au=Di+Giuseppe%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Askling%2C+Johan&rft.au=Arkema%2C+Elizabeth+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8899480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossidesKullbergGrunewaldEklund2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rossides, Marios; Kullberg, Susanna; Grunewald, Johan; Eklund, Anders; Di Giuseppe, Daniela; Askling, Johan; Arkema, Elizabeth V. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rmed.2021.106624">"Risk of acute myocardial infarction in sarcoidosis: A population-based cohort study from Sweden"</a>. Respiratory Medicine. 188: 106624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rmed.2021.106624">10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106624</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34583304">34583304</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238217835">238217835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiratory+Medicine&rft.atitle=Risk+of+acute+myocardial+infarction+in+sarcoidosis%3A+A+population-based+cohort+study+from+Sweden&rft.volume=188&rft.pages=106624&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238217835%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34583304&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rmed.2021.106624&rft.aulast=Rossides&rft.aufirst=Marios&rft.au=Kullberg%2C+Susanna&rft.au=Grunewald%2C+Johan&rft.au=Eklund%2C+Anders&rft.au=Di+Giuseppe%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Askling%2C+Johan&rft.au=Arkema%2C+Elizabeth+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.rmed.2021.106624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekhriSanalDelorenzoAronow2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sekhri V, Sanal S, Delorenzo LJ, Aronow WS, Maguire GP (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3258766">"Cardiac sarcoidosis: a comprehensive review"</a>. Archives of Medical Science. 7 (4): 546–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5114%2Faoms.2011.24118">10.5114/aoms.2011.24118</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3258766">3258766</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22291785">22291785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Medical+Science&rft.atitle=Cardiac+sarcoidosis%3A+a+comprehensive+review&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E546-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3258766%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22291785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5114%2Faoms.2011.24118&rft.aulast=Sekhri&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Sanal%2C+S&rft.au=Delorenzo%2C+LJ&rft.au=Aronow%2C+WS&rft.au=Maguire%2C+GP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3258766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodaghiTouitouFardeauChapelon2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bodaghi B, Touitou V, Fardeau C, Chapelon C, LeHoang P (June 2012). "Ocular sarcoidosis". Presse Médicale. 41 (6 Pt 2): e349–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lpm.2012.04.004">10.1016/j.lpm.2012.04.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22595776">22595776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presse+M%C3%A9dicale&rft.atitle=Ocular+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6+Pt+2&rft.pages=e349-54&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lpm.2012.04.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22595776&rft.aulast=Bodaghi&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Touitou%2C+V&rft.au=Fardeau%2C+C&rft.au=Chapelon%2C+C&rft.au=LeHoang%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamillouxKodjikianBroussolleSève2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jamilloux Y, Kodjikian L, Broussolle C, Sève P (August 2014). "Sarcoidosis and uveitis". Autoimmunity Reviews. 13 (8): 840–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.autrev.2014.04.001">10.1016/j.autrev.2014.04.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24704868">24704868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Autoimmunity+Reviews&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis+and+uveitis&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E840-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.autrev.2014.04.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24704868&rft.aulast=Jamilloux&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Kodjikian%2C+L&rft.au=Broussolle%2C+C&rft.au=S%C3%A8ve%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapadiaHerbortMochizuki2010" class="citation journal cs1">Papadia M, Herbort CP, Mochizuki M (December 2010). "Diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis". Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 18 (6): 432–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F09273948.2010.524344">10.3109/09273948.2010.524344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21091056">21091056</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10055356">10055356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ocular+Immunology+and+Inflammation&rft.atitle=Diagnosis+of+ocular+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E432-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10055356%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21091056&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F09273948.2010.524344&rft.aulast=Papadia&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Herbort%2C+CP&rft.au=Mochizuki%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQaziThorneJabs2003" class="citation journal cs1">Qazi FA, Thorne JE, Jabs DA (October 2003). "Scleral nodule associated with sarcoidosis". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 136 (4): 752–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9394%2803%2900454-9">10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00454-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14516826">14516826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=Scleral+nodule+associated+with+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E752-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0002-9394%2803%2900454-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14516826&rft.aulast=Qazi&rft.aufirst=FA&rft.au=Thorne%2C+JE&rft.au=Jabs%2C+DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-neuro2012-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neuro2012_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neuro2012_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neuro2012_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neuro2012_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neuro2012_54-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neuro2012_54-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neuro2012_54-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neuro2012_54-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNozakiJudson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nozaki K, Judson MA (June 2012). "Neurosarcoidosis: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment". Presse Médicale. 41 (6 Pt 2): e331–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lpm.2011.12.017">10.1016/j.lpm.2011.12.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22595777">22595777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presse+M%C3%A9dicale&rft.atitle=Neurosarcoidosis%3A+Clinical+manifestations%2C+diagnosis+and+treatment&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6+Pt+2&rft.pages=e331-48&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lpm.2011.12.017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22595777&rft.aulast=Nozaki&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Judson%2C+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaidLacroixPlanté-BordeneuveLe_Page2002" class="citation journal cs1">Said G, Lacroix C, Planté-Bordeneuve V, Le Page L, Pico F, Presles O, Senant J, Remy P, Rondepierre P, Mallecourt J (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawf027">"Nerve granulomas and vasculitis in sarcoid peripheral neuropathy: a clinicopathological study of 11 patients"</a>. Brain. 125 (Pt 2): 264–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawf027">10.1093/brain/awf027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11844727">11844727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=Nerve+granulomas+and+vasculitis+in+sarcoid+peripheral+neuropathy%3A+a+clinicopathological+study+of+11+patients&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=Pt+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E264-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawf027&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11844727&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Lacroix%2C+C&rft.au=Plant%C3%A9-Bordeneuve%2C+V&rft.au=Le+Page%2C+L&rft.au=Pico%2C+F&rft.au=Presles%2C+O&rft.au=Senant%2C+J&rft.au=Remy%2C+P&rft.au=Rondepierre%2C+P&rft.au=Mallecourt%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbrain%252Fawf027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-extra2012-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-extra2012_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extra2012_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extra2012_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extra2012_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extra2012_56-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extra2012_56-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extra2012_56-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extra2012_56-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVardhanabhutiVenkatanarasimhaBhatnagarMaviki2012" class="citation journal cs1">Vardhanabhuti V, Venkatanarasimha N, Bhatnagar G, Maviki M, Iyengar S, Adams WM, Suresh P (March 2012). "Extra-pulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis". Clinical Radiology. 67 (3): 263–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crad.2011.04.018">10.1016/j.crad.2011.04.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22094184">22094184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Radiology&rft.atitle=Extra-pulmonary+manifestations+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crad.2011.04.018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22094184&rft.aulast=Vardhanabhuti&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Venkatanarasimha%2C+N&rft.au=Bhatnagar%2C+G&rft.au=Maviki%2C+M&rft.au=Iyengar%2C+S&rft.au=Adams%2C+WM&rft.au=Suresh%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21298560-57"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21298560_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaveeCulver2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tavee J, Culver D (June 2011). "Sarcoidosis and small-fiber neuropathy". Current Pain and Headache Reports. 15 (3): 201–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11916-011-0180-8">10.1007/s11916-011-0180-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21298560">21298560</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6735421">6735421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Pain+and+Headache+Reports&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis+and+small-fiber+neuropathy&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6735421%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21298560&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11916-011-0180-8&rft.aulast=Tavee&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Culver%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeijDahanHoitsma2012" class="citation journal cs1">Heij L, Dahan A, Hoitsma E (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3523152">"Sarcoidosis and pain caused by small-fiber neuropathy"</a>. Pain Research and Treatment. 2012: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2012%2F256024">10.1155/2012/256024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3523152">3523152</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23304492">23304492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pain+Research+and+Treatment&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis+and+pain+caused+by+small-fiber+neuropathy&rft.volume=2012&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3523152%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23304492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2012%2F256024&rft.aulast=Heij&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Dahan%2C+A&rft.au=Hoitsma%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3523152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorterBeynonRandeva2003" class="citation journal cs1">Porter N, Beynon HL, Randeva HS (August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqjmed%2Fhcg103">"Endocrine and reproductive manifestations of sarcoidosis"</a>. QJM. 96 (8): 553–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqjmed%2Fhcg103">10.1093/qjmed/hcg103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12897340">12897340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QJM&rft.atitle=Endocrine+and+reproductive+manifestations+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E553-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fqjmed%2Fhcg103&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12897340&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Beynon%2C+HL&rft.au=Randeva%2C+HS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fqjmed%252Fhcg103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbourCoburnSlatopolskyNorman1981" class="citation journal cs1">Barbour GL, Coburn JW, Slatopolsky E, Norman AW, Horst RL (August 1981). "Hypercalcemia in an anephric patient with sarcoidosis: evidence for extrarenal generation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D". The New England Journal of Medicine. 305 (8): 440–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM198108203050807">10.1056/NEJM198108203050807</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6894783">6894783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Hypercalcemia+in+an+anephric+patient+with+sarcoidosis%3A+evidence+for+extrarenal+generation+of+1%2C25-dihydroxyvitamin+D&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E440-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=1981-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM198108203050807&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6894783&rft.aulast=Barbour&rft.aufirst=GL&rft.au=Coburn%2C+JW&rft.au=Slatopolsky%2C+E&rft.au=Norman%2C+AW&rft.au=Horst%2C+RL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cush-163-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Cush-163_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rheumatology Diagnosis & Therapies (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005. p. 342.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rheumatology+Diagnosis+%26+Therapies&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=342&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antonelli_2006_16899854-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Antonelli_2006_16899854_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antonelli_2006_16899854_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonelliFazziFallahiFerrari2006" class="citation journal cs1">Antonelli A, Fazzi P, Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Ferrannini E (August 2006). "Prevalence of hypothyroidism and Graves disease in sarcoidosis". Chest. 130 (2): 526–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.130.2.526">10.1378/chest.130.2.526</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16899854">16899854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+hypothyroidism+and+Graves+disease+in+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E526-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.130.2.526&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16899854&rft.aulast=Antonelli&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Fazzi%2C+P&rft.au=Fallahi%2C+P&rft.au=Ferrari%2C+SM&rft.au=Ferrannini%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManchandaPatelJiangBabu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Manchanda A, Patel S, Jiang JJ, Babu AR (March–April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aace.metapress.com/content/h35854138g847h80/fulltext.pdf">"Thyroid: an unusual hideout for sarcoidosis"</a> (PDF). Endocrine Practice. 19 (2): e40–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4158%2FEP12131.CR">10.4158/EP12131.CR</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23337134">23337134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrine+Practice&rft.atitle=Thyroid%3A+an+unusual+hideout+for+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e40-3&rft.date=2013-03%2F2013-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4158%2FEP12131.CR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23337134&rft.aulast=Manchanda&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Patel%2C+S&rft.au=Jiang%2C+JJ&rft.au=Babu%2C+AR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faace.metapress.com%2Fcontent%2Fh35854138g847h80%2Ffulltext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Path-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Path_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Path_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Path_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Path_64-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaustoAbbas2004" class="citation book cs1">Fausto N, Abbas A (2004). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of disease (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 737–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0721601878" title="Special:BookSources/978-0721601878"><bdi>978-0721601878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robbins+and+Cotran+Pathologic+Basis+of+disease.&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E737-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FSaunders&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0721601878&rft.aulast=Fausto&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Abbas%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTokalaPolsaniKalavakunta2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tokala H, Polsani K, Kalavakunta JK (2013-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3867894">"Gastric sarcoidosis: a rare clinical presentation"</a>. Case Reports in Gastrointestinal Medicine. 2013: 260704. