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<span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riots_and_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riots_and_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Riots and massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riots_and_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_riot_and_demographics_in_1946" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_the_riot_and_demographics_in_1946"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Characteristics of the riot and demographics in 1946</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_riot_and_demographics_in_1946-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_rioting_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_rioting_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Further rioting in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_rioting_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noakhali_riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noakhali_riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Noakhali riots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noakhali_riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bihar_and_rest_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bihar_and_rest_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Bihar and rest of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bihar_and_rest_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE" title="কলকাতা দাঙ্গা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলকাতা দাঙ্গা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unruhen_in_Kalkutta_1946" title="Unruhen in Kalkutta 1946 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unruhen in Kalkutta 1946" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="कलकत्ता दंगा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कलकत्ता दंगा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Aksi_Langsung" title="Hari Aksi Langsung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hari Aksi Langsung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Calcutta_Killing" title="Great Calcutta Killing – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Great Calcutta Killing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രത്യക്ഷ കർമ്മ ദിനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രത്യക്ഷ കർമ്മ ദിനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Direct Action Day" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzie%C5%84_Akcji_Bezpo%C5%9Bredniej" title="Dzień Akcji Bezpośredniej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dzień Akcji Bezpośredniej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="День прямого действия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="День прямого действия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நேரடி நடவடிக்கை நாள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேரடி நடவடிக்கை நாள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="ప్రత్యక్ష కార్యాచరణ దినం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రత్యక్ష కార్యాచరణ దినం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="یوم راست اقدام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوم راست اقدام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1946 sectarian violence in British India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Direct_Action_Day#Disputed" title="Talk:Direct Action Day">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Direct Action Day<br />1946 Calcutta Riots</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg/220px-Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg/330px-Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="258" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Dead and wounded after the Direct Action Day which developed into pitched battles as <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> mobs rioted across <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> in 1946, the year before independence</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">16 August 1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></div><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Direct_Action_Day&params=22.58_N_88.36_E_region:IN-WB_type:event"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°35′N</span> <span class="longitude">88°22′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.58°N 88.36°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">22.58; 88.36</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Perceived unfairness and discrimination, misinformation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rioting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioting">rioting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assaults" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaults">assaults</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wavell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wavell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <p>No centralized leadership, though local <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> leaders took part </p> </div> <div> <p>Local chapter of <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> </p> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Death(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4,000 - 10,000 (Hindus & Muslims) <sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar2018p8_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2018p8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Category:Persecution of Hindus">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FF9900;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Persecution of Hindus <br />in pre-1947 India</span></a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FF9900;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FF9900;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Incidents</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Medieval_era_Muslim_rulers" title="Persecution of Hindus">Medieval persecution by Muslim rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Kodavas_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam">Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Nairs_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam">Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila riots">Mappila riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">1947 Rawalpindi massacres</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persecution_of_Hindus_in_pre-1947_India" title="Template:Persecution of Hindus in pre-1947 India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persecution_of_Hindus_in_pre-1947_India" title="Template talk:Persecution of Hindus in pre-1947 India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persecution_of_Hindus_in_pre-1947_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persecution of Hindus in pre-1947 India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FF9933;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Bengali_Hindus" title="Category:Persecution of Bengali Hindus">Persecution of Bengali Hindus</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg/100px-Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg/150px-Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg/200px-Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="258" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><i>Part of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindu</a> history</i></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FF9933;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Discrimination</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaun" title="Malaun">Malaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vested_Property_Act_(Bangladesh)" title="Vested Property Act (Bangladesh)">Vested Property Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongal" title="Bongal">Bongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dkhar" title="Dkhar">Dkhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D_voter" title="D voter">D voter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_equalisation_policy" title="Freight equalisation policy">Freight equalisation policy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FF9933;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Persecution</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bargis" title="Bargis">Bargi atrocities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Dhaka_riots" title="1930 Dhaka riots">1930 Dhaka riots</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">1946 Noakhali massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_East_Pakistan_riots" title="1950 East Pakistan riots">1950 East Pakistan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Rajshahi_massacres" title="1962 Rajshahi massacres">1962 Rajshahi massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_East_Pakistan_riots" title="1964 East Pakistan riots">1964 East Pakistan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marichjhapi_massacre" title="Marichjhapi massacre">Marichjhapi massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Bangladesh_riots" title="1989 Bangladesh riots">1989 Bangladesh riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojai_riots" title="Hojai riots">Hojai riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Bangladesh_anti-Hindu_violence" title="1990 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bangladesh_violence" title="1992 Bangladesh violence">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Deganga_riots" title="2010 Deganga riots">2010 Deganga riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hathazari_violence" title="2012 Hathazari violence">2012 Hathazari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Fatehpur_violence" title="2012 Fatehpur violence">2012 Fatehpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Chirirbandar_violence" title="2012 Chirirbandar violence">2012 Chirirbandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Bangladesh_anti-Hindu_violence" title="2013 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Canning_riots" title="2013 Canning riots">2013 Canning riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Kaliachak_riots" title="2016 Kaliachak riots">2016 Kaliachak riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kha_Maung_Seik_massacre" title="Kha Maung Seik massacre">2017 Kha Maung Seik massacre</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FF9933;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Opposition</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_Homeland_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement">Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">United Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banga_Sena" class="mw-redirect" title="Banga Sena">Banga Sena</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persecution_of_Bengali_Hindus" title="Template:Persecution of Bengali Hindus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persecution_of_Bengali_Hindus" title="Template talk:Persecution of Bengali Hindus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persecution_of_Bengali_Hindus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persecution of Bengali Hindus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Direct Action Day</b> (16 August 1946) was the day the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> decided to take a "<a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>" using general strikes and economic shut down to demand a <a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">separate Muslim homeland</a> after the British exit from India. Also known as the <b>1946 Calcutta Riots</b>, it soon became a day of communal violence in Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It led to large-scale violence between Muslims and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">Hindus</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> (now known as Kolkata) in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal province</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day also marked the start of what is known as <i>The Week of the Long Knives</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sengupta_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sengupta-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there is a certain degree of consensus on the magnitude of the killings (although no precise casualty figures are available), including their short-term consequences, controversy remains regarding the exact sequence of events, the various actors' responsibility and the long-term political consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is still extensive controversy regarding the respective responsibilities of the two main communities, the Hindus and the Muslims, in addition to individual leaders' roles in the carnage. The dominant British view tends to blame both communities equally and to single out the calculations of the leaders and the savagery of the followers, amongst whom there were criminal elements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>' version of the events, the blame tends to be laid squarely on the Muslim League and in particular on the Chief Minister of Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rashid_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashid-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim League alleged that the Congress Party and the Hindus used the opportunity offered by the general strikes of the Direct Action Day to teach the Muslims in Calcutta a lesson and to kill them in great numbers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus, the riots opened the way to a partition of Bengal between a Hindu-dominated <a href="/wiki/Western_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Bengal">Western Bengal</a> including Calcutta and a Muslim-dominated Eastern Bengal (now <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The All-India Muslim League and the Indian National Congress were the two largest political parties in the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a> in the 1940s. The Muslim League had demanded since its 1940 <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> for the Muslim-majority areas of India in the northwest and the east to be constituted as 'independent states'. The <a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">1946 Cabinet Mission to India</a> for planning of the transfer of power from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> to the Indian leadership proposed a three-tier structure: a centre, groups of provinces and provinces. The "groups of provinces" were meant to accommodate the Muslim League's demand. Both the Muslim League and the Congress in principle accepted the Cabinet Mission's plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004318–319_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004318–319-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However; Nehru's speech on 10 July 1946 rejected the idea that the provinces would be obliged to join a group<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006216_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006216-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stated that the Congress was neither bound nor committed to the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In effect, Nehru's speech squashed the mission's plan and the chance to keep India united.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006216_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006216-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jinnah interpreted the speech as another instance of treachery by the Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Nehru's speech on groupings, the Muslim League rescinded its previous approval of the plan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200940_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200940-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 29 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1972249_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1972249-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consequently, in July 1946, the Muslim League withdrew its agreement to the plan and announced a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">hartal</a></i>) on 16 August, terming it Direct Action Day, to assert its demand for a separate homeland for Muslims in certain northwestern and eastern provinces in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsugitaka-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bourke-White1949p15_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourke-White1949p15-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calling for Direct Action Day, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, the leader of the All India Muslim League, said that he wanted "either a divided India or a destroyed India".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Against a backdrop of communal tension, the protest triggered massive riots in Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-Das_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ASB_BP_Cal_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASB_BP_Cal-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 4,000 people died and 100,000 residents were left homeless in Calcutta within 72 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar2018p8_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2018p8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violence sparked off further religious riots in the surrounding regions of <a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali</a>, <a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937-1950)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces (1937-1950)">United Provinces</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>), <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a> (including <a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">massacres in Rawalpindi</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/North_Western_Frontier_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="North Western Frontier Province">North Western Frontier Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The events sowed the seeds for the eventual <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Action_Day&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> against the British Raj had reached a pivotal stage. British <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> sent a three-member Cabinet Mission to India aimed at discussing and finalizing plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to the Indian leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal1994176_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal1994176-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After holding talks with the representatives of the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League—the two largest political parties in the Constituent Assembly of India—on 16 May 1946, the Mission proposed a plan of composition of the new <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> and its government.<sup id="cite_ref-Das_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TOPVII_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOPVII-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim League demand for 'autonomous and sovereign' states in the northwest and the east was accommodated by creating a new tier of 'groups of provinces' between the provincial layer and the central government. The central government was expected to handle the subjects of defence, external affairs and communications. All other powers would be relegated to the 'groups'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004319_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004319-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the one-time Congressman and now the leader of the Muslim League, had accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan of 16 June, as had the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">central presidium</a> of the Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Das_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Azad_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azad-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 July, however, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress President">Congress President</a>, held a press conference in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> declaring that although the Congress had agreed to participate in the Constituent Assembly, it reserved the right to modify the Cabinet Mission Plan as it saw fit.