CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Darjeeling - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"57ad5aa1-c9b3-4486-9907-7fca44b776d2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Darjeeling","wgTitle":"Darjeeling","wgCurRevisionId":1274365030,"wgRevisionId":1274365030,"wgArticleId":186729,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","CS1: long volume value","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Wikipedia pending changes protected pages","Featured articles","Use dmy dates from May 2023","Use Indian English from August 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images", "Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map","Pages with Nepali (macrolanguage) IPA","Pages with Bengali IPA","Pages using the Kartographer extension","Darjeeling","Cities and towns in Darjeeling district","Hill stations in West Bengal","Cities in West Bengal"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Darjeeling","wgRelevantArticleId":186729,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":1274365030,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false, "nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":27.0375,"lon":88.26305555555555},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q169997","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.kartographer.staticframe","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/DarjeelingTrainFruitshop_%282%29.jpg/1200px-DarjeelingTrainFruitshop_%282%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="784"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/DarjeelingTrainFruitshop_%282%29.jpg/800px-DarjeelingTrainFruitshop_%282%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="523"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/DarjeelingTrainFruitshop_%282%29.jpg/640px-DarjeelingTrainFruitshop_%282%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="418"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Darjeeling - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Darjeeling rootpage-Darjeeling skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Darjeeling" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Darjeeling" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Darjeeling" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Darjeeling" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Toponymy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1780_to_1835" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1780_to_1835"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1780 to 1835 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1780_to_1835-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1835–1857:_East_India_Company_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1835–1857:_East_India_Company_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1835–1857: East India Company rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1835–1857:_East_India_Company_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1858–1947:_British_Raj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1858–1947:_British_Raj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1858–1947: British Raj </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1858–1947:_British_Raj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1947_onwards:_independent_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947_onwards:_independent_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1947 onwards: independent India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947_onwards:_independent_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography and geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Climate and environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate_and_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Climate and environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Climate_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Tea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2.2 Journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Darjeeling</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" > 80 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D8%BA" title="دارجيلنغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دارجيلنغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="দাৰ্জিলিং – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দাৰ্জিলিং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="দার্জিলিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দার্জিলিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_(si%C3%A2%E2%81%BF)" title="Darjeeling (siâⁿ) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Darjeeling (siâⁿ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Дарджылінг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дарджылінг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="दार्जिलिंग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दार्जिलिंग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Дарджилинг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дарджилинг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81rjiling" title="Dārjiling – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dārjiling" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1rd%C5%BEiling_(m%C4%9Bsto)" title="Dárdžiling (město) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dárdžiling (město)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_(Stadt)" title="Darjeeling (Stadt) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Darjeeling (Stadt)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="दार्जिलिङ – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="दार्जिलिङ" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Ντάρτζιλινγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντάρτζιλινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C4%9Diling" title="Darĝiling – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Darĝiling" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دارجلینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دارجلینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjiling" title="Darjiling – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Darjiling" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_(Inde)" title="Darjeeling (Inde) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Darjeeling (Inde)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97" title="દાર્જિલિંગ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દાર્જિલિંગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%A5%B4%EC%A7%88%EB%A7%81" title="다르질링 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다르질링" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="दार्जिलिंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दार्जिलिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="দার্জিলিং – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="দার্জিলিং" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Дарджилинг (сахар) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дарджилинг (сахар)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="דרג'ילינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרג'ילינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಡಾರ್ಜಿಲಿಂಗ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಾರ್ಜಿಲಿಂಗ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="დარჯილინგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დარჯილინგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_(vil)" title="Darjeeling (vil) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Darjeeling (vil)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81rd%C5%BEilinga" title="Dārdžilinga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dārdžilinga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dard%C5%BEilingas" title="Dardžilingas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dardžilingas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardzsiling" title="Dardzsiling – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dardzsiling" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="दार्जिलिङ्ग – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दार्जिलिङ्ग" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡാർജിലിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡാർജിലിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="दार्जीलिंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दार्जीलिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="დარჯილინგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დარჯილინგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_(stad)" title="Darjeeling (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Darjeeling (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="दार्जिलिङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दार्जिलिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="दार्जिलिङ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दार्जिलिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ダージリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダージリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_(vila)" title="Darjeeling (vila) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Darjeeling (vila)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82" title="ଦାର୍ଜିଲିଂ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଦାର୍ଜିଲିଂ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਦਾਰਜੀਲਿੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਾਰਜੀਲਿੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دارجلنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دارجلنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dard%C5%BCyling" title="Dardżyling – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dardżyling" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Дарджилинг (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дарджилинг (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="दार्जिलिङ्ग – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दार्जिलिङ्ग" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱟᱨᱡᱤᱞᱤᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dard%C5%BEiling" title="Dardžiling – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dardžiling" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Дарџилинг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дарџилинг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="டார்ஜீலிங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டார்ஜீலிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="డార్జిలింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డార్జిలింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ดาร์จีลิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาร์จีลิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Дарджилінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дарджилінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دارجلنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دارجلنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Darjeeling" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%89%E5%B2%AD" title="大吉岭 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大吉岭" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%89%E5%B6%BA" title="大吉嶺 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大吉嶺" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%89%E5%B6%BA" title="大吉嶺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大吉嶺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169997#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Darjeeling" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Darjeeling" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Darjeeling" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&oldid=1274365030" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Darjeeling&id=1274365030&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDarjeeling">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDarjeeling">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Darjeeling&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Darjeeling" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169997" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Darjeeling&params=27_02_15_N_88_15_47_E_region:IND-WB_type:city(119,000)">27°02′15″N 88°15′47″E / 27.03750°N 88.26306°E / 27.03750; 88.26306</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle">Checked</indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-autoreview" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending" title="All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2>This is an accepted version of this page</div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Darjeeling">reviewed</a> on 6 February 2025.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in West Bengal, India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the municipality in West Bengal, India. For the district, see <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling district</a>. For the tea, see <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Darjeeling (disambiguation)">Darjeeling (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town in West Bengal, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Darjeeling</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Town</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling-panoramic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Darjeeling-panoramic.jpg/288px-Darjeeling-panoramic.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Darjeeling-panoramic.jpg/432px-Darjeeling-panoramic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Darjeeling-panoramic.jpg/576px-Darjeeling-panoramic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1199" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="border:1;;height:98px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:DarjeelingTrainFruitshop_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/DarjeelingTrainFruitshop_%282%29.jpg/150px-DarjeelingTrainFruitshop_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/DarjeelingTrainFruitshop_%282%29.jpg/225px-DarjeelingTrainFruitshop_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/DarjeelingTrainFruitshop_%282%29.jpg/300px-DarjeelingTrainFruitshop_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3093" data-file-height="2021" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="border:1;;height:98px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_plantation_Darjeeling.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tea_plantation_Darjeeling.JPG/134px-Tea_plantation_Darjeeling.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tea_plantation_Darjeeling.JPG/201px-Tea_plantation_Darjeeling.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tea_plantation_Darjeeling.JPG/268px-Tea_plantation_Darjeeling.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="1945" /></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Left to right from top: Darjeeling with <a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a>, the world's third-highest mountain, rising behind it; a <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a> train en route to the main train station; a <a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">tea garden</a>, or tea plantation</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 170px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="170" data-zoom="4" data-overlays="["_445fa9f586ddc37fd54bcaa7bd6896ac38eda020"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,300x170.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Darjeeling&revid=1274365030&groups=_445fa9f586ddc37fd54bcaa7bd6896ac38eda020" width="300" height="170" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,300x170@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Darjeeling&revid=1274365030&groups=_445fa9f586ddc37fd54bcaa7bd6896ac38eda020 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Darjeeling</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Darjeeling&params=27_02_15_N_88_15_47_E_region:IND-WB_type:city(119,000)">27°02′15″N 88°15′47″E / 27.03750°N 88.26306°E / 27.03750; 88.26306</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">District</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">Leased in 1835 from <a href="/wiki/Tsugphud_Namgyal" title="Tsugphud Namgyal">Tsugphud Namgyal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chogyal" title="Chogyal">Chogyal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a>, and annexed in 1849.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199947–48-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202185–86-3">[3]</a> Municipality, 1 July 1850.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb198671-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2022319–320-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2022325–326-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Municipality</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Municipality" title="Darjeeling Municipality">Darjeeling Municipality</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dipen Thakuri<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7.43 km2 (2.87 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,045 m (6,709 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2011)<a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[e]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">118,805</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">15,990/km2 (41,400/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Languages<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a><a href="#cite_note-nclm50-18">[13]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> Darjeeling (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/dɑːrˈdʒiːlɪŋ/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-oed-darj-pronunciation-19">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Nepali: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">[ˈdard͡ziliŋ]</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Bengali: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ˈdarˌdʒiliŋ]</a>) is a city in the northernmost region of the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian state</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. Located in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayas" title="Eastern Himalayas">Eastern Himalayas</a>, it has an average elevation of 2,045 metres (6,709 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahamtullaRoyKhasim2020157-11">[10]</a> To the west of Darjeeling lies the <a href="/wiki/Koshi_Province" title="Koshi Province">easternmost province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, to the east the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bhutan">Kingdom of Bhutan</a>, to the north the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, and farther north the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> region of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> lies to the south and southeast, and most of the state of West Bengal lies to the south and southwest, connected to the Darjeeling region by a narrow <a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">tract</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a>, the world's third-highest mountain, rises to the north and is prominently visible on clear days.<a href="#cite_note-21">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernbaum202232-22">[16]</a> In the early 19th century, during <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">East India Company rule</a> in India, Darjeeling was identified as a potential summer retreat for British officials, soldiers and their families. The narrow mountain ridge was leased from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a>, and eventually annexed to <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. Experimentation with growing tea on the slopes below Darjeeling was highly successful. Thousands of labourers were recruited chiefly from Nepal to clear the forests, build European-style cottages and work in the <a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">tea plantations</a>. The widespread deforestation displaced the indigenous peoples. Residential schools were established in and around Darjeeling for the education of children of the <a href="/wiki/Domicile_(law)" title="Domicile (law)">domiciled</a> British in India. By the late-19th century, a novel narrow-gauge mountain railway, the <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a>, was bringing summer residents into the town and carrying a freight of tea out for export to the world. After India's independence in 1947, as the British left Darjeeling, its cottages were purchased by wealthy Indians from the plains and its tea plantations by out-of-town Indian business owners and conglomerates. Darjeeling's population today is constituted largely of the descendants of the indigenous and immigrant labourers that were employed in the original development of the town. Although their <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">common language</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali language</a>, has been given official recognition at the state and federal levels in India, the recognition has created little meaningful employment for the language's speakers nor has it increased their ability to have a significantly greater say in their political affairs. The tea industry and tourism are the mainstays of the town's economy. Deforestation in the region after India's independence has caused environmental damage, affecting the perennial springs that supply the town's water. The population of Darjeeling meanwhile has exploded over the years, and unregulated construction, traffic congestion and water shortages are common. Many young locals, educated in government schools, have taken to migrating out for the lack of jobs matching their skills. Like out-migrants from other regions of northeastern India, they have been subjected to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India#Racism_against_North-East_Indians_in_other_states_of_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">discrimination</a> and racism in some Indian cities. Darjeeling's culture is highly cosmopolitan—a result of diverse ethnic groups intermixing and evolving away from their historical roots. The region's indigenous cuisine is rich in fermented foods and beverages. Tourists have flocked to Darjeeling since the mid-19th century. In 1999, after an international campaign for its support, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a> was given <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">geographical indication</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> as much for the protection of the brand as for the development of the region that produces it. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141322084">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocleft{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocleft{float:left;clear:left;width:auto;margin:0 1em 0.5em 0}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .tocleft{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .tocleft-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocleft-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocleft" style=""><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> At the time of the first British arrival, Darjeeling was known among its <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepcha</a> inhabitants as Dorje-ling, or the "Place of the <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">Thunderbolt</a>."<a href="#cite_note-24">[g]</a> According to the Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names, Darjeeling is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a> Dorje ling or Dorje-glin, meaning "Land of Dorje," i.e. of the <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a>, the weapon of the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> god <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1780_to_1835">1780 to 1835</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1780 to 1835">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:472px;max-width:472px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:239px;max-width:239px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:294px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling_Sikkim_Bhutan_Nepal_-_Copy_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Darjeeling_Sikkim_Bhutan_Nepal_-_Copy_%285%29.jpg/237px-Darjeeling_Sikkim_Bhutan_Nepal_-_Copy_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Darjeeling_Sikkim_Bhutan_Nepal_-_Copy_%285%29.jpg/356px-Darjeeling_Sikkim_Bhutan_Nepal_-_Copy_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Darjeeling_Sikkim_Bhutan_Nepal_-_Copy_%285%29.jpg/474px-Darjeeling_Sikkim_Bhutan_Nepal_-_Copy_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="1209" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Darjeeling, Nepal, Bengal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Tibet</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:294px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalayan_journal_Hooker_page_129.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Himalayan_journal_Hooker_page_129.jpg/227px-Himalayan_journal_Hooker_page_129.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Himalayan_journal_Hooker_page_129.jpg/341px-Himalayan_journal_Hooker_page_129.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Himalayan_journal_Hooker_page_129.jpg/454px-Himalayan_journal_Hooker_page_129.