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F260704">10.1155/2013/260704</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3867894">3867894</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24368949">24368949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Case+Reports+in+Gastrointestinal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Gastric+sarcoidosis%3A+a+rare+clinical+presentation&rft.volume=2013&rft.pages=260704&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3867894%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24368949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2013%2F260704&rft.aulast=Tokala&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Polsani%2C+K&rft.au=Kalavakunta%2C+JK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3867894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeraFunaroBouffard2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vera C, Funaro D, Bouffard D (July–August 2013). "Vulvar sarcoidosis: case report and review of the literature". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cutaneous_Medicine_and_Surgery" title="Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery">Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery</a>. 17 (4): 287–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2310%2F7750.2012.12083">10.2310/7750.2012.12083</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23815963">23815963</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13481889">13481889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cutaneous+Medicine+and+Surgery&rft.atitle=Vulvar+sarcoidosis%3A+case+report+and+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2013-07%2F2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13481889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23815963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2310%2F7750.2012.12083&rft.aulast=Vera&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Funaro%2C+D&rft.au=Bouffard%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paknejad_269–27-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paknejad_269–27_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paknejad_269–27_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paknejad_269–27_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paknejad_269–27_67-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaknejadGilaniKhoshchehreh2011" class="citation journal cs1">Paknejad O, Gilani MA, Khoshchehreh M (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142840">"Testicular masses in a man with a plausible sarcoidosis"</a>. Indian Journal of Urology. 27 (2): 269–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0970-1591.82848">10.4103/0970-1591.82848</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142840">3142840</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21814320">21814320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Urology&rft.atitle=Testicular+masses+in+a+man+with+a+plausible+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3142840%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21814320&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0970-1591.82848&rft.aulast=Paknejad&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Gilani%2C+MA&rft.au=Khoshchehreh%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3142840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCremersDrentBaughmanWijnen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cremers JP, Drent M, Baughman RP, Wijnen PA, Koek GH (September 2012). "Therapeutic approach of hepatic sarcoidosis". Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 18 (5): 472–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMCP.0b013e3283541626">10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283541626</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22617809">22617809</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9363764">9363764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Pulmonary+Medicine&rft.atitle=Therapeutic+approach+of+hepatic+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E472-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9363764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22617809&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMCP.0b013e3283541626&rft.aulast=Cremers&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Drent%2C+M&rft.au=Baughman%2C+RP&rft.au=Wijnen%2C+PA&rft.au=Koek%2C+GH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJR1999-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AJR1999_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJR1999_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Statement on sarcoidosis. Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG) adopted by the ATS Board of Directors and by the ERS Executive Committee, February 1999". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 160 (2): 736–55. August 1999. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Fajrccm.160.2.ats4-99">10.1164/ajrccm.160.2.ats4-99</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10430755">10430755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251816742">251816742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.atitle=Statement+on+sarcoidosis.+Joint+Statement+of+the+American+Thoracic+Society+%28ATS%29%2C+the+European+Respiratory+Society+%28ERS%29+and+the+World+Association+of+Sarcoidosis+and+Other+Granulomatous+Disorders+%28WASOG%29+adopted+by+the+ATS+Board+of+Directors+and+by+the+ERS+Executive+Committee%2C+February+1999&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E736-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=1999-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251816742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10430755&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Fajrccm.160.2.ats4-99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MonocyteSarcoid-70"><a href="#cite_ref-MonocyteSarcoid_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurmLöhr1986" class="citation journal cs1">Wurm K, Löhr G (March 1986). "Immuno-cytological blood tests in cases of sarcoidosis". Sarcoidosis. 3 (1): 52–9. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3033787">3033787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarcoidosis&rft.atitle=Immuno-cytological+blood+tests+in+cases+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1986-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3033787&rft.aulast=Wurm&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=L%C3%B6hr%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenKangLaiLin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Chen HC, Kang BH, Lai CT, Lin YS (July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1726-4901%2809%2970172-8">"Sarcoidal granuloma in cervical lymph nodes"</a>. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association. 68 (7): 339–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1726-4901%2809%2970172-8">10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70172-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16038376">16038376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chinese+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Sarcoidal+granuloma+in+cervical+lymph+nodes&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1726-4901%2809%2970172-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16038376&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=HC&rft.au=Kang%2C+BH&rft.au=Lai%2C+CT&rft.au=Lin%2C+YS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS1726-4901%252809%252970172-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dellaripa_2013-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dellaripa_2013_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dellaripa_2013_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dellaripa_2013_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dellaripa_2013_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dellaripa_2013_72-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dellaripa_2013_72-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dellaripa_2013_72-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dellaripa_2013_72-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dellaripa_2013_72-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dellaripa_2013_72-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dellaripa_2013_72-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dellaripa_2013_72-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dellaripa_2013_72-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dellaripa_2013_72-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dellaripa_2013_72-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoDellaripa2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rao DA, Dellaripa PF (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756667">"Extrapulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis"</a>. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. 39 (2): 277–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rdc.2013.02.007">10.1016/j.rdc.2013.02.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756667">3756667</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23597964">23597964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rheumatic+Disease+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Extrapulmonary+manifestations+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3756667%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23597964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rdc.2013.02.007&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Dellaripa%2C+PF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3756667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shimamura_2015-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Shimamura_2015_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimamuraTaniguchiYoshimatsuKawase2016" class="citation journal cs1">Shimamura Y, Taniguchi Y, Yoshimatsu R, Kawase S, Yamagami T, Terada Y (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Frheumatology%2Fkev319">"Granulomatous periostitis and tracheal involvement in sarcoidosis"</a>. Rheumatology. 55 (1): 102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Frheumatology%2Fkev319">10.1093/rheumatology/kev319</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26320137">26320137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rheumatology&rft.atitle=Granulomatous+periostitis+and+tracheal+involvement+in+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=102&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Frheumatology%2Fkev319&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26320137&rft.aulast=Shimamura&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Taniguchi%2C+Y&rft.au=Yoshimatsu%2C+R&rft.au=Kawase%2C+S&rft.au=Yamagami%2C+T&rft.au=Terada%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Frheumatology%252Fkev319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korkmaz_1999-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Korkmaz_1999_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorkmazEfeTelKabukçuoglu1999" class="citation journal cs1">Korkmaz C, Efe B, Tel N, Kabukçuoglu S, Erenoglu E (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Frheumatology%2F38.3.287">"Sarcoidosis with palpable nodular myositis, periostitis and large-vessel vasculitis stimulating Takayasu's arteritis"</a>. Rheumatology. 38 (3): 287–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Frheumatology%2F38.3.287">10.1093/rheumatology/38.3.287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10325674">10325674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rheumatology&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis+with+palpable+nodular+myositis%2C+periostitis+and+large-vessel+vasculitis+stimulating+Takayasu%27s+arteritis&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Frheumatology%2F38.3.287&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10325674&rft.aulast=Korkmaz&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Efe%2C+B&rft.au=Tel%2C+N&rft.au=Kabuk%C3%A7uoglu%2C+S&rft.au=Erenoglu%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Frheumatology%252F38.3.287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossmanKreider2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rossman MD, Kreider ME (August 2007). "Lesson learned from ACCESS (A Case Controlled Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis)". Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 4 (5): 453–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1513%2Fpats.200607-138MS">10.1513/pats.200607-138MS</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17684288">17684288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Thoracic+Society&rft.atitle=Lesson+learned+from+ACCESS+%28A+Case+Controlled+Etiologic+Study+of+Sarcoidosis%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1513%2Fpats.200607-138MS&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17684288&rft.aulast=Rossman&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Kreider%2C+ME&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathcartSamiElewski2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cathcart S, Sami N, Elewski B (May 2012). "Sarcoidosis as an adverse effect of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 11 (5): 609–12. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22527429">22527429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Drugs+in+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis+as+an+adverse+effect+of+tumor+necrosis+factor+inhibitors&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E609-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22527429&rft.aulast=Cathcart&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Sami%2C+N&rft.au=Elewski%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossidesGrunewaldEklundKullberg2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rossides M, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Kullberg S, Di Giuseppe D, Askling J, Arkema EV (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F13993003.00385-2018">"Familial aggregation and heritability of sarcoidosis: a Swedish nested case-control study"</a>. The European Respiratory Journal. 52 (2): 1800385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F13993003.00385-2018">10.1183/13993003.00385-2018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29946010">29946010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Respiratory+Journal&rft.atitle=Familial+aggregation+and+heritability+of+sarcoidosis%3A+a+Swedish+nested+case-control+study&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1800385&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1183%2F13993003.00385-2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29946010&rft.aulast=Rossides&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Grunewald%2C+J&rft.au=Eklund%2C+A&rft.au=Kullberg%2C+S&rft.au=Di+Giuseppe%2C+D&rft.au=Askling%2C+J&rft.au=Arkema%2C+EV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1183%252F13993003.00385-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIannuzzi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Iannuzzi MC (August 2007). "Advances in the genetics of sarcoidosis". Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 4 (5): 457–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1513%2Fpats.200606-136MS">10.1513/pats.200606-136MS</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17684289">17684289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Thoracic+Society&rft.atitle=Advances+in+the+genetics+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1513%2Fpats.200606-136MS&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17684289&rft.aulast=Iannuzzi&rft.aufirst=MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpagnoloGrunewald2013" class="citation journal cs1">Spagnolo P, Grunewald J (May 2013). "Recent advances in the genetics of sarcoidosis". Journal of Medical Genetics. 50 (5): 290–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjmedgenet-2013-101532">10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-101532</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23526832">23526832</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23588871">23588871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Genetics&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+the+genetics+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23588871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23526832&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjmedgenet-2013-101532&rft.aulast=Spagnolo&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Grunewald%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14656748-80"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14656748_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunewaldEklundOlerup2004" class="citation journal cs1">Grunewald J, Eklund A, Olerup O (March 2004). "Human leukocyte antigen class I alleles and the disease course in sarcoidosis patients". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 169 (6): 696–702. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.321.2788">10.1.1.321.2788</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Frccm.200303-459OC">10.1164/rccm.200303-459OC</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14656748">14656748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.atitle=Human+leukocyte+antigen+class+I+alleles+and+the+disease+course+in+sarcoidosis+patients&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E696-%3C%2Fspan%3E702&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.321.2788%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14656748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Frccm.200303-459OC&rft.aulast=Grunewald&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Eklund%2C+A&rft.au=Olerup%2C+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunewald2010" class="citation journal cs1">Grunewald J (August 2010). "Review: role of genetics in susceptibility and outcome of sarcoidosis". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 31 (4): 380–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0030-1262206">10.1055/s-0030-1262206</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20665388">20665388</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260316603">260316603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.atitle=Review%3A+role+of+genetics+in+susceptibility+and+outcome+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E380-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A260316603%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20665388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-0030-1262206&rft.aulast=Grunewald&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGialafosTriposkiadisKouranosRapti2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gialafos E, Triposkiadis F, Kouranos V, Rapti A, Kosmas I, Manali E, Giamouzis G, Elezoglou A, Peros I, Anagnostopoulou O, Koulouris N, Gazouli M (2014-12-01). "Relationship between tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFA) gene polymorphisms and cardiac sarcoidosis". In Vivo. 28 (6): 1125–9. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25398810">25398810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+Vivo&rft.atitle=Relationship+between+tumor+necrosis+factor-%CE%B1+%28TNFA%29+gene+polymorphisms+and+cardiac+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1125-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25398810&rft.aulast=Gialafos&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Triposkiadis%2C+F&rft.au=Kouranos%2C+V&rft.au=Rapti%2C+A&rft.au=Kosmas%2C+I&rft.au=Manali%2C+E&rft.au=Giamouzis%2C+G&rft.au=Elezoglou%2C+A&rft.au=Peros%2C+I&rft.au=Anagnostopoulou%2C+O&rft.au=Koulouris%2C+N&rft.au=Gazouli%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaidhaSotirchosEckstein2012" class="citation journal cs1">Saidha S, Sotirchos ES, Eckstein C (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3313528">"Etiology of sarcoidosis: does infection play a role?"</a>. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 85 (1): 133–41. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3313528">3313528</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22461752">22461752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Journal+of+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Etiology+of+sarcoidosis%3A+does+infection+play+a+role%3F&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3313528%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22461752&rft.aulast=Saidha&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Sotirchos%2C+ES&rft.au=Eckstein%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3313528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-path2013-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-path2013_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-path2013_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-path2013_84-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-QuernheimPrasseZissel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Müller-Quernheim J, Prasse A, Zissel G (June 2012). "Pathogenesis of sarcoidosis". Presse Médicale. 41 (6 Pt 2): e275–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lpm.2012.03.018">10.1016/j.lpm.2012.03.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22595775">22595775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presse+M%C3%A9dicale&rft.atitle=Pathogenesis+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6+Pt+2&rft.pages=e275-87&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lpm.2012.03.018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22595775&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Quernheim&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Prasse%2C+A&rft.au=Zissel%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaAgarwalAggarwalJindal2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta D, Agarwal R, Aggarwal AN, Jindal SK (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F09031936.00002607">"Molecular evidence for the role of mycobacteria in sarcoidosis: a meta-analysis"</a>. The European Respiratory Journal. 30 (3): 508–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F09031936.00002607">10.1183/09031936.00002607</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17537780">17537780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Respiratory+Journal&rft.atitle=Molecular+evidence+for+the+role+of+mycobacteria+in+sarcoidosis%3A+a+meta-analysis&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E508-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1183%2F09031936.00002607&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17537780&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Agarwal%2C+R&rft.au=Aggarwal%2C+AN&rft.au=Jindal%2C+SK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1183%252F09031936.00002607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmenoffJohnsonLesserMattman1996" class="citation journal cs1">Almenoff PL, Johnson A, Lesser M, Mattman LH (May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC473601">"Growth of acid fast L forms from the blood of patients with sarcoidosis"</a>. Thorax. 51 (5): 530–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthx.51.5.530">10.1136/thx.51.5.530</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC473601">473601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8711683">8711683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thorax&rft.atitle=Growth+of+acid+fast+L+forms+from+the+blood+of+patients+with+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E530-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=1996-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC473601%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8711683&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fthx.51.5.530&rft.aulast=Almenoff&rft.aufirst=PL&rft.au=Johnson%2C+A&rft.au=Lesser%2C+M&rft.au=Mattman%2C+LH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC473601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenthauIannuzzi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Morgenthau AS, Iannuzzi MC (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225235843/http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/data/Journals/CHEST/20389/100188.pdf">"Recent advances in sarcoidosis"</a> (PDF). Chest. 139 (1): 174–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.10-0188">10.1378/chest.10-0188</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21208877">21208877</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/data/Journals/CHEST/20389/100188.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2014-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.10-0188&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21208877&rft.aulast=Morgenthau&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Iannuzzi%2C+MC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.publications.chestnet.org%2Fdata%2FJournals%2FCHEST%2F20389%2F100188.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadillaSchileroTeirstein2002" class="citation journal cs1">Padilla ML, Schilero GJ, Teirstein AS (March 2002). "Donor-acquired sarcoidosis". Sarcoidosis, Vasculitis, and Diffuse Lung Diseases. 19 (1): 18–24. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12002380">12002380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarcoidosis%2C+Vasculitis%2C+and+Diffuse+Lung+Diseases&rft.atitle=Donor-acquired+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12002380&rft.aulast=Padilla&rft.aufirst=ML&rft.au=Schilero%2C+GJ&rft.au=Teirstein%2C+AS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossidesKullbergAsklingEklund2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rossides M, Kullberg S, Askling J, Eklund A, Grunewald J, Di Giuseppe D, Arkema EV (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7695666">"Are infectious diseases risk factors for sarcoidosis or a result of reverse causation? Findings from a population-based nested case-control study"</a>. European Journal of Epidemiology. 35 (11): 1087–1097. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10654-020-00611-w">10.1007/s10654-020-00611-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7695666">7695666</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32048110">32048110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Are+infectious+diseases+risk+factors+for+sarcoidosis+or+a+result+of+reverse+causation%3F+Findings+from+a+population-based+nested+case-control+study&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1087-%3C%2Fspan%3E1097&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7695666%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32048110&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10654-020-00611-w&rft.aulast=Rossides&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Kullberg%2C+S&rft.au=Askling%2C+J&rft.au=Eklund%2C+A&rft.au=Grunewald%2C+J&rft.au=Di+Giuseppe%2C+D&rft.au=Arkema%2C+EV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7695666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romagnani_1997_9190109-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Romagnani_1997_9190109_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomagnani1997" class="citation journal cs1">Romagnani S (June 1997). "The Th1/Th2 paradigm". Immunology Today. 18 (6): 263–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-5699%2897%2980019-9">10.1016/S0167-5699(97)80019-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9190109">9190109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Immunology+Today&rft.atitle=The+Th1%2FTh2+paradigm&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1997-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0167-5699%2897%2980019-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9190109&rft.aulast=Romagnani&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11948059-91"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11948059_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorellLevyOrriolsFerrer2002" class="citation journal cs1">Morell F, Levy G, Orriols R, Ferrer J, De Gracia J, Sampol G (April 2002). "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity tests and lymphopenia as activity markers in sarcoidosis". Chest. 121 (4): 1239–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.121.4.1239">10.1378/chest.121.4.1239</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11948059">11948059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.atitle=Delayed+cutaneous+hypersensitivity+tests+and+lymphopenia+as+activity+markers+in+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1239-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.121.4.1239&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11948059&rft.aulast=Morell&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Levy%2C+G&rft.au=Orriols%2C+R&rft.au=Ferrer%2C+J&rft.au=De+Gracia%2C+J&rft.au=Sampol%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cyt-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cyt_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cyt_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cyt_92-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBargagliOlivieriRottoli2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bargagli E, Olivieri C, Rottoli P (December 2011). "Cytokine modulators in the treatment of sarcoidosis". Rheumatology International. 31 (12): 1539–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00296-011-1969-9">10.1007/s00296-011-1969-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11365%2F35698">11365/35698</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21644041">21644041</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13602061">13602061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rheumatology+International&rft.atitle=Cytokine+modulators+in+the+treatment+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1539-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11365%2F35698&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13602061%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21644041&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00296-011-1969-9&rft.aulast=Bargagli&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Olivieri%2C+C&rft.au=Rottoli%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettritzGoebelFiebelerSchneider2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kettritz R, Goebel U, Fiebeler A, Schneider W, Luft F (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fndt%2Fgfl369">"The protean face of sarcoidosis revisited"</a>. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 21 (10): 2690–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fndt%2Fgfl369">10.1093/ndt/gfl369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16861724">16861724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nephrology%2C+Dialysis%2C+Transplantation&rft.atitle=The+protean+face+of+sarcoidosis+revisited&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2690-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fndt%2Fgfl369&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16861724&rft.aulast=Kettritz&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Goebel%2C+U&rft.au=Fiebeler%2C+A&rft.au=Schneider%2C+W&rft.au=Luft%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fndt%252Fgfl369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verschueren_2007_17340045-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Verschueren_2007_17340045_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerschuerenVan_EsscheVerschuerenTaelman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Verschueren K, Van Essche E, Verschueren P, Taelman V, Westhovens R (November 2007). "Development of sarcoidosis in etanercept-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients". Clinical Rheumatology. 26 (11): 1969–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10067-007-0594-1">10.1007/s10067-007-0594-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17340045">17340045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10723194">10723194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Rheumatology&rft.atitle=Development+of+sarcoidosis+in+etanercept-treated+rheumatoid+arthritis+patients&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1969-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10723194%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17340045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10067-007-0594-1&rft.aulast=Verschueren&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Van+Essche%2C+E&rft.au=Verschueren%2C+P&rft.au=Taelman%2C+V&rft.au=Westhovens%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIannuzziRybickiTeirstein2007" class="citation journal cs1">Iannuzzi M, Rybicki BA, Teirstein AS (2007). "Sarcoidosis". New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (21): 2153–2165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra071714">10.1056/NEJMra071714</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18032765">18032765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis&rft.volume=357&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2153-%3C%2Fspan%3E2165&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra071714&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18032765&rft.aulast=Iannuzzi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Rybicki%2C+BA&rft.au=Teirstein%2C+AS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_MaarsseveenVosvan_Diest2009" class="citation journal cs1">van Maarsseveen, T. C. M. Th; Vos, W.; van Diest, P. J. (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2669524">"Giant cell formation in sarcoidosis: cell fusion or proliferation with non-division?"</a>. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 155 (3): 476–486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2249.2008.03841.x">10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03841.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2249">1365-2249</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2669524">2669524</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19077083">19077083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+and+Experimental+Immunology&rft.atitle=Giant+cell+formation+in+sarcoidosis%3A+cell+fusion+or+proliferation+with+non-division%3F&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E476-%3C%2Fspan%3E486&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2669524%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1365-2249&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19077083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2249.2008.03841.x&rft.aulast=van+Maarsseveen&rft.aufirst=T.+C.+M.+Th&rft.au=Vos%2C+W.&rft.au=van+Diest%2C+P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2669524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GranLung-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GranLung_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GranLung_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukhopadhyayGal2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mukhopadhyay, Sanjay; Gal, Anthony A. (2010-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5858/134.5.667">"Granulomatous lung disease: an approach to the differential diagnosis"</a>. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 134 (5): 667–690. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5858%2F134.5.667">10.5858/134.5.667</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-2165">1543-2165</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20441499">20441499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Pathology+%26+Laboratory+Medicine&rft.atitle=Granulomatous+lung+disease%3A+an+approach+to+the+differential+diagnosis&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E667-%3C%2Fspan%3E690&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft.issn=1543-2165&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20441499&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5858%2F134.5.667&rft.aulast=Mukhopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft.au=Gal%2C+Anthony+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5858%2F134.5.667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaGalKoss2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ma, YanLing; Gal, Anthony; Koss, Michael N. (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17882899">"The pathology of pulmonary sarcoidosis: update"</a>. Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology. 24 (3): 150–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.semdp.2007.06.002">10.1053/j.semdp.2007.06.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0740-2570">0740-2570</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17882899">17882899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Diagnostic+Pathology&rft.atitle=The+pathology+of+pulmonary+sarcoidosis%3A+update&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=2007-08&rft.issn=0740-2570&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17882899&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.semdp.2007.06.002&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=YanLing&rft.au=Gal%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Koss%2C+Michael+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F17882899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrishTurner2009" class="citation journal cs1">Parrish S, Turner JF (November 2009). "Diagnosis of sarcoidosis". Disease-a-Month. 55 (11): 693–703. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.disamonth.2009.06.001">10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.06.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19857643">19857643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Disease-a-Month&rft.atitle=Diagnosis+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E693-%3C%2Fspan%3E703&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.disamonth.2009.06.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19857643&rft.aulast=Parrish&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Turner%2C+JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawtinRoddieMauriCopley2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hawtin KE, Roddie ME, Mauri FA, Copley SJ (August 2010). "Pulmonary sarcoidosis: the 'Great Pretender'". Clinical Radiology. 