<sup id="cite_ref-Azad_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azad-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing Hindu domination in the central government, the Muslim League politicians pressed Jinnah to revert to "his earlier unbending stance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal1994210_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal1994210-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jinnah rejected the British Cabinet Mission plan for transfer of power to an interim government which would combine both the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, and decided to boycott the Constituent Assembly. In July 1946, Jinnah held a press conference at his home in Bombay. He proclaimed that the Muslim League was "preparing to launch a struggle" and that they "have chalked out a plan".<sup id="cite_ref-Bourke-White1949p15_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourke-White1949p15-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said that if the Muslims were not granted a separate Pakistan then they would launch "direct action". When asked to be specific, Jinnah retorted: "Go to the Congress and ask them their plans. When they take you into their confidence I will take you into mine. Why do you expect me alone to sit with folded hands? I also am going to make trouble."<sup id="cite_ref-Bourke-White1949p15_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourke-White1949p15-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day, Jinnah announced 16 August 1946 would be "Direct Action Day" and warned Congress, "We do not want war. If you want war we accept your offer unhesitatingly. We will either have a divided India or a destroyed India."<sup id="cite_ref-Bourke-White1949p15_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourke-White1949p15-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim League had thus said “goodbye to Constitutional methods” and was ready to “create trouble”.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i>The Great Divide</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hodson" title="Harry Hodson">H V Hodson</a> recounted, "The Working Committee followed up by calling on Muslims throughout India to observe 16th August as 'Direct Action Day'. On that day, meetings would be held all over the country to explain the League's resolution. These meetings and processions passed off—as was manifestly the central League leaders' intention—without more than commonplace and limited disturbances, with one vast and tragic exception ... What happened was more than anyone could have foreseen."<sup id="cite_ref-Hodson_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodson-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In <i>Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Aspects</i>, edited by Sato Tsugitaka, Nakazato Nariaki writes:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From the viewpoint of institutional politics, the Calcutta disturbances possessed a distinguishing feature in that they broke out in a transitional period which was marked by the power vacuum and systemic breakdown. It is also important to note that they constituted part of a political struggle in which the Congress and the Muslim League competed with each other for the initiative in establishing the new nation-state(s), while the British made an all-out attempt to carry out decolonization at the lowest possible political cost for them. The political rivalry among the major nationalist parties in Bengal took a form different from that in New Delhi, mainly because of the broad mass base those organizations enjoyed and the tradition of flexible political dealing in which they excelled. At the initial stage of the riots, the Congress and the Muslim League appeared to be confident that they could draw on this tradition even if a difficult situation arose out of political showdown. Most probably, Direct Action Day in Calcutta was planned to be a large-scale <i>hartal</i> and mass rally <i>(which is an accepted part of political culture in Calcutta</i>) which they knew very well how to control. However, the response from the masses far exceeded any expectations. The political leaders seriously miscalculated the strong emotional response that the word 'nation', as interpreted under the new situation, had evoked. In August 1946 the 'nation' was no longer a mere political slogan. It was rapidly turning into 'reality' both in realpolitik and in people's imaginations. The system to which Bengal political leaders had grown accustomed for decades could not cope with this dynamic change. As we have seen, it quickly and easily broke down on the first day of the disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsugitaka-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Action_Day&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 11–14 February 1946 riots in Calcutta, <a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">communal</a> tension had been high. Hindu and Muslim newspapers whipped up public sentiment with inflammatory and highly partisan reporting that heightened antagonism between the two communities.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adding further fuel to inflamed Muslim communal sentiments was a pamphlet written by the Mayor of Calcutta, Syed Mohammed Usman, where he said, "We Muslims have had the crown and have ruled. Do not lose hearts, be ready and take swords. Oh kafir! Your doom is not far".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Jinnah's declaration of 16 August as the Direct Action Day, acting on the advice of R.L. Walker, the then Chief Secretary of Bengal, the Muslim League <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister">Chief Minister</a> of Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a>, requested the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bengal_Presidency" title="List of governors of Bengal Presidency">Governor of Bengal</a> Sir Frederick Burrows to declare a public holiday on that day. Governor Burrows agreed. Walker made this proposal with the hope that the risk of conflicts, especially those related to picketing, would be minimized if government offices, commercial houses and shops remained closed throughout Calcutta on 16 August.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsugitaka-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tyson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bengal Congress protested against the declaration of a public holiday, arguing that a holiday would enable 'the idle folks' to successfully enforce <i>hartals</i> in areas where the Muslim League leadership was not so powerful. Congress accused the League government of "having indulged in 'communal politics' for a narrow goal".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress leaders thought that if a public holiday was observed, its own supporters would have no choice but to close down their offices and shops, and thus be compelled against their will to lend a hand in the Muslim League's <i>hartal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsugitaka-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 August, <a href="/wiki/Kiran_Shankar_Roy" title="Kiran Shankar Roy">Kiran Shankar Roy</a>, the leader of the Congress Party in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bengal Legislative Assembly">Bengal Legislative Assembly</a>, called on Hindu shopkeepers to not observe the public holiday, and keep their businesses open in defiance of the <i>hartal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsugitaka-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Pakistan)" title="The Star (Pakistan)">Star of India</a></i>, an influential local Muslim newspaper, edited by <a href="/wiki/Raghib_Ahsan" title="Raghib Ahsan">Raghib Ahsan</a>, the Muslim League <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">MLA</a> from Calcutta published the detailed program for the day. The program called for complete <i>a hartal</i> and general strike in all spheres of civic, commercial and industrial life except essential services. The notice proclaimed that processions would start from multiple parts of Calcutta, <a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metiabruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Metiabruz">Metiabruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/24_Parganas" title="24 Parganas">24 Parganas</a>, and would converge at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Kolkata" title="Shaheed Minar, Kolkata">Ochterlony Monument</a> (now known as Shaheed Minar) where a joint mass rally presided over by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy would be held. The Muslim League branches were advised to depute three workers in every mosque in every ward to explain the League's action plan before <i><a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Juma</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Namaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Namaz">prayers</a>. Moreover, special prayers were arranged in every mosque on Friday after <i>Juma</i> prayers for the freedom of Muslim India.<sup id="cite_ref-StOI_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StOI-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notice drew divine inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, emphasizing on the coincidence of Direct Action Day with the holy month of <i><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramzaan</a></i>, claiming that the upcoming protests were an allegory of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Prophet Muhammad's</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">conflict with heathenism</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">conquest of Mecca</a> and establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom of Heaven</a> in Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-StOI_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StOI-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindu public opinion was mobilized around the <i><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Hindusthan</a></i> (United India) slogan.<sup id="cite_ref-Das_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain Congress leaders in Bengal imbibed a strong sense of Hindu identity, especially in view of the perceived threat from the possibility of marginalizing themselves into minority against the onslaught of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan movement">Pakistan movement</a>. Such mobilization along communal lines was partly successful due to a concerted propaganda campaign which resulted in a 'legitimization of communal solidarities'.<sup id="cite_ref-Das_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, following the protests against the British after <a href="/wiki/INA_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="INA trials">INA trials</a>, the British administration decided to give more importance to protests against the government, rather than management of communal violence within the Indian populace, according to their "Emergency Action Scheme".<sup id="cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsugitaka-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Burrows" title="Frederick Burrows">Frederick Burrows</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Bengal">Governor of Bengal</a>, rationalized the declaration of "public holiday" in his report to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Wavell">Lord Wavell</a>—Suhrawardy put forth a great deal of effort to bring reluctant British officials around to calling the army in from <a href="/wiki/Sealdah" title="Sealdah">Sealdah</a> Rest Camp. Unfortunately, British officials did not send the army out until 1:45 a.m. on 17 August.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsugitaka-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Many of the mischief-makers were people who would have had idle hands anyhow. If shops and markets had been generally open, I believe that there would have been even more looting and murder than there was; the holiday gave the peaceable citizens the chance of staying at home.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Frederick Burrows, Burrows' Report to Lord Wavell.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Riots_and_massacre">Riots and massacre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Action_Day&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Riots and massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_League_rally_on_Direct_Action_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Muslim_League_rally_on_Direct_Action_Day.jpg/200px-Muslim_League_rally_on_Direct_Action_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Muslim_League_rally_on_Direct_Action_Day.jpg/300px-Muslim_League_rally_on_Direct_Action_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Muslim_League_rally_on_Direct_Action_Day.jpg/400px-Muslim_League_rally_on_Direct_Action_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>The crowd at the Muslim League rally at the Maidan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Troubles started on the morning of 16 August. Even before 10 o'clock the Police Headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Lalbazar" title="Lalbazar">Lalbazar</a> had reported that there was excitement throughout the city, that shops were being forced to close, and that there were many reports of brawls, stabbing and throwing of stones and brickbats. These were mainly concentrated in the North-central parts of the city like <a href="/wiki/Rajabazar,_Kolkata" title="Rajabazar, Kolkata">Rajabazar</a>, Kelabagan, <a href="/wiki/College_Street_(Kolkata)" title="College Street (Kolkata)">College Street</a>, Harrison Road, Colootola and <a href="/wiki/Burrabazar" title="Burrabazar">Burrabazar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of these areas had also been rocked by communal riots in December 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these areas the Hindus were in a majority and were also in a superior and powerful economic position. The trouble had assumed the communal character which it was to retain throughout.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meeting began around 2 pm though processions of Muslims from all parts of Calcutta had started assembling since the <a href="/wiki/Dhuhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhuhr">midday prayers</a>. A large number of the participants were reported to have been armed with iron bars and <i><a href="/wiki/Fighting_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighting stick">lathis</a></i> (bamboo sticks). The numbers attending were estimated by a Central Intelligence Officer's reporter at 30,000 and by a Special Branch Inspector of <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta Police">Calcutta Police</a> at 500,000. The latter figure is impossibly high and the <i>Star of India</i> reporter put it at about 100,000. The main speakers were <a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a> and Chief Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. Khwaja Nazimuddin in his speech preached peacefulness and restraint but spoilt the effect and flared up the tensions by stating that till 11 o'clock that morning all the injured persons were Muslims, and the Muslim community had only retaliated in self-defence.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huseyn Suhrawardy, in his speech, appeared to indirectly promise that no action would be taken against armed Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Special Branch of Calcutta Police had sent only one shorthand reporter to the meeting, with the result that no transcript of the Chief Minister's speech is available. But the Central Intelligence Officer and a reporter, who Frederick Burrows believed was reliable, deputed by the military authorities agree on one statement (not reported at all by the Calcutta Police). The version in the former's report was—"He [the Chief Minister] had seen to police and military arrangements who would not interfere".<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The version of the latter's was—"He had been able to restrain the military and the police".<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the police did not receive any specific order to "hold back". So, whatever Suhrawardy may have meant to convey by this, the impression of such a statement on a largely uneducated audience is construed by some to be an open invitation to disorder<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indeed, many of the listeners are reported to have started attacking Hindus and looting Hindu shops as soon as they left the meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keay_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keay-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, there were reports of lorries (trucks) that came down <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Road,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata">Harrison Road</a> in Calcutta, carrying hardline Muslim gangsters armed with brickbats and bottles as weapons and attacking Hindu-owned shops.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slums_in_Lichubagan,_Metiabruz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Slums_in_Lichubagan%2C_Metiabruz.jpg/200px-Slums_in_Lichubagan%2C_Metiabruz.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Slums_in_Lichubagan%2C_Metiabruz.jpg/300px-Slums_in_Lichubagan%2C_Metiabruz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Slums_in_Lichubagan%2C_Metiabruz.jpg/400px-Slums_in_Lichubagan%2C_Metiabruz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>More than 300 <a href="/wiki/Odia_people" title="Odia people">Oriya</a> labourers of Kesoram Cotton Mills were massacred in the slums of Lichubagan, <a href="/wiki/Metiabruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Metiabruz">Metiabruz</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A 6 pm curfew was imposed in the parts of the city where there had been rioting. At 8 pm forces were deployed to secure main routes and conduct patrols from those arteries, thereby freeing up police for work in the slums and the other underdeveloped sections.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syed Abdullah Farooqui, President of Garden Reach Textile Workers' Union, led a radical mob into the compound of Kesoram Cotton Mills in Metiabruz. The death toll of labourers residing in the mills, among whom were a substantial number of <a href="/wiki/Odia_people" title="Odia people">Odias</a>, reported to be between 7,000 and 10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 August, four survivors lodged a complaint at the Metiabruz police station against Farooqui.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bishwanath_Das" title="Bishwanath Das">Bishwanath Das</a>, a Minister in the Government of <a href="/wiki/Orissa,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa, India">Orissa</a>, visited Lichubagan to investigate into the killings of the mill labourers.<sup id="cite_ref-sinha127_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinha127-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many authors claim Hindus were the primary victims.<sup id="cite_ref-Wavell_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wavell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The worst of the killing took place during the day on 17 August. By late afternoon, soldiers brought the worst areas under control and the military expanded its hold overnight. In the slums and other areas, however, which were still outside military control, lawlessness and rioting escalated hourly. In the morning of 18 August, "Buses and taxis were charging about loaded with Sikhs and Hindus armed with swords, iron bars and firearms."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skirmishes between the communities continued for almost a week. Finally, on 21 August, Bengal was put under <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy</a>'s rule. 5 battalions of British troops, supported by 4 battalions of Indians and <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas</a>, were deployed in the city. Lord Wavell alleged that more troops ought to have been called in earlier, and there is no indication that more British troops were not available.<sup id="cite_ref-Wavell_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wavell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rioting reduced on 22 August.