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="2334" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Lepcha girl and a Buddhist lama in Dorjiling from <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a>'s Himalayan Journals, volume I, 1854</div></div></div></div></div> Darjeeling lies between the <a href="/wiki/Mechi_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechi river">Mechi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teesta_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Teesta river">Teesta</a> rivers in the Eastern Himalayas. In the 18th century, it was part of a boundary region that had stirred ambitions and insecurities in several <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20185-23">[17]</a> For the greater part of the century, the <a href="/wiki/Chogyal" title="Chogyal">Chogyal</a>-ruler of the northern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a> had asserted possession of this territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20185-23">[17]</a> In the closing decades, the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurkha kingdom">Gurkha kingdom</a> of Nepal expanded eastwards to bring Darjeeling into its territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20185-23">[17]</a> Its army stopped short of the Teesta, beyond which at the time lay the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bhutan">Kingdom of Bhutan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20185-23">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[19]</a> The English <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> began to show an interest in the Darjeeling hills in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199947-27">[20]</a> At the time Darjeeling's indigenous population largely consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepcha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu</a> peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186-1">[1]</a> The Company's interference in territorial matters began in the aftermath of its army's victory over the Gurkhas in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a>. Fought between 1814 and 1816, the war concluded with two treaties, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Titalia" title="Treaty of Titalia">Treaty of Titalia</a>, under which Nepal was required to return the Darjeeling territory to Sikkim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20185-23">[17]</a> In 1829, two East India Company officials, Captain George Lloyd and J. W. Grant, en route to resolving a boundary dispute between Nepal and Sikkim, passed a <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a>-shaped <a href="/wiki/Mountain_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain ridge">mountain ridge</a> which they fancied excellent for a <a href="/wiki/Sanitorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitorium">sanitorium</a> for the British, or a resort for sheltering and recuperating from the heat of India's plains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20185-23">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199950-28">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb198669-29">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Lord William Bentinck</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a>, to whom Lloyd communicated his notion, concurred, recommending a small presence of the army in addition for monitoring the frontier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1835–1857:_East_India_Company_rule">1835–1857: East India Company rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1835–1857: East India Company rule">edit</a>]</div> Taking the ambition forward, in 1835 the East India Company negotiated the lease of a 40 by 10 kilometres (24 by 6 miles) strip of land in a <a href="/wiki/Grant_deed" title="Grant deed">grant deed</a> from the Chogyal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199947–48-2">[2]</a> By the end of 1838, sappers from the army were readied for clearing the woods and construction planned in earnest after the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_rains" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoon rains">monsoon rains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017118-30">[23]</a> The following year, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_(doctor)" title="Archibald Campbell (doctor)">Archibald Campbell</a>, a physician, was made "superintendent" of Darjeeling, and two public buildings, a hotel and a courthouse were raised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017118-30">[23]</a> Soon, work had begun on <a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">bungalows</a> that conformed to British tastes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186-1">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:472px;max-width:472px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:320px;max-width:320px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:216px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_of_W._Taylor_in_1854,_Himalayan_Journals;_or,_Notes_of_a_Naturalist_in_Bengal,_the_Sikkim_and_Nepal_Himalayas,_the_Khasia_Mountains,_%26c._Volume_1_by_J._D._Hooker,_Kanchanjunga_from_Hodgson%27s_bungalow_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Art_of_W._Taylor_in_1854%2C_Himalayan_Journals%3B_or%2C_Notes_of_a_Naturalist_in_Bengal%2C_the_Sikkim_and_Nepal_Himalayas%2C_the_Khasia_Mountains%2C_%26c._Volume_1_by_J._D._Hooker%2C_Kanchanjunga_from_Hodgson%27s_bungalow_%28cropped%29.jpg/318px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="318" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Art_of_W._Taylor_in_1854%2C_Himalayan_Journals%3B_or%2C_Notes_of_a_Naturalist_in_Bengal%2C_the_Sikkim_and_Nepal_Himalayas%2C_the_Khasia_Mountains%2C_%26c._Volume_1_by_J._D._Hooker%2C_Kanchanjunga_from_Hodgson%27s_bungalow_%28cropped%29.jpg/477px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Art_of_W._Taylor_in_1854%2C_Himalayan_Journals%3B_or%2C_Notes_of_a_Naturalist_in_Bengal%2C_the_Sikkim_and_Nepal_Himalayas%2C_the_Khasia_Mountains%2C_%26c._Volume_1_by_J._D._Hooker%2C_Kanchanjunga_from_Hodgson%27s_bungalow_%28cropped%29.jpg/636px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1160" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">"View of Kinchinjunga from Mr. Hodgson's bungalow at Dorjiling from a sketch by W. Taylor Esq., B. C. S.,"<a href="#cite_note-william-taylor-himalayan-journals-illustrator-31">[24]</a> frontispiece, Joseph Dalton Hooker, Himalayan Journals, London: John Murray, 1854.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:216px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:IGI1908India1857b-coloured_-_Hill_Stations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IGI1908India1857b-coloured_-_Hill_Stations.jpg/146px-IGI1908India1857b-coloured_-_Hill_Stations.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IGI1908India1857b-coloured_-_Hill_Stations.jpg/219px-IGI1908India1857b-coloured_-_Hill_Stations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IGI1908India1857b-coloured_-_Hill_Stations.jpg/292px-IGI1908India1857b-coloured_-_Hill_Stations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="1126" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Hill_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill Station">Hill Stations</a> and summer capitals at the end of East India Company rule (1857)</div></div></div></div></div> Turning Darjeeling into a resort required many more workers than were available in the scattered local populations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202185–86-3">[3]</a> The British attracted workers from the neighbouring kingdoms, chiefly from Nepal but also from Sikkim and Bhutan. They did so by offering regular wages and <a href="/wiki/Lodging" title="Lodging">lodgings</a>, a contrast to the burdensome tax and <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> regimens common in those kingdoms at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202185–86-3">[3]</a> Tens of thousands arrived in Darjeeling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202185–86-3">[3]</a> Not long after the Darjeeling Hill Cart Road was built in Northern Bengal, connecting <a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a> at the base of the Himalayan foothills to Darjeeling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2022287-32">[25]</a> In 1833 the East India Company lost its monopoly rights in the <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> trade with China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017118–119-33">[26]</a> A plan was prepared for growing tea in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017118–119-33">[26]</a> Superintendent Campbell began experimentation in 1840 in Darjeeling which soon proved successful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017118–119-33">[26]</a> European planters and sponsors acquired large stretches of the surrounding hillside and converted them to plantations, called <a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">tea gardens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20188-34">[27]</a> Existing tracks and paths in the hills were improved, renamed as roads, and connected to the Hill Cart Road. The botanist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a>, who visited Darjeeling in the 1840s, noted that carts and pack animals on these roads were bringing fruit and produce from Nepal, wool and salt from Tibet, and labourers looking for work from just about everywhere.<a href="#cite_note-35">[28]</a> The labour migrations created a burgeoning hostility between the East India Company and the neighbouring Himalayan kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186-1">[1]</a> By 1849 the hostility came to a head. Campbell and Hooker were allegedly kidnapped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186-1">[1]</a> Despite the two being released without harm, the British exploited the incident to annex some 1,700 square kilometres (640 sq mi) of territory between the Mechi and the Teesta rivers from Sikkim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199947–48-2">[2]</a> Darjeeling became a municipality in 1850.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb198671-5">[5]</a> In the span of 15 years, this Himalayan tract had become a <a href="/wiki/Hill_station" title="Hill station">hill station</a>, an official retreat for British administrators in a hilly, temperate, region of India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2022319–320-6">[6]</a> Hill stations, such as <a href="/wiki/Simla" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla">Simla</a> (summer capital of the British Indian Empire), <a href="/wiki/Ooty" title="Ooty">Ooty</a> (summer capital of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a> (summer capital of the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a>) were all established between 1819 and the 1840s, a period during which the rule of the East India Company had spread to the greater part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and the British felt confident about planning them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2022319–320-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[30]</a> Darjeeling later became the summer capital of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2022325–326-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1858–1947:_British_Raj">1858–1947: British Raj</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1858–1947: British Raj">edit</a>]</div> From 1850 to 1870 the tea industry in Darjeeling grew to 56 tea gardens employing some 8,000 labourers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddletonShneiderman20188-38">[31]</a> The tea gardens' security forces kept a close watch on the labourers and used coercion when necessary to maintain intensive production. The labourers' disparate cultural and ethnic backgrounds and the tea gardens' commonly remote locations ensured the absence of worker mobilization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivkovic20149-39">[32]</a> By the turn of the 20th century, 100 tea gardens employed an estimated 64,000 workers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddletonShneiderman20188-38">[31]</a> and more than five million <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> were invested in Darjeeling tea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivkovic20149-39">[32]</a> The widespread deforestation caused by the tea industry drastically changed the lives of the region's forest dwellers, who were either forced to relocate to other forests or become employed in their former habitat in new colonial occupations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017125-40">[33]</a> To the mix of the forest dwellers recruited, more labourers joined from across the Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20188-34">[27]</a> They communicated with each other in the <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20188-34">[27]</a> Later the language, and their customs and traditions would create the distinctive ethnicity of Darjeeling, called <a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Indian Gorkha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20188-34">[27]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:472px;max-width:472px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:180px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling_Hill_Road_1865_-_XL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Darjeeling_Hill_Road_1865_-_XL.jpg/231px-Darjeeling_Hill_Road_1865_-_XL.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Darjeeling_Hill_Road_1865_-_XL.jpg/347px-Darjeeling_Hill_Road_1865_-_XL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Darjeeling_Hill_Road_1865_-_XL.jpg/462px-Darjeeling_Hill_Road_1865_-_XL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1112" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hill Cart Road, shown in 1865</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:235px;max-width:235px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:180px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hill_village_on_Darjeeling_Railway_XL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hill_village_on_Darjeeling_Railway_XL.jpg/233px-Hill_village_on_Darjeeling_Railway_XL.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hill_village_on_Darjeeling_Railway_XL.jpg/350px-Hill_village_on_Darjeeling_Railway_XL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hill_village_on_Darjeeling_Railway_XL.jpg/466px-Hill_village_on_Darjeeling_Railway_XL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1098" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Darjeeling Railway in a village, 1880</div></div></div></div></div> By the last decades of the 19th century, large numbers of administrative officials of the imperial and <a href="/wiki/British_Raj#Major_provinces" title="British Raj">British Raj provincial</a> governments had begun to travel to hill stations during the summers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146-41">[34]</a> Commerce in the stations had grown as had the trade with the plains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146-41">[34]</a> A train service to Darjeeling was announced in 1872. By 1878 trains could take summer residents from Calcutta, the capital of the British Indian Empire,<a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a> to Siliguri at the base of the Darjeeling hills. Thereafter, <a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)#Indian_subcontinent" title="Litter (vehicle)">Tonga horse-carriages</a> were required to cover the last stretch on the Hill Cart Road.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146-41">[34]</a> Ascending some 1,900-metre (6,300 ft), the journey required stopping at "halting barracks", or stables for feeding or changing the horses.<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a> By 1880, railway tracks were being aligned along the Hill Cart Road,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013584-44">[37]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Indian_Railway_Company" title="East Indian Railway Company">East Indian Railway Company</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamalpur_Locomotive_Workshop" title="Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop">Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop</a> had begun to build steam locomotives for the route.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146-41">[34]</a> Miniature steam engines made by <a href="/wiki/Sharp,_Stewart_and_Company" title="Sharp, Stewart and Company">Sharp, Stewart and Company</a> of Manchester, were employed for pulling the train on a narrow gauge of two feet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146-41">[34]</a> The train service to Darjeeling was opened in July 1881.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146-41">[34]</a> After cresting at the <a href="/wiki/Ghoom_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoom railway station">Ghoom railway station</a> at 2,300-metre (7,500 ft) above sea level, the train made a descent to Darjeeling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146-41">[34]</a> Darjeeling was now within a day's travel from Calcutta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146-41">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quadrangle_St_Josephs_School_Darjeeling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Quadrangle_St_Josephs_School_Darjeeling.jpg/220px-Quadrangle_St_Josephs_School_Darjeeling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Quadrangle_St_Josephs_School_Darjeeling.jpg/330px-Quadrangle_St_Josephs_School_Darjeeling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Quadrangle_St_Josephs_School_Darjeeling.jpg/440px-Quadrangle_St_Josephs_School_Darjeeling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>The quadrangle of St Joseph's College, Darjeeling, now <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling">St Joseph's School</a>, or North Point, established in 1888</figcaption></figure> Education became another aspect of Darjeeling's notability by the turn of the 20th century. After the <a href="/wiki/Charter_Act_1833" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter Act 1833">Charter Act 1833</a>, which allowed unrestricted immigration, British women had begun to arrive in India in significantly more numbers than before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996117-45">[38]</a> Hill stations became popular summer destinations for women and children as colonial physicians recommended them for improved <a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">maternal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">infant</a> health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996120–121-46">[39]</a> The British soon began to consider hill stations promising sites for primary and secondary education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996134-47">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Paul's School, Darjeeling">St Paul's</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> boys' school in Calcutta, was moved to Darjeeling in 1864.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996138-48">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> opened <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling">St Joseph's College</a> for boys in Darjeeling in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996138-48">[41]</a> For girls, the <a href="/wiki/Loreto_Convent,_Darjeeling" title="Loreto Convent, Darjeeling">Loreto Convent</a> had already been established during Company rule; the Calcutta Christian Schools Society established the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon_School,_Darjeeling" title="Mount Hermon School, Darjeeling">Queen's Hill School</a> in Darjeeling in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996139-49">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indians">Anglo-Indians</a> (of mixed British and Indian ancestry) were discouraged from attending the better-known schools and Indians were almost always prohibited until after World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996141-50">[43]</a> In 1945, as the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> was drawing towards a close, the Nepalese-speaking Indian Gorkha residents of Darjeeling had not been granted rights as British Indian subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20189-51">[44]</a> These residents were at the bottom of the economic ladder, and their physical appearance was now the occasional object of racism by Indians from the plains. The 1941 census had shown that the Gorkha in Darjeeling constituted 86% of the population. They made up 96% of the labour force in the tea gardens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20189–10-52">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202188-53">[46]</a> Many had been recruited to fight for the British in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, but the British had been reluctant to displease the governments of Nepal and the Kingdom of Sikkim whose feudal labour regimes many original migrants had sought to escape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20189-51">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947_onwards:_independent_India">1947 onwards: independent India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1947 onwards: independent India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:472px;max-width:472px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:466px;max-width:466px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:261px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibetan_Refugee_Self_Help_Centre_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tibetan_Refugee_Self_Help_Centre_%283%29.jpg/464px-Tibetan_Refugee_Self_Help_Centre_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="464" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tibetan_Refugee_Self_Help_Centre_%283%29.jpg/696px-Tibetan_Refugee_Self_Help_Centre_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tibetan_Refugee_Self_Help_Centre_%283%29.jpg/928px-Tibetan_Refugee_Self_Help_Centre_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4037" data-file-height="2274" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tibetan women knitting at the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Refugee_Self_Help_Centre" title="Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre">Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre</a>, Darjeeling, established 1959<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarker201794-54">[47]</a></div></div></div></div></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> in 1947, Darjeeling became a part of the new province of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, and in 1950, of the state of West Bengal in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a> A British exodus from Darjeeling quickly followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivkovic20149-39">[32]</a> Their cottages were quickly purchased by the Indian upper classes from the plains who enrolled their children in the town's many schools. These actions created social and economic tensions with the Indian Gorkha population and further marginalised the latter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivkovic20149-39">[32]</a> Their lack of economic development, caused by a hierarchal economic system set up by the British, continued in some respects in the immediate decades after 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScraseGanguly-ScraseDeuchar2016103–104-57">[49]</a> The Indian nationalism that emerged seemed to highlight the unclear position of the Indian Nepalis in the newly independent nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScraseGanguly-ScraseDeuchar2016103–104-57">[49]</a> The division of India into states comprising the regions of its different spoken languages had allowed a relatively large proportion of the educated speakers of these languages to find employment in the government-owned enterprises. In the instance of the Gorkhas, the federal and state governments refused to accept their requests for their own Nepali-speaking state in the northern regions of Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScraseGanguly-ScraseDeuchar2016103–104-57">[49]</a> Eventually, the demands for autonomy were downsized to calls for the recognition of the Nepali language for official state business in Nepali-speaking regions of Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199961-58">[50]</a> This was accepted in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Official_Language_Act,_1961" title="West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961">West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[51]</a> Darjeeling had a sizeable community of <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpas</a>, an ethnic group, originally from eastern Tibet whose ancestors had moved to some villages in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> below <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>. Sherpas had come to Darjeeling in the second half of the 19th century as seasonal labourers looking for work in road-building.