65 (8): 642–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crad.2010.03.004">10.1016/j.crad.2010.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20599067">20599067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Radiology&rft.atitle=Pulmonary+sarcoidosis%3A+the+%27Great+Pretender%27&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E642-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crad.2010.03.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20599067&rft.aulast=Hawtin&rft.aufirst=KE&rft.au=Roddie%2C+ME&rft.au=Mauri%2C+FA&rft.au=Copley%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiliauskasZemaitisSakalauskas2010" class="citation journal cs1">Miliauskas S, Zemaitis M, Sakalauskas R (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medicina.kmu.lt/1007/1007-01e.pdf">"Sarcoidosis--moving to the new standard of diagnosis?"</a> (PDF). Medicina. 46 (7): 443–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmedicina46070063">10.3390/medicina46070063</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20966615">20966615</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226213947/http://medicina.kmu.lt/1007/1007-01e.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicina&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis--moving+to+the+new+standard+of+diagnosis%3F&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E443-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmedicina46070063&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20966615&rft.aulast=Miliauskas&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Zemaitis%2C+M&rft.au=Sakalauskas%2C+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedicina.kmu.lt%2F1007%2F1007-01e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSRW-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSRW_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSRW_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSRW_102-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamangarRohaniShorr2014" class="citation web cs1">Kamangar N, Rohani P, Shorr AF (6 February 2014). Peters SP, Talavera F, Rice TD, Mosenifar Z (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-workup#showall">"Sarcoidosis Workup"</a>. Medscape Reference. WebMD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301113850/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-workup#showall">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape+Reference&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis+Workup&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft.aulast=Kamangar&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Rohani%2C+P&rft.au=Shorr%2C+AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F301914-workup%23showall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllmendingerPerone2009" class="citation journal cs1">Allmendinger A, Perone R (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/display/article/113619/1451377">"Case of the Month"</a>. Diagnostic Imaging. 31 (9): 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diagnostic+Imaging&rft.atitle=Case+of+the+Month&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Allmendinger&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Perone%2C+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diagnosticimaging.com%2Fdisplay%2Farticle%2F113619%2F1451377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanne_Mambretti2004" class="citation journal cs1">Joanne Mambretti (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaimedicine.org/journal-of-insurance-medicine/jim/2004/036-01-0091.pdf">"Chest X-ray Stages of Sarcoidosis"</a> (PDF). Journal of Insurance Medicine: 91–92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709192802/http://aaimedicine.org/journal-of-insurance-medicine/jim/2004/036-01-0091.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Insurance+Medicine&rft.atitle=Chest+X-ray+Stages+of+Sarcoidosis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Joanne+Mambretti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaimedicine.org%2Fjournal-of-insurance-medicine%2Fjim%2F2004%2F036-01-0091.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndonopoulosPapadimitriouMelachrinouMeimaris2001" class="citation journal cs1">Andonopoulos AP, Papadimitriou C, Melachrinou M, Meimaris N, Vlahanastasi C, Bounas A, Georgiou P (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clinexprheumatol.org/article.asp?a=1137">"Asymptomatic gastrocnemius muscle biopsy: an extremely sensitive and specific test in the pathologic confirmation of sarcoidosis presenting with hilar adenopathy"</a> (PDF). Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 19 (5): 569–72. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11579718">11579718</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224082455/http://www.clinexprheumatol.org/article.asp?a=1137">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+and+Experimental+Rheumatology&rft.atitle=Asymptomatic+gastrocnemius+muscle+biopsy%3A+an+extremely+sensitive+and+specific+test+in+the+pathologic+confirmation+of+sarcoidosis+presenting+with+hilar+adenopathy&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E569-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11579718&rft.aulast=Andonopoulos&rft.aufirst=AP&rft.au=Papadimitriou%2C+C&rft.au=Melachrinou%2C+M&rft.au=Meimaris%2C+N&rft.au=Vlahanastasi%2C+C&rft.au=Bounas%2C+A&rft.au=Georgiou%2C+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clinexprheumatol.org%2Farticle.asp%3Fa%3D1137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusanoSatomi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kusano KF, Satomi K (February 2016). "Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis". Heart. 102 (3): 184–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fheartjnl-2015-307877">10.1136/heartjnl-2015-307877</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26643814">26643814</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29186632">29186632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heart&rft.atitle=Diagnosis+and+treatment+of+cardiac+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29186632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26643814&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fheartjnl-2015-307877&rft.aulast=Kusano&rft.aufirst=KF&rft.au=Satomi%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2017/04/10/08/43/fdg-pet-is-a-superior-tool">"FDG-PET is a Superior Tool in the Diagnosis and Management of Cardiac Sarcoidosis"</a>. American College of Cardiology. Retrieved 2019-08-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+College+of+Cardiology&rft.atitle=FDG-PET+is+a+Superior+Tool+in+the+Diagnosis+and+Management+of+Cardiac+Sarcoidosis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acc.org%2Flatest-in-cardiology%2Farticles%2F2017%2F04%2F10%2F08%2F43%2Ffdg-pet-is-a-superior-tool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaughmanLower2015" class="citation journal cs1">Baughman RP, Lower EE (August 2015). "Treatment of Sarcoidosis". Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 49 (1): 79–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12016-015-8492-9">10.1007/s12016-015-8492-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25989728">25989728</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10500902">10500902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Reviews+in+Allergy+%26+Immunology&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+Sarcoidosis&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10500902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25989728&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12016-015-8492-9&rft.aulast=Baughman&rft.aufirst=RP&rft.au=Lower%2C+EE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaughmanOct2015-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BaughmanOct2015_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaughmanOct2015_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaughmanOct2015_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaughmanOct2015_109-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaughmanGrutters2015" class="citation journal cs1">Baughman RP, Grutters JC (October 2015). "New treatment strategies for pulmonary sarcoidosis: antimetabolites, biological drugs, and other treatment approaches". The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine. 3 (10): 813–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2213-2600%2815%2900199-X">10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00199-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26204816">26204816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Respiratory+Medicine&rft.atitle=New+treatment+strategies+for+pulmonary+sarcoidosis%3A+antimetabolites%2C+biological+drugs%2C+and+other+treatment+approaches&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E813-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2213-2600%2815%2900199-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26204816&rft.aulast=Baughman&rft.aufirst=RP&rft.au=Grutters%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSRT-110"><a href="#cite_ref-MSRT_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamangar,_NRohani,_PShorr,_AF2014" class="citation web cs1">Kamangar, N; Rohani, P; Shorr, AF (6 February 2014). Peters, SP; Talavera, F; Rice, TD; Mosenifar, Z (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-clinical#showall">"Sarcoidosis Treatment & Management"</a>. Medscape Reference. WebMD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225084711/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-clinical#showall">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape+Reference&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis+Treatment+%26+Management&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft.au=Kamangar%2C+N&rft.au=Rohani%2C+P&rft.au=Shorr%2C+AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F301914-clinical%23showall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteLynch2007" class="citation journal cs1">White ES, Lynch JP (June 2007). "Current and emerging strategies for the management of sarcoidosis". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 8 (9): 1293–311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14656566.8.9.1293">10.1517/14656566.8.9.1293</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17563264">17563264</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28753020">28753020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opinion+on+Pharmacotherapy&rft.atitle=Current+and+emerging+strategies+for+the+management+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1293-%3C%2Fspan%3E311&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28753020%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17563264&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F14656566.8.9.1293&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=ES&rft.au=Lynch%2C+JP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParamothayanLassersonJones2005" class="citation journal cs1">Paramothayan NS, Lasserson TJ, Jones PW (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6464973">"Corticosteroids for pulmonary sarcoidosis"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010 (2): CD001114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001114.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD001114.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6464973">6464973</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15846612">15846612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Corticosteroids+for+pulmonary+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=2010&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD001114&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6464973%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15846612&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD001114.pub2&rft.aulast=Paramothayan&rft.aufirst=NS&rft.au=Lasserson%2C+TJ&rft.au=Jones%2C+PW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6464973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahooBandyopadhyayXuPearson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sahoo DH, Bandyopadhyay D, Xu M, Pearson K, Parambil JG, Lazar CA, Chapman JT, Culver DA (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F09031936.00195010">"Effectiveness and safety of leflunomide for pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis"</a>. The European Respiratory Journal. 38 (5): 1145–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F09031936.00195010">10.1183/09031936.00195010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21565914">21565914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Respiratory+Journal&rft.atitle=Effectiveness+and+safety+of+leflunomide+for+pulmonary+and+extrapulmonary+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1145-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1183%2F09031936.00195010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21565914&rft.aulast=Sahoo&rft.aufirst=DH&rft.au=Bandyopadhyay%2C+D&rft.au=Xu%2C+M&rft.au=Pearson%2C+K&rft.au=Parambil%2C+JG&rft.au=Lazar%2C+CA&rft.au=Chapman%2C+JT&rft.au=Culver%2C+DA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1183%252F09031936.00195010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chest2012-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chest2012_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chest2012_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanselinasJudson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Panselinas E, Judson MA (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225231234/http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/data/Journals/CHEST/25163/chest_142_4_827.pdf">"Acute pulmonary exacerbations of sarcoidosis"</a> (PDF). Chest. 142 (4): 827–836. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.12-1060">10.1378/chest.12-1060</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23032450">23032450</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/data/Journals/CHEST/25163/chest_142_4_827.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2014-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.atitle=Acute+pulmonary+exacerbations+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E827-%3C%2Fspan%3E836&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.12-1060&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23032450&rft.aulast=Panselinas&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Judson%2C+MA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.publications.chestnet.org%2Fdata%2FJournals%2FCHEST%2F25163%2Fchest_142_4_827.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-king-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-king_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-king_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-king_115-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingKelly2009" class="citation journal cs1">King CS, Kelly W (November 2009). "Treatment of sarcoidosis". Disease-a-Month. 55 (11): 704–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.disamonth.2009.06.002">10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.06.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19857644">19857644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Disease-a-Month&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E704-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.disamonth.2009.06.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19857644&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=CS&rft.au=Kelly%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-resp2013-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-resp2013_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-resp2013_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-resp2013_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-resp2013_116-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-resp2013_116-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-resp2013_116-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-resp2013_116-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-resp2013_116-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-resp2013_116-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaughmanNunesSweissLower2013" class="citation journal cs1">Baughman RP, Nunes H, Sweiss NJ, Lower EE (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F09031936.00060612">"Established and experimental medical therapy of pulmonary sarcoidosis"</a>. The European Respiratory Journal. 41 (6): 1424–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F09031936.00060612">10.1183/09031936.00060612</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23397302">23397302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Respiratory+Journal&rft.atitle=Established+and+experimental+medical+therapy+of+pulmonary+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1424-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1183%2F09031936.00060612&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23397302&rft.aulast=Baughman&rft.aufirst=RP&rft.au=Nunes%2C+H&rft.au=Sweiss%2C+NJ&rft.au=Lower%2C+EE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1183%252F09031936.00060612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossidesKullbergGiuseppeEklund2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rossides, Marios; Kullberg, Susanna; Giuseppe, Daniela Di; Eklund, Anders; Grunewald, Johan; Askling, Johan; Arkema, Elizabeth V. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8247001">"Infection risk in sarcoidosis patients treated with methotrexate compared to azathioprine: A retrospective 'target trial' emulated with Swedish real-world data"</a>. Respirology. 26 (5): 452–460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fresp.14001">10.1111/resp.14001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1440-1843">1440-1843</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8247001">8247001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33398914">33398914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respirology&rft.atitle=Infection+risk+in+sarcoidosis+patients+treated+with+methotrexate+compared+to+azathioprine%3A+A+retrospective+%27target+trial%27+emulated+with+Swedish+real-world+data&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E452-%3C%2Fspan%3E460&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8247001%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1440-1843&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33398914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fresp.14001&rft.aulast=Rossides&rft.aufirst=Marios&rft.au=Kullberg%2C+Susanna&rft.au=Giuseppe%2C+Daniela+Di&rft.au=Eklund%2C+Anders&rft.au=Grunewald%2C+Johan&rft.au=Askling%2C+Johan&rft.au=Arkema%2C+Elizabeth+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8247001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatCervantes-CastañedaDoctorAnzaar2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bhat P, Cervantes-Castañeda RA, Doctor PP, Anzaar F, Foster CS (May–June 2009). "Mycophenolate mofetil therapy for sarcoidosis-associated uveitis". Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 17 (3): 185–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09273940902862992">10.1080/09273940902862992</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19585361">19585361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28883517">28883517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ocular+Immunology+and+Inflammation&rft.atitle=Mycophenolate+mofetil+therapy+for+sarcoidosis-associated+uveitis&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2009-05%2F2009-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28883517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19585361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09273940902862992&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Cervantes-Casta%C3%B1eda%2C+RA&rft.au=Doctor%2C+PP&rft.au=Anzaar%2C+F&rft.au=Foster%2C+CS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrodiasMailletMarignierPinède2011" class="citation journal cs1">Androdias G, Maillet D, Marignier R, Pinède L, Confavreux C, Broussolle C, Vukusic S, Sève P (March 2011). "Mycophenolate mofetil may be effective in CNS sarcoidosis but not in sarcoid myopathy". Neurology. 76 (13): 1168–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.0b013e318212aafb">10.1212/WNL.0b013e318212aafb</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21444902">21444902</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22559998">22559998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurology&rft.atitle=Mycophenolate+mofetil+may+be+effective+in+CNS+sarcoidosis+but+not+in+sarcoid+myopathy&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1168-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22559998%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21444902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2FWNL.0b013e318212aafb&rft.aulast=Androdias&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Maillet%2C+D&rft.au=Marignier%2C+R&rft.au=Pin%C3%A8de%2C+L&rft.au=Confavreux%2C+C&rft.au=Broussolle%2C+C&rft.au=Vukusic%2C+S&rft.au=S%C3%A8ve%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Judson MA (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rmed.2012.01.013">"The treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis"</a>. Respiratory Medicine. 106 (10): 1351–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rmed.2012.01.013">10.1016/j.rmed.2012.01.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22495110">22495110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiratory+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+treatment+of+pulmonary+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1351-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rmed.2012.01.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22495110&rft.aulast=Judson&rft.aufirst=MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.rmed.2012.01.013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrillOttGeiser2013" class="citation journal cs1">Brill AK, Ott SR, Geiser T (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000345596">"Effect and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis: a retrospective study"</a>. Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 86 (5): 376–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000345596">10.1159/000345596</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23295253">23295253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiration%3B+International+Review+of+Thoracic+Diseases&rft.atitle=Effect+and+safety+of+mycophenolate+mofetil+in+chronic+pulmonary+sarcoidosis%3A+a+retrospective+study&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E376-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000345596&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23295253&rft.aulast=Brill&rft.aufirst=AK&rft.au=Ott%2C+SR&rft.au=Geiser%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1159%252F000345596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikooKupersmithFinlay2004" class="citation journal cs1">Tikoo RK, Kupersmith MJ, Finlay JL (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMc032345">"Treatment of refractory neurosarcoidosis with cladribine"</a>. The New England Journal of Medicine. 350 (17): 1798–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMc032345">10.1056/NEJMc032345</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15103013">15103013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+refractory+neurosarcoidosis+with+cladribine&rft.volume=350&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1798-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMc032345&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15103013&rft.aulast=Tikoo&rft.aufirst=RK&rft.au=Kupersmith%2C+MJ&rft.au=Finlay%2C+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJMc032345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManeiroSalgadoGomez-ReinoCarmona2012" class="citation journal cs1">Maneiro JR, Salgado E, Gomez-Reino JJ, Carmona L (August 2012). "Efficacy and safety of TNF antagonists in sarcoidosis: data from the Spanish registry of biologics BIOBADASER and a systematic review". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 42 (1): 89–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.semarthrit.2011.12.006">10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.12.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22387045">22387045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Arthritis+and+Rheumatism&rft.atitle=Efficacy+and+safety+of+TNF+antagonists+in+sarcoidosis%3A+data+from+the+Spanish+registry+of+biologics+BIOBADASER+and+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.semarthrit.2011.12.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22387045&rft.aulast=Maneiro&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Salgado%2C+E&rft.au=Gomez-Reino%2C+JJ&rft.au=Carmona%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntoniu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Antoniu SA (January 2010). "Targeting the TNF-alpha pathway in sarcoidosis". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets. 14 (1): 21–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14728220903449244">10.1517/14728220903449244</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20001207">20001207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31755561">31755561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opinion+on+Therapeutic+Targets&rft.atitle=Targeting+the+TNF-alpha+pathway+in+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31755561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20001207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F14728220903449244&rft.aulast=Antoniu&rft.aufirst=SA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ther2013-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ther2013_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ther2013_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ther2013_125-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeegleBarbaGobunsuyJudson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Beegle SH, Barba K, Gobunsuy R, Judson MA (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3627473">"Current and emerging pharmacological treatments for sarcoidosis: a review"</a>. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 7: 325–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FDDDT.S31064">10.2147/DDDT.S31064</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3627473">3627473</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23596348">23596348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+Design%2C+Development+and+Therapy&rft.atitle=Current+and+emerging+pharmacological+treatments+for+sarcoidosis%3A+a+review&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3627473%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23596348&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FDDDT.S31064&rft.aulast=Beegle&rft.aufirst=SH&rft.au=Barba%2C+K&rft.au=Gobunsuy%2C+R&rft.au=Judson%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3627473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallejas-RubioLópez-PérezOrtego-Centeno2008" class="citation journal cs1">Callejas-Rubio JL, López-Pérez L, Ortego-Centeno N (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643111">"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor treatment for sarcoidosis"</a>. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 4 (6): 1305–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FTCRM.S967">10.2147/TCRM.S967</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643111">2643111</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19337437">19337437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Therapeutics+and+Clinical+Risk+Management&rft.atitle=Tumor+necrosis+factor-alpha+inhibitor+treatment+for+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1305-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2643111%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19337437&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FTCRM.S967&rft.aulast=Callejas-Rubio&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-P%C3%A9rez%2C+L&rft.au=Ortego-Centeno%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2643111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-or2013-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-or2013_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-or2013_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-or2013_127-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-or2013_127-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDastooriFedeleLeaoPorter2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dastoori M, Fedele S, Leao JC, Porter SR (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0714.2012.01198.x">"Sarcoidosis - a clinically orientated review"</a>. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. 42 (4): 281–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0714.2012.01198.x">10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01198.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22845844">22845844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Oral+Pathology+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis+-+a+clinically+orientated+review&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E281-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0714.2012.01198.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22845844&rft.aulast=Dastoori&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Fedele%2C+S&rft.au=Leao%2C+JC&rft.au=Porter%2C+SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0714.2012.01198.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerHaanMaillette_de_Buy_WennigerBeuers2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bakker GJ, Haan YC, Maillette de Buy Wenniger LJ, Beuers U (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njmonline.nl/getpdf.php?id=10000876">"Sarcoidosis of the liver: to treat or not to treat?"</a> (PDF). The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 70 (8): 349–56. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23065982">23065982</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140518102045/http://www.njmonline.nl/getpdf.php?id=10000876">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Netherlands+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis+of+the+liver%3A+to+treat+or+not+to+treat%3F&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E349-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23065982&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=GJ&rft.au=Haan%2C+YC&rft.au=Maillette+de+Buy+Wenniger%2C+LJ&rft.au=Beuers%2C+U&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njmonline.nl%2Fgetpdf.php%3Fid%3D10000876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaughmanJudsonIngledueCraft2012" class="citation journal cs1">Baughman RP, Judson MA, Ingledue R, Craft NL, Lower EE (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchdermatol.2011.301">"Efficacy and safety of apremilast in chronic cutaneous sarcoidosis"</a>. Archives of Dermatology. 148 (2): 262–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchdermatol.2011.301">10.1001/archdermatol.2011.301</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22004880">22004880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Efficacy+and+safety+of+apremilast+in+chronic+cutaneous+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E262-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchdermatol.2011.301&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22004880&rft.aulast=Baughman&rft.aufirst=RP&rft.au=Judson%2C+MA&rft.au=Ingledue%2C+R&rft.au=Craft%2C+NL&rft.au=Lower%2C+EE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Farchdermatol.2011.301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Clinical trial number <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01830959">NCT01830959</a> for "Use of Roflumilast to Prevent Exacerbations in Fibrotic Sarcoidosis Patients (REFS)" at <a href="/wiki/ClinicalTrials.gov" title="ClinicalTrials.gov">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelkhouYounsiEl_BouchtiEl_Hassani2008" class="citation journal cs1">Belkhou A, Younsi R, El Bouchti I, El Hassani S (July 2008). "Rituximab as a treatment alternative in sarcoidosis". Joint, Bone, Spine. 75 (4): 511–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbspin.2008.01.025">10.1016/j.jbspin.2008.01.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18562234">18562234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Joint%2C+Bone%2C+Spine&rft.atitle=Rituximab+as+a+treatment+alternative+in+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E511-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbspin.2008.01.025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18562234&rft.aulast=Belkhou&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Younsi%2C+R&rft.au=El+Bouchti%2C+I&rft.au=El+Hassani%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Clinical trial number <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00279708">NCT00279708</a> for "Atorvastatin to Treat Pulmonary Sarcoidosis" at <a href="/wiki/ClinicalTrials.gov" title="ClinicalTrials.gov">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17492847-133"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17492847_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauraKauraKaura2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kaura V, Kaura SH, Kaura CS (2007). "ACE Inhibitor in the treatment of cutaneous and lymphatic sarcoidosis". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 8 (3): 183–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00128071-200708030-00006">10.2165/00128071-200708030-00006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17492847">17492847</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27032512">27032512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Clinical+Dermatology&rft.atitle=ACE+Inhibitor+in+the+treatment+of+cutaneous+and+lymphatic+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27032512%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17492847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00128071-200708030-00006&rft.aulast=Kaura&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Kaura%2C+SH&rft.au=Kaura%2C+CS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbloomCastroJimenez2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenbloom J, Castro SV, Jimenez SA (February 2010). "Narrative review: fibrotic diseases: cellular and molecular mechanisms and novel therapies". Annals of Internal Medicine. 152 (3): 159–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-152-3-201002020-00007">10.7326/0003-4819-152-3-201002020-00007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20124232">20124232</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13107032">13107032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Narrative+review%3A+fibrotic+diseases%3A+cellular+and+molecular+mechanisms+and+novel+therapies&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13107032%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20124232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-152-3-201002020-00007&rft.aulast=Rosenbloom&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Castro%2C+SV&rft.au=Jimenez%2C+SA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulianShaoSchlesingerHuang2013" class="citation journal cs1">Julian MW, Shao G, Schlesinger LS, Huang Q, Cosmar DG, Bhatt NY, Culver DA, Baughman RP, Wood KL, Crouser ED (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225181838/http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/pdfaccess.ashx?ResourceID=5237502&PDFSource=13">"Nicotine treatment improves Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 9 responsiveness in active pulmonary sarcoidosis"</a>. Chest. 143 (2): 461–470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.12-0383">10.1378/chest.12-0383</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22878868">22878868</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/pdfaccess.ashx?ResourceID=5237502&PDFSource=13">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2014-02-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.atitle=Nicotine+treatment+improves+Toll-like+receptor+2+and+Toll-like+receptor+9+responsiveness+in+active+pulmonary+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E461-%3C%2Fspan%3E470&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.12-0383&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22878868&rft.aulast=Julian&rft.aufirst=MW&rft.au=Shao%2C+G&rft.au=Schlesinger%2C+LS&rft.au=Huang%2C+Q&rft.au=Cosmar%2C+DG&rft.au=Bhatt%2C+NY&rft.au=Culver%2C+DA&rft.au=Baughman%2C+RP&rft.au=Wood%2C+KL&rft.au=Crouser%2C+ED&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.publications.chestnet.org%2Fpdfaccess.ashx%3FResourceID%3D5237502%26PDFSource%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrakeOswald-RichterRichmondIsom2013" class="citation journal cs1">Drake WP, Oswald-Richter K, Richmond BW, Isom J, Burke VE, Algood H, Braun N, Taylor T, Pandit KV, Aboud C, Yu C, Kaminski N, Boyd AS, King LE (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3927541">"Oral antimycobacterial therapy in chronic cutaneous sarcoidosis: a randomized, single-masked, placebo-controlled study"</a>. JAMA Dermatology. 