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_the_riot_and_demographics_in_1946">Characteristics of the riot and demographics in 1946</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Action_Day&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characteristics of the riot and demographics in 1946"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suhrawardy put forth a great deal of effort to bring reluctant British officials around to calling the army in from Sealdah Rest Camp. Unfortunately, British officials did not send the army out until 1:45 a.m. on 17 August.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsugitaka-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violence in Calcutta, between 1945 and 1946, passed by stages from Indian versus European to Hindu versus Muslim. Indian Christians and Europeans were generally free from molestation<sup id="cite_ref-Lambert_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambert-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the tempo of Hindu-Muslim violence quickened. The decline of anti-European feelings as communal Hindu-Muslim tensions increased during this period is evident from the casualty numbers. During the riots of November 1945, casualty of Europeans and Christians were 46; in the riots of the 10–14 February 1946, 35; from 15 February to 15 August, only three; during the Calcutta riots from 15 August 1946 to 17 September 1946, none.<sup id="cite_ref-Horowitz_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:blue; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 389.47428549299px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.211470131448px 12.53332335643px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religions in Calcutta in 1946<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (73%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (23%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> Others (4%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Calcutta had 2,952,142 Hindus, 1,099,562 Muslims, and 12,852 Sikhs in 1946, the year before partition. After independence, the Muslim population came down to 601,817 due to the migration of 500,000 Muslims from Calcutta to <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> after the riot. The 1951 Census of India recorded that 27% of Calcutta's population was <a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a> mainly Hindu Bengalis. Millions of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a> from East Pakistan had taken refuge mainly in the city and a number of estimations shows that around 320,000 Hindus from East Pakistan had immigrated to Calcutta alone during 1946–1950 period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first census after partition shows that in Calcutta from 1941 to 1951 the number of Hindus increased while the number of Muslims decreased, that is Hindu percentage have increased from 73% in 1941 to 84% in 1951, while Muslim percentage have declined from 23% in 1941 to 12% in 1951 census.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 2011 census, Kolkata city have a Hindu majority of (76.51%), Muslims stand at (20.6%) as 2nd largest community, and Sikh population stands at (0.31%).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Action_Day&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the riots, thousands began fleeing Calcutta. For several days the <a href="/wiki/Howrah_Bridge" title="Howrah Bridge">Howrah Bridge</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a> was crowded with evacuees headed for the <a href="/wiki/Howrah_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Howrah station">Howrah station</a> to escape the mayhem in Calcutta. Many of them would not escape the violence that spread out into the region outside Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-White2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord Wavell claimed during his meeting on 27 August 1946 that <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> had told him, "If India wants bloodbath she shall have it ... if a bloodbath was necessary, it would come about in spite of non-violence".<sup id="cite_ref-Seervai_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seervai-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was criticism of Suhrawardy, Chief Minister in charge of the Home Portfolio in Calcutta, for being partisan and of Sir Frederick John Burrows, the British Governor of Bengal, for not having taken control of the situation. The Chief Minister spent a great deal of time in the Control Room in the Police Headquarters at Lalbazar, often attended by some of his supporters. Short of a direct order from the Governor, there was no way of preventing the Chief Minister from visiting the Control Room whenever he liked; and Governor Burrows was not prepared to give such an order, as it would clearly have indicated complete lack of faith in him.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent Muslim League leaders spent a great deal of time in police control rooms directing operations and the role of Suhrawardy in obstructing police duties is documented.<sup id="cite_ref-Sengupta_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sengupta-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also reported Suhrawardy had sacked Hindu policemen on 16 August.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the British and Congress blamed Jinnah for calling the Direct Action Day and held the Muslim League responsible for stirring up the Muslim nationalist sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-Sebestyen2014_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebestyen2014-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several views on the exact cause of the Direct Action Day riots. The Hindu press blamed the Suhrawardy Government and the Muslim League.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the authorities, riots were instigated by members of the Muslim League and its affiliate Volunteer Corps,<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Das_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsugitaka-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ASB_BP_Cal_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASB_BP_Cal-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the city in order to enforce the declaration by the Muslim League that Muslims were to 'suspend all business' to support their demand for an independent Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsugitaka-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ASB_BP_Cal_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASB_BP_Cal-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, supporters of the Muslim League claimed the Congress Party was behind the violence<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an effort to weaken the fragile Muslim League government in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Joya Chatterji allocates much of the responsibility to Suhrawardy, for setting up the confrontation and failing to stop the rioting, but points out that Hindu leaders were also culpable.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the Indian National Congress, including Mohandas Gandhi and <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> responded negatively to the riots and expressed shock. The riots would lead to further rioting and <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> between Hindus and Sikhs and Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Keay_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keay-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_rioting_in_India">Further rioting in India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Action_Day&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further rioting in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Direct Action Day riots sparked off several riots between Muslims and Hindus/Sikhs in Noakhali, Bihar, and Punjab in that year: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noakhali_riots">Noakhali riots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Action_Day&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Noakhali riots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></div> <p>An important sequel to Direct Action Day was the massacre in Noakhali and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tipperah</a> districts in October 1946. News of the Great Calcutta Riot touched off the Noakhali–Tipperah riot in reaction. However, the violence was different in nature from Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-Das_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rioting in the districts began on 10 October 1946 in the area of northern Noakhali district under <a href="/wiki/Ramganj_Upazila" title="Ramganj Upazila">Ramganj</a> police station.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violence unleashed was described as "the organized fury of the Muslim mob".<sup id="cite_ref-Haran_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haran-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It soon engulfed the neighbouring police stations of <a href="/wiki/Raipur_Upazila" title="Raipur Upazila">Raipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmipur" title="Lakshmipur">Lakshmipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Begumganj_Upazila" title="Begumganj Upazila">Begumganj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandwip_Upazila" title="Sandwip Upazila">Sandwip</a> in Noakhali, and <a href="/wiki/Faridganj_Upazila" title="Faridganj Upazila">Faridganj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haziganj_Upazila" title="Haziganj Upazila">Hajiganj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandpur_District" title="Chandpur District">Chandpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laksam_Upazila" title="Laksam Upazila">Laksham</a> and Chudagram in Tippera.<sup id="cite_ref-Batabyal2005p272_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batabyal2005p272-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disruption caused by the widespread violence was extensive, making it difficult to accurately establish the number of casualties. Official estimates put the number of dead between 200 and 300.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tuker1950p174-176_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuker1950p174-176-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Tuker" title="Francis Tuker">Francis Tuker</a>, who at the time of the disturbances was <a href="/wiki/General_officer_commanding" title="General officer commanding">General Officer Commanding-in-Chief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command, India</a>, the Hindu press intentionally and grossly exaggerated reports of disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuker1950p174-176_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuker1950p174-176-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neutral and widely accepted death toll figure is around 5000.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Governor Burrows, "the immediate occasion for the outbreak of the disturbances was the looting of a Bazar [market] in Ramganj police station following the holding of a mass meeting."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included attacks on the place of business of Surendra Nath Bose and Rajendra Lal Roy Choudhury, the erstwhile president of the Noakhali <a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">Bar</a> and a prominent <a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Hindu_Mahasabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> leader.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahatma Gandhi camped in Noakhali for four months and toured the district in a mission to restore peace and communal harmony. In the meantime, the Congress leadership started to accept the proposed Partition of India and the peace mission and other relief camps were abandoned. The majority of the survivors migrated to West Bengal, Tripura<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bihar_and_rest_of_India">Bihar and rest of India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Action_Day&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bihar and rest of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A devastating riot rocked Bihar towards the end of 1946. Between 30 October and 7 November, a large-scale massacre in Bihar brought the Partition closer to inevitability. Severe violence broke out in <a href="/wiki/Chhapra" title="Chhapra">Chhapra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saran_district" title="Saran district">Saran district</a>, between 25 and 28 October. <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munger" title="Munger">Munger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a> quickly became sites of serious violence. Begun as a reprisal for the Noakhali riot, whose death toll had been greatly overstated in immediate reports, it was difficult for authorities to deal with because it was spread out over a large area of scattered villages, and the number of casualties was impossible to establish accurately: "According to a subsequent statement in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a>, the death-toll amounted to 5,000. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Statesman_(India)" title="The Statesman (India)">The Statesman</a></i>'s estimate was between 7,500 and 10,000; the Congress party admitted to 2,000; Jinnah claimed about 30,000."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 3 November, the official estimate put the figure of death at only 445.<sup id="cite_ref-Das_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Batabyal2005p272_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batabyal2005p272-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some independent sources, the death toll was around 8,000.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the worst rioting also took place in <a href="/wiki/Garhmukteshwar" title="Garhmukteshwar">Garhmukteshwar</a> in the United Provinces where a massacre occurred in November 1946, in which "Hindu pilgrims, at the annual religious fair, set upon and exterminated Muslims, not only on the festival grounds but in the adjacent town" while the police did little or nothing. The deaths were estimated at between 1,000 and 2,000.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Action_Day&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebhaga_movement" title="Tebhaga movement">Tebhaga movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Partition of Bengal (disambiguation)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India" title="List of massacres in India">List of massacres in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the partition of India">Opposition to the partition of India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Action_Day&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSarkarBandyopadhyay2017" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Tanika; Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=REcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA441"><i>Calcutta: The Stormy Decades</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-58172-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-58172-1"><bdi>978-1-351-58172-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta%3A+The+Stormy+Decades&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-58172-1&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Tanika&rft.au=Bandyopadhyay%2C+Sekhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DREcrDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wavell-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wavell_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wavell_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wavell_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWavell1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell, Archibald P.</a> (1946). <i>Report to Lord Pethick-Lawrence</i>. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> Archives: IOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+to+Lord+Pethick-Lawrence&rft.pub=British+Library+Archives%3A+IOR&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Wavell&rft.aufirst=Archibald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burrows-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrows1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Burrows" title="Frederick Burrows">Burrows, Frederick</a> (1946). <i>Report to Viceroy Lord Wavell</i>. The British Library IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95, 96–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+to+Viceroy+Lord+Wavell&rft.pub=The+British+Library+IOR%3A+L%2FP%26J%2F8%2F655+f.f.+95%2C+96%E2%80%93107&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarkar2018p8-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarkar2018p8_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarkar2018p8_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkarBandyopadhyay2018" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Tanika; Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=REcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>Calcutta: The Stormy Decades</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-58172-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-58172-1"><bdi>978-1-351-58172-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta%3A+The+Stormy+Decades&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-58172-1&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Tanika&rft.au=Bandyopadhyay%2C+Sekhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DREcrDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZehra2016" class="citation web cs1">Zehra, Rosheena (16 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thequint.com/news/india/direct-action-day-when-massive-communal-riots-made-kolkata-bleed">"Direct Action Day: When Massive Communal Riots Made Kolkata Bleed"</a>. <i>TheQuint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheQuint&rft.atitle=Direct+Action+Day%3A+When+Massive+Communal+Riots+Made+Kolkata+Bleed&rft.date=2016-08-16&rft.aulast=Zehra&rft.aufirst=Rosheena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thequint.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fdirect-action-day-when-massive-communal-riots-made-kolkata-bleed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sengupta-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sengupta_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sengupta_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2006" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Debjani (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.sarai.net/files/original/2ed2f960de6596b5ed75501e6de2c774.pdf">"A City Feeding on Itself: Testimonies and Histories of 'Direct Action' Day"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Narula, Monica (ed.). <i>Turbulence</i>. Serai Reader. Vol. 6. The Sarai Programme, Center for the Study of Developing Societies. pp. 288–295. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607413832">607413832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+City+Feeding+on+Itself%3A+Testimonies+and+Histories+of+%27Direct+Action%27+Day&rft.btitle=Turbulence&rft.series=Serai+Reader&rft.pages=288-295&rft.pub=The+Sarai+Programme%2C+Center+for+the+Study+of+Developing+Societies&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607413832&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Debjani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.sarai.net%2Ffiles%2Foriginal%2F2ed2f960de6596b5ed75501e6de2c774.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L/I/1/425. The British Library Archives, London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/calcutta-riots-1946.html">"The Calcutta Riots of 1946 | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance – Research Network"</a>. <i>www.sciencespo.fr</i>. 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencespo.fr&rft.atitle=The+Calcutta+Riots+of+1946+%26%23124%3B+Sciences+Po+Mass+Violence+and+Resistance+%E2%80%93+Research+Network&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencespo.fr%2Fmass-violence-war-massacre-resistance%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fcalcutta-riots-1946.