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtner202030-60">[52]</a> As mountaineering in the Himalayas had gained popularity and Nepal was closed to foreigners, many Western mountaineers and enthusiasts came to Darjeeling to plan their Himalayan expeditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtner202030-60">[52]</a> The Sherpas stood out for their exceptional physical ability as porters. These physical abilities and their fitness elicited visits to Darjeeling by European biochemists in the early 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtner202031-61">[53]</a> Among the most famous Sherpas who moved to Darjeeling were <a href="/wiki/Ang_Tharkay" title="Ang Tharkay">Ang Tharkay</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtner202071-62">[54]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtner202073-63">[55]</a> On 29 May 1953, Tenzing and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> became the first two humans to stand atop Mount Everest, vaulting both to instant stardom worldwide. The prime minister of India, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, took Tenzing under his wing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtner202087-64">[56]</a> Tenzing became the first field director of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Mountaineering_Institute" title="Himalayan Mountaineering Institute">Himalayan Mountaineering Institute</a> after it was established in Darjeeling in November 1954<a href="#cite_note-65">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GorkhalandSupport_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/GorkhalandSupport_%283%29.jpg/220px-GorkhalandSupport_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/GorkhalandSupport_%283%29.jpg/330px-GorkhalandSupport_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/GorkhalandSupport_%283%29.jpg/440px-GorkhalandSupport_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Women supporting <a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkhaland">Gorkhaland</a> marching with torchlights, Darjeeling, 2013</figcaption></figure> A trickle of immigrants from Tibet poured into Darjeeling which had begun in the second half of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunfeld2015190-66">[58]</a> Wealthy Tibetan aristocrats had sent their children to Darjeeling's schools, and some went on to settle in the Darjeeling area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunfeld2015190-66">[58]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a> in 1950–1951, many Tibetans emigrated to India, with some settling in the Darjeeling area, including the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>'s older brother <a href="/wiki/Gyalo_Thondup" title="Gyalo Thondup">Gyalo Thondup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein201918-67">[59]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a>, the Dalai Lama himself fled to exile in India, and tens of thousands of Tibetan refugees poured in after him, with many finding refuge in the Darjeeling–<a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunfeld2015190–192-68">[60]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Refugee_Self_Help_Centre" title="Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre">Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre</a> was established in Darjeeling in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarker201794-54">[47]</a> In May 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a> to the north of Darjeeling was absorbed into the Republic of India through a referendum. A month thereafter, Sikkim, in which nearly two-thirds of the populace spoke Nepali, was made a state of India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962-69">[61]</a> It was not lost on the Gorkhas of the Darjeeling region that there were many more speakers of Nepali in the Gorkha districts of northern Bengal, and their calls for autonomy had borne no fruit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962-69">[61]</a> The Government of India, moreover, had been reluctant to recognise Nepali as an official language in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962-69">[61]</a> Slights delivered by senior Indian leadership around this issue—<a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a>, a former prime minister calling Nepali a foreign language, and <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, a former deputy prime minister, describing the Gorkhas as disloyal and entertaining "Mongoloid prejudices"—were all remembered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962–63-70">[62]</a> A decade later, during <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>'s prime ministership, small regions in Assam to the east of Darjeeling, which had been riven by violent ethnic separatism, were granted statehood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962–63-70">[62]</a> All these factors played into creating a militant mood among the Gorkhas for statehood and brought the <a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland_movement" title="Gorkhaland movement">Gorkhaland movement</a> to the forefront.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962–63-70">[62]</a> It led to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_National_Liberation_Front" title="Gorkha National Liberation Front">Gorkha National Liberation Front</a> (GNLF) under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Ghising" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhas Ghising">Subhas Ghising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962–63-70">[62]</a> Agitation for a separate state in Darjeeling included violent protests,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202189–90-71">[63]</a> and fighting between the disparate militant groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200696-72">[64]</a> The agitation ceased after an agreement was reached between the government and the <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_National_Liberation_Front" title="Gorkha National Liberation Front">Gorkha National Liberation Front</a> (GNLF). It resulted in the establishment of an elected body in 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Gorkha_Hill_Council" title="Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council">Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council</a> (DGHC), which received some autonomy to govern the district.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202189–90-71">[63]</a> In 1992, the Nepali language was recognized officially at the federal level in India by inclusion in the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Indian Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellner2014138–140-73">[65]</a> Though Darjeeling became peaceful, the issue of a separate state lingered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199965-74">[66]</a> Agitation for a new state again erupted in 2008, led by the <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Janmukti_Morcha" title="Gorkha Janmukti Morcha">Gorkha Janmukti Morcha</a> (GJM).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202194–95-75">[67]</a> In July 2011, a pact was signed between GJM, the state and national governments which included an elected <a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland_Territorial_Administration" title="Gorkhaland Territorial Administration">Gorkhaland Territorial Administration</a> (GTA), with limited autonomy within the state of West Bengal. It evoked little enthusiasm on the streets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202196-76">[68]</a> In 2013, fresh agitation broke out in Darjeeling after <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, a region in southern India was granted statehood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202196-76">[68]</a> Four years later, more agitation caused several months of violence, food shortages, and strikes in Darjeeling but resulted in the Morcha splitting into factions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202196-76">[68]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Mamata_Banerjee" title="Mamata Banerjee">Mamata Banerjee</a>, the West Bengal chief minister, appointed a moderate Morcha politician to leadership in a reconstituted GTA, marginalizing and eventually ousting the founder of the movement, <a href="/wiki/Bimal_Gurung" title="Bimal Gurung">Bimal Gurung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202196–97-77">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_geology">Geography and geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography and geology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:472px;max-width:472px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:278px;max-width:278px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:342px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling_Hills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Darjeeling_Hills.jpg/276px-Darjeeling_Hills.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Darjeeling_Hills.jpg/414px-Darjeeling_Hills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Darjeeling_Hills.jpg/552px-Darjeeling_Hills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="1209" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Darjeeling Hills showing Darjeeling, Kalimpong, and Kurseong, the headquarters of the three hill subdivisions</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:342px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Darjeeling_Municipality,_Darjeeling_District,_West_Bengal_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_Darjeeling_Municipality%2C_Darjeeling_District%2C_West_Bengal_India.jpg/188px-Map_of_Darjeeling_Municipality%2C_Darjeeling_District%2C_West_Bengal_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_Darjeeling_Municipality%2C_Darjeeling_District%2C_West_Bengal_India.jpg/282px-Map_of_Darjeeling_Municipality%2C_Darjeeling_District%2C_West_Bengal_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_Darjeeling_Municipality%2C_Darjeeling_District%2C_West_Bengal_India.jpg/376px-Map_of_Darjeeling_Municipality%2C_Darjeeling_District%2C_West_Bengal_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="2710" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map 1: Darjeeling municipality, showing the ridges on which the town was settled</div></div></div></div></div> The Darjeeling hills (formally <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a>) comprise parts of <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling district</a> and all of <a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong district</a>; specifically, they contain: <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Darjeeling Sadar">Darjeeling Sadar subdivision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_subdivision" title="Kalimpong subdivision">Kalimpong subdivision</a> and Kurseong subdivision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas20219-78">[70]</a> Darjeeling town lies in the Sadar subdivision. It is located at an average elevation of 2,045 m (6,709 ft)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahamtullaRoyKhasim2020157-11">[10]</a> on the Darjeeling–Jalapahar range which runs south to north starting at <a href="/wiki/Ghum,_West_Bengal" title="Ghum, West Bengal">Ghum</a> (Map 1). The range is Y-shaped with its base resting at <a href="/wiki/Katapahar" title="Katapahar">Katapahar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jalapahar" title="Jalapahar">Jalapahar</a> and two arms diverging north of the <a href="/wiki/Observatory_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Observatory Hill, Darjeeling">Observatory Hill</a>. The north-eastern arm dips swiftly and ends in the Lebong spur, while the north-western arm slopes gently, passing through North Point, and ends in the valley near the <a href="/wiki/Tukver_Tea_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukver Tea Estate">Tukver Tea Estate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urbanmanagement-79">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a>, the world's third-highest peak at 8,598 m (28,209 ft), which lies 74.4 kilometres (46.2 mi) to the north, is the most prominent mountain visible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpateLearmonth2017476-20">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernbaum202232-22">[16]</a> The Darjeeling hills have been formed by accumulations of <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">faults</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault#Reverse_faults" title="Thrust fault">tangential thrusts</a> caused by a <a href="/wiki/Compression_(geology)" title="Compression (geology)">compression</a> in the north–south direction as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian tectonic plate</a> has <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subducted</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian plate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257-80">[72]</a> Their physical composition varies from unaltered <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> in the southern regions to several types of <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusive rocks</a> in the middle and northern, suggesting upward intrusion of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257-80">[72]</a> The collective process has <a href="/wiki/Shear_(geology)" title="Shear (geology)">sheared</a>, folded, crushed together, <a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">fractured</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joint_(geology)" title="Joint (geology)">jointed</a> the rocks, reducing their strength and making them vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Percolation#Background" title="Percolation">water percolating</a> down their crevices and causing <a href="/wiki/Pore_water_pressure" title="Pore water pressure">pore water pressure</a> to build up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257-80">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schists</a> are found in the hills around Kalimpong, which lies to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> predominates the western regions in which Darjeeling lies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257-80">[72]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:472px;max-width:472px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1046_IndiaDarjeeling_19931231_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1046_IndiaDarjeeling_19931231_%282%29.jpg/208px-1046_IndiaDarjeeling_19931231_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1046_IndiaDarjeeling_19931231_%282%29.jpg/312px-1046_IndiaDarjeeling_19931231_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1046_IndiaDarjeeling_19931231_%282%29.jpg/416px-1046_IndiaDarjeeling_19931231_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1771" data-file-height="1455" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Landslide, Darjeeling Siliguri Road, 1993</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Overlooking_the_confluence_of_Teesta_River_and_Rangeet_River_from_Lover%27s_Point,_West_Bengal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Overlooking_the_confluence_of_Teesta_River_and_Rangeet_River_from_Lover%27s_Point%2C_West_Bengal.jpg/256px-Overlooking_the_confluence_of_Teesta_River_and_Rangeet_River_from_Lover%27s_Point%2C_West_Bengal.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Overlooking_the_confluence_of_Teesta_River_and_Rangeet_River_from_Lover%27s_Point%2C_West_Bengal.jpg/384px-Overlooking_the_confluence_of_Teesta_River_and_Rangeet_River_from_Lover%27s_Point%2C_West_Bengal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Overlooking_the_confluence_of_Teesta_River_and_Rangeet_River_from_Lover%27s_Point%2C_West_Bengal.jpg/512px-Overlooking_the_confluence_of_Teesta_River_and_Rangeet_River_from_Lover%27s_Point%2C_West_Bengal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4905" data-file-height="3261" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta</a>, flowing south, meets the <a href="/wiki/Rangeet_River" title="Rangeet River">Rangeet</a> on its right</div></div></div></div></div> Two studies (1990 and 2019) recorded that landslides were a serious concern in the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandalMondal20191–2-81">[73]</a> Most are triggered by excessive rainfall, earthquakes, and quick erosion caused by torrents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandalMondal20191–2-81">[73]</a> They are accelerated by extensive deforestation, defective drainage, poorly built <a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">revetments</a> and the presence of steep slopes that have been undercut to make shelves for paths, roads, and houses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandalMondal20191–2-81">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990259-82">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flows</a> along existing <a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">gullies</a> can sometimes bring along large boulders and cause damage to roads; in 1968, during a catastrophic rainstorm, the 56 kilometres (35 mi) Darjeeling–Siliguri road was cut in 92 places by debris flows.<a href="#cite_note-83">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990262-84">[76]</a> Teesta, the major river of the Darjeeling region, rises at 6,300 metres (20,700 ft) from a glacier in Sikkim, and flows south, at first meeting the <a href="/wiki/Rangpo_River" title="Rangpo River">Rangpo river</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Rangeet_River" title="Rangeet River">Rangeet</a> before exiting the hills and eventually joining the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra river">Brahmaputra river</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257-80">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThakurDasKumar202281–99,_85-85">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">flow rate</a> of the Teesta is 1,500 cubic metres (53,000 cu ft) per second during the summer monsoon;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThakurDasKumar202281–99,_85-85">[77]</a> it had had major floods in 1950 and 1968.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257-80">[72]</a> The continual tectonic activity of Darjeeling's ancient past can be inferred from the surrounding landscape in such features as <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(geology)" title="Terrace (geology)">terraces</a> that dip in their middle as a result of earlier horizontal pressure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257-80">[72]</a> Eroded <a href="/wiki/Fault_scarp" title="Fault scarp">fault scarps</a>, or steps, observed in the landscape were caused by vertical slips in the faults below.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257-80">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fans</a> at different heights signify a succession of previous rivers that dried up and spread their silt outwards as their beds were raised by the uplift.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257-80">[72]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Standards" title="Bureau of Indian Standards">Bureau of Indian Standards</a>, Darjeeling town falls under <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_hazard_zoning_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquake hazard zoning of India">seismic zone-IV</a> (on a scale of I to V, in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes).<a href="#cite_note-PIB_quake-86">[78]</a> A study published in 2018 found that residents of Darjeeling's outer areas, which are lower-income and lower-lying, worried about catastrophic loss during an earthquake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018236-87">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">April 2015 Nepal earthquake</a> was felt in Darjeeling, and these residents feared that in the instance of a major earthquake, the unplanned upper-level construction could very well give way and tumble down on them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018236-87">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_and_environment">Climate and environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate and environment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Darjeeling has a temperate <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical highland climate">subtropical highland climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: Cwb).<a href="#cite_note-Climate-Data.org-88">[80]</a> The average annual precipitation in Darjeeling is approximately 3,100 mm (120 in).<a href="#cite_note-91">[i]</a> Eighty percent of the annual rainfall takes place between the months of June and September, due to the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia" title="Monsoon of South Asia">monsoon of South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry2008369-90">[82]</a> The "June–May ratio," or the percentage by which the rain increases from May to June, is 2.6 or 260%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry2008369-90">[82]</a> In contrast, just 3% of the annual rainfall takes place between December and March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry2008369-90">[82]</a> Darjeeling's altitude—which is greater than some other regions of the Eastern Himalayas at the same latitude (27° N), such as the Assam hills—and its rarified air causes its <a href="/wiki/UV_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="UV radiation">UV radiation</a> levels to be correspondingly higher. Its mean monthly UV radiance is approximately 4500 microwatts per square cm per day during the peak months of May, June, and July. It is 50% higher than the Assam hills to the east, whose altitude is 170 metres (560 ft).<a href="#cite_note-92">[83]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Darjeeling, elevation 2,128 m (6,982 ft), (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6 (65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 (67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 (37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2 (19.0) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4 (20.5) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8 (23.4) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 (34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 (37.8) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4 (24.1) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6 (23.7) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−7.2 (19.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (0.43) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (0.45) </td> <td style="background: #D7FFD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (1.04) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.0 (3.50) </td> <td style="background: #10FF10; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160.3 (6.31) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">419.1 (16.50) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">648.5 (25.53) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">529.8 (20.86) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">385.2 (15.17) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.8 (3.10) </td> <td style="background: #EDFFED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 (0.44) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (0.11) </td> <td style="background: #00D100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,373.3 (93.44) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #1A1AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">23.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22.0 </td> <td style="background: #3131FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.1 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">106.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 17:30 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>) </th> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000A5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">90 </td> <td style="background: #000096; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">94 </td> <td style="background: #000092; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">95 </td> <td style="background: #000096; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">94 </td> <td style="background: #00009E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">92 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">86 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.4 </td> <td style="background: #C5C504; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.8 </td> <td style="background: #C2C219; color:#000000;" class="notheme">145.7 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147.0 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.9 </td> <td style="background: #888888; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.0 </td> <td style="background: #8D8D8D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.5 </td> <td style="background: #AEAE90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102.3 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.0 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.4 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.0 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.1 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF2A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,645.