149 (9): 1040–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamadermatol.2013.4646">10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.4646</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3927541">3927541</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23863960">23863960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Oral+antimycobacterial+therapy+in+chronic+cutaneous+sarcoidosis%3A+a+randomized%2C+single-masked%2C+placebo-controlled+study&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1040-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3927541%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23863960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjamadermatol.2013.4646&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=WP&rft.au=Oswald-Richter%2C+K&rft.au=Richmond%2C+BW&rft.au=Isom%2C+J&rft.au=Burke%2C+VE&rft.au=Algood%2C+H&rft.au=Braun%2C+N&rft.au=Taylor%2C+T&rft.au=Pandit%2C+KV&rft.au=Aboud%2C+C&rft.au=Yu%2C+C&rft.au=Kaminski%2C+N&rft.au=Boyd%2C+AS&rft.au=King%2C+LE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3927541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBootsDrentde_BoerBast2011" class="citation journal cs1">Boots AW, Drent M, de Boer VC, Bast A, Haenen GR (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clnu.2011.01.010">"Quercetin reduces markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in sarcoidosis"</a>. Clinical Nutrition. 30 (4): 506–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clnu.2011.01.010">10.1016/j.clnu.2011.01.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21324570">21324570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Quercetin+reduces+markers+of+oxidative+stress+and+inflammation+in+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E506-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clnu.2011.01.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21324570&rft.aulast=Boots&rft.aufirst=AW&rft.au=Drent%2C+M&rft.au=de+Boer%2C+VC&rft.au=Bast%2C+A&rft.au=Haenen%2C+GR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.clnu.2011.01.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drent2015-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drent2015_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drent2015_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drent2015_138-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drent2015_138-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drent2015_138-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drent2015_138-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrentStrookappeHoitsmaDe_Vries2015" class="citation journal cs1">Drent M, Strookappe B, Hoitsma E, De Vries J (December 2015). "Consequences of Sarcoidosis". Clinics in Chest Medicine. 36 (4): 727–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ccm.2015.08.013">10.1016/j.ccm.2015.08.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26593145">26593145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinics+in+Chest+Medicine&rft.atitle=Consequences+of+Sarcoidosis&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E727-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ccm.2015.08.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26593145&rft.aulast=Drent&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Strookappe%2C+B&rft.au=Hoitsma%2C+E&rft.au=De+Vries%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcellis_2015-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Marcellis_2015_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcellisVan_der_VeekeMestersDrent2015" class="citation journal cs1">Marcellis R, Van der Veeke M, Mesters I, Drent M, De Bie R, De Vries G, Lenssen A (June 2015). "Does physical training reduce fatigue in sarcoidosis?". Sarcoidosis, Vasculitis, and Diffuse Lung Diseases. 32 (1): 53–62. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26237356">26237356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarcoidosis%2C+Vasculitis%2C+and+Diffuse+Lung+Diseases&rft.atitle=Does+physical+training+reduce+fatigue+in+sarcoidosis%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26237356&rft.aulast=Marcellis&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Van+der+Veeke%2C+M&rft.au=Mesters%2C+I&rft.au=Drent%2C+M&rft.au=De+Bie%2C+R&rft.au=De+Vries%2C+G&rft.au=Lenssen%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strookappe2015-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strookappe2015_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strookappe2015_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrookappeSwigrisDe_VriesElfferich2015" class="citation journal cs1">Strookappe B, Swigris J, De Vries J, Elfferich M, Knevel T, Drent M (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00408-015-9784-9">"Benefits of Physical Training in Sarcoidosis"</a>. Lung. 193 (5): 701–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00408-015-9784-9">10.1007/s00408-015-9784-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26286208">26286208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lung&rft.atitle=Benefits+of+Physical+Training+in+Sarcoidosis&rft.volume=193&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E701-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00408-015-9784-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26286208&rft.aulast=Strookappe&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Swigris%2C+J&rft.au=De+Vries%2C+J&rft.au=Elfferich%2C+M&rft.au=Knevel%2C+T&rft.au=Drent%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00408-015-9784-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaradallıBoşnak-GüçlüCamcıoğluKokturk2016" class="citation journal cs1">Karadallı MN, Boşnak-Güçlü M, Camcıoğlu B, Kokturk N, Türktaş H (April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4187%2Frespcare.04312">"Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Subjects With Sarcoidosis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial"</a>. Respiratory Care. 61 (4): 483–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4187%2Frespcare.04312">10.4187/respcare.04312</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26715771">26715771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiratory+Care&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Inspiratory+Muscle+Training+in+Subjects+With+Sarcoidosis%3A+A+Randomized+Controlled+Clinical+Trial&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E483-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4187%2Frespcare.04312&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26715771&rft.aulast=Karadall%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=MN&rft.au=Bo%C5%9Fnak-G%C3%BC%C3%A7l%C3%BC%2C+M&rft.au=Camc%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu%2C+B&rft.au=Kokturk%2C+N&rft.au=T%C3%BCrkta%C5%9F%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4187%252Frespcare.04312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpruitWoutersGosselink2005" class="citation book cs1">Spruit MA, Wouters EF, Gosselink R (2005). "Rehabilitation programmes in sarcoidosis: a multidisciplinary approach". Sarcoidosis. Vol. 32. pp. 316–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F1025448x.00032021">10.1183/1025448x.00032021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904097372" title="Special:BookSources/9781904097372"><bdi>9781904097372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rehabilitation+programmes+in+sarcoidosis%3A+a+multidisciplinary+approach&rft.btitle=Sarcoidosis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E316-%3C%2Fspan%3E326&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1183%2F1025448x.00032021&rft.isbn=9781904097372&rft.aulast=Spruit&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Wouters%2C+EF&rft.au=Gosselink%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaughmanNunes2013" class="citation journal cs1">Baughman RP, Nunes H (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1586%2FECI.12.93">"Sarcoidosis-associated fatigue: an often forgotten symptom--author reply"</a>. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology. 9 (2): 111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1586%2FECI.12.93">10.1586/ECI.12.93</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23390941">23390941</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9750027">9750027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Review+of+Clinical+Immunology&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis-associated+fatigue%3A+an+often+forgotten+symptom--author+reply&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9750027%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23390941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1586%2FECI.12.93&rft.aulast=Baughman&rft.aufirst=RP&rft.au=Nunes%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1586%252FECI.12.93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sarc/">"What Is Sarcoidosis?"</a>. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. National Institutes of Health. 14 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227004511/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sarc/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heart%2C+Lung+and+Blood+Institute&rft.atitle=What+Is+Sarcoidosis%3F&rft.date=2013-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhlbi.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fhealth-topics%2Ftopics%2Fsarc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syed04-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syed04_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syed04_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syed04_145-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyedMyers2004" class="citation journal cs1">Syed J, Myers R (January 2004). "Sarcoid heart disease". The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 20 (1): 89–93. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14968147">14968147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Cardiology&rft.atitle=Sarcoid+heart+disease&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14968147&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Myers%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadekYungBirnieBeanlands2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sadek MM, Yung D, Birnie DH, Beanlands RS, Nery PB (September 2013). "Corticosteroid therapy for cardiac sarcoidosis: a systematic review". The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 29 (9): 1034–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cjca.2013.02.004">10.1016/j.cjca.2013.02.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23623644">23623644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Cardiology&rft.atitle=Corticosteroid+therapy+for+cardiac+sarcoidosis%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1034-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cjca.2013.02.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23623644&rft.aulast=Sadek&rft.aufirst=MM&rft.au=Yung%2C+D&rft.au=Birnie%2C+DH&rft.au=Beanlands%2C+RS&rft.au=Nery%2C+PB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossidesKullbergAsklingEklund2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rossides M, Kullberg S, Askling J, Eklund A, Grunewald J, Arkema EV (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5886843">"Sarcoidosis mortality in Sweden: a population-based cohort study"</a>. The European Respiratory Journal. 51 (2): 1701815. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F13993003.01815-2017">10.1183/13993003.01815-2017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5886843">5886843</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29467203">29467203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Respiratory+Journal&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis+mortality+in+Sweden%3A+a+population-based+cohort+study&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1701815&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5886843%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29467203&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1183%2F13993003.01815-2017&rft.aulast=Rossides&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Kullberg%2C+S&rft.au=Askling%2C+J&rft.au=Eklund%2C+A&rft.au=Grunewald%2C+J&rft.au=Arkema%2C+EV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5886843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossidesKullbergEklundDi_Giuseppe2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rossides M, Kullberg S, Eklund A, Di Giuseppe D, Grunewald J, Askling J, Arkema EV (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7469972">"Risk of first and recurrent serious infection in sarcoidosis: a Swedish register-based cohort study"</a>. The European Respiratory Journal. 56 (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F13993003.00767-2020">10.1183/13993003.00767-2020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7469972">7469972</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32366492">32366492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Respiratory+Journal&rft.atitle=Risk+of+first+and+recurrent+serious+infection+in+sarcoidosis%3A+a+Swedish+register-based+cohort+study&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7469972%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32366492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1183%2F13993003.00767-2020&rft.aulast=Rossides&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Kullberg%2C+S&rft.au=Eklund%2C+A&rft.au=Di+Giuseppe%2C+D&rft.au=Grunewald%2C+J&rft.au=Askling%2C+J&rft.au=Arkema%2C+EV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7469972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYafasovaFosbølSchouGustafsson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yafasova A, Fosbøl EL, Schou M, Gustafsson F, Rossing K, Bundgaard H, et al. (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2020.06.038">"Long-Term Adverse Cardiac Outcomes in Patients With Sarcoidosis"</a>. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 76 (7): 767–777. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2020.06.038">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32792073">32792073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Cardiology&rft.atitle=Long-Term+Adverse+Cardiac+Outcomes+in+Patients+With+Sarcoidosis&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E767-%3C%2Fspan%3E777&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2020.06.038&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32792073&rft.aulast=Yafasova&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Fosb%C3%B8l%2C+EL&rft.au=Schou%2C+M&rft.au=Gustafsson%2C+F&rft.au=Rossing%2C+K&rft.au=Bundgaard%2C+H&rft.au=Lauridsen%2C+MD&rft.au=Kristensen%2C+SL&rft.au=Torp-Pedersen%2C+C&rft.au=Gislason%2C+GH&rft.au=K%C3%B8ber%2C+L&rft.au=Butt%2C+JH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jacc.2020.06.038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karakantza-1996-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Karakantza-1996_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarakantzaMatutesMacLennanO'Connor1996" class="citation journal cs1">Karakantza M, Matutes E, MacLennan K, O'Connor NT, Srivastava PC, Catovsky D (March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC500399">"Association between sarcoidosis and lymphoma revisited"</a>. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 49 (3): 208–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjcp.49.3.208">10.1136/jcp.49.3.208</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC500399">500399</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8675730">8675730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Pathology&rft.atitle=Association+between+sarcoidosis+and+lymphoma+revisited&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E208-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1996-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC500399%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8675730&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjcp.49.3.208&rft.aulast=Karakantza&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Matutes%2C+E&rft.au=MacLennan%2C+K&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+NT&rft.au=Srivastava%2C+PC&rft.au=Catovsky%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC500399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsklingGrunewaldEklundHillerdal1999" class="citation journal cs1">Askling J, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Hillerdal G, Ekbom A (November 1999). "Increased risk for cancer following sarcoidosis". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 160 (5 Pt 1): 1668–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Fajrccm.160.5.9904045">10.1164/ajrccm.160.5.9904045</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10556138">10556138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.atitle=Increased+risk+for+cancer+following+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=5+Pt+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1668-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Fajrccm.160.5.9904045&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10556138&rft.aulast=Askling&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Grunewald%2C+J&rft.au=Eklund%2C+A&rft.au=Hillerdal%2C+G&rft.au=Ekbom%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanaGiamberardinoDi_GioacchinoMezzetti2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tana C, Giamberardino MA, Di Gioacchino M, Mezzetti A, Schiavone C (April–June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F039463201302600204">"Immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis and risk of malignancy: a lost truth?"</a>. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. 26 (2): 305–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F039463201302600204">10.1177/039463201302600204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23755746">23755746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Immunopathology+and+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Immunopathogenesis+of+sarcoidosis+and+risk+of+malignancy%3A+a+lost+truth%3F&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2013-04%2F2013-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F039463201302600204&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23755746&rft.aulast=Tana&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Giamberardino%2C+MA&rft.au=Di+Gioacchino%2C+M&rft.au=Mezzetti%2C+A&rft.au=Schiavone%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F039463201302600204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11907791-153"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11907791_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornackerKraemerLeoHo2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kornacker M, Kraemer A, Leo E, Ho AD (February 2002). "Occurrence of sarcoidosis subsequent to chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: report of two cases". Annals of Hematology. 