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashid-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rashid_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarun-or-Rashid2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harun-or-Rashid_(academic)" title="Harun-or-Rashid (academic)">Harun-or-Rashid</a> (2003) [First published 1987]. <i>The Foreshadowing of Bangladesh: Bengal Muslim League and Muslim Politics, 1906–1947</i> (Revised and enlarged ed.). The University Press Limited. pp. 242, 244–245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-05-1688-4" title="Special:BookSources/984-05-1688-4"><bdi>984-05-1688-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreshadowing+of+Bangladesh%3A+Bengal+Muslim+League+and+Muslim+Politics%2C+1906%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=242%2C+244-245&rft.edition=Revised+and+enlarged&rft.pub=The+University+Press+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=984-05-1688-4&rft.au=Harun-or-Rashid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004318–319-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004318–319_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, pp. 318–319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006216-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006216_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006216_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolpert2009">Wolpert 2009</a>, pp. 360–361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolpert2009">Wolpert 2009</a>, p. 361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200940-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200940_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1972249-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1972249_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy1972">Hardy 1972</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsugitaka-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsugitaka_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNariaki2000" class="citation book cs1">Nariaki, Nakazato (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvqUOb-iUsUC&pg=PT153">"The politics of a Partition Riot: Calcutta in August 1946"</a>. In Sato Tsugitaka (ed.). <i>Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Aspects</i>. Routledge. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33254-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33254-5"><bdi>978-0-415-33254-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+politics+of+a+Partition+Riot%3A+Calcutta+in+August+1946&rft.btitle=Muslim+Societies%3A+Historical+and+Comparative+Aspects&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33254-5&rft.aulast=Nariaki&rft.aufirst=Nakazato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvqUOb-iUsUC%26pg%3DPT153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourke-White1949p15-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bourke-White1949p15_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourke-White1949p15_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourke-White1949p15_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourke-White1949p15_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourke-White1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Bourke-White, Margaret</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5000/page/n33/mode/1up"><i>Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India in the Words and Photographs of Margaret Bourke-White</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halfway+to+Freedom%3A+A+Report+on+the+New+India+in+the+Words+and+Photographs+of+Margaret+Bourke-White&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Bourke-White&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.csl.5000%2Fpage%2Fn33%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2014" class="citation news cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (23 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/divided-or-destroyed-remembering-direct-action-day/cid/157755">"Divided or Destroyed – Remembering Direct Action Day"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Kolkata)">The Telegraph</a></i> (Opinion).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Divided+or+Destroyed+%E2%80%93+Remembering+Direct+Action+Day&rft.date=2014-08-23&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fopinion%2Fdivided-or-destroyed-remembering-direct-action-day%2Fcid%2F157755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunzelmann2012" class="citation book cs1">Tunzelmann, Alex von (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tHmPrSPzu3MC&pg=PT100"><i>Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-1476-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-1476-2"><bdi>978-1-4711-1476-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Summer%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+End+of+an+Empire&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4711-1476-2&rft.aulast=Tunzelmann&rft.aufirst=Alex+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtHmPrSPzu3MC%26pg%3DPT100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Das-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Das_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Das_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Das_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Das_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Das_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Das_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Das_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Das_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2000" class="citation journal cs1">Das, Suranjan (May 2000). "The 1992 Calcutta Riot in Historical Continuum: A Relapse into 'Communal Fury'?". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 281–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X0000336X">10.1017/S0026749X0000336X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/313064">313064</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144646764">144646764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+1992+Calcutta+Riot+in+Historical+Continuum%3A+A+Relapse+into+%27Communal+Fury%27%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=281-306&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144646764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F313064%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X0000336X&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Suranjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASB_BP_Cal-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASB_BP_Cal_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASB_BP_Cal_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASB_BP_Cal_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2012" class="citation book cs1">Das, Suranjan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Calcutta_Riot,_1946">"Calcutta Riot, 1946"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calcutta+Riot%2C+1946&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Suranjan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DCalcutta_Riot%2C_1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/partition-india?format=PB&isbn=9780521672566"><i>The Partition of India</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 67, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67256-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67256-6"><bdi>978-0-521-67256-6</bdi></a>, <q>(Signs of 'ethnic cleansing') were also present in the wave of violence that rippled out from Calcutta to Bihar, where there were high Muslim casualty figures, and to Noakhali deep in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta of Bengal. Concerning the Noakhali riots, one British officer spoke of a 'determined and organized' Muslim effort to drive out all the Hindus, who accounted for around a fifth of the total population. Similarly, the Punjab counterparts to this transition of violence were the Rawalpindi massacres of March 1947. The level of death and destruction in such West Punjab villages as Thoa Khalsa was such that communities couldn't live together in its wake.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+India&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67256-6&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fin%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Fhistory%2Ftwentieth-century-regional-history%2Fpartition-india%3Fformat%3DPB%26isbn%3D9780521672566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal1994176-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal1994176_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJalal1994">Jalal 1994</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TOPVII-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TOPVII_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManserghMoon1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mansergh" title="Nicholas Mansergh">Mansergh, Nicholas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Penderel_Moon" title="Penderel Moon">Moon, Penderel</a>, eds. (1977). <i>The Transfer of Power 1942–7</i>. Vol. VII. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 582–591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-580082-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-580082-5"><bdi>978-0-11-580082-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transfer+of+Power+1942%E2%80%937&rft.place=London&rft.pages=582-591&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-11-580082-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004319-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004319_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azad-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Azad_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azad_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzad2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Azad, Abul Kalam</a> (2005) [First published 1959]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q9_EW80LFjoC&pg=PA164"><i>India Wins Freedom: An Autobiographical Narrative</i></a>. New Delhi: Orient Longman. pp. 164–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0514-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0514-8"><bdi>978-81-250-0514-8</bdi></a>. <q>The resolution was passed with an overwhelming majority ... Thus, the [A.I.C.C.] seal of approval was put on the Working Committee's resolution accepting the Cabinet Mission Plan ... On 10 July, Jawaharlal held a press conference in Bombay ... [when questioned,] Jawaharlal replied emphatically that the Congress had agreed only to participate in the Constituent Assembly and regarded itself free to change or modify the Cabinet Mission Plan as it thought best ... The Moslem League had accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan ... Mr. Jinnah had clearly stated that he recommended acceptance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Wins+Freedom%3A+An+Autobiographical+Narrative&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=164-165&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-250-0514-8&rft.aulast=Azad&rft.aufirst=Abul+Kalam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq9_EW80LFjoC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal1994210-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal1994210_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJalal1994">Jalal 1994</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2017" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Yasmin (2017). <i>The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan</i> (New ed.). New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23032-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23032-1"><bdi>978-0-300-23032-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Partition%3A+The+Making+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.place=New+Haven+London&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23032-1&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodson-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hodson_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodson1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hodson" title="Harry Hodson">Hodson, H V</a> (1997) [1969]. <i>Great Divide; Britain, India, Pakistan</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577821-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577821-2"><bdi>978-0-19-577821-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Divide%3B+Britain%2C+India%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-577821-2&rft.aulast=Hodson&rft.aufirst=H+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuker1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Tuker" title="Francis Tuker">Tuker, Francis</a> (1950). <i>While Memory Serves</i>. Cassell. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937426955">937426955</a>. <q>From February onwards communal tension had been strong. Anti-British feeling was, at the same time, being excited by interested people who were trying to make it a substitute for the more important communal emotion. The sole result of their attempts was to add to the temperature of all emotions ... heightening the friction between Hindus and Muslims. Biased, perverted and inflammatory articles and twisted reports were appearing in Hindu and Muslim newspapers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=While+Memory+Serves&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937426955&rft.aulast=Tuker&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2017" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Yasmin (2017). <i>The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23032-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23032-1"><bdi>978-0-300-23032-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Partition%3A+The+Making+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23032-1&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyson-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyson_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyson" class="citation book cs1">Tyson, John D. <i>IOR: Tyson Papers, Eur E341/41, Tyson's note on Calcutta disturbances, 29 September 1946</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IOR%3A+Tyson+Papers%2C+Eur+E341%2F41%2C+Tyson%27s+note+on+Calcutta+disturbances%2C+29+September+1946&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarty2004" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2004). <i>The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932–1947: Contour of Freedom</i>. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32889-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32889-0"><bdi>978-0-415-32889-0</bdi></a>. <q>As a public holiday would enable 'the idle folk' successfully to enforce hartals in ares where the League leadership was uncertain, the Bengal Congress ... condemned the League ministry for having indulged in 'communal politics' for a narrow goal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+Bengal+and+Assam%2C+1932%E2%80%931947%3A+Contour+of+Freedom&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32889-0&rft.aulast=Chakrabarty&rft.aufirst=Bidyut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuker1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Tuker" title="Francis Tuker">Tuker, Francis</a> (1950). <i>While Memory Serves</i>. Cassell. pp. 154–156. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937426955">937426955</a>. <q>As a counter-blast to this, Mr. K. Roy, leader of the Congress Party in the Bengal Legislative Assembly, addressing a meeting at Ballygunge on the 14th, said that it was stupid to think that the holiday [would] avoid commotions. The holiday, with its idle folk, would create trouble, for it was quite certain that those Hindus who, still wishing to pursue their business, kept open their shops, would be compelled by force to close them. From this there would certainly be violent disturbance. But he advised the Hindus to keep their shops open and to continue their business and not to submit to a compulsory <i>hartal</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=While+Memory+Serves&rft.pages=154-156&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937426955&rft.aulast=Tuker&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StOI-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StOI_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StOI_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Programme for Direct Action Day". <i>Star of India</i>. 13 August 1946.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+of+India&rft.atitle=Programme+for+Direct+Action+Day&rft.date=1946-08-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandyopadhyay2022" class="citation book cs1">Bandyopadhyay, Ritajyoti (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/streets-in-motion/2D42F4BF0D2086A1DBB254A5120ACB42"><i>Streets in Motion: The Making of Infrastructure, Property, and Political Culture in Twentieth-century Calcutta</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 76, 120–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009109208">10.1017/9781009109208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-10920-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-10920-8"><bdi>978-1-009-10920-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250200020">250200020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Streets+in+Motion%3A+The+Making+of+Infrastructure%2C+Property%2C+and+Political+Culture+in+Twentieth-century+Calcutta&rft.pages=76%2C+120-121&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250200020%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009109208&rft.isbn=978-1-009-10920-8&rft.aulast=Bandyopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Ritajyoti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fstreets-in-motion%2F2D42F4BF0D2086A1DBB254A5120ACB42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2017" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Yasmin (2017). <i>The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23032-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23032-1"><bdi>978-0-300-23032-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Partition%3A+The+Making+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23032-1&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keay-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/505"><i>India: A history</i></a></span>. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/505">505</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2"><bdi>978-0-87113-800-2</bdi></a>. <q>Suhrawardy ... proclaimed a public holiday. The police too, he implied, would take the day off. Muslims, rallying <i>en masse</i> for speeches and processions, saw this as an invitation; they began looting and burning such Hindu shops as remained open. Arson gave way to murder, and the victims struck back ... In October the riots spread to parts of East Bengal and also to UP and Bihar ... Nehru wrung his hands in horror ... Gandhi rushed to the scene, heroically progressing through the devastated communities to preach reconciliation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+history&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87113-800-2&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiahistory00keay%2Fpage%2F505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourke-White1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Bourke-White, Margaret</a> (1949). <i>Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India in the Words and Photographs of Margaret Bourke-White</i>. Simon and Schuster. p. 17. <q>... Seven lorries that came thundering down Harrison Road. Men armed with brickbats and bottles began leaping out of the lorries—Muslim 'goondas,' or gangsters, Nanda Lal decided, since they immediately fell to tearing up Hindu shops.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halfway+to+Freedom%3A+A+Report+on+the+New+India+in+the+Words+and+Photographs+of+Margaret+Bourke-White&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Bourke-White&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuker1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Tuker" title="Francis Tuker">Tuker, Francis</a> (1950). <i>While Memory Serves</i>. Cassell. pp. 159–160. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937426955">937426955</a>. <q>At 6 p.m. curfew was clamped down all over the riot-affected districts. At 8 p.m. the Area Commander ... brought in the 7th Worcesters and the Green Howards from their barracks ... [troops] cleared the main routes ... and threw out patrols to free the police for work in the <i>bustees</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=While+Memory+Serves&rft.pages=159-160&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937426955&rft.aulast=Tuker&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.news.yahoo.com/looking-back-at-the-bloodcurdling-calcutta-killings-of-16th-august-1946-062630215.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmluZy5jb20v&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAAdB4oU0-wxGIZFdHSGvMcdOxfgO2f6pIjRHp2X8XjTymDNF9blJnqYYTWpj1Vqm3GPi_ya5eX-8KQyrO0VNrcRmMbkOylyt0_TDTLu_dcplxyqdojMxJpufuCrrQMOR0owROW-Wjf1p-0tXFsfkDhfKF14TbZOsJL4-fTKQVEvi">"Looking back at the blood-curdling Calcutta Killings of 16th August 1946"</a>. 