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #C3C313; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #C5C502; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #C5C502; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #898989; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #8F8F8F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.5 </td> <td style="background: #AEAE8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 </td> <td style="background: #ADAD95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #C0C024; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDnormals-93">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDextremes-94">[85]</a> UV Index<a href="#cite_note-95">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (sun 1891–1990)<a href="#cite_note-DWD-96">[87]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Average_annual_temperatures_Darjeeling_1890_to_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Average_annual_temperatures_Darjeeling_1890_to_2010.jpg/246px-Average_annual_temperatures_Darjeeling_1890_to_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Average_annual_temperatures_Darjeeling_1890_to_2010.jpg/369px-Average_annual_temperatures_Darjeeling_1890_to_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Average_annual_temperatures_Darjeeling_1890_to_2010.jpg/492px-Average_annual_temperatures_Darjeeling_1890_to_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1677" data-file-height="921" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Annual average, daily max. and min. temperature, Darjeeling, 1890 to 2010</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Forest_and_pastures_vs_agricultural_land_Darjeeling_1900_to_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Forest_and_pastures_vs_agricultural_land_Darjeeling_1900_to_2000.jpg/238px-Forest_and_pastures_vs_agricultural_land_Darjeeling_1900_to_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Forest_and_pastures_vs_agricultural_land_Darjeeling_1900_to_2000.jpg/357px-Forest_and_pastures_vs_agricultural_land_Darjeeling_1900_to_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Forest_and_pastures_vs_agricultural_land_Darjeeling_1900_to_2000.jpg/476px-Forest_and_pastures_vs_agricultural_land_Darjeeling_1900_to_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="914" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Forests and pastures vs. agricultural land in and around Darjeeling, 1900 to 2000</div></div></div></div></div> From the beginning of the twentieth century, Darjeeling's average temperature has increased by 4 °C, which is twice the world's average,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016165-97">[88]</a> and the annual averages of its daily maximum and minimum temperatures have increased by greater margins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016165-97">[88]</a> During the same period, relative humidity has decreased by 7%,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016165-97">[88]</a> and rainfall by 300 millimetres (0.98 ft) annually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016165-97">[88]</a> For its water the Darjeeling municipality and the surrounding hills depend to a large extent on perennial or seasonal jhora <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">springs</a> (see <a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Darjeeling_Municipality,_Darjeeling_District,_West_Bengal_India.jpg" title="File:Map of Darjeeling Municipality, Darjeeling District, West Bengal India.jpg">Map 1</a>), especially during the pre-monsoon months from February to May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016162-98">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Senchal_Lake" title="Senchal Lake">Senchal Lakes</a>, two artificial reservoirs built in 1910 and 1932 in a forested high-altitude area to the southeast (see <a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Senchal_Lakes,_the_water_supply_source_in_relation_to_Darjeeling.jpg" title="File:Map of Senchal Lakes, the water supply source in relation to Darjeeling.jpg">Map 2</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018372-99">[90]</a> which are filled with water from a surrounding catchment area during the monsoon months, have a greatly reduced supply, as of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016163-100">[91]</a> Darjeeling's explosive population growth in the period 1961–2011, and extensive deforestation even within the protected catchment area for the lakes, have caused many springs to have vastly reduced yields during the dry months from February to May. Of the 26 springs that had once fed the lakes, 12 have been affected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016162-98">[89]</a> Forests and pastures have shrunk from 78% in 1900 to 38% in 2000, and cultivated land, which contributes to soil erosion, has correspondingly increased during the same time from 20% to 44%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016164-101">[92]</a> By 2006, land records in Darjeeling showed that foodgrain-producing farmland had decreased proportionally, caused by accelerated levels of urbanisation and by subsistence farming giving way to commercial cropping, especially of tea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco2006108-102">[93]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, which can be caused by air pollution and can in turn damage forests, was observed in the Eastern Himalayas; the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH value</a> in Darjeeling was measured at 4.2.<a href="#cite_note-103">[94]</a> A 2022 article quoting another 2016 study reported a pH value of 5.0±0.825 in the rainwater.<a href="#cite_note-104">[95]</a> According to a 2014 study, the influx of the excess population in the tea plantations around Darjeeling into "marginal areas of town—on backfill, slopes, septic tanks, and jhorās (springs)—has strapped the town’s colonial-era infrastructure. Despite building codes that prohibit buildings taller than three stories, the market for cheap housing in Darjeeling inspires developers to go skyward, often as many as eight stories. Hastily built apartment houses ... are falling into the jhorās and sliding down the mountainside."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky201484-105">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:223px;max-width:223px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:147px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling_Botanical_Garden_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Darjeeling_Botanical_Garden_02.jpg/221px-Darjeeling_Botanical_Garden_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Darjeeling_Botanical_Garden_02.jpg/332px-Darjeeling_Botanical_Garden_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Darjeeling_Botanical_Garden_02.jpg/442px-Darjeeling_Botanical_Garden_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4514" data-file-height="3010" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The 16-hectare (40-acre) <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Botanic_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd Botanic Garden">Lloyd Botanic Garden</a>, founded in 1878</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:265px;max-width:265px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:147px;overflow:hidden"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ailurus_fulgens.ogv/263px--Ailurus_fulgens.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="263" height="148" data-durationhint="27" data-mwtitle="Ailurus_fulgens.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Ailurus_fulgens.ogv/Ailurus_fulgens.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Ailurus_fulgens.ogv/Ailurus_fulgens.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Ailurus_fulgens.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Ailurus_fulgens.ogv/Ailurus_fulgens.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Ailurus_fulgens.ogv/Ailurus_fulgens.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Ailurus_fulgens.ogv/Ailurus_fulgens.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Ailurus_fulgens.ogv/Ailurus_fulgens.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">red panda</a> (Ailurus fulgens) in the <a href="/wiki/Padmaja_Naidu_Himalayan_Zoological_Park" title="Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park">Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoo</a></div></div></div></div></div> Darjeeling is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Himalaya">Eastern Himalayan</a> zoo-geographic zone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegi1992185-106">[97]</a> Flora around Darjeeling comprises <a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">sal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, semi-evergreen, <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_plant" title="Alpine plant">alpine</a> forests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegi199228–29-107">[98]</a> Dense evergreen forests of sal and oak lie around the town, where a wide variety of rare <a href="/wiki/Orchids" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchids">orchids</a> are found. The <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Botanical_Garden" title="Lloyd's Botanical Garden">Lloyd's Botanical Garden</a> preserves common and rare species of plants, while the <a href="/wiki/Padmaja_Naidu_Himalayan_Zoological_Park" title="Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park">Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park</a> specialises in conserving and breeding endangered Himalayan species.<a href="#cite_note-zoo-108">[99]</a> The town of Darjeeling and surrounding region face <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> due to increasing demand for wood fuel and timber, as well as air pollution from increasing vehicular traffic.<a href="#cite_note-teri-109">[100]</a> Forests and wildlife in the district are managed and protected by the Divisional Forest Officer of the Territorial and Wildlife wing of the West Bengal Forest Department.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegi1992185-106">[97]</a> The fauna found in Darjeeling includes several species of <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Teal" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Teal">teals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plover" title="Plover">plovers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a> that pass Darjeeling while migrating to and from <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackintosh20092-110">[101]</a> Small mammals found in the region include <a href="/wiki/Civet" title="Civet">civets</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">small</a> and <a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">large Indian civets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">masked palm civet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotted_linsang" title="Spotted linsang">spotted linsang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">binturong</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongooses</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose" title="Crab-eating mongoose">crab-eating mongoose</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">badgers</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Burmese_ferret-badger" title="Burmese ferret-badger">Burmese ferret-badger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_hog_badger" title="Greater hog badger">greater hog badger</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegi199243–48-111">[102]</a> Other carnivores found in the area include <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_black_bear" title="Himalayan black bear">Himalayan black bear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">red panda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegi199246-112">[103]</a> A conservation centre for red pandas opened at Darjeeling Zoo in 2014, building on a prior captive breeding program; this <a href="/wiki/Species_Survival_Plan" title="Species Survival Plan">Species Survival Plan</a> had about 25 red pandas by 2016.<a href="#cite_note-panda-113">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a> The Himalayan newt <a href="/wiki/Tylototriton_verrucosus" title="Tylototriton verrucosus">Tylotriton verrucosus</a>, one of two salamander species occurring in India, is found in wetlands in the vicinity.<a href="#cite_note-115">[106]</a> The Himalayan relict dragonfly <a href="/wiki/Epiophlebia_laidlawi" title="Epiophlebia laidlawi">Epiophlebia laidlawi</a>, one of just four species in the family <a href="/wiki/Epiophlebiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiophlebiidae">Epiophlebiidae</a>, was first described from the region.<a href="#cite_note-116">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Darjeeling" title="Demographics of Darjeeling">Demographics of Darjeeling</a></div> The Indian <a href="/wiki/Decadal_survey" title="Decadal survey">decennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> of 2011 (the last for which there is processed data)<a href="#cite_note-Mandal_2022-13">[11]</a> recorded the population of the Darjeeling municipality to be 118,805 individuals. Of these, 59,618 were females and 59,187 were males, yielding a <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">gender ratio</a> of 1007 females for every 1000 males.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368-4">[4]</a> The population density of the municipality was 15,990 individuals per km2 (41,000 per square mile).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> was 93.9%—the female literacy rate was 91.3% and the male was 96.4%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368-4">[4]</a> Among groups whose historical disadvantages have been recognized by the Constitution of India and designated for amelioration in subsequent commissions and programmes, the <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled tribe">scheduled tribes</a> of Darjeeling town constituted approximately 22.4% of the population, and the <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled castes">scheduled castes</a> 7.7%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Unemployment#Labor_force_participation_rate" title="Unemployment">work participation rate</a> was 34.4%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368-4">[4]</a> The number of people living in <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a> was 25,026 individuals (which was 21.1% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368-4">[4]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:440px;max-width:440px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:252px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling_Municipality_10-yearly_census_data_from_1881_to_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Darjeeling_Municipality_10-yearly_census_data_from_1881_to_2011.jpg/438px-Darjeeling_Municipality_10-yearly_census_data_from_1881_to_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="438" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Darjeeling_Municipality_10-yearly_census_data_from_1881_to_2011.jpg/657px-Darjeeling_Municipality_10-yearly_census_data_from_1881_to_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Darjeeling_Municipality_10-yearly_census_data_from_1881_to_2011.jpg/876px-Darjeeling_Municipality_10-yearly_census_data_from_1881_to_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="931" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Figure 1: Darjeeling 10-yearly census data from 1881 to 2011<a href="#cite_note-118">[j]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:267px;max-width:267px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:216px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorkha_family_shopping_in_Darjeeling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gorkha_family_shopping_in_Darjeeling.jpg/265px-Gorkha_family_shopping_in_Darjeeling.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gorkha_family_shopping_in_Darjeeling.jpg/398px-Gorkha_family_shopping_in_Darjeeling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gorkha_family_shopping_in_Darjeeling.jpg/530px-Gorkha_family_shopping_in_Darjeeling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="1974" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Males with <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_topi" title="Dhaka topi">Dhaka topi</a> shopping, Darjeeling, 2008</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:216px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_in_Traditional_Dress_-_Darjeeling_-_West_Bengal_-_India_(12406166323).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Women_in_Traditional_Dress_-_Darjeeling_-_West_Bengal_-_India_%2812406166323%29.jpg/169px-Women_in_Traditional_Dress_-_Darjeeling_-_West_Bengal_-_India_%2812406166323%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Women_in_Traditional_Dress_-_Darjeeling_-_West_Bengal_-_India_%2812406166323%29.jpg/254px-Women_in_Traditional_Dress_-_Darjeeling_-_West_Bengal_-_India_%2812406166323%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Women_in_Traditional_Dress_-_Darjeeling_-_West_Bengal_-_India_%2812406166323%29.jpg/338px-Women_in_Traditional_Dress_-_Darjeeling_-_West_Bengal_-_India_%2812406166323%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2282" data-file-height="2928" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Women in traditional dress, 2014</div></div></div></div></div> Darjeeling began to be an "administrative" town in independent India after being made the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling district</a> in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018367-15">[12]</a> During the period 1961–2011, the town's population increased at an accelerated rate (Figure 1).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018367-15">[12]</a> An "aspirational middle class" arose, comprising families of professionals in the administration, and retail and service industries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018367-15">[12]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Indian Gorkha</a>" is a term that denotes the Nepali-speaking people of India, as distinct from the Nepali-speaking inhabitants of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddletonShneiderman2018pp._158–159:_"Early_Nepali_literary_stalwarts_like_Parasmani_Pradhan_used_both_the_terms_''Nepali''_and_''Gorkha''_interchangeably..._Thus_early_associations_of_the_Nepalis_in_India..._used_the_word_"Gorkha"_to_denote_Nepalis_of_Indian_origin"_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddletonShneiderman2018pp._158–159:_"Early_Nepali_literary_stalwarts_like_Parasmani_Pradhan_used_both_the_terms_''Nepali''_and_''Gorkha''_interchangeably..._Thus_early_associations_of_the_Nepalis_in_India..._used_the_word_"Gorkha"_to_denote_Nepalis_of_Indian_origin"-119">[109]</a> As of 2016, the population of Darjeeling was predominantly Indian Gorkha. There were also smaller numbers of <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepchas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutia" title="Bhutia">Bhutias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marwari_people" title="Marwari people">Marwaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Biharis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamaRai201690-120">[110]</a> In the 2011 census,<a href="#cite_note-Mandal_2022-13">[11]</a> between them they practised <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (66.5%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (23.9%), <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (5.1%) and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (3.9%).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368-4">[4]</a> The Lepchas were considered the main indigenous community of the region; their original religion was a form of animism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamaRai201690-120">[110]</a> The Nepali community was a complex mix of numerous castes and ethnic groups, with many roots in tribal and animist traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamaRai201690-120">[110]</a> The accelerated growth of the town's population and the tightly packed living conditions in which different ethnicities mixed created syncretic cultures in Darjeeling which evolved away from their historical roots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamaRai201690-120">[110]</a> According to a 2014 study, although the demand for labour in the tea estates surrounding Darjeeling had stayed roughly constant since 1910, the population of Nepali-speaking workers and their families in the tea estates had grown throughout.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky201484-105">[96]</a> As the excess population migrated up to Darjeeling in search of jobs and housing, their cause was championed by the Gorkhaland movement in the 1980s; this had the effect of making a considerable number of non-Gorkha families leave their homes in Darjeeling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky201484-105">[96]</a> Seasonal migration out of Darjeeling has long been a local feature, especially among the lower-income groups; substantial migration among middle-class youth is a 21st-century occurrence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535-121">[111]</a> Many educated young people in Darjeeling have begun to migrate out because the growth of jobs in the area has not kept pace with the numbers of people with <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary degrees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535-121">[111]</a> For both groups of migrants, favoured destinations fall into three groups: <ul><li>neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Bengal" title="North Bengal">North Bengal</a> at the base of the Darjeeling hills;</li> <li>the large bustling cities of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, the capital of Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535–536-122">[112]</a> Those looking for immediate employment commonly work in call centres, beauty parlours, and dumpling stands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535–536-122">[112]</a></li></ul> Those looking for eventual employment in professional careers pursue higher education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535–536-122">[112]</a> Both groups have experienced racism and economic and social discrimination in India's big cities, caused by their distinctive, more East Asian, physical appearance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535–538-123">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling_Municipality_Wards_Schematic_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Darjeeling_Municipality_Wards_Schematic_Map.jpg/220px-Darjeeling_Municipality_Wards_Schematic_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Darjeeling_Municipality_Wards_Schematic_Map.jpg/330px-Darjeeling_Municipality_Wards_Schematic_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Darjeeling_Municipality_Wards_Schematic_Map.jpg/440px-Darjeeling_Municipality_Wards_Schematic_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>A schematic map of Darjeeling Municipality wards</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling_Municipality.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Darjeeling_Municipality.JPG/220px-Darjeeling_Municipality.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Darjeeling_Municipality.JPG/330px-Darjeeling_Municipality.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Darjeeling_Municipality.JPG/440px-Darjeeling_Municipality.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3931" data-file-height="2967" /></a><figcaption>Darjeeling Municipality building</figcaption></figure> The Darjeeling Municipality is one of the oldest in India, established on 1 July 1850, with ten <a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">wards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319-9">[9]</a> It was governed by commissioners who were nominated until 1916, then elected until 1932, and nominated again until 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319-9">[9]</a> After India's independence that year, the commissioners continued to be appointed until 1964, when the first election was held. It was overturned by a court injunction; further elections and continual interference by West Bengal's state government became the prevalent state of affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319-9">[9]</a> As of 2021, the municipality is governed by a board of councillors headed by a <a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">chairperson</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Chairperson#Vice-chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">vice chairperson</a>. The number of wards in the municipality increased to 32 in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319-9">[9]</a> Wards represent electoral subdivisions; in 2017, 32 councillors were elected, one from each ward.