81 (2): 103–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00277-001-0415-6">10.1007/s00277-001-0415-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11907791">11907791</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22705333">22705333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Hematology&rft.atitle=Occurrence+of+sarcoidosis+subsequent+to+chemotherapy+for+non-Hodgkin%27s+lymphoma%3A+report+of+two+cases&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22705333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11907791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00277-001-0415-6&rft.aulast=Kornacker&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Kraemer%2C+A&rft.au=Leo%2C+E&rft.au=Ho%2C+AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17917102-154"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17917102_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuvajdzicMilenkovicPerunicicStojsic2007" class="citation journal cs1">Suvajdzic N, Milenkovic B, Perunicic M, Stojsic J, Jankovic S (2007). "Two cases of sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome". Medical Oncology. 24 (4): 469–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12032-007-0026-8">10.1007/s12032-007-0026-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17917102">17917102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44490347">44490347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Two+cases+of+sarcoidosis-lymphoma+syndrome&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E469-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44490347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17917102&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12032-007-0026-8&rft.aulast=Suvajdzic&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Milenkovic%2C+B&rft.au=Perunicic%2C+M&rft.au=Stojsic%2C+J&rft.au=Jankovic%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarcoidosis_Occurring_After_Lymphoma-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Sarcoidosis_Occurring_After_Lymphoma_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondonGradosFerméCharmillon2014" class="citation journal cs1">London J, Grados A, Fermé C, Charmillon A, Maurier F, Deau B, Crickx E, Brice P, Chapelon-Abric C, Haioun C, Burroni B, Alifano M, Le Jeunne C, Guillevin L, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Schleinitz N, Mouthon L, Terrier B (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616278">"Sarcoidosis occurring after lymphoma: report of 14 patients and review of the literature"</a>. Medicine. 93 (21): e121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMD.0000000000000121">10.1097/MD.0000000000000121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616278">4616278</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25380084">25380084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicine&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis+occurring+after+lymphoma%3A+report+of+14+patients+and+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=e121&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4616278%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25380084&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMD.0000000000000121&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Grados%2C+A&rft.au=Ferm%C3%A9%2C+C&rft.au=Charmillon%2C+A&rft.au=Maurier%2C+F&rft.au=Deau%2C+B&rft.au=Crickx%2C+E&rft.au=Brice%2C+P&rft.au=Chapelon-Abric%2C+C&rft.au=Haioun%2C+C&rft.au=Burroni%2C+B&rft.au=Alifano%2C+M&rft.au=Le+Jeunne%2C+C&rft.au=Guillevin%2C+L&rft.au=Costedoat-Chalumeau%2C+N&rft.au=Schleinitz%2C+N&rft.au=Mouthon%2C+L&rft.au=Terrier%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4616278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15659510-156"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15659510_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaoFunkGoldsteinDeYoung2005" class="citation journal cs1">Yao M, Funk GF, Goldstein DP, DeYoung BR, Graham MM (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2005.02.089">"Benign lesions in cancer patients: Case 1. Sarcoidosis after chemoradiation for head and neck cancer"</a>. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 23 (3): 640–1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2005.02.089">10.1200/JCO.2005.02.089</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15659510">15659510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Benign+lesions+in+cancer+patients%3A+Case+1.+Sarcoidosis+after+chemoradiation+for+head+and+neck+cancer&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E640-%3C%2Fspan%3E1&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2005.02.089&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15659510&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Funk%2C+GF&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+DP&rft.au=DeYoung%2C+BR&rft.au=Graham%2C+MM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1200%252FJCO.2005.02.089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10705270-157"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10705270_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamasawaIshiiKitamura2000" class="citation journal cs1">Yamasawa H, Ishii Y, Kitamura S (2000). "Concurrence of sarcoidosis and lung cancer. A report of four cases". Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 67 (1): 90–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000029470">10.1159/000029470</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10705270">10705270</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71437158">71437158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiration%3B+International+Review+of+Thoracic+Diseases&rft.atitle=Concurrence+of+sarcoidosis+and+lung+cancer.+A+report+of+four+cases&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71437158%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10705270&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000029470&rft.aulast=Yamasawa&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Ishii%2C+Y&rft.au=Kitamura%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19531456-158"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19531456_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZambranaAntúnezGarcía-MataMellado2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zambrana F, Antúnez A, García-Mata J, Mellado JM, Villar JL (June 2009). "Sarcoidosis as a diagnostic pitfall of pancreatic cancer". Clinical & Translational Oncology. 11 (6): 396–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12094-009-0375-1">10.1007/s12094-009-0375-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19531456">19531456</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10589338">10589338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+%26+Translational+Oncology&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis+as+a+diagnostic+pitfall+of+pancreatic+cancer&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E396-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10589338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19531456&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12094-009-0375-1&rft.aulast=Zambrana&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Ant%C3%BAnez%2C+A&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Mata%2C+J&rft.au=Mellado%2C+JM&rft.au=Villar%2C+JL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14513061-159"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14513061_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchillerSaidPal2003" class="citation journal cs1">Schiller G, Said J, Pal S (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.leu.2403074">"Hairy cell leukemia and sarcoidosis: a case report and review of the literature"</a>. Leukemia. 17 (10): 2057–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.leu.2403074">10.1038/sj.leu.2403074</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14513061">14513061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leukemia&rft.atitle=Hairy+cell+leukemia+and+sarcoidosis%3A+a+case+report+and+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2057-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.leu.2403074&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14513061&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Said%2C+J&rft.au=Pal%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.leu.2403074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1548666-160"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid1548666_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaloiselOberling1992" class="citation journal cs1">Maloisel F, Oberling F (January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1293471">"Acute myeloid leukemia complicating sarcoidosis"</a>. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 85 (1): 58–9. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1293471">1293471</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1548666">1548666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Acute+myeloid+leukemia+complicating+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1992-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1293471%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1548666&rft.aulast=Maloisel&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Oberling%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1293471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3855267-161"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3855267_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich1985" class="citation journal cs1">Reich JM (January 1985). "Acute myeloblastic leukemia and sarcoidosis. Implications for pathogenesis". Cancer. 55 (2): 366–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0142%2819850115%2955%3A2%3C366%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820550212%3E3.0.CO%3B2-1">10.1002/1097-0142(19850115)55:2<366::AID-CNCR2820550212>3.0.CO;2-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3855267">3855267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29451954">29451954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer&rft.atitle=Acute+myeloblastic+leukemia+and+sarcoidosis.+Implications+for+pathogenesis&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E366-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1985-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29451954%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3855267&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1097-0142%2819850115%2955%3A2%3C366%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820550212%3E3.0.CO%3B2-1&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamillouxValeyreLortholaryBernard2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jamilloux Y, Valeyre D, Lortholary O, Bernard C, Kerever S, Lelievre L, Neel A, Broussolle C, Seve P (January 2015). "The spectrum of opportunistic diseases complicating sarcoidosis". Autoimmunity Reviews. 14 (1): 64–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.autrev.2014.10.006">10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25305373">25305373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Autoimmunity+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+spectrum+of+opportunistic+diseases+complicating+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.autrev.2014.10.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25305373&rft.aulast=Jamilloux&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Valeyre%2C+D&rft.au=Lortholary%2C+O&rft.au=Bernard%2C+C&rft.au=Kerever%2C+S&rft.au=Lelievre%2C+L&rft.au=Neel%2C+A&rft.au=Broussolle%2C+C&rft.au=Seve%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamillouxNéelLecouffe-DespretsFèvre2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jamilloux Y, Néel A, Lecouffe-Desprets M, Fèvre A, Kerever S, Guillon B, Bouvry D, Varron L, Redares C, Dominique S, Roux M, Chapelon-Abric C, Valeyre D, Ducray F, Bernard C, Broussolle C, Hamidou M, Sève P (April 2014). "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with sarcoidosis". Neurology. 82 (15): 1307–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.0000000000000318">10.1212/WNL.0000000000000318</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24610328">24610328</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2245395">2245395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurology&rft.atitle=Progressive+multifocal+leukoencephalopathy+in+patients+with+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1307-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2245395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24610328&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2FWNL.0000000000000318&rft.aulast=Jamilloux&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=N%C3%A9el%2C+A&rft.au=Lecouffe-Desprets%2C+M&rft.au=F%C3%A8vre%2C+A&rft.au=Kerever%2C+S&rft.au=Guillon%2C+B&rft.au=Bouvry%2C+D&rft.au=Varron%2C+L&rft.au=Redares%2C+C&rft.au=Dominique%2C+S&rft.au=Roux%2C+M&rft.au=Chapelon-Abric%2C+C&rft.au=Valeyre%2C+D&rft.au=Ducray%2C+F&rft.au=Bernard%2C+C&rft.au=Broussolle%2C+C&rft.au=Hamidou%2C+M&rft.au=S%C3%A8ve%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamTeo2010" class="citation book cs1">Sam AH, Teo JT (2010). Rapid Medicine. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405183239" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405183239"><bdi>978-1405183239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapid+Medicine&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1405183239&rft.aulast=Sam&rft.aufirst=AH&rft.au=Teo%2C+JT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henke-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Henke_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenkeHenkeElvebackBeard1986" class="citation journal cs1">Henke CE, Henke G, <a href="/wiki/Lila_Elveback" title="Lila Elveback">Elveback LR</a>, Beard CM, Ballard DJ, Kurland LT (May 1986). "The epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Rochester, Minnesota: a population-based study of incidence and survival". American Journal of Epidemiology. 123 (5): 840–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.aje.a114313">10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114313</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3962966">3962966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=The+epidemiology+of+sarcoidosis+in+Rochester%2C+Minnesota%3A+a+population-based+study+of+incidence+and+survival&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E840-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1986-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.aje.a114313&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3962966&rft.aulast=Henke&rft.aufirst=CE&rft.au=Henke%2C+G&rft.au=Elveback%2C+LR&rft.au=Beard%2C+CM&rft.au=Ballard%2C+DJ&rft.au=Kurland%2C+LT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutherfordBrutscheKearnsBourke2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rutherford RM, Brutsche MH, Kearns M, Bourke M, Stevens F, Gilmartin JJ (September 2004). "Prevalence of coeliac disease in patients with sarcoidosis". European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 16 (9): 911–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00042737-200409000-00016">10.1097/00042737-200409000-00016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15316417">15316417</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24306517">24306517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Gastroenterology+%26+Hepatology&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+coeliac+disease+in+patients+with+sarcoidosis&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E911-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24306517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15316417&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00042737-200409000-00016&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Brutsche%2C+MH&rft.au=Kearns%2C+M&rft.au=Bourke%2C+M&rft.au=Stevens%2C+F&rft.au=Gilmartin%2C+JJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lancet-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lancet_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lancet_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaughmanLowerdu_Bois2003" class="citation journal cs1">Baughman RP, Lower EE, du Bois RM (March 2003). "Sarcoidosis". Lancet. 361 (9363): 1111–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2803%2912888-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12888-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12672326">12672326</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208793787">208793787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=9363&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1111-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208793787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12672326&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2803%2912888-7&rft.aulast=Baughman&rft.aufirst=RP&rft.au=Lower%2C+EE&rft.au=du+Bois%2C+RM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-env2009-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-env2009_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-env2009_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarus2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lazarus A (November 2009). "Sarcoidosis: epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and genetics". Disease-a-Month. 55 (11): 649–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.disamonth.2009.04.008">10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.04.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19857640">19857640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Disease-a-Month&rft.atitle=Sarcoidosis%3A+epidemiology%2C+etiology%2C+pathogenesis%2C+and+genetics&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E649-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.disamonth.2009.04.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19857640&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-histb-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-histb_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-histb_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-histb_169-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-histb_169-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-histb_169-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-histb_169-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-histb_169-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2005" class="citation book cs1">Sharma OP (2005). "Chapter 1: Definition and history of sarcoidosis". Sarcoidosis. Sheffield: European Respiratory Society Journals. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904097884" title="Special:BookSources/9781904097884"><bdi>9781904097884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Definition+and+history+of+sarcoidosis&rft.btitle=Sarcoidosis.&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pub=European+Respiratory+Society+Journals&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781904097884&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=OP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabalian1939" class="citation journal cs1">Babalian L (26 January 1939). "Disease of Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann". New England Journal of Medicine. 