16 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Looking+back+at+the+blood-curdling+Calcutta+Killings+of+16th+August+1946&rft.date=2019-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.news.yahoo.com%2Flooking-back-at-the-bloodcurdling-calcutta-killings-of-16th-august-1946-062630215.html%3Fguccounter%3D1%26guce_referrer%3DaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmluZy5jb20v%26guce_referrer_sig%3DAQAAAAdB4oU0-wxGIZFdHSGvMcdOxfgO2f6pIjRHp2X8XjTymDNF9blJnqYYTWpj1Vqm3GPi_ya5eX-8KQyrO0VNrcRmMbkOylyt0_TDTLu_dcplxyqdojMxJpufuCrrQMOR0owROW-Wjf1p-0tXFsfkDhfKF14TbZOsJL4-fTKQVEvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanyalBasu2011" class="citation book cs1">Sanyal, Sunanda; Basu, Soumya (2011). <i>The Sickle & the Crescent: Communists, Muslim League and India's Partition</i>. London: Frontpage Publications. pp. 149–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-908841-6-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-908841-6-7"><bdi>978-81-908841-6-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sickle+%26+the+Crescent%3A+Communists%2C+Muslim+League+and+India%27s+Partition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=149-151&rft.pub=Frontpage+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-908841-6-7&rft.aulast=Sanyal&rft.aufirst=Sunanda&rft.au=Basu%2C+Soumya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sinha127-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sinha127_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha2001" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Dinesh Chandra (2001). <i>Shyamaprasad: Bangabhanga O Paschimbanga (শ্যামাপ্রসাদ: বঙ্গভঙ্গ ও পশ্চিমবঙ্গ)</i>. Kolkata: Akhil Bharatiya Itihash Sankalan Samiti. p. 127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shyamaprasad%3A+Bangabhanga+O+Paschimbanga+%28%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%3A+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97+%E0%A6%93+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%29&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Akhil+Bharatiya+Itihash+Sankalan+Samiti&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Dinesh+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuker1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Tuker" title="Francis Tuker">Tuker, Francis</a> (1950). <i>While Memory Serves</i>. Cassell. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937426955">937426955</a>. <q>The bloodiest butchery of all had been between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. on the 17th, by which time the soldiers got the worst areas under control ... [From] the early hours of the 18th ... onwards the area of military domination of the city was increased ... Outside the 'military' areas, the situation worsened hourly. Buses and taxis were charging about loaded with Sikhs and Hindus armed with swords, iron bars and firearms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=While+Memory+Serves&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937426955&rft.aulast=Tuker&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas1991" class="citation book cs1">Das, Suranjan (1991). <i>Communal Riots in Bengal 1905–1947</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-562840-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-562840-3"><bdi>0-19-562840-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communal+Riots+in+Bengal+1905%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-562840-3&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Suranjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1951" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Richard (1951). <i>Hindu-Muslim Riots</i>. PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, pp.179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu-Muslim+Riots&rft.pub=PhD+diss.%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania%2C+pp.179&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horowitz-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horowitz_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Horowitz" title="Donald L. Horowitz">Horowitz, Donald L.</a> (October 1973). "Direct, Displaced, and Cumulative Ethnic Aggression". <i>Comparative Politics</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F421343">10.2307/421343</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/421343">421343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Direct%2C+Displaced%2C+and+Cumulative+Ethnic+Aggression&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=1973-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F421343&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F421343%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/calcutta-riots-1946.html">"The Calcutta Riots of 1946 | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche"</a>. 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Calcutta+Riots+of+1946+%26%23124%3B+Sciences+Po+Violence+de+masse+et+R%C3%A9sistance+%E2%80%93+R%C3%A9seau+de+recherche&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencespo.fr%2Fmass-violence-war-massacre-resistance%2Ffr%2Fdocument%2Fcalcutta-riots-1946.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandyopadhyay2022" class="citation book cs1">Bandyopadhyay, Ritajyoti (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7E2E920B58F14F19422771AC711C713C/9781009100113c3_p119-157_CBO.pdf/city_as_territory_institutionalizing_majoritarianism.pdf">"City as Territory: Institutionalizing Majoritarianism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Streets in Motion: The Making of Infrastructure, Property, and Political Culture in Twentieth-century Calcutta</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009109208">10.1017/9781009109208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-10920-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-10920-8"><bdi>978-1-009-10920-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250200020">250200020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=City+as+Territory%3A+Institutionalizing+Majoritarianism&rft.btitle=Streets+in+Motion%3A+The+Making+of+Infrastructure%2C+Property%2C+and+Political+Culture+in+Twentieth-century+Calcutta&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250200020%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009109208&rft.isbn=978-1-009-10920-8&rft.aulast=Bandyopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Ritajyoti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F7E2E920B58F14F19422771AC711C713C%2F9781009100113c3_p119-157_CBO.pdf%2Fcity_as_territory_institutionalizing_majoritarianism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/">"Home | Government of India"</a>. <i>censusindia.gov.in</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=Home+%26%23124%3B+Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fcensus.website%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White2_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourke-White1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Bourke-White, Margaret</a> (1949). <i>Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India in the Words and Photographs of Margaret Bourke-White</i>. Simon and Schuster. p. 20. <q>Tousands began fleeting Calcutta. For days the bridge over the Hooghly River ... was a one-way current of men, women, children, and domestic animals, headed towards the Howrah railroad station ... But fast as the refugees fled, they could not keep ahead of the swiftly spreading tide of disaster. Calcutta was only the beginning of a chain reaction of riot, counter-riot, and reprisal which stormed through India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halfway+to+Freedom%3A+A+Report+on+the+New+India+in+the+Words+and+Photographs+of+Margaret+Bourke-White&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Bourke-White&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seervai-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seervai_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeervai1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hormasji_Maneckji_Seervai" title="Hormasji Maneckji Seervai">Seervai, H. M.</a> (1990). <i>Partition of India: Legend and Reality</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597719-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597719-6"><bdi>978-0-19-597719-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partition+of+India%3A+Legend+and+Reality&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-597719-6&rft.aulast=Seervai&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2017" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Yasmin (2017). <i>The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University. pp. 184–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23032-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23032-1"><bdi>978-0-300-23032-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Partition%3A+The+Making+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=184-185&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23032-1&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sebestyen2014-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sebestyen2014_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebestyen2014" class="citation cs2">Sebestyen, Victor (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNCbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA332"><i>1946: The Making of the Modern World</i></a>, Pan Macmillan, p. 332, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-5050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4472-5050-0"><bdi>978-1-4472-5050-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1946%3A+The+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4472-5050-0&rft.aulast=Sebestyen&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWNCbAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterji1994" class="citation book cs1">Chatterji, Joya (1994). <i>Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41128-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41128-8"><bdi>978-0-521-41128-8</bdi></a>. <q>Hindu culpability was never acknowledged. The Hindu press laid the blame for the violence upon the Suhrawardy Government and the Muslim League.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Divided%3A+Hindu+Communalism+and+Partition%2C+1932%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41128-8&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Joya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarty2004" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2004). <i>The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932–1947: Contour of Freedom</i>. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32889-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32889-0"><bdi>978-0-415-32889-0</bdi></a>. <q>The immediate provocation of a mass scale riot was certainly the afternoon League meeting at the Ochterlony Monument ... Major J. Sim of the Eastern Command wrote, 'there must have [been] 100,000 of them ... with green uniform of the Muslim National Guard' ... Suhrawardy appeared to have incited the mob ... As the Governor also mentioned, 'the violence on a wider scale broke out as soon as the meeting was over', and most of those who indulged in attacking Hindus ... were returning from [it].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+Bengal+and+Assam%2C+1932%E2%80%931947%3A+Contour+of+Freedom&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32889-0&rft.aulast=Chakrabarty&rft.aufirst=Bidyut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114112804/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,933559,00.html">"Direct Action"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 26 August 1946. p. 34. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,933559,00.html">the original</a></span> on 14 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2008</span>. <q>Moslem League Boss Mohamed Ali Jinnah had picked the 18th day of Ramadan for "Direct Action Day" against Britain's plan for Indian independence (which does not satisfy the Moslems' old demand for a separate Pakistan).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Direct+Action&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1946-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C933559%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarty2004" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2004). <i>The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932–1947: Contour of Freedom</i>. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32889-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32889-0"><bdi>978-0-415-32889-0</bdi></a>. <q>Having seen the reports from his own sources, he [Jinnah] was persuaded later, however, to accept that the 'communal riots in Calcutta were mainly started by Hindus and ... were of Hindu origin.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+Bengal+and+Assam%2C+1932%E2%80%931947%3A+Contour+of+Freedom&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32889-0&rft.aulast=Chakrabarty&rft.aufirst=Bidyut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterji1994" class="citation book cs1">Chatterji, Joya (1994). <i>Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41128-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41128-8"><bdi>978-0-521-41128-8</bdi></a>. <q>Both sides in the confrontation came well-prepared for it ... Suhrawardy himself bears much of the responsibility for this blood-letting since he issued an open challenge to the Hindus and was grossly negligent ... in his failure to quell the rioting ... But Hindu leaders were also deeply implicated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Divided%3A+Hindu+Communalism+and+Partition%2C+1932%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=232-233&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41128-8&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Joya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatabyal2005" class="citation book cs1">Batabyal, Rakesh (2005). <i>Communalism in Bengal: From Famine to Noakhali, 1943–47</i>. Sage Publishers. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3335-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3335-9"><bdi>978-0-7619-3335-9</bdi></a>. <q>The riot was a direct sequel to the Calcutta killings of August 1946, and therefore, believed to be a repercussion of the latter ... the Noakhali-Tippera riot ... was different in nature from the Calcutta killings ... news of the Calcutta killings sparked it off.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communalism+in+Bengal%3A+From+Famine+to+Noakhali%2C+1943%E2%80%9347&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Sage+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3335-9&rft.aulast=Batabyal&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatabyal2005" class="citation book cs1">Batabyal, Rakesh (2005). <i>Communalism in Bengal: From Famine to Noakhali, 1943–47</i>. Sage Publishers. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3335-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3335-9"><bdi>978-0-7619-3335-9</bdi></a>. <q>Rioting in the districts ... began in the Ramganj Police Station area in the northern part of Noakhali district on 10 October 1946.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communalism+in+Bengal%3A+From+Famine+to+Noakhali%2C+1943%E2%80%9347&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Sage+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3335-9&rft.aulast=Batabyal&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haran-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haran_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh_Choudhuri1947" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh Choudhuri, Haran C. (6 February 1947). <i>Proceedings of the Bengal Legislative Assembly (PBLA)</i>. Vol. LXXVII. Bengal Legislative Assembly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Bengal+Legislative+Assembly+%28PBLA%29&rft.pub=Bengal+Legislative+Assembly&rft.date=1947-02-06&rft.aulast=Ghosh+Choudhuri&rft.aufirst=Haran+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span> cited in Batabyal 2005, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Batabyal2005p272-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Batabyal2005p272_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Batabyal2005p272_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManserghMoon,_Penderel1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mansergh" title="Nicholas Mansergh">Mansergh, Nicholas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Penderel_Moon" title="Penderel Moon">Moon, Penderel</a> (1980). <i>The Transfer of Power 1942–7</i>. Vol. IX. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-580084-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-580084-9"><bdi>978-0-11-580084-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transfer+of+Power+1942%E2%80%937&rft.place=London&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-11-580084-9&rft.aulast=Mansergh&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Moon%2C+Penderel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span> cited in Batabyal 2005, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManserghMoon,_Penderel1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mansergh" title="Nicholas Mansergh">Mansergh, Nicholas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Penderel_Moon" title="Penderel Moon">Moon, Penderel</a> (1980). <i>The Transfer of Power 1942–7</i>. Vol. IX. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-580084-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-580084-9"><bdi>978-0-11-580084-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transfer+of+Power+1942%E2%80%937&rft.place=London&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-11-580084-9&rft.aulast=Mansergh&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Moon%2C+Penderel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span> cited in Batabyal 2005, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuker1950p174-176-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuker1950p174-176_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuker1950p174-176_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuker1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Tuker" title="Francis Tuker">Tuker, Francis</a> (1950). <i>While Memory Serves</i>. Cassell. pp. 174–176. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186171893">186171893</a>. <q>The number of dead was at that time reliably estimated as in the region of two hundred. On the other hand, very many Hindu families had fled, widespread panic existed, and it was impossible to say if particular individuals were dead or alive ... Hindus evacuated villages <i>en masse</i>, leaving their houses at the mercy of the robbers who looted and burned ... Our estimate was that the total killed in this episode was well under three hundred. Terrible and deliberately false stories were blown all over the world by a hysterical Hindu Press.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=While+Memory+Serves&rft.pages=174-176&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186171893&rft.aulast=Tuker&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yasmin_Khan" title="Yasmin Khan">Khan, Yasmin</a> (2017) [First published 2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PEpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68"><i>The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan</i></a> (New ed.). Yale University Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23032-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23032-1"><bdi>978-0-300-23032-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Partition%3A+The+Making+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=68&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23032-1&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PEpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804007,00.html">"Written in Blood"</a></span>. <i>Time</i>. 28 October 1946. p. 42. <q>Mobs in the Noakhali district of east Bengal ... burned, looted and massacred on a scale surpassing even the recent Calcutta riots. In eight days an estimated 5,000 were killed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Written+in+Blood&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1946-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C804007%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManserghMoon,_Penderel1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mansergh" title="Nicholas Mansergh">Mansergh, Nicholas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Penderel_Moon" title="Penderel Moon">Moon, Penderel</a> (1980). <i>The Transfer of Power 1942–7</i>. Vol. IX. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-580084-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-580084-9"><bdi>978-0-11-580084-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transfer+of+Power+1942%E2%80%937&rft.place=London&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-11-580084-9&rft.aulast=Mansergh&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Moon%2C+Penderel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span> cited in Batabyal 2005, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatabyal2005" class="citation book cs1">Batabyal, Rakesh (2005). <i>Communalism in Bengal: From Famine to Noakhali, 1943–47</i>. Sage Publishers. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3335-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3335-9"><bdi>978-0-7619-3335-9</bdi></a>. <q>This included an attack on the 'Kutchery bari of Babu Suerndra Nath Bose and Rai Saheb Rajendra Lal Ray Choudhury of Karpara' ... the erstwhile president of the Noakhali Bar and a prominent Hindu Mahasabha leader in the district.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communalism+in+Bengal%3A+From+Famine+to+Noakhali%2C+1943%E2%80%9347&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Sage+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3335-9&rft.aulast=Batabyal&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDev2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dev, Chitta Ranjan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804180344/https://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/Ish/article/view/463">"Two days with Mohandas Gandhi"</a>. <i>Ishani</i>. <b>1</b> (4). Mahatma Gandhi Ishani Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/Ish/article/view/463">the original</a> on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ishani&rft.atitle=Two+days+with+Mohandas+Gandhi&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dev&rft.aufirst=Chitta+Ranjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianfolklore.org%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2FIsh%2Farticle%2Fview%2F463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta2001" class="citation journal cs1">Dasgupta, Anindita (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safhr.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=345&Itemid=572">"Denial and Resistance: Sylheti Partition 'refugees' in Assam"</a>. <i>Contemporary South Asia</i>. <b>10</b> (3). South Asia Forum for Human Rights: 352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09584930120109559">10.1080/09584930120109559</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144544505">144544505</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+South+Asia&rft.atitle=Denial+and+Resistance%3A+Sylheti+Partition+%27refugees%27+in+Assam&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=352&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09584930120109559&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144544505%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Anindita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safhr.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D345%26Itemid%3D572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stephens_(editor)" title="Ian Stephens (editor)">Stephens, Ian</a> (1963). <i>Pakistan</i>. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038975536">1038975536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1038975536&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2007" class="citation web cs1">Markovits, Claude (6 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massviolence.org/India-from-1900-to-1947?cs=print">"Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Encyclopedia+of+Mass+Violence&rft.date=2007-11-06&rft.aulast=Markovits&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massviolence.org%2FIndia-from-1900-to-1947%3Fcs%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stephens_(editor)" title="Ian Stephens (editor)">Stephens, Ian</a> (1963). <i>Pakistan</i>. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038975536">1038975536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1038975536&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Action_Day&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10065226">10065226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halfway+to+Freedom%3A+A+Report+on+the+New+India+in+the+Words+and+Photographs+of+Margaret+Bourke-White&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10065226&rft.aulast=Bourke-White&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hardy_(historian)" title="Peter Hardy (historian)">Hardy, Peter</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Muslims of British India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-08488-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-08488-1"><bdi>0-521-08488-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslims+of+British+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-521-08488-1&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRDw4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal1994" class="citation book cs1">Jalal, Ayesha (1994) [first published 1985]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C"><i>The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45850-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45850-4"><bdi>978-0-521-45850-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sole+Spokesman%3A+Jinnah%2C+the+Muslim+League+and+the+Demand+for+Pakistan&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45850-4&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD63KMRN1SJ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Kulke, Hermann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dietmar_Rothermund" title="Dietmar Rothermund">Rothermund, Dietmar</a> (2004) [First published 1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C"><i>A History of India</i></a> (4th ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32919-4"><bdi>978-0-415-32919-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32919-4&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Rothermund%2C+Dietmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPVq3ykHyH4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_D._Metcalf" title="Barbara D. Metcalf">Metcalf, Barbara D. A</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Metcalf" title="Thomas R. Metcalf">Metcalf, Thomas R.</a> (2006) [First published 2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnaorg.com/books/english/concise-history-india/concise-history-india.pdf"><i>A Concise History of Modern India</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86362-9"><bdi>978-0-521-86362-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+India&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86362-9&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+D.+A&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnaorg.com%2Fbooks%2Fenglish%2Fconcise-history-india%2Fconcise-history-india.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbotSingh2009" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-13aHAAACAAJ"><i>The Partition of India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85661-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85661-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85661-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85661-4&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-13aHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tsugitaka" class="citation book cs1">Tsugitaka, Sato, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvqUOb-iUsUC&pg=PT153"><i>Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Aspects</i></a>. New York: Routledge. pp. 112–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-40108-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-40108-8"><bdi>978-0-203-40108-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Societies%3A+Historical+and+Comparative+Aspects&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-203-40108-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvqUOb-iUsUC%26pg%3DPT153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+Action+Day" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Wolpert, Stanley</a> (2009) [First published 1977]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofindi0000wolp_i0v9/page/359/mode/1up"><i>A New History of India</i></a></span> (8th ed.). 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Canaanite_Pagans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persecution of Canaanite Pagans (page does not exist)">Persecution of Canaanite Pagans</a> (1210 BC-1200 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Riots_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Riots_in_India" title="Template:Riots in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Riots_in_India" title="Template talk:Riots in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Riots_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Riots in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Riots_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_India" title="List of riots in India">Riots in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Dog_Riots" title="Bombay Dog Riots">Bombay Dog Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi%E2%80%93Muslim_riots" title="Parsi–Muslim riots">Parsi–Muslim riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_Bharuch_riot" title="1857 Bharuch riot">1857 Bharuch riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_riots_of_1882" title="Salem riots of 1882">1882 Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1927_Nagpur_riots" title="1927 Nagpur riots">1927 Nagpur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">1946 Noakhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Ramnad_riots" title="1957 Ramnad riots">1957 Ramnad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Jabalpur_riots" title="1961 Jabalpur riots">1961 Jabalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Calcutta_riots" title="1964 Calcutta riots">1964 Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Ranchi-Hatia_riots" title="1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots">1967 Ranchi-Hatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Gujarat_riots" title="1969 Gujarat riots">1969 Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Bhiwandi_riots" title="1970 Bhiwandi riots">1970 Bhiwandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worli_riots" title="Worli riots">1974 Worli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Moradabad_riots" title="1980 Moradabad riots">1980 Moradabad riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_massacre" title="Nellie massacre">1983 Nellie massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Bhiwandi_riot" title="1984 Bhiwandi riot">1984 Bhiwandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Gujarat_riots" title="1985 Gujarat riots">1985 Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamchedu_massacre" title="Karamchedu massacre">1985 Karamchedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Meerut_communal_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Meerut communal riots">1987 Meerut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Hyderabad_riots" title="1990 Hyderabad riots">1990 Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_riots" title="Bombay riots">1992 Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Anti-Urdu_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Anti-Urdu riots">1994 Anti-Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Vadodara_riots" title="2006 Vadodara riots">2006 Vadodara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kandhamal_violence" title="2008 Kandhamal violence">2008 Kandhamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Maidan_riots" title="Azad Maidan riots"> 2012 Azad Maidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Canning_riots" title="2013 Canning riots">2013 Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Muzaffarnagar_riots" title="2013 Muzaffarnagar riots">2013 Muzaffarnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ballabhgarh_riot" title="2015 Ballabhgarh riot">2015 Ballabhgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Kaliachak_riots" title="2016 Kaliachak riots">2016 Kaliachak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dhulagarh_riots" title="2016 Dhulagarh riots">2016 Dhulagarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharanpur_violence" title="Saharanpur violence">2017 Saharanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Northern_India_riots" title="2017 Northern India riots">2017 Northern India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Baduria_riots" title="2017 Baduria riots">2017 Baduria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Ambalapattu_violence" title="2018 Ambalapattu violence">2018 Ambalapattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Ponparappi_violence" title="2019 Ponparappi violence">2019 Ponparappi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Bangalore_riots" title="2020 Bangalore riots">2020 Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kawardha_riots" title="2021 Kawardha riots">2021 Kawardha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Tripura_riots" title="2021 Tripura riots">2021 Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Manipur_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Manipur violence">2023 Manipur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_India" title="List of riots in India">Riots</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India" title="List of massacres in India">Massacres</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_caste-related_violence_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of incidents of caste-related violence in India">Caste violence</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kolkata_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kolkata_topics" title="Template:Kolkata topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kolkata_topics" title="Template talk:Kolkata topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kolkata_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kolkata topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kolkata_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kolkata" title="History of Kolkata">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_of_Calcutta" title="Black Hole of Calcutta">Black Hole of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhurshut" title="Bhurshut">Bhurshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_flag" title="Calcutta flag">Calcutta flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihi_Panchannagram" title="Dihi Panchannagram">Dihi Panchannagram</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindapur,_Kolkata" title="Gobindapur, Kolkata">Gobindapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kolkata" title="History of Kolkata">History of Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Charnock" title="Job Charnock">Job Charnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat%E2%80%93Falta_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalighat–Falta Railway">Kalighat–Falta Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalikata" title="Kalikata">Kalikata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarna_Roy_Choudhury" title="Sabarna Roy Choudhury">Sabarna Roy Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calcutta" title="Siege of Calcutta">Siege of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutanuti" title="Sutanuti">Sutanuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Archaeological_Museum" title="State Archaeological Museum">State Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Warren Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chinsurah" title="Battle of Chinsurah">Battle of Biderra/Chinsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabakrishna_Deb" title="Nabakrishna Deb">Nabakrishna Deb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Localities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_region" title="Kolkata metropolitan region">Kolkata metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Neighbourhoods_in_Kolkata" title="Template:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata">Neighbourhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhoods_in_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighbourhoods in Kolkata">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Streets_of_Kolkata" title="Template:Streets of Kolkata">Streets (list)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belvedere_Estate" title="Belvedere Estate">Belvedere Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Museum, Kolkata">Indian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorasanko_Thakur_Bari" title="Jorasanko Thakur Bari">Jorasanko Thakur Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Building" title="Currency Building">Currency Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankshall_Court" title="Bankshall Court">Bankshall Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Palace_(Kolkata)" title="Marble Palace (Kolkata)">Marble Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_India" title="National Library of India">National Library of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Bhawan" title="Netaji Bhawan">Netaji Bhawan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Kolkata" title="Raj Bhavan, Kolkata">Raj Bhavan, Kolkata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarna_Sangrahashala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabarna Sangrahashala">Sabarna Sangrahashala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Kolkata" title="Shaheed Minar, Kolkata">Shaheed Minar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_Kolkata" title="Victoria Memorial, Kolkata">Victoria Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata">St. Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalfe_Hall" title="Metcalfe Hall">Metcalfe Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers%27_Building" title="Writers' Building">Writers' Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Building_(Kolkata)" title="Metropolitan Building (Kolkata)">Metropolitan Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Hotel_(Kolkata)" title="Grand Hotel (Kolkata)">Grand Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shobhabazar_Rajbari" title="Shobhabazar Rajbari">Shobhabazar Rajbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplanade_Mansions,_Kolkata" title="Esplanade Mansions, Kolkata">Esplanade Mansions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Kolkata" title="List of tallest buildings in Kolkata">High<br />rises</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chatterjee_International_Center" title="Chatterjee International Center">Chatterjee International Center</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/South_City" title="South City">South City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tata_Centre" title="Tata Centre">Tata Centre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Industry_House_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry House (Kolkata)">Industry House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Everest_House_(Kolkata)" title="Everest House (Kolkata)">Everest House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeevan_Sudha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeevan Sudha">Jeevan Sudha</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Building" title="Government of India Building">Government of India Building</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hiland_Park,_Kolkata" title="Hiland Park, Kolkata">Hiland Park</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_42_(Kolkata)" title="The 42 (Kolkata)">The 42</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Urbana,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbana, Kolkata">Urbana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uniworld_City" title="Uniworld City">Uniworld City</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kolkata" title="Education in Kolkata">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_College_(Kolkata)" title="Armenian College (Kolkata)">Armenian College and Philanthropic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Road_Government_Sponsored_H._S._School" title="B. T. Road Government Sponsored H. S. School">B. T. Road Government Sponsored H. S. School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Boys%27_School" title="Calcutta Boys' School">Calcutta Boys' School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Girls%27_High_School" title="Calcutta Girls' High School">Calcutta Girls' High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Bosco_School,_Park_Circus" title="Don Bosco School, Park Circus">Don Bosco School, Park Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_School" title="Hare School">Hare School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_School,_Kolkata" title="Hindu School, Kolkata">Hindu School, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya">Kendriya Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Martiniere_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="La Martiniere Calcutta">La Martiniere Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreto_Schools,_Kolkata" title="Loreto Schools, Kolkata">Loreto Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranagore_Ramakrishna_Mission_Ashrama_High_School" title="Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School">Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Vidyalaya,_Narendrapur" title="Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Narendrapur">Ramakrishna, Narendrapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Church_Collegiate_School" title="Scottish Church Collegiate School">Scottish Church Collegiate School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Point_School" title="South Point School">South Point School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Collegiate_School" title="St. Xavier's Collegiate School">St. Xavier's Collegiate School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James%27_School_(Kolkata)" title="St. James' School (Kolkata)">St. James' School (Kolkata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Higher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliah_University" title="Aliah University">Aliah University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society" title="The Asiatic Society">Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asutosh_College" title="Asutosh College">Asutosh College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Engineering_and_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Engineering and Research Institute">Marine Engineering and Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethune_College" title="Bethune College">Bethune College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_College_of_Engineering_and_Ceramic_Technology" title="Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology">Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_College_of_Art_%26_Craft" title="Government College of Art & Craft">Government College of Art & Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_College_and_Hospital,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata">Medical College and Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_National_Medical_College" title="Calcutta National Medical College">Calcutta National Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Engineering_Science_and_Technology,_Shibpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur">Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Calcutta" title="Indian Institute of Management Calcutta">IIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research,_Kolkata" title="Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata">IISER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Social_Welfare_and_Business_Management" title="Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management">Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad_College" title="Maulana Azad College">Maulana Azad College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad_Institute_of_Asian_Studies" title="Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies">Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad_University_of_Technology" title="Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology">Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Open_University" title="Netaji Subhas Open University">Netaji Subhas Open University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Research_in_Bacterial_Infections" title="National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections">National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Bharati_University" title="Rabindra Bharati University">Rabindra Bharati University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saha_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics" title="Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics">Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine">School of Tropical Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Church_College" title="Scottish Church College">Scottish Church College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Kolkata" title="St. Xavier's College, Kolkata">St. Xavier's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="West Bengal University of Health Sciences">West Bengal University of Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences" title="West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences">West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_School_of_Music" title="Calcutta School of Music">Calcutta School of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narula_Institute_of_Technology" title="Narula Institute of Technology">Narula Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray_Film_and_Television_Institute" title="Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute">Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivek_Tirtha" title="Vivek Tirtha">Vivek Tirtha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry and<br /><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kolkata" title="Economy of Kolkata">economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABP_Group" title="ABP Group">ABP Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Bank" title="Allahabad Bank">Allahabad Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMRI_Hospitals" title="AMRI Hospitals">AMRI Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yule_and_Company" title="Andrew Yule and Company">Andrew Yule and Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidyanath_Group" title="Baidyanath Group">Baidyanath Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmer_Lawrie" title="Balmer Lawrie">Balmer Lawrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batanagar" title="Batanagar">Batanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Chemicals_and_Pharmaceuticals" title="Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals">Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berger_Paints" title="Berger Paints">Berger Paints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Bhari_Udyog_Nigam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam">Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biecco_Lawrie" title="Biecco Lawrie">Biecco Lawrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_Jute_and_Export" title="Birds Jute and Export">Birds Jute and Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birla_Corporation" title="Birla Corporation">Birla Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braithwaite_%26_Co." title="Braithwaite & Co.">Braithwaite & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braithwaite,_Burn_%26_Jessop_Construction_Company" title="Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company">Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_and_Roof_Company_(India)" title="Bridge and Roof Company (India)">Bridge and Roof Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Industries" title="Britannia Industries">Britannia Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Burn & Company">Burn & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnpur" title="Burnpur">Burnpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_Standard_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Burn Standard Company">Burn Standard Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CESC_Limited" title="CESC Limited">Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Stock_Exchange" title="Calcutta Stock Exchange">Calcutta Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrite_(adhesive)#Production_Company" title="Dendrite (adhesive)">Chandras' Chemical Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_India" title="Coal India">Coal India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_Valley_Corporation" title="Damodar Valley Corporation">Damodar Valley Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emami" title="Emami">Emami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exide_Industries" title="Exide Industries">Exide Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Reach_Shipbuilders_%26_Engineers" title="Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers">Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GKB_Opticals" title="GKB Opticals">GKB Opticals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawkers_in_Kolkata" title="Hawkers in Kolkata">Hawkers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hind_Motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hind Motor">Hind Motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Ambassador" title="Hindustan Ambassador">Hindustan Ambassador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IISCO_Steel_Plant" title="IISCO Steel Plant">IISCO Steel Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint,_Kolkata" title="India Government Mint, Kolkata">India Government Mint, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITC_Limited" title="ITC Limited">ITC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Balaji_group" title="Jai Balaji group">Jai Balaji group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessop_%26_Company" title="Jessop & Company">Jessop & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Port_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Port Trust">Kolkata Port Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexulous" title="Lexulous">Lexulous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limtex" title="Limtex">Limtex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lux_Industries" title="Lux Industries">Lux Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magma_Fincorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Magma Fincorp">Magma Fincorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Company" title="National Insurance Company">National Insurance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerless_Group" title="Peerless Group">Peerless Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saregama" title="Saregama">Saregama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclairs_Hotels_Limited" title="Sinclairs Hotels Limited">Sinclairs Hotels Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Global_Beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Global Beverages">Tata Global Beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Park_Hotels" title="The Park Hotels">The Park Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCO_Bank" title="UCO Bank">UCO Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bank_of_India" title="United Bank of India">United Bank of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISA_Steel" title="VISA Steel">VISA Steel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kolkata" title="Transport in Kolkata">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Tramways_Company" title="Calcutta Tramways Company">Calcutta Tramways Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_State_Transport_Corporation" title="Calcutta State Transport Corporation">Calcutta State Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Expressway" title="Kalyani Expressway">Kalyani Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Kolkata Bus Rapid Transit System">Kolkata Bus Rapid Transit System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Transport_Corporation" title="West Bengal Transport Corporation">West Bengal Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bengal_State_Transport_Corporation" title="South Bengal State Transport Corporation">South Bengal State Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_Bridge" title="Howrah Bridge">Howrah Bridge (Rabindra Setu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belghoria_Expressway" title="Belghoria Expressway">Belghoria Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyasagar_Setu" title="Vidyasagar Setu">Vidyasagar Setu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Setu" title="Vivekananda Setu">Vivekananda Setu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivedita_Setu" title="Nivedita Setu">Nivedita Setu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Quadrilateral" title="Golden Quadrilateral">Golden Quadrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw#India" title="Pulled rickshaw">Hand-pulled rickshaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metro" title="Kolkata Metro">Kolkata Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Suburban_Railway" title="Kolkata Suburban Railway">Kolkata Suburban Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Railway_zone" title="Eastern Railway zone">Eastern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_zone" title="South Eastern Railway zone">South Eastern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Kolkata" title="Trams in Kolkata">Trams in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Light_Rail_Transit" title="Kolkata Light Rail Transit">Kolkata LRTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_railway_station" title="Howrah railway station">Howrah railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_railway_station" title="Kolkata railway station">Kolkata railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealdah_railway_station" title="Sealdah railway station">Sealdah railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_railway_station" title="Shalimar railway station">Shalimar railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Monorail" title="Kolkata Monorail">Kolkata Monorail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Kolkata" title="Port of Kolkata">Port of Kolkata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of airports in the Kolkata metropolitan area">List of airports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kolkata" title="Culture of Kolkata">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Book_Fair" title="Kolkata Book Fair">Kolkata Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Rainbow_Pride_Walk" title="Kolkata Rainbow Pride Walk">Kolkata Rainbow Pride Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Youth_Choir" title="Calcutta Youth Choir">Calcutta Youth Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Street_Coffee_House" title="College Street Coffee House">Coffee House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkin" title="Dwarkin">Dwarkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Kolkata" title="Festivals in Kolkata">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_International_Film_Festival" title="Kolkata International Film Festival">Kolkata International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Lane_Music_Conference" title="Dover Lane Music Conference">Dover Lane Music Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_in_the_media" title="Kolkata in the media">Kolkata in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">Music of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandan_(Kolkata)" title="Nandan (Kolkata)">Nandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priya_Cinema_(Kolkata)" title="Priya Cinema (Kolkata)">Priya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byomkesh_Bakshi" title="Byomkesh Bakshi">Byomkesh Bakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanada" title="Ghanada">Ghanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenida" title="Tenida">Tenida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Tollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adda_(South_Asian)" title="Adda (South Asian)">Adda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Tirtha" title="Rabindra Tirtha">Rabindra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazrul_Tirtha" title="Nazrul Tirtha">Nazrul Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishti_Hub" title="Mishti Hub">Mishti Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_India" title="Football in India">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata derby">Kolkata derby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_theatre_of_Kolkata" title="Group theatre of Kolkata">Group theatre of Kolkata</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic enclaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Barracks" title="Bow Barracks">Bow Barracks</a> (Anglo-Indian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Kolkata">Chinatown, Kolkata</a> (Chinese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangra,_Kolkata" title="Tangra, Kolkata">Tangra, Kolkata</a> (Chinese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Street" title="Zakaria Street">Zakaria Street</a> (Bihari Muslim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata#Armenian" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Armani-para</a> (Armenian)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of<br />worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hindu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belur_Math" title="Belur Math">Belur Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birla_Mandir,_Kolkata" title="Birla Mandir, Kolkata">Birla Mandir, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineswar Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat" title="Kalighat">Kalighat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kripamayee_Kali_Temple" title="Kripamayee Kali Temple">Kripamayee Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranagar_Math" title="Baranagar Math">Baranagar Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alambazar_Math" title="Alambazar Math">Alambazar Math</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata">St. Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Rosary_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="Holy Rosary Cathedral, Kolkata">Holy Rosary Cathedral (Portuguese Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Church,_Kolkata" title="St. John's Church, Kolkata">St. John's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Jain_Temple" title="Calcutta Jain Temple">Parasnath Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakhoda_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhoda Masjid">Nakhoda Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan_Mosque" title="Tipu Sultan Mosque">Tipu Sultan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_temples_in_Kolkata" title="Chinese temples in Kolkata">Chinese temples in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magen_David_Synagogue_(Kolkata)" title="Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata)">Magen David Synagogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATK_(football_club)" title="ATK (football club)">ATK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat_Stadium" title="Barasat Stadium">Barasat Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.C._Roy_Trophy" title="B.C. Roy Trophy">B.C. Roy Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beighton_Cup" title="Beighton Cup">Beighton Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cricket_team" title="Bengal cricket team">Bengal cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawanipore_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhawanipore FC">Bhawanipore FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Cricket_and_Football_Club" title="Calcutta Cricket and Football Club">Calcutta Cricket and Football Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Polo_Club" title="Calcutta Polo Club">Calcutta Polo Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_South_Club" title="Calcutta South Club">Calcutta South Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Cricket_League#Teams" title="Celebrity Cricket League">Bengal Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Cricket_and_Football_Club" title="Calcutta Cricket and Football Club">Calcutta Cricket and Football Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Football_League" title="Calcutta Football League">Calcutta Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_AC" title="Dalhousie AC">Dalhousie AC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_FC" title="East Bengal FC">East Bengal FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_Ground" title="East Bengal Ground">East Bengal Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Railway_FC" title="Eastern Railway FC">Eastern Railway FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Gardens" title="Eden Gardens">Eden Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Football_Association" title="Indian Football Association">Indian Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFA_Shield" title="IFA Shield">IFA Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Milan_Sangha_FC" title="Kalighat Milan Sangha FC">Kalighat Milan Sangha FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishore_Bharati_Krirangan" title="Kishore Bharati Krirangan">Kishore Bharati Krirangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata derby">Kolkata derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Knight_Riders" title="Kolkata Knight Riders">Kolkata Knight Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police_Friendship_Cup_Football_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Police Friendship Cup Football Tournament">Kolkata Police Friendship Cup Football Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Vipers" title="Kolkata Vipers">Kolkata Vipers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammedan_SC_(Kolkata)" title="Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)">Mohammedan Sporting Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammedan_Sporting_Ground" title="Mohammedan Sporting Ground">Mohammedan Sporting Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_Super_Giant" title="Mohun Bagan Super Giant">Mohun Bagan Super Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_Ground" title="Mohun Bagan Ground">Mohun Bagan Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Indoor_Stadium" title="Netaji Indoor Stadium">Netaji Indoor Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Arrows" title="Indian Arrows">Indian Arrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_SC" title="United SC">United SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sarobar_Stadium" title="Rabindra Sarobar Stadium">Rabindra Sarobar Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Stadium" title="Salt Lake Stadium">Salt Lake Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunfeast_Open" title="Sunfeast Open">Sunfeast Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Samity" title="Southern Samity">Southern Samity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subroto_Cup" title="Subroto Cup">Subroto Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_FC" title="Aryan FC">Aryan FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollygunge_Agragami_FC" title="Tollygunge Agragami FC">Tollygunge Agragami FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_football_team" title="West Bengal football team">West Bengal football team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adwaita" title="Adwaita">Adwaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoological_Garden,_Alipore" title="Zoological Garden, Alipore">Zoological Garden, Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Club">Bengal Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Club" title="Calcutta Club">Calcutta Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Rowing_Club" title="Calcutta Rowing Club">Calcutta Rowing Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Forensic_Science_Laboratory" title="Central Forensic Science Laboratory">Central Forensic Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_of_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese of Calcutta">Chinese of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_phase_of_printing_in_Calcutta" title="Early phase of printing in Calcutta">Early phase of printing in Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kolkata_constituencies" title="Template:Kolkata constituencies">Electoral constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kolkata" title="List of people from Kolkata">List of people from Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_India" title="Fort William, India">Fort William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_Indian_Botanic_Garden" title="Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden">Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidan_(Kolkata)" title="Maidan (Kolkata)">Maidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity" title="Missionaries of Charity">Missionaries of Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Club,_Kolkata" title="Princeton Club, Kolkata">Princeton Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sarobar" title="Rabindra Sarobar">Rabindra Sarobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Calcutta_Golf_Club" title="Royal Calcutta Golf Club">Royal Calcutta Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonagachi" title="Sonagachi">Sonagachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Park_Street_Cemetery" title="South Park Street Cemetery">South Park Street Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollygunge_Club" title="Tollygunge Club">Tollygunge Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_tank" title="Tala tank">Tala tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Kolkata" title="Category:Kolkata">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and<br /> towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakistan_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_Movement" title="Template:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_Movement" title="Template talk:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pakistani_history_(1947%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Pakistani history (1947–present)">timeline: 1947–present)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuddhi movement">Shuddhi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Address" title="Allahabad Address">Allahabad Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration" title="Pakistan Declaration">Now or Never pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_nation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Two nation theory">Two nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round Table Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectives_Resolution" title="Objectives Resolution">Objectives Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani monarchy">Pakistani monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Day (Pakistan)">Republic Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Protestant Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party,_1940_(Photo_429-6).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre."><img alt="The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/70px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/105px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/140px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.</figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Pakistan"><img alt="Flag of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/105px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/140px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Pakistan</figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State emblem of Pakistan"><img alt="State emblem of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/105px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/140px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>State emblem of Pakistan</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Muslim_League" title="Punjab Muslim League">Punjab Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League" title="Bengal Provincial Muslim League">Bengal Branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionist Muslim League">Unionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_Students_Federation" title="All India Muslim Students Federation">Student Federations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaksars">Khaksars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Renaissance_Society" title="East Pakistan Renaissance Society">Renaissance Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophical Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Pakistan" title="List of newspapers in Pakistan">Print media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)"><i>Dawn</i> </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Jang" title="Daily Jang">Daily <i>Jang</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaiwaqt" title="Nawaiwaqt"><i>Nawa-i-Waqt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar_(newspaper)" title="Zamindar (newspaper)"><i>Contractor</i> </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Pakistan_Movement" title="Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Salimullah" title="Khwaja Salimullah">Khwaja Salimullah</a> (Nawab Salimullah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ameer_Ali" title="Syed Ameer Ali">Syed Ameer Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Ali_(freedom_fighter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaukat Ali (freedom fighter)">Maulana Shaukat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Mohammad_Khan_V" title="Sadeq Mohammad Khan V">Sadeq Mohammad Khan V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Shafi" title="Mian Muhammad Shafi">Mian Muhammad Shafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Abdul_Rashid" title="Mian Abdul Rashid">Mian Abdul Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqar-ul-Mulk" title="Waqar-ul-Mulk">Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsin-ul-Mulk" title="Mohsin-ul-Mulk">Mohsin-ul-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Yar_Jung" title="Bahadur Yar Jung">Bahadur Yar Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haq_(Urdu_scholar)" title="Abdul Haq (Urdu scholar)">Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Abdul Qayyum Khan">Abdul Qayyum Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rab_Nishtar" title="Abdur Rab Nishtar">Abdur Rab Nishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman" title="Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman">Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Choudhary Rahmat Ali">Choudhary Rahmat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ali_Shah" title="Jamaat Ali Shah">Jamaat Ali Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Syed" title="G. M. Syed">G. M. Syed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazanfar_Ali_Khan" title="Ghazanfar Ali Khan">Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Khan_Jamali" title="Jafar Khan Jamali">Jafar Khan Jamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Bhik_Nairang" title="Ghulam Bhik Nairang">Ghulam Bhik Nairang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasrat_Mohani" title="Hasrat Mohani">Hasrat Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Mohammad_Ismail_Khan" title="Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan">Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogendra_Nath_Mandal" title="Jogendra Nath Mandal">Jogendra Nath Mandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Khurshid" class="mw-redirect" title="K. H. Khurshid">K. H. Khurshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Husain" title="Mahmud Husain">Mahmud Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amir_Ahmed_Khan" title="Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan">Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan</a> (Raja Saheb of Mahmudabad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zafarullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Zafarullah Khan">Muhammad Zafarullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Mohammad_Isa" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Mohammad Isa">Qazi Mohammad Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27ana_Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan">Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi" title="Ashraf Ali Thanwi">Ashraf Ali Thanwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Shabbir Ahmad Usmani">Shabbir Ahmad Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Ali_Khan" title="Zafar Ali Khan">Zafar Ali Khan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Pakistan_Movement" title="Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Movement_activists" title="Category:Pakistan Movement activists">Activists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Nizami" title="Hamid Nizami">Hamid Nizami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Haroon" title="Abdullah Haroon">Abdullah Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Haroon" title="Yusuf Haroon">Yusuf Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Haroon" title="Mahmoud Haroon">Mahmoud Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaf_Husain" title="Altaf Husain">Altaf Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamjee_Haji_Dawood" title="Adamjee Haji Dawood">Adamjee Haji Dawood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shafi_Deobandi" title="Muhammad Shafi Deobandi">Muhammad Shafi Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Zafar Ahmad Usmani">Zafar Ahmad Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ali_Lahori" title="Ahmed Ali Lahori">Ahmed Ali Lahori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Barkat_Ali" title="Malik Barkat Ali">Malik Barkat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslam_Khattak" title="Aslam Khattak">Aslam Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khattak" title="Yusuf Khattak">Yusuf Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Iftikharuddin" title="Mian Iftikharuddin">Mian Iftikharuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnawaz_Khan_Mamdot" title="Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot">Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Hussain_Khan_Mamdot" title="Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot">Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Hayat_Khan" title="Sikandar Hayat Khan">Sikandar Hayat Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Hayat_Khan" title="Shaukat Hayat Khan">Shaukat Hayat Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Ahmad" title="Ziauddin Ahmad">Ziauddin Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Ahmad_Haleem" title="Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem">Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem</a></li> <li>Maulana <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Rasool_Mehr" title="Ghulam Rasool Mehr">Ghulam Rasool Mehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim Said">Hakeem Mohammad Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Ghulam_Abbas" title="Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas">Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan">Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Ibrahim_Khan" title="Sardar Ibrahim Khan">Sardar Ibrahim Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_Mohammad_Khan" title="Fida Mohammad Khan">Fida Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_(Muslim_leader)" title="Abdul Qadir (Muslim leader)">Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._M._Sharif" title="M. M. Sharif">M. M. Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Abdul_Qayyum" title="Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum">Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaludin_Abdur_Rahim" title="Jalaludin Abdur Rahim">Jalaludin Abdur Rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._A._Suleri" title="Z. A. Suleri">Z. A. Suleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Allana" title="G. Allana">G. Allana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtiaq_Hussain_Qureshi" title="Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi">Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Baba" title="Jalal Baba">Jalal Baba</a> of NWFP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Abdul_Ghafoor_Hazarvi" title="Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi">Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Karam_Shah_al-Azhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari">Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_ul-Hasanat" title="Amin ul-Hasanat">Amin ul-Hasanat</a> (Pir of Manki Sharif)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Wajid_Ali" title="Syed Wajid Ali">Syed Wajid Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafeez_Jalandhari" title="Hafeez Jalandhari">Hafeez Jalandhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Shahnawaz" title="Jahanara Shahnawaz">Jahanara Shahnawaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Abdullah_Haroon" title="Lady Abdullah Haroon">Lady Abdullah Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ismail_Zabeeh" title="Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh">Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Begum_(politician)" title="Fatima Begum (politician)">Fatima Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naseer_Ahmad_Malhi" title="Naseer Ahmad Malhi">Naseer Ahmad Malhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Saeed_Nagi" title="Ahmed Saeed Nagi">Ahmed Saeed Nagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niaz_Ali_Khan_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niaz Ali Khan (politician)">Niaz Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Habibullah_Khan_Saadi" title="Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi">Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Rahimtoola" title="Habib Rahimtoola">Habib Rahimtoola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al_Mujahid" title="Sharif al Mujahid">Sharif al Mujahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Sughra_Begum" title="Fatima Sughra Begum">Fatima Sughra Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Sattar_Khan_Niazi" title="Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi">Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viqar-un-Nisa_Noon" title="Viqar-un-Nisa Noon">Viqar-un-Nisa Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Rokhri" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri">Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Qadri_Badayuni" title="Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni">Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Aurang_Zeb_Khan" title="Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan">Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ropari" title="Abdullah Ropari">Abdullah Ropari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibrahim_Mir_Sialkoti" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti">Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Movement_activists" title="Category:Pakistan Movement activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Pakistan" title="Category:Books about Pakistan">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idea_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea of Pakistan"><i>Idea of Pakistan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah:_India,_Partition,_Independence" title="Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence"><i>Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Afghanistan_and_Baluchistan" title="Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan"><i>Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan:_A_Personal_History" title="Pakistan: A Personal History"><i>Pakistan: A Personal History</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto"><i>The Myth of Independence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Lieven" title="Anatol Lieven"><i>Pakistan: A Hard Country</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?"><i>Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan"><i>Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minar-e-Pakistan" title="Minar-e-Pakistan">Minar-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab-e-Pakistan" title="Bab-e-Pakistan">Bab-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Monument" title="Pakistan Monument">Pakistan Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziarat_Residency" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziarat Residency">Ziarat Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Muhammad_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal's Tom'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Mansion" title="Wazir Mansion">Wazir Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Pakistan" title="National Library of Pakistan">National Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaliq_Deena_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaliq Deena Hall">Deena Public Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab-e-Khyber" title="Bab-e-Khyber">Bab-e-Khyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Terminal">Jinnah Terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">In Memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Day" title="Pakistan Day"><i>Youm-e-Pakistan</i> <small>(<b>23 March</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a 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