<a href="#cite_note-Chauhan_2017-124">[114]</a> The wards were reorganized and bifurcated in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319-9">[9]</a> The area of the town (municipality) was reduced from 10.75 square kilometres (4.15 sq mi) to 7.43 square kilometres (2.87 sq mi) in 2011 after bifurcation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319-9">[9]</a> By 2016, the municipality was surrounded by tea gardens and forestry department land and had minimal room for expansion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamaRai201690-120">[110]</a> In 2021 the town had approximately 22,000 households and 350 hotels and restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319-9">[9]</a> That same year the following statistics were collected: the municipality considered wards 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, and 25 to be the core areas; most businesses, hotels, restaurants, and educational institutions were located in these wards and they were better connected to municipal electricity and water;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonerSamanta20219-125">[115]</a> wards 10, 15, 20 and areas of ward 30 were the most developed, whereas wards 1, 2, 13, 14, 27, 31, and 32 were the most deprived;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonerSamanta202111-126">[116]</a> and the latter group of wards contained 37 slums in which 23% of the population of Darjeeling resided.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonerSamanta202110-127">[117]</a> In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gorkha</a>-dominated hill areas of Darjeeling district were given an autonomous form of governance under the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamaRai2016397-128">[118]</a> In 2012, the DGHC was replaced by a similar body called the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamaRai2016397-128">[118]</a> The elected members of GTA manage certain affairs of the hills, including education, industry and land revenue; they cannot legislate or levy taxes.<a href="#cite_note-129">[119]</a> The Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM) held power in the municipality until March 2022,<a href="#cite_note-Chauhan_2017-124">[114]</a> when it was defeated by the newly-formed <a href="/wiki/Hamro_Party" title="Hamro Party">Hamro Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IndExp_bhatta-130">[120]</a> Darjeeling town is within the <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Assembly_constituency" title="Darjeeling Assembly constituency">Darjeeling Assembly constituency</a> that elects one <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">member</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">West Bengal Legislative Assembly</a> in state legislative elections every five years.<a href="#cite_note-ABPLive_2022-131">[121]</a> The town is part of the <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)">Darjeeling parliamentary constituency</a> that elects one <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(India)" title="Member of Parliament (India)">member</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of India's <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Standard-132">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> A 2017 study described the Darjeeling area as entirely dependent on the production of tea and the inflow of tourists to create employment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorTaylor201796-133">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tea">Tea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tea">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling_tea_processing_unit_(7168687423).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Darjeeling_tea_processing_unit_%287168687423%29.jpg/260px-Darjeeling_tea_processing_unit_%287168687423%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Darjeeling_tea_processing_unit_%287168687423%29.jpg/390px-Darjeeling_tea_processing_unit_%287168687423%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Darjeeling_tea_processing_unit_%287168687423%29.jpg/520px-Darjeeling_tea_processing_unit_%287168687423%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Tea garden workers, some waiting to turn in their pickings; others have done so</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></div> Darjeeling tea is produced on plantations in which a few leaves<a href="#cite_note-134">[k]</a> on each <a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">tea bush</a> are plucked by women. During the tea bush's <a href="/wiki/Dormancy#Plants" title="Dormancy">dormancy</a> period in the short winter season, it is <a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">pruned</a> by the women to stimulate growth the following season. Unlike China, where the tea bush grew into a tree, the early British planters devised these means to <a href="/wiki/Monocropping" title="Monocropping">monocrop</a> tea in tightly packed hedges on vast estates. In the plantation factories, men operate machines to <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">ferment</a>, dry, and package the normally short-lived green tea leaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky20206-135">[124]</a> After India's independence in 1947, many of Darjeeling's governmental and economic arrangements remained unchanged. When British planters auctioned off their estates, they were bought by Indians from the plains or corporations from elsewhere in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton201810-136">[125]</a> Darjeeling's labour force had long consisted of workers recruited from Nepal. Mid-19th-century British <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnologists</a> had commended Nepalese for their step farming and other forms of settled agriculture in the Himalayan foothills. They were contrasted with Darjeeling's native population of the Lepcha at the time of British annexation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth200910-137">[126]</a> who practised "shifting agriculture".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky2017624-138">[127]</a> Planters believed that if allotted a house and a yard in which to grow vegetables and fruit, the Nepalis would be more inclined to stay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky2017624-138">[127]</a> The arrangement, which lasted during the colonial period, was formalized in independent India's Plantations Labour Act, 1951. As of 2017, workers maintain their two or three-bedroom homes which they do not own, become attached to their upkeep, and eventually hope to retire in them when an adult child who also works on the plantation inherits the house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky2017624-138">[127]</a> In 2017, the average basic daily wage (that is, without <a href="/wiki/Employee_benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee benefit">employee benefits</a>) of a Darjeeling tea garden worker was <a href="/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">Rupees</a> 144.60 (US$2.22) per day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202156-139">[128]</a> With benefits, it was Rupees 277.10 (US$4.26) per day.<a href="#cite_note-140">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202156-139">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202156-139">[128]</a> Comparatively, Darjeeling's tea estate workers were paid less in 2017 than tea estate workers in several <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">southern Indian</a> states.<a href="#cite_note-141">[m]</a> The auction price of Darjeeling tea for 2017 was comparatively higher.<a href="#cite_note-143">[n]</a> A 2017 study found that some 60% of the plantation labour jobs in the Darjeeling area were held by women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorTaylor201796-133">[123]</a> The protection and economic development of the tea labour force was one of the motivations for India's enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_Indications_of_Goods_(Registration_and_Protection)_Act,_1999" title="Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999">Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999</a>. According to a 2017 study, "India has pursued the recognition of iconic brands, not only to create market share but also to recognise the value of the GI system to encourage development in poor, rural regions with high unemployment rates. This is consistent with the broad <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a> objective to encourage trade liberalisation in developing countries to reduce poverty."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorTaylor201796-133">[123]</a> Darjeeling tea was given GI recognition in Europe in spite of some <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member nations objecting to the use of the indication for blended tea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarie-Vivien2017238-144">[130]</a> It was recognized in US Geographical Indication mark, "DARJEELING, Registration No. 1,632,726."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGervaisSlider201732-145">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling_Tea_Cultivation_Area_1951_to_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Darjeeling_Tea_Cultivation_Area_1951_to_2014.jpg/350px-Darjeeling_Tea_Cultivation_Area_1951_to_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Darjeeling_Tea_Cultivation_Area_1951_to_2014.jpg/525px-Darjeeling_Tea_Cultivation_Area_1951_to_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Darjeeling_Tea_Cultivation_Area_1951_to_2014.jpg/700px-Darjeeling_Tea_Cultivation_Area_1951_to_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Area of cultivation of Darjeeling tea in <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a>) from 1951 to 2014</figcaption></figure> Tea is produced in the Darjeeling hills and farther below in two different forms. Orthodox tea looks like the twisted and dried version of the green leaves on the bushes.<a href="#cite_note-146">[o]</a> The Darjeeling sub-division of the Darjeeling hills had 46 tea estates in 2017, producing mostly orthodox tea. This is commonly exported and is some of the world's most expensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas20219-78">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky20206–7-147">[132]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Crush,_tear,_curl" title="Crush, tear, curl">crush, tear, curl</a>, or CTC version, which is commonly grown in the Kurseong sub-division (with 29 tea estates), and the Kalimpong (with 6),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas20219-78">[70]</a> the tea leaves are mechanically manipulated, fired, and turned into tiny hard pellets that look like instant coffee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky20207-148">[133]</a> Cheaply available, and boiled with milk and sugar, when CTC tea was introduced into the Indian market in the early 1950s, it turned India into a nation of tea drinkers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky20208-149">[134]</a> The area of cultivation of Darjeeling tea increased from 16,569 hectares (in 1951) to a high of 20,065 (in 1990) and dropped to 17,820 (in 2014) according to a 2021 study.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202128-150">[135]</a> There were 99 tea estates in 1961; these increased until 1990 (when 102 were recorded) but dropped to 83 by 1995 and to 81 by 2014.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202129-151">[136]</a> The 20% drop from 1990 to 1995 was attributed in the study to India's economic liberalisation which came into force in the very early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202129-151">[136]</a> A 2017 study similarly reported the Indian tea industry to have been adversely affected by price drops after India's economic liberalisation in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535-121">[111]</a> Darjeeling tea garden owners invested their <a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">surpluses</a> in more profitable industries elsewhere,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535-121">[111]</a> causing a decline in productivity in the local tea industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535-121">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tea_Board_of_India" title="Tea Board of India">Tea Board of India</a> estimated 7,010,000 kilograms (15,450,000 lb) of Darjeeling tea was produced in 2021; this constitutes about 0.5% of total 1,343,060,000 kilograms (2.96094×109 lb) produced in India.<a href="#cite_note-teaboard.gov.in-152">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> Darjeeling has two peak tourism seasons, September to November and April to May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky2014107-153">[138]</a> A 2014 study suggested that domestic tourism is the foundation of the town's vacation business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky2014107–108-154">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chowrasta_(Darjeeling)" title="Chowrasta (Darjeeling)">Chowrasta</a> is a popular shopping and gathering area where a tourist might get their picture taken dressed in colourful and rustic local clothes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky2014107–108-154">[139]</a> The tea plantations below are particularly visited by foreign tourists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky2014107–108-154">[139]</a> Old bungalows in some plantations have been converted to deluxe lodgings in which rooms rent out dearly by any global standard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky2014107–108-154">[139]</a> Some tourists hold dear the escape to a peaceful, unspoilt, and picturesque landscape evoked in <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>'s 1962-film <a href="/wiki/Kanchenjungha_(film)" title="Kanchenjungha (film)">Kanchenjungha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky2014107–108-154">[139]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:256px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Terraced_gardens_in_Rock_Garden,_Darjeeling,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Terraced_gardens_in_Rock_Garden%2C_Darjeeling%2C_India.jpg/192px-Terraced_gardens_in_Rock_Garden%2C_Darjeeling%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Terraced_gardens_in_Rock_Garden%2C_Darjeeling%2C_India.jpg/288px-Terraced_gardens_in_Rock_Garden%2C_Darjeeling%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Terraced_gardens_in_Rock_Garden%2C_Darjeeling%2C_India.jpg/384px-Terraced_gardens_in_Rock_Garden%2C_Darjeeling%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A terraced rock garden in Darjeeling</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:256px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Buddhist_view.jpg/192px-Buddhist_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Buddhist_view.jpg/288px-Buddhist_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Buddhist_view.jpg/384px-Buddhist_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Peace_Pagoda,_Darjeeling" title="Peace Pagoda, Darjeeling">Peace Pagoda, Darjeeling</a> during rain</div></div></div></div></div> Darjeeling had become an important tourist destination as early as 1860.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb198671-5">[5]</a> Since India's economic liberalisation in 1991, tourism in Darjeeling has become cheaper, and Darjeeling, once considered a luxury destination, has become accessible to <a href="/wiki/Mass_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass tourism">mass tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535-121">[111]</a> A 2016 study recorded the tourist influx into Darjeeling town between 2009 and 2014 as ranging from a low of 243,255 individuals in the 2010–2011 season to a high of 488,675 in 2012–2013; the large majority were domestic tourists, with foreign tourists never comprising more than 35,000 annual visitors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamantaKoner201652-155">[140]</a> Darjeeling can be reached by the <a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">narrow-gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a> (DHR) which travels a route 88 km (55 mi) long from Siliguri.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013584-44">[37]</a> Pulled by steam <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a>, it moves at speeds of between 20 kilometres (12 mi) and 25 kilometres (16 mi) per hour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013584-44">[37]</a> Although the service was begun in the 19th century to move humans and freight efficiently, its primary clients today are tourists who are availing themselves of the opportunity to experience the <a href="/wiki/Mobilities" title="Mobilities">mobilities</a> of travel of a bygone era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013585–588,_590–592-156">[141]</a> After an international and national campaign for its support, the railway was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in December 1999 at the 23rd Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee held in Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-157">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013585-158">[143]</a> In Notes on Defining the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway: World Heritage Property, Unpublished manuscript. The DHR Archive, Kurseong, 2005, K. Weise had written: <blockquote>The railway begins on the plains of West Bengal and soon begins climbing through a remnant of lowland jungle, including stands of teak. As the railway climbs, so the flora changes and its upper sections are dominated by enormous Himalayan pines, which in misty weather give a surreal quality to the landscape. It frequently hugs the ages of hillsides with drops, often of thousands of feet, to the plains and valleys below. Towering over the entire scene is the perennially snow-covered bulk of Kanchenjungha. ... From Kurseong the railway offers frequent views of this stupendous mountain, which by Ghoom dominates the entire landscape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013554-159">[144]</a></blockquote> In a 1999 study, it was thought the tourist influx into Darjeeling had been adversely affected by the political instability in the region, including agitations in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199966-160">[145]</a> According to a 2018 study, tourism in Darjeeling is limited to a small area of the town so its effect on local employment is inadequate for alleviating Darjeeling's high unemployment rate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChettri2018151–152-161">[146]</a> According to the author, "The majority of the employees and almost all of the top ranking officers in West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation are Bengalis; locals generally get employed as photographers, drivers, and guides."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChettri2018151–152-161">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilities">Utilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Utilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Senchal_Lakes,_the_water_supply_source_in_relation_to_Darjeeling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_Senchal_Lakes%2C_the_water_supply_source_in_relation_to_Darjeeling.jpg/220px-Map_of_Senchal_Lakes%2C_the_water_supply_source_in_relation_to_Darjeeling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_Senchal_Lakes%2C_the_water_supply_source_in_relation_to_Darjeeling.jpg/330px-Map_of_Senchal_Lakes%2C_the_water_supply_source_in_relation_to_Darjeeling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_Senchal_Lakes%2C_the_water_supply_source_in_relation_to_Darjeeling.jpg/440px-Map_of_Senchal_Lakes%2C_the_water_supply_source_in_relation_to_Darjeeling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption>Map 2: A schematic map showing the <a href="/wiki/Senchal_Lake" title="Senchal Lake">Senchal Lakes</a> in relation to Darjeeling</figcaption></figure> The chief <a href="/wiki/Catchment_area" title="Catchment area">catchment area</a> for Darjeeling municipality's water is the <a href="/wiki/Senchal_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary">Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, located approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) to the southeast, covering an area of 37.97 square kilometres (14.66 sq mi) and lying between 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) and 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) in altitude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018372-99">[90]</a> Natural springs in the sanctuary, not all perennial, are the main source of the water supply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018370–372-162">[147]</a> The steep slopes of the surrounding ridges (at inclines of between 20° and 48°) can lead to high surface run-off, subsequent absorption, and collection of water in partially confined spaces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018370-163">[148]</a> Upon reaching a critical volume, this groundwater can surge out as seasonal springs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018370-163">[148]</a> Water collected from 26 perennial and seasonal springs is routed through stone conduits to the <a href="/wiki/Senchal_Lake" title="Senchal Lake">Senchal Lakes</a> (Map 2) constructed in 1910 and 1932. From Senchal the water is piped to the town after purification at a filtration plant in <a href="/wiki/Jorebungalow" title="Jorebungalow">Jorebungalow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018372-99">[90]</a> There are a combined 35 kilometres (22 mi) of pipes transporting water from Senchal to Darjeeling, and a further 83 kilometres (52 mi) in the <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_system" title="Water distribution system">water distribution system</a> within Darjeeling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018253–254-164">[149]</a> In the months before the monsoon during which water in the Senchal lakes is reduced, it is augmented by pumping water electrically from another reservoir located near <a href="/wiki/Khong_Khola" class="mw-redirect" title="Khong Khola">Khong Khola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018372-99">[90]</a> A 2012 report of the Darjeeling Municipality Waterworks Department stated that from the 1930s little or no maintenance had been undertaken on the water pipeline from Senchal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018253–254-164">[149]</a> Engineers in the department suggested that there might be up to 35% transmission loss, and more within Darjeeling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018253–254-164">[149]</a> Once in Darjeeling, the water is distributed along the colonial pattern, first serving more expensive and sought-after uphill neighbourhoods and then the low-income downhill ones, which have more restricted access to the supply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018253–254-164">[149]</a> The system was designed to serve a population of up to 20,000 individuals. Between 1911 and 2011, there had been a six-fold increase in the population of the municipality, not including the large number of transients such as students, migrant workers, and tourists (see <a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling_Municipality_10-yearly_census_data_from_1881_to_2011.jpg" title="File:Darjeeling Municipality 10-yearly census data from 1881 to 2011.jpg">Figure 1</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018253–254-164">[149]</a> Increasing demand has led to a worsening shortfall in the water supply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonerSamanta2021-165">[150]</a> As a result, many residents have to purchase water from private vendors who either supply it in water tankers or in hand-pushed carts; they sometimes collect the water from the local jhora or springs. (see <a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Darjeeling_Municipality,_Darjeeling_District,_West_Bengal_India.jpg" title="File:Map of Darjeeling Municipality, Darjeeling District, West Bengal India.jpg">Map 1</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018374-166">[151]</a> Larger private businesses are involved in supplying households but do so at a substantially higher cost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018374-166">[151]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Senchal_WLS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Senchal_WLS.jpg/192px-Senchal_WLS.