220 (4): 143–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM193901262200404">10.1056/NEJM193901262200404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Disease+of+Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann&rft.volume=220&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.date=1939-01-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM193901262200404&rft.aulast=Babalian&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wasog.org/">"Join WASOG"</a>. wasog.org. World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201104159/http://www.wasog.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wasog.org&rft.atitle=Join+WASOG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wasog.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/sarcoidosis/index">"Index"</a>. Sarcoidosis, Vasculitis and Diffuse Lung Diseases. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506192503/http://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/sarcoidosis/index">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarcoidosis%2C+Vasculitis+and+Diffuse+Lung+Diseases&rft.atitle=Index&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mattioli1885journals.com%2Findex.php%2Fsarcoidosis%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stopsarcoidosis.org/about-us/mission_goals/">"Mission & Goals"</a>. Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226185057/http://www.stopsarcoidosis.org/about-us/mission_goals/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+for+Sarcoidosis+Research&rft.atitle=Mission+%26+Goals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stopsarcoidosis.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmission_goals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzbickiChavkoBanauchWeiden2007" class="citation journal cs1">Izbicki G, Chavko R, Banauch GI, Weiden MD, Berger KI, Aldrich TK, Hall C, Kelly KJ, Prezant DJ (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225184420/http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/data/Journals/CHEST/22056/1414.pdf">"World Trade Center "sarcoid-like" granulomatous pulmonary disease in New York City Fire Department rescue workers"</a> (PDF). Chest. 131 (5): 1414–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.06-2114">10.1378/chest.06-2114</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17400664">17400664</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/data/Journals/CHEST/22056/1414.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2014-02-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.atitle=World+Trade+Center+%22sarcoid-like%22+granulomatous+pulmonary+disease+in+New+York+City+Fire+Department+rescue+workers&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1414-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.06-2114&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17400664&rft.aulast=Izbicki&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Chavko%2C+R&rft.au=Banauch%2C+GI&rft.au=Weiden%2C+MD&rft.au=Berger%2C+KI&rft.au=Aldrich%2C+TK&rft.au=Hall%2C+C&rft.au=Kelly%2C+KJ&rft.au=Prezant%2C+DJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.publications.chestnet.org%2Fdata%2FJournals%2FCHEST%2F22056%2F1414.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/wtc/html/know/physical.shtml">"9/11 Health – What We Know About the Health Effects of 9/11"</a>. NYC. US Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140128020514/http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/wtc/html/know/physical.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NYC&rft.atitle=9%2F11+Health+%E2%80%93+What+We+Know+About+the+Health+Effects+of+9%2F11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fdoh%2Fwtc%2Fhtml%2Fknow%2Fphysical.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimes-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Grimes_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2008" class="citation news cs1">Grimes W (10 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/10/arts/television/10mac.html">"Bernie Mac, Acerbic Stand-Up Comedian and Irascible TV Dad, Dies at 50"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314170207/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/10/arts/television/10mac.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bernie+Mac%2C+Acerbic+Stand-Up+Comedian+and+Irascible+TV+Dad%2C+Dies+at+50&rft.date=2008-08-10&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F08%2F10%2Farts%2Ftelevision%2F10mac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Death-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Death_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Mignot2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Le_Mignot" title="Suzanne Le Mignot">Le Mignot S</a> (August 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091021070158/http://cbs2chicago.com/local/bernie.mac.dead.2.791473.html">"Actor and comedian Bernie Mac dies at age 58"</a>. CBS2Chicago. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbs2chicago.com/local/bernie.mac.dead.2.791473.html">the original</a> on October 21, 2009. Retrieved 2010-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Actor+and+comedian+Bernie+Mac+dies+at+age+58&rft.pub=CBS2Chicago&rft.date=2008-08-09&rft.aulast=Le+Mignot&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbs2chicago.com%2Flocal%2Fbernie.mac.dead.2.791473.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Kat Carney (September 19, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2003/HEALTH/09/19/hln.bio.karen.duffy/">Former MTV VJ tells of battle with chronic illness</a> CNN.com, accessed 10 August 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=2063708">"Thursday roundup: Maddox rides to Ben's defense"</a>. May 20, 2005. Retrieved January 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thursday+roundup%3A+Maddox+rides+to+Ben%27s+defense&rft.date=2005-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fnfl%2Fnews%2Fstory%3Fid%3D2063708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Donna J. Miller (????) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2019/08/prayers-from-maria-sunflower-fields-expected-bloom-date-announced.html">Coroner says singer Sean Levert died of natural causes</a>. Cleveland.com, accessed 11 August 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZolan_Kanno-Youngs2017" class="citation news cs1">Zolan Kanno-Youngs (12 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/medical-examiner-said-wall-street-journals-joseph-rago-died-of-natural-causes-1505242044">"Wall Street Journal's Joseph Rago Died of Natural Causes, Medical Examiner Says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Wall+Street+Journal%27s+Joseph+Rago+Died+of+Natural+Causes%2C+Medical+Examiner+Says&rft.date=2017-09-12&rft.au=Zolan+Kanno-Youngs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fmedical-examiner-said-wall-street-journals-joseph-rago-died-of-natural-causes-1505242044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24360387-182"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24360387_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlierFroesch2013" class="citation journal cs1">Charlier P, Froesch P (December 2013). "Robespierre: the oldest case of sarcoidosis?". Lancet. 382 (9910): 2068. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2813%2962694-X">10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62694-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24360387">24360387</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205971757">205971757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Robespierre%3A+the+oldest+case+of+sarcoidosis%3F&rft.volume=382&rft.issue=9910&rft.pages=2068&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205971757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24360387&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2813%2962694-X&rft.aulast=Charlier&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Froesch%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMai_FM2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mai FM (2006). "Beethoven's terminal illness and death". The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. 36 (3): 258–63. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17214130">17214130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+College+of+Physicians+of+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=Beethoven%27s+terminal+illness+and+death&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17214130&rft.au=Mai+FM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma_OP2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma OP (2005). "Murray Kornfeld, American College of Chest Physician, and sarcoidosis: a historical footnote: 2004 Murray Kornfeld Memorial Founders Lecture". Chest. 128 (3): 1830–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.128.3.1830">10.1378/chest.128.3.1830</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16162793">16162793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.atitle=Murray+Kornfeld%2C+American+College+of+Chest+Physician%2C+and+sarcoidosis%3A+a+historical+footnote%3A+2004+Murray+Kornfeld+Memorial+Founders+Lecture&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1830-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.128.3.1830&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16162793&rft.au=Sharma+OP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pregnancy-185"><a href="#cite_ref-pregnancy_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanianChinthalapalliKrishnanTarlo2004" class="citation journal cs1">Subramanian P, Chinthalapalli H, Krishnan M, Tarlo SM, Lobbedez T, Pineda ME, Oreopoulos DG (September 2004). "Pregnancy and sarcoidosis: an insight into the pathogenesis of hypercalciuria". Chest. 126 (3): 995–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.126.3.995">10.1378/chest.126.3.995</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15364785">15364785</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14434405">14434405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.atitle=Pregnancy+and+sarcoidosis%3A+an+insight+into+the+pathogenesis+of+hypercalciuria&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E995-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14434405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15364785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.126.3.995&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Chinthalapalli%2C+H&rft.au=Krishnan%2C+M&rft.au=Tarlo%2C+SM&rft.au=Lobbedez%2C+T&rft.au=Pineda%2C+ME&rft.au=Oreopoulos%2C+DG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöcherRossidesRemaeusGrunewald2020" class="citation journal cs1">Köcher L, Rossides M, Remaeus K, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Kullberg S, Arkema EV (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7457286">"Maternal and infant outcomes in sarcoidosis pregnancy: a Swedish population-based cohort study of first births"</a>. Respiratory Research. 21 (1): 225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12931-020-01493-y">10.1186/s12931-020-01493-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7457286">7457286</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32854707">32854707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiratory+Research&rft.atitle=Maternal+and+infant+outcomes+in+sarcoidosis+pregnancy%3A+a+Swedish+population-based+cohort+study+of+first+births&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=225&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7457286%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32854707&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12931-020-01493-y&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6cher&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Rossides%2C+M&rft.au=Remaeus%2C+K&rft.au=Grunewald%2C+J&rft.au=Eklund%2C+A&rft.au=Kullberg%2C+S&rft.au=Arkema%2C+EV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7457286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193894" class="extiw" title="d:Q193894">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/D86">D86</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=135">135</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/181000">181000</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012507">D012507</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb11797.htm">11797</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000076.htm">000076</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/2063-overview">med/2063</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/sarcoidosis-pro">Sarcoidosis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Orphanet" title="Orphanet">Orphanet</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=797">797</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sarcoidosisuk.org/information-hub/">Sarcoidosis UK Information Hub</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIannuzzi,_M._C.Sah,_B._P.2008" class="citation book cs1">Iannuzzi, M. C.; Sah, B. P. (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung_and_airway_disorders/interstitial_lung_diseases/sarcoidosis.html">Sarcoidosis: Interstitial Lung Diseases</a>. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Retrieved 19 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarcoidosis%3A+Interstitial+Lung+Diseases&rft.pub=Merck+Sharp+%26+Dohme+Corp&rft.date=2008-03&rft.au=Iannuzzi%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Sah%2C+B.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckmanuals.com%2Fhome%2Flung_and_airway_disorders%2Finterstitial_lung_diseases%2Fsarcoidosis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcoidosis" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sarcoidosis15" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sarcoidosis" title="Template:Sarcoidosis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sarcoidosis" title="Template talk:Sarcoidosis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sarcoidosis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sarcoidosis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sarcoidosis15" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarcoidosis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skin_manifestations_of_sarcoidosis" title="Skin manifestations of sarcoidosis">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_pernio" title="Lupus pernio">Lupus pernio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosarcoidosis" title="Neurosarcoidosis">Neurosarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6fgren_syndrome" title="Löfgren syndrome">Löfgren syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heerfordt%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Heerfordt's syndrome">Heerfordt's syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox780" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193894#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574579">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125424&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007556071105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&oldid=1261922718">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&oldid=1261922718</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ailments_of_unknown_cause" title="Category:Ailments of unknown cause">Ailments of unknown cause</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lung_disorders" title="Category:Lung disorders">Lung disorders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abdominal_pain" title="Category:Abdominal pain">Abdominal pain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monocyte-_and_macrophage-related_cutaneous_conditions" title="Category:Monocyte- and macrophage-related cutaneous conditions">Monocyte- and macrophage-related cutaneous conditions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Autoimmune_diseases" title="Category:Autoimmune diseases">Autoimmune diseases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Steroid-responsive_inflammatory_conditions" title="Category:Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions">Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_medicine_articles_ready_to_translate" title="Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate">Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neurology_articles_ready_to_translate" title="Category:Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate">Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 December 2024, at 18:01 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarcoidosis&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Sarcoidosis</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 50 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-wsd5w","wgBackendResponseTime":139,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.863","walltime":"2.081","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13562,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":479608,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5977,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":787082,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1836.439 1 -total"," 66.84% 1227.515 1 Template:Reflist"," 43.61% 800.888 152 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.84% 180.789 10 Template:Cite_book"," 6.54% 120.061 1 Template:Infobox_medical_condition"," 5.10% 93.732 18 Template:Cite_web"," 5.09% 93.420 1 Template:Infobox"," 4.98% 91.403 2 Template:Navbox"," 4.93% 90.597 2 Template:Short_description"," 4.63% 85.008 3 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.208","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8179119,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","220","17.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","12.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","60","4.8"],["type","60","4.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","4.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.8"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:429\u003E","40","3.2"],["[others]","420","33.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-5nsj8","timestamp":"20250211200101","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sarcoidosis","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarcoidosis","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193894","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193894","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-03T20:07:21Z","dateModified":"2024-12-08T18:01:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e6\/Chest_X-ray_of_sarcoidosis_nodules.png","headline":"disease characterized by the growth of collections of inflammatory cells (granulomas) in multiple organs"}</script> </body> </html>