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Senchal_WLS.jpg/288px-Senchal_WLS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Senchal_WLS.jpg/384px-Senchal_WLS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Senchal_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary">Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, during a downpour, July 2011</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling_India_truck_delivering_water_May_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Darjeeling_India_truck_delivering_water_May_2009.jpg/192px-Darjeeling_India_truck_delivering_water_May_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Darjeeling_India_truck_delivering_water_May_2009.jpg/288px-Darjeeling_India_truck_delivering_water_May_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Darjeeling_India_truck_delivering_water_May_2009.jpg/384px-Darjeeling_India_truck_delivering_water_May_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A water tanker delivering water in Darjeeling, May 2009</div></div></div></div></div> As of 2020, every day 30 <a href="/wiki/Metric_tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tonnes">metric tonnes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Solid_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid waste">solid waste</a> are generated in Darjeeling, and during the peak tourist seasons, the amount goes up to 50 metric tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaGhoshDebnathGhosh2020661–662-167">[152]</a> Bulk waste, which is chiefly produced in <a href="/wiki/Residential_area" title="Residential area">residential areas</a>, markets and hotels, is deposited in common dumping areas from which it is taken in <a href="/wiki/Tractor-trailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tractor-trailer">tractor-trailers</a> to dumping grounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaGhoshDebnathGhosh2020661–662-167">[152]</a> Open dumping, which is the disposal of waste in sites not designed for waste management, is commonly practiced, and has created economic and social tensions in Darjeeling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaGhoshDebnathGhosh2020661–662-167">[152]</a> In 1897 Darjeeling became the first town in India to be supplied by <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>, which was generated at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Sidrapong_Hydel_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidrapong Hydel Power Station">Sidrapong Hydel Power Station</a>; it was primarily for use in street lighting and private houses.<a href="#cite_note-169">[p]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[154]</a> Today, electricity is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_State_Electricity_Board" title="West Bengal State Electricity Board">West Bengal State Electricity Board</a> from other locations.<a href="#cite_note-171">[155]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Darjeeling" title="Transport in Darjeeling">Transport in Darjeeling</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:472px;max-width:472px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling_street_(8131988436).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Darjeeling_street_%288131988436%29.jpg/256px-Darjeeling_street_%288131988436%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Darjeeling_street_%288131988436%29.jpg/384px-Darjeeling_street_%288131988436%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Darjeeling_street_%288131988436%29.jpg/512px-Darjeeling_street_%288131988436%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Walking and taxis are the two main forms of getting around.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:GTA-Battery_powered_taxis_Darjeeling_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/GTA-Battery_powered_taxis_Darjeeling_2015.jpg/208px-GTA-Battery_powered_taxis_Darjeeling_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/GTA-Battery_powered_taxis_Darjeeling_2015.jpg/312px-GTA-Battery_powered_taxis_Darjeeling_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/GTA-Battery_powered_taxis_Darjeeling_2015.jpg/416px-GTA-Battery_powered_taxis_Darjeeling_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="1475" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Golf_cart" title="Golf cart">Golf cart</a>-style battery-powered taxi, 2015</div></div></div></div></div> Darjeeling has two major <a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">arterial roads</a>: Hill Cart Road—which is a continuation of <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_110_(India)" title="National Highway 110 (India)">National Highway 110</a> connecting Siliguri at the base of the Darjeeling hills to Darjeeling—and Lebong Cart Road (see <a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Darjeeling_Municipality,_Darjeeling_District,_West_Bengal_India.jpg" title="File:Map of Darjeeling Municipality, Darjeeling District, West Bengal India.jpg">Map 1</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018490-172">[156]</a> The average width of Darjeeling's roads in 2018 was between 6 metres (20 ft) and 7 metres (23 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018491-173">[157]</a> According to a Darjeeling Municipality report of 2008, a little over half (55%) of Darjeeling's roads were both metalled (paved with <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a>, or bitumen) and motorable; the rest were too narrow to admit traffic whether concrete roads or <a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">unpaved</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018490-172">[156]</a> There were three parking areas that were not located on the street and 13 on-street. Illegal parking along narrow roads has created congestion for both pedestrians and wheeled transport.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018491-173">[157]</a> As of 2018, Darjeeling had no public transport system of buses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018491-173">[157]</a> Less than one in 20 residents owned any form of vehicular transport, two-wheeled or four.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018491-173">[157]</a> For both locals and tourists motorized travel was limited to six- or eight-seater <a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">paratransit</a> taxis that have no set routes or timetables. Passengers embark and disembark in the central shopping district of the town, making the area both congested and polluted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018491-173">[157]</a> In 2015, in an attempt to tackle the pollution, the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA), which governs the district, introduced three battery-powered street-legal <a href="/wiki/Golf-cart" class="mw-redirect" title="Golf-cart">golf-cart</a>-taxis on a trial basis. The taxis had cost approximately <a href="/wiki/Rupees" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupees">Rupees</a> 36 <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</a> (or $14,670 in the 2015 exchange rate) per vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-battery-powered-174">[158]</a> Although the vehicles were factory-designed for a battery life of 60 kilometres (37 mi) before requiring a recharge, their batteries were found to run out in 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). Chalking up the disparity to the challenges of Darjeeling's steep streets, and the lack of mechanics to correct the malfunction, the administration withdrew the vehicles from the streets in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-battery-powered-174">[158]</a> Darjeeling can be reached by motorized vehicles on National Highway 110, from Siliguri, 77 km (48 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_BruynBainVenkatramanJoshi2008578-175">[159]</a> Darjeeling has road connections with <a href="/wiki/Bagdogra" title="Bagdogra">Bagdogra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> and the neighbouring towns of Kurseong and Kalimpong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_BruynBainVenkatramanJoshi2008578-175">[159]</a> However, road and railway communications often get disrupted in the monsoons because of landslides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalShaw2017367–369-176">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandalMondal20198-177">[161]</a> The nearest airport is <a href="/wiki/Bagdogra_Airport" title="Bagdogra Airport">Bagdogra Airport</a>, located 90 km (56 mi) from Darjeeling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_BruynBainVenkatramanJoshi2008578-175">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Darjeeling" title="Culture of Darjeeling">Culture of Darjeeling</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:472px;max-width:472px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple,_Observatory_Hill,_Darjeeling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Temple%2C_Observatory_Hill%2C_Darjeeling.jpg/232px-Temple%2C_Observatory_Hill%2C_Darjeeling.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Temple%2C_Observatory_Hill%2C_Darjeeling.jpg/348px-Temple%2C_Observatory_Hill%2C_Darjeeling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Temple%2C_Observatory_Hill%2C_Darjeeling.jpg/464px-Temple%2C_Observatory_Hill%2C_Darjeeling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="816" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Prayer flags festoon the <a href="/wiki/Mahakal_Temple_(Darjeeling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahakal Temple (Darjeeling)">Mahakal Temple</a>, built 1782</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_Church,_Darjeeling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/St_Andrews_Church%2C_Darjeeling.jpg/232px-St_Andrews_Church%2C_Darjeeling.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/St_Andrews_Church%2C_Darjeeling.jpg/348px-St_Andrews_Church%2C_Darjeeling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/St_Andrews_Church%2C_Darjeeling.jpg/464px-St_Andrews_Church%2C_Darjeeling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="996" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Church,_Darjeeling" title="St. Andrew's Church, Darjeeling">St. Andrew's Church, Darjeeling</a> (founded 1843) during a rare snowfall</div></div></div></div></div> The culture of Darjeeling is diverse and includes a variety of indigenous practices and festivals; it has a regional distinctness from the rest of India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddletonShneiderman20188-38">[31]</a> Mixing and intermarriage between ethnic groups have led to hybrid cultural forms and practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddletonShneiderman20188-38">[31]</a> Major festivals are <a href="/wiki/Dashain" title="Dashain">Dashain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>), <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest_Bengal_(India)1980126-178">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-179">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Jayanti">Buddha Jayanti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> is followed by some ethnic groups such as Tibetans, Lepchas, Bhutias, Sherpas, <a href="/wiki/Hyolmo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyolmo people">Yolmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurung_people" title="Gurung people">Gurungs</a>, and Tamangs; their common festivals are the Tibetan new year festival Losar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest_Bengal_(India)1980123-180">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saga_Dawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saga Dawa">Saga Dawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tendong_Lho_Rumfaat" title="Tendong Lho Rumfaat">Tendong Lho Rumfaat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-darjonlinefestivals-182">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kirati_people" title="Kirati people">Kirati</a> ethnic group <a href="/wiki/Rai_people" title="Rai people">Rais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_people" title="Sunuwar people">Sunuwars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yakkha_people" title="Yakkha people">Yakkhas</a> celebrate <a href="/wiki/Udhauli" title="Udhauli">Udhauli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubhauli" title="Ubhauli">Ubhauli</a> as their main festival.<a href="#cite_note-183">[167]</a> Popular <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> are <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>; other deities with both Hindu and Buddhist influences, such as <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matsyendranatha" title="Matsyendranatha">Macchindranāth</a>, are popular among <a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newar people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gorakhnath" title="Gorakhnath">Gorakhnath</a>, and worshipped by Gorkhas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest_Bengal_(India)1980123-180">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mahakal_Temple,_Darjeeling" title="Mahakal Temple, Darjeeling">Mahakal Temple</a> on Observatory Hill is a pilgrimage site for Hindu and Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-184">[168]</a> Followers of Tibetan Buddhism, or <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lamaism</a>, have established several <a href="/wiki/Gompa" title="Gompa">gompa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">monasteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest_Bengal_(India)1980123-180">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghoom_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoom Monastery">Ghoom Monastery</a> (8 km or 5 miles from the town), <a href="/wiki/Bhutia_Busty_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutia Busty monastery">Bhutia Busty monastery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mag-Dhog_Yolmowa_Monastery" title="Mag-Dhog Yolmowa Monastery">Mag-Dhog Yolmowa</a> preserve ancient Buddhist scripts. A <a href="/wiki/Peace_Pagoda,_Darjeeling" title="Peace Pagoda, Darjeeling">Peace Pagoda</a> was built in 1992 by the Japanese Buddhist organisation <a href="/wiki/Nipponzan_Myohoji" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipponzan Myohoji">Nipponzan Myohoji</a>.<a href="#cite_note-outlooktraveller_2018-185">[169]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Refugee_Self_Help_Centre" title="Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre">Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre</a>, Tibetan crafts like carpets, wood and leather work are displayed. The Darjeeling Initiative, a civil society movement, holds the ten-day <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Carnival" title="Darjeeling Carnival">Darjeeling Carnival</a>; it celebrates Darjeeling Hill's musical and cultural heritage each year usually in November.<a href="#cite_note-186">[170]</a> A literary culture has matured in the Nepali-speaking population of the Darjeeling region; in 2013, <a href="/wiki/Asit_Rai" title="Asit Rai">Asit Rai</a>, a resident and Nepali-language writer, was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Fellowship" title="Sahitya Akademi Fellowship">Sahitya Akademi Fellowship</a>, the highest honour of India's National Academy of Letters.<a href="#cite_note-sahitya-akademi-187">[171]</a> According to a 2017 study, Western music has long been popular in Darjeeling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiechty2017147-188">[172]</a> In the "lively hippie music scene" in Kathmandu in the late 1960s, some of the earliest "Western pop performers" were from Darjeeling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiechty2017147-188">[172]</a> The earliest Nepali-led hotel bands were from Darjeeling and many among them had played in hotels in Calcutta before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiechty2017147-188">[172]</a> A 2004 study suggested that one possible reason for such leadership might have been that many Nepalis in Darjeeling had become Christians and were no longer bound by Hindu caste prejudices in which "musical performance is associated with low caste standing".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiechty2017147-188">[172]</a> By the early 1990s, a common middle-class western popular music culture was much in evidence among the young people of Kathmandu, Nepal and the Nepalese-speaking youth in Darjeeling.<a href="#cite_note-190">[q]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiechty2003196–197-189">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Football_(soccer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Football (soccer)">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Darjeeling; the annual Gold Cup tournament was once a favourite event in the hills. An improvised form of ball made of rubber bands is often used for playing in the steep streets, and is known as <a href="/wiki/Chungi" title="Chungi">Chungi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nepali_Times-191">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[175]</a> Colonial architecture is exemplified in Darjeeling by cottages, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> churches,<a href="#cite_note-HTbuildings-193">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Planters%27_Club" title="Darjeeling Planters' Club">Planters' Club</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_Statesman_2020-194">[177]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Darjeeling" title="Raj Bhavan, Darjeeling">Raj Bhawan</a> and various educational institutions.<a href="#cite_note-archi-195">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2013442–461-196">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Food">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Under_the_watchful_eyes!_(8169221693).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Under_the_watchful_eyes%21_%288169221693%29.jpg/268px-Under_the_watchful_eyes%21_%288169221693%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Under_the_watchful_eyes%21_%288169221693%29.jpg/402px-Under_the_watchful_eyes%21_%288169221693%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Under_the_watchful_eyes%21_%288169221693%29.jpg/536px-Under_the_watchful_eyes%21_%288169221693%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4127" data-file-height="2635" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Momo_(food)" title="Momo (food)">Momos</a> in a roadside stall</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:398px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tongba_at_Hot_Stimulating_Cafe_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tongba_at_Hot_Stimulating_Cafe_%282%29.jpg/268px-Tongba_at_Hot_Stimulating_Cafe_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tongba_at_Hot_Stimulating_Cafe_%282%29.jpg/402px-Tongba_at_Hot_Stimulating_Cafe_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tongba_at_Hot_Stimulating_Cafe_%282%29.jpg/536px-Tongba_at_Hot_Stimulating_Cafe_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="2559" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Fermented <a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></div></div></div></div></div> The traditional dietary culture of the town of Darjeeling has much in common with that of the Darjeeling hills, though urbanisation has affected the food habits throughout the region. A mug of tea with milk, with or without sugar, is traditionally the first drink of the day. <a href="/wiki/Butter_tea" title="Butter tea">Butter tea</a>, made from <a href="/wiki/Compressed_tea" title="Compressed tea">compressed tea leaves</a>, butter, water, milk and salt is a popular delicacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537-197">[180]</a> The staple diet is eaten twice a day. The food in these regions is less spicy, cooked with either little or no oil, and semi-boiled. The first meal is eaten in the morning with cooked rice, <a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">dal</a>, cooked vegetables mixed with potatoes, some fermented meat or milk products—<a href="/wiki/Dahi_(curd)" title="Dahi (curd)">dahi</a>, or yoghurt; <a href="/wiki/Mattha" title="Mattha">mohi</a>, which is spicy buttermilk; and <a href="/wiki/Chhurpi" title="Chhurpi">chhurpi</a>, a kind of hard cheese made from <a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cow</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yak</a> milk—and pickles commonly called <a href="/wiki/Dal_bhat" title="Dal bhat">bhat-dal-tharkari-achar</a>. The second meal is dinner in the early evening, which consists of the same bhat-dal-tharkari-achar. Bhutia and Lepcha usually eat <a href="/wiki/Thukpa" title="Thukpa">thukpa</a> noodles in soup.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537-197">[180]</a> Traditionally, the people of the region have preferred cooked rice as the staple; however, <a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">roti</a> made of wheat is also popular, mostly among the urban population. Cooked ground maize is sometimes eaten as staple food mostly in rural areas, where it might be eaten with mohi and <a href="/wiki/Gundruk" title="Gundruk">gundruk</a>, a fermented vegetable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537-197">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Goyang_(fermented_food)" title="Goyang (fermented food)">Goyang</a>, another fermented food, is made from the leaves of a local wild plant, abundantly available during the monsoon. The leaves are fermented for a month and then consumed for several months afterwards. Boiled with yak meat or beef to make a hearty thukpa soup, it is commonly prepared in Sherpa homes though seldom sold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537-197">[180]</a> Some ethnic foods have cultural value in festivals. Celebration of festivals with the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Sel_roti" title="Sel roti">sel roti</a>, a fermented cereal-based fried doughnut-like confectionery, is a custom of the Gorkha. Dahi, a fermented milk product, is consumed as a savoury addition to daily diets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537-197">[180]</a> It is also used by the Gorkha to make a paste with rice and food colour for applying to the foreheads of the younger members of the family by their elders during festivals and marriages. Alcoholic drinks can have a similar dual purpose; in addition to being consumed directly they are offered to gods and in the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">veneration of the dead</a>. In some communities, they have been employed in <a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">spirit possession</a> rituals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537-197">[180]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> Gorkhas are vegetarians. <a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-vegetarian">Non-vegetarians</a> eat chicken, mutton, buffalo, and pork. Beef is taboo to a majority of the Gorkha except for Tamang and Sherpa. Newar prefers buffalo meat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537-197">[180]</a> About two-thirds of people prepare ethnic fermented foods at home for consumption. Cooking is usually done by women. Traditionally members of the family sit together on bamboo mats in the kitchen, and meals are served by the female members of the family and then usually eaten by hand, though chopsticks made of bamboo are commonly used by the Bhutia and Tibetans. Plates are made of brass or have a thin layer of brass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537-197">[180]</a> Popular alcoholic beverages sold in Darjeeling town include <a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">tongba</a>, Jnaard (pronounced as Jaar) and <a href="/wiki/Chhaang" title="Chhaang">chhaang</a>, variations of a local beer made from fermenting <a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">finger millet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamangSarkarHesseltine1988382-198">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[182]</a> A popular food in Darjeeling is the <a href="/wiki/Momo_(food)" title="Momo (food)">momo</a>, a steamed dumpling containing pork, beef, chicken or vegetables (cabbage or potatoes) cooked in a doughy wrapping and served with watery soup. <a href="/wiki/Wai-Wai_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wai-Wai (food)">Wai-Wai</a>, originally a product of Nepal, is a packaged snack consisting of noodles which are eaten either dry or in soup form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537-197">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:230px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling_India_march_for_increased_water_supply_May_10_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Darjeeling_India_march_for_increased_water_supply_May_10_2007.jpg/268px-Darjeeling_India_march_for_increased_water_supply_May_10_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Darjeeling_India_march_for_increased_water_supply_May_10_2007.jpg/402px-Darjeeling_India_march_for_increased_water_supply_May_10_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Darjeeling_India_march_for_increased_water_supply_May_10_2007.jpg/536px-Darjeeling_India_march_for_increased_water_supply_May_10_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1034" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Students join a march for increased water supply in Darjeeling, May 2007</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:348px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Darjeeling-32-Gruppe_tibetischer_Schueler-1976-gje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Darjeeling-32-Gruppe_tibetischer_Schueler-1976-gje.jpg/268px-Darjeeling-32-Gruppe_tibetischer_Schueler-1976-gje.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Darjeeling-32-Gruppe_tibetischer_Schueler-1976-gje.jpg/402px-Darjeeling-32-Gruppe_tibetischer_Schueler-1976-gje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Darjeeling-32-Gruppe_tibetischer_Schueler-1976-gje.jpg/536px-Darjeeling-32-Gruppe_tibetischer_Schueler-1976-gje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="2902" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Primary school children in 1976</div></div></div></div></div> A study conducted between 2012 and 2014 observed that the elite schools established in Darjeeling during the late 19th century for the education of British children<a href="#cite_note-200">[r]</a> were offering English-medium instruction of high quality to Indian children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534-201">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> boys' school, <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling">St Joseph's</a> (usually called North Point), the Anglican boarding school for boys, <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Paul's School, Darjeeling">St Paul's</a>, the co-educational <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> school <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon_School,_Darjeeling" title="Mount Hermon School, Darjeeling">Mount Hermon</a>, and the Catholic girls' school <a href="/wiki/Loreto_Convent,_Darjeeling" title="Loreto Convent, Darjeeling">Loreto Convent</a> (see <a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Darjeeling_Municipality,_Darjeeling_District,_West_Bengal_India.jpg" title="File:Map of Darjeeling Municipality, Darjeeling District, West Bengal India.jpg">Map 1</a>) were attracting students from faraway places, including Burma and Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534-201">[183]</a> North Point and Loreto had established colleges, <a href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_College,_Darjeeling" title="St Joseph's College, Darjeeling">St. Joseph's College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loreto_College,_Darjeeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Loreto College, Darjeeling">Loreto College</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Southfield_College" title="Southfield College">Southfield College</a>); these along with the <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Government_College" title="Darjeeling Government College">Darjeeling Government College</a>, a co-educational college founded in 1948, made up the three colleges of Darjeeling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534-201">[183]</a> All were affiliated to <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Bengal" title="University of North Bengal">University of North Bengal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[184]</a> The same study suggested that the private schools were no longer catering only to children of the affluent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534-201">[183]</a> Some lower-middle-class families in Darjeeling were sending their children to North Point and Loreto, despite their high fees, in order to give them better future opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534-201">[183]</a> By 2014, colleges had increased the enrollment of students from rural backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534-201">[183]</a> In fields such as engineering and computer science, the local colleges, however, were less able to offer the professional training or career placement facilities of India's growth centres, which had caused some students to leave Darjeeling after high school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534–535-203">[185]</a> In the Darjeeling municipality in 2003–2004, there were 16,015 students in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India#Primary_education" title="Education in India">primary schools</a>, 5,169 in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India#12th_(senior_secondary_or_Intermediate_Course)_exam" title="Education in India">higher-secondary schools</a>, and 3,825 in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India#Higher_education" title="Education in India">colleges and universities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeuchar201355-204">[186]</a> According to a 2013 study, few students attended college for there seemed little scope for realizing "middle-class aspirations in Darjeeling through educational credentials".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeuchar201355-204">[186]</a> It noted that the fees in the better-funded private colleges, although affordable for the upper-level government officials or successful businesspersons, were too high for the lower-middle-classes in town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeuchar201356–57-205">[187]</a> This put pressure on the only affordable college, the government college in the town's centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeuchar201356–57-205">[187]</a> It was lower-priced but poorly funded, with broken windows, leaking roofs, and absent teachers, causing the students to feel neglected and affecting their attendance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeuchar201356–57-205">[187]</a> The teachers for their part were unable to meet the extra demands placed on them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeuchar201356–57-205">[187]</a> A 2022 study noted that among the population of Darjeeling that lives in slums (comprising 11.72% of the town's population as per the 2011 census), 13% had finished primary school but had gone no further, 45% had finished high school (grade 10) but no further, 13% had finished higher-secondary (grade 10+2), and 10% had been to college.<a href="#cite_note-chhetri-slums-education-206">[188]</a> A 2018 study reported that the water crisis in the Darjeeling town has especially affected adolescent girl students who go to government schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoner201895–95-207">[189]</a> Many do not have <a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">access to hygiene facilities such as toilets and bathrooms</a>, either in their homes or at school, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_hygiene_management#Sanitation_facilities_at_schools" title="Menstrual hygiene management">hygiene management</a> during <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>. The study found that most toilets in government schools were not usable and that no government schools had "proper sanitary facilities for girls. There is no system of water in the toilets and no arrangement for cleaning the toilets daily." It stated that many girls do not drink water during the day for fear of having to use the school toilets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoner201895–95-207">[189]</a> Most tea plantations make no more than lower primary school instruction available on site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELama2022345-208">[190]</a> As a result, tea garden workers have typically had fewer opportunities for education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELama2022338-209">[191]</a> As of 2022, a little over a third of the female workforce and half the male were educated up to grade 8. The workers attributed this to their tea garden's remoteness and lack of means in the family during their childhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELama2022338-209">[191]</a> Some families have raised chickens or livestock or opened a <a href="/wiki/Corner_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Corner shop">corner shop</a> to make more money; their children have gone to nearby towns to study in private schools in which the medium of instruction is English, which is thought to offer better career opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELama2022345-208">[190]</a> The Nepali language was accepted as a teaching language in all primary schools with a Nepali-speaking majority in the Darjeeling district in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellner2014138–140-73">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> "In year 2001, the area of Darjeeling Municipality was 10.75 square kilometres (4.15 sq mi) but after the reorganization and bifurcation of wards in 2011, the town now covers an area of 7.43 square kilometres (2.87 sq mi) only."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> "The average altitude of Darjeeling Town is 6710 ft (about 2045 m.) However, the highest point in the Darjeeling district is <a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu</a> (close to 12,000 ft) which also happens to be the highest altitude point in the whole of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahamtullaRoyKhasim2020157-11">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> India did not have a decadal census in 2021 because of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>; the next one is a digital census planned for 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Mandal_2022-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "Population of the town experienced a rapid growth in the last fifty years, and Census of India (2011b) estimated the total population of the town is 118,805 persons (Tables 21.1 and 21.2)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018367-15">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> "The density of population in Darjeeling town is 15,990 persons per sq.km as per 2011 census report."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> "mist-enshrouded for half the year, on clear days the skyline is climaxed by the magnificent peak of Kangchenjunga".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpateLearmonth2017476-20">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> "Stories of Darjeeling's colonial founding are by now legion. In 1829, Captain George Lloyd and J.W. Grant were passing through Darjeeling en route to settle a border dispute between Sikkim and Nepal. The location was then known by local Lepcha peoples as Dorje-ling, or "Place of the Thunderbolt".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20185-23">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> East Bengal, now Bangladesh, which lies to the south of Darjeeling and extends southwards to the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, was awarded to Pakistan. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> It is 3,122 mm (122.9 in),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200655-89">[81]</a> according to one source and 3,082 millimetres (121.3 in) according to another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry2008369-90">[82]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Based on the data in Mondal and Roychowdhury, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018369-117">[108]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> the fabled, "two leaves and a bud" </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> The employee benefits for Darjeeling included Rs 14.20 (US$0.22) per day for foodgrains; Rupees 5.20 (US$0.08 in 2017) per day for dry tea, and Rupees 5.55 (US$0.09) for fuel (for cooking or heating).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202156-139">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> The same study recorded the basic 2017 daily wages (without employee benefits) for tea estate workers in the southern states of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> to be Rs 310 (US$4.76) per day, Rs 263 (US$4.04) per day, and Rupees 241 (US$3.7) per day respectively. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Rs 128.54 (US$1.97) per 1 kilogram (2.2 lb); whereas it was Rs 115.48 (US$1.77), Rs 99.07 (US$1.52), and Rs. 93.07 (US$1.43) for Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202158-142">[129]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Citing 2017 data, a 2021 study recorded the number of tea estates in the Darjeeling hills to be 81, but their yields per 1 hectare (2.5 acres) were generally less than 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb). </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> "Crompton helped Darjeeling to earn the distinction of possessing India's first water-turbine-driven hydroelectric generating station. The power station was situated at Sidrapong (1897) and at the heart of this were two turbo-dynamos of 100 HP each situated between the hospital and the Kotwalla jhora (spring), about 3 miles from the town and 3,500 feet lower. The plant was intended primarily for street lighting and private houses."<a href="#cite_note-168">[153]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> The author of a 2004 study recalled that at a 1991 Kathmandu "Rock and Roll Music Festival", an accomplished band, the "Hell Riders," from Darjeeling had star billing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiechty2003196–197-189">[173]</a> The crowd became restless when the group played music that appealed to an older audience (<a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steppenwolf_(band)" title="Steppenwolf (band)">Steppenwolf</a>), but sang along when they switched to contemporary popular groups like <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bon_Jovi" title="Bon Jovi">Bon Jovi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiechty2003196–197-189">[173]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> In the mid-to-late-1800s, missionaries had established schools, churches and welfare centres for British residents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivkovic20149-39">[32]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20186_1-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFShneidermanMiddleton2018">Shneiderman & Middleton 2018</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199947–48-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199947–48_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199947–48_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199947–48_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDasgupta1999">Dasgupta 1999</a>, pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202185–86-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202185–86_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202185–86_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202185–86_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202185–86_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddleton2021">Middleton 2021</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018368_4-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFMondalRoychowdhury2018">Mondal & Roychowdhury 2018</a>, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb198671-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb198671_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb198671_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb198671_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamb1986">Lamb 1986</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2022319–320-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2022319–320_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2022319–320_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2022319–320_6-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhattacharya2022">Bhattacharya 2022</a>, pp. 319–320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2022325–326-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2022325–326_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2022325–326_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhattacharya2022">Bhattacharya 2022</a>, pp. 325–326. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/trinamul-congress-props-bharatiya-gorkha-prajatantrik-morcha-at-civic-helm/cid/1910326">"TMC props BGPM at civic helm"</a>. The Telegraph. 17 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526115215/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/trinamul-congress-props-bharatiya-gorkha-prajatantrik-morcha-at-civic-helm/cid/1910326">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=TMC+props+BGPM+at+civic+helm&rft.date=2023-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fwest-bengal%2Ftrinamul-congress-props-bharatiya-gorkha-prajatantrik-morcha-at-civic-helm%2Fcid%2F1910326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChhetriLepcha2021319_9-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFChhetriLepcha2021">Chhetri & Lepcha 2021</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahamtullaRoyKhasim2020157-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahamtullaRoyKhasim2020157_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahamtullaRoyKhasim2020157_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahamtullaRoyKhasim2020157_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahamtullaRoyKhasim2020">Rahamtulla, Roy & Khasim 2020</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandal_2022-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_2022_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_2022_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandal_2022_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandal2022" class="citation web cs1">Mandal, Dilip (13 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/decade-without-data-why-india-is-delaying-census-when-us-uk-china-went-ahead-during-covid/954383/">"Decade without data – Why India is delaying Census when US, UK, China went ahead during Covid"</a>. The Print. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015359/https://theprint.in/opinion/decade-without-data-why-india-is-delaying-census-when-us-uk-china-went-ahead-during-covid/954383/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022. <q>In all likelihood, India will not have its decadal census any time soon. The logjam is such that it may lead to a situation where a whole decade goes by without any official data on India and Indians. 2021 was a Census year and the Narendra Modi government decided not to conduct it due to the Covid pandemic. Now, Home Minister Amit Shah has said that the next Census will be an e-survey and carried out by 2024—it will be India's first 'digital Census'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Print&rft.atitle=Decade+without+data+%E2%80%93+Why+India+is+delaying+Census+when+US%2C+UK%2C+China+went+ahead+during+Covid&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Fdecade-without-data-why-india-is-delaying-census-when-us-uk-china-went-ahead-during-covid%2F954383%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018367-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018367_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018367_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018367_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018367_15-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMondalRoychowdhury2018">Mondal & Roychowdhury 2018</a>, p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-nclm50-18"><a href="#cite_ref-nclm50_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf">"Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India: 50th report (delivered to the Lokh Sabha in 2014)"</a> (PDF). National Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. p. 95. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India%3A+50th+report+%28delivered+to+the+Lokh+Sabha+in+2014%29&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=National+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities%2C+Ministry+of+Minority+Affairs%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM50thReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-darj-pronunciation-19"><a href="#cite_ref-oed-darj-pronunciation_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Darjeeling" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/47293">"Darjeeling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Retrieved 17 August 2022. <q>Pronunciation: Brit. Eng. /dɑːˈdʒiːlɪŋ/, U.S. Eng /dɑrˈdʒilɪŋ/</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Darjeeling&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F47293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpateLearmonth2017476-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpateLearmonth2017476_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpateLearmonth2017476_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpateLearmonth2017">Spate & Learmonth 2017</a>, p. 476. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernbaum202232-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernbaum202232_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernbaum202232_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBernbaum2022">Bernbaum 2022</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20185-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20185_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20185_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20185_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20185_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20185_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20185_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20185_23-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFShneidermanMiddleton2018">Shneiderman & Middleton 2018</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Heath2005" class="citation book cs1">Everett-Heath, John (2005). "Darjeeling". Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Darjeeling&rft.btitle=Oxford+Concise+Dictionary+of+World+Place+Names&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Everett-Heath&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDozey1922" class="citation book cs1">Dozey, E. C. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ConciseHistoryOfDarjeelingDistrictSince1835/page/n1/mode/2up">A Concise History of the Darjeeling District Since 1835, with a complete itinerary of tours in Sikkim and the District</a>. N. Mukherjee. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62351881">62351881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Darjeeling+District+Since+1835%2C+with+a+complete+itinerary+of+tours+in+Sikkim+and+the+District&rft.pub=N.+Mukherjee&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62351881&rft.aulast=Dozey&rft.aufirst=E.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FConciseHistoryOfDarjeelingDistrictSince1835%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199947-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199947_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDasgupta1999">Dasgupta 1999</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199950-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199950_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDasgupta1999">Dasgupta 1999</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb198669-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb198669_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamb1986">Lamb 1986</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017118-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017118_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017118_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPradhan2017">Pradhan 2017</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-william-taylor-himalayan-journals-illustrator-31"><a href="#cite_ref-william-taylor-himalayan-journals-illustrator_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2003047601/">"Taylor, William 1808–1892"</a>. OCLC WorldCat Identities. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805040355/http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2003047601/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taylor%2C+William+1808%26ndash%3B1892&rft.pub=OCLC+WorldCat+Identities&rft.date=2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Flccn-no2003047601%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2022287-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2022287_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhattacharya2022">Bhattacharya 2022</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017118–119-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017118–119_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017118–119_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017118–119_33-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPradhan2017">Pradhan 2017</a>, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20188-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20188_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20188_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20188_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20188_34-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFShneidermanMiddleton2018">Shneiderman & Middleton 2018</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2018" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Jayeeta (2018). "Himalayan Darjeeling and Mountain Histories of Labour and Mobility". In Middleton, Townsend; Shneiderman, Sara (eds.). Darjeeling Reconsidered: Histories, Politics, Environments. Oxford University Press. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-948355-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-948355-6"><bdi>978-0-19-948355-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Himalayan+Darjeeling+and+Mountain+Histories+of+Labour+and+Mobility&rft.btitle=Darjeeling+Reconsidered%3A+Histories%2C+Politics%2C+Environments&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-948355-6&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Jayeeta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmour2006" class="citation book cs1">Gilmour, David (2006). The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-28354-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-28354-4"><bdi>978-0-374-28354-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2005044679">2005044679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ruling+Caste%3A+Imperial+Lives+in+the+Victorian+Raj&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2005044679&rft.isbn=978-0-374-28354-4&rft.aulast=Gilmour&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip2004" class="citation book cs1">Philip, Kavita (2004). Civilizing Natures: Race, Resources, and Modernity in Colonial South India. Rutgers University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3360-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3360-0"><bdi>0-8135-3360-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilizing+Natures%3A+Race%2C+Resources%2C+and+Modernity+in+Colonial+South+India&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8135-3360-0&rft.aulast=Philip&rft.aufirst=Kavita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddletonShneiderman20188-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddletonShneiderman20188_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddletonShneiderman20188_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddletonShneiderman20188_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddletonShneiderman20188_38-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddletonShneiderman2018">Middleton & Shneiderman 2018</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZivkovic20149-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZivkovic20149_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZivkovic20149_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZivkovic20149_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZivkovic20149_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZivkovic20149_39-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFZivkovic2014">Zivkovic 2014</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017125-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017125_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPradhan2017">Pradhan 2017</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146_41-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146_41-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146_41-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2017145–146_41-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFPradhan2017">Pradhan 2017</a>, pp. 145–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=9&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_266.gif">"Calcutta (Kalikata)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=9&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_001.gif">The Imperial Gazetteer of India</a>. Vol. IX Bomjur to Central India. Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. 1908. p. 260. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524220705/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=9&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_001.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022. <q>Capital of the Indian Empire, situated in 22° 34' N and 88° 22' E, on the east or left bank of the Hooghly river, within the Twenty-four Parganas District, Bengal</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calcutta+%28Kalikata%29&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Published+under+the+Authority+of+His+Majesty%27s+Secretary+of+State+for+India+in+Council%2C+Oxford+at+the+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1908&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fgazetteer%2Fpager.html%3Fvolume%3D9%26objectid%3DDS405.1.I34_V09_266.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengal1868" class="citation book cs1">Bengal, Presidency (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xn8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA125">Annual Report on the Administration of the Bengal Presidency for 1867–68</a>. Bengal Secretariat Press. p. 125. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220608194550/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xn8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA125">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022. <q>Material has been collected for two halting Barracks in the Darjeeling hill cart road near Sonadah, the site for which has been cleared.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+on+the+Administration+of+the+Bengal+Presidency+for+1867%E2%80%9368&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Bengal+Secretariat+Press&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Bengal&rft.aufirst=Presidency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXn8IAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013584-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013584_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013584_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013584_44-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoyHannam2013">Roy & Hannam 2013</a>, p. 584. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996117-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996117_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1996">Kennedy 1996</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996120–121-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996120–121_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1996">Kennedy 1996</a>, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996134-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996134_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1996">Kennedy 1996</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996138-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996138_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996138_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1996">Kennedy 1996</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996139-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996139_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1996">Kennedy 1996</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996141-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1996141_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1996">Kennedy 1996</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20189-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20189_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20189_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShneidermanMiddleton2018">Shneiderman & Middleton 2018</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20189–10-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton20189–10_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShneidermanMiddleton2018">Shneiderman & Middleton 2018</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202188-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202188_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddleton2021">Middleton 2021</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarker201794-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarker201794_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarker201794_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarker2017">Sarker 2017</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg,_S._H.1949" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, S. H., ed. (1949). "India". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pErODQAAQBAJ">The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1949</a>. Macmillan and Co. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27078-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27078-7"><bdi>978-0-230-27078-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929140819/https://books.google.com/books?id=pErODQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Year-Book%3A+Statistical+and+Historical+Annual+of+the+States+of+the+World+for+the+Year+1949&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=978-0-230-27078-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpErODQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScraseGanguly-ScraseDeuchar2016103–104-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScraseGanguly-ScraseDeuchar2016103–104_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScraseGanguly-ScraseDeuchar2016103–104_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScraseGanguly-ScraseDeuchar2016103–104_57-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFScraseGanguly-ScraseDeuchar2016">Scrase, Ganguly-Scrase & Deuchar 2016</a>, pp. 103–104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199961-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199961_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDasgupta1999">Dasgupta 1999</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1989" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Jahar (1989). "Appendix 5: The West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961". Darjeeling: A Favoured Retreat. Indus Publishing Company. pp. 107–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85182-15-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-85182-15-9"><bdi>81-85182-15-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+5%3A+The+West+Bengal+Official+Language+Act%2C+1961&rft.btitle=Darjeeling%3A+A+Favoured+Retreat&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=81-85182-15-9&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Jahar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtner202030-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtner202030_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtner202030_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrtner2020">Ortner 2020</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtner202031-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtner202031_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrtner2020">Ortner 2020</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtner202071-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtner202071_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrtner2020">Ortner 2020</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtner202073-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtner202073_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrtner2020">Ortner 2020</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtner202087-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtner202087_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrtner2020">Ortner 2020</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2013" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Peter H. (2013). The Summits of Modern Man: Mountaineering after the Enlightment. Harvard University Press. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04799-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04799-0"><bdi>978-0-674-04799-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Summits+of+Modern+Man%3A+Mountaineering+after+the+Enlightment&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04799-0&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunfeld2015190-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrunfeld2015190_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrunfeld2015190_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrunfeld2015">Grunfeld 2015</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein201918-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein201918_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstein2019">Goldstein 2019</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunfeld2015190–192-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrunfeld2015190–192_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrunfeld2015">Grunfeld 2015</a>, pp. 190–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962_69-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDasgupta1999">Dasgupta 1999</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962–63-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962–63_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962–63_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962–63_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199962–63_70-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDasgupta1999">Dasgupta 1999</a>, pp. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202189–90-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202189–90_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202189–90_71-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddleton2021">Middleton 2021</a>, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200696-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200696_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZurickPacheco2006">Zurick & Pacheco 2006</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellner2014138–140-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellner2014138–140_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellner2014138–140_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGellner2014">Gellner 2014</a>, pp. 138–140. "Nepali [...] was accepted as the teaching language for all primary schools with a Nepali majority in Darjeeling district in 1935, as a national literary language in 1973 and as a national language of India by inclusion in Schedule Eight of the Constitution in 1992." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199965-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199965_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDasgupta1999">Dasgupta 1999</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202194–95-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202194–95_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddleton2021">Middleton 2021</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202196-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202196_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202196_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202196_76-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddleton2021">Middleton 2021</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202196–97-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton202196–97_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddleton2021">Middleton 2021</a>, pp. 96–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas20219-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas20219_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas20219_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas20219_78-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoyBiswas2021">Roy & Biswas 2021</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-urbanmanagement-79"><a href="#cite_ref-urbanmanagement_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhawas2003" class="citation web cs1">Khawas, Vimal (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041020031749/http://www.mtnforum.org/resources/library/khawv03e.htm">"Urban Management in Darjeeling Himalaya: A Case Study of Darjeeling Municipality"</a>. The Mountain Forum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtnforum.org/resources/library/khawv03e.htm">the original</a> on 20 October 2004. Retrieved 1 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urban+Management+in+Darjeeling+Himalaya%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Darjeeling+Municipality&rft.pub=The+Mountain+Forum&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Khawas&rft.aufirst=Vimal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtnforum.org%2Fresources%2Flibrary%2Fkhawv03e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257_80-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257_80-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257_80-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257_80-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257_80-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990257_80-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerrard1990">Gerrard 1990</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandalMondal20191–2-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandalMondal20191–2_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandalMondal20191–2_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandalMondal20191–2_81-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandalMondal2019">Mandal & Mondal 2019</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990259-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990259_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerrard1990">Gerrard 1990</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2021" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Vinod K. (2021). "Catastrophic Landslides in Indian Sector of Himalaya". In Vilimek, Vit; Wang, Fawu; Strom, Alexander; Sassa, Kyoji; Bobrowsky, Peter T.; Takara, Kaoru (eds.). Understanding and Reducing Landslid Disaster Risk. Vol. 5. Springer. pp. 191–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-60318-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-60318-2"><bdi>978-3-030-60318-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catastrophic+Landslides+in+Indian+Sector+of+Himalaya&rft.btitle=Understanding+and+Reducing+Landslid+Disaster+Risk&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-030-60318-2&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Vinod+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990262-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerrard1990262_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerrard1990">Gerrard 1990</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThakurDasKumar202281–99,_85-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThakurDasKumar202281–99,_85_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThakurDasKumar202281–99,_85_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThakurDasKumar2022">Thakur, Das & Kumar 2022</a>, pp. 81–99, 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-PIB_quake-86"><a href="#cite_ref-PIB_quake_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740656">"Seismic Mapping"</a>. Press Information Bureau. 30 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015402/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740656">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Information+Bureau&rft.atitle=Seismic+Mapping&rft.date=2021-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2FPressReleasePage.aspx%3FPRID%3D1740656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018236-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018236_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018236_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrewRai2018">Drew & Rai 2018</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate-Data.org-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate-Data.org_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.climate-data.org/location/33809/">"Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table"</a>. Climate-Data.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001173425/http://en.climate-data.org/location/33809/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+graph%2C+Temperature+graph%2C+Climate+table&rft.pub=Climate-Data.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.climate-data.org%2Flocation%2F33809%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200655-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200655_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZurickPacheco2006">Zurick & Pacheco 2006</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry2008369-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarry2008369_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarry2008369_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarry2008369_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarry2008369_90-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarry2008">Barry 2008</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandi2016" class="citation book cs1">Mandi, Swati Sen (2016). Natural UV Radiation in Enhancing Survival Value and Quality of Plants. Springer Nature. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-322-2765-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-322-2765-6"><bdi>978-81-322-2765-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+UV+Radiation+in+Enhancing+Survival+Value+and+Quality+of+Plants&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-81-322-2765-6&rft.aulast=Mandi&rft.aufirst=Swati+Sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMDnormals-93"><a href="#cite_ref-IMDnormals_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf">"Station: Darjeeling Climatological Table 1991–2020"</a> (PDF). Climatological Normals 1991–2020. India Meteorological Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 April 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climatological+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.atitle=Station%3A+Darjeeling+Climatological+Table+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdpune.gov.in%2Flibrary%2Fpublic%2FClimatological%2520Tables%25201991-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMDextremes-94"><a href="#cite_ref-IMDextremes_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf">"Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)"</a> (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M233. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extremes+of+Temperature+%26+Rainfall+for+Indian+Stations+%28Up+to+2012%29&rft.pages=M233&rft.pub=India+Meteorological+Department&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimdpune.gov.in%2Flibrary%2Fpublic%2FEXTREMES%2520OF%2520TEMPERATURE%2520and%2520RAINFALL%2520upto%25202012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weatheronline.in/India/Darjeeling/UVindex.htm">"UV Index, Darjeeling"</a>. Weather Online India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015400/https://www.weatheronline.in/India/Darjeeling/UVindex.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UV+Index%2C+Darjeeling&rft.pub=Weather+Online+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatheronline.in%2FIndia%2FDarjeeling%2FUVindex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD-96"><a href="#cite_ref-DWD_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_422950_kt.pdf">"Klimatafel von Darjeeling, West Bengal / Indische Union"</a> [Climate table of Darjeeling, West Bengal / Indian Union] (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (German Meteorological Service). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530224015/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_422950_kt.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseline+climate+means+%281961%E2%80%931990%29+from+stations+all+over+the+world&rft.atitle=Klimatafel+von+Darjeeling%2C+West+Bengal+%2F+Indische+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_422950_kt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016165-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016165_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016165_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016165_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016165_97-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasumajumdar2016">Basumajumdar 2016</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016162-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016162_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016162_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasumajumdar2016">Basumajumdar 2016</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018372-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018372_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018372_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018372_99-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018372_99-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMondalRoychowdhury2018">Mondal & Roychowdhury 2018</a>, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016163-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016163_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasumajumdar2016">Basumajumdar 2016</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016164-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasumajumdar2016164_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasumajumdar2016">Basumajumdar 2016</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco2006108-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco2006108_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZurickPacheco2006">Zurick & Pacheco 2006</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaikawaPandayKang2019" class="citation book cs1">Saikawa, Eric; Panday, Arnico; Kang, Shichang (25 January 2019). "Air Pollution in the Hindu Kush Himalya". In Wester, Philippus; Mishra, Arabinda; Mukherji, Aditi; Shrestha, Arun Bhakta (eds.). The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment: Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People. Springer Nature. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-92287-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-92287-4"><bdi>978-3-319-92287-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Air+Pollution+in+the+Hindu+Kush+Himalya&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Kush+Himalaya+Assessment%3A+Mountains%2C+Climate+Change%2C+Sustainability+and+People&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft.isbn=978-3-319-92287-4&rft.aulast=Saikawa&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Panday%2C+Arnico&rft.au=Kang%2C+Shichang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarKumarSinghArif2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Ramesh; Kumar, Rajesh; Singh, Atar; Arif, M Mohammad; Kumar, Pankaj; Kumari, Anupma (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9329433">"Chemometric approach to evaluate the chemical behavior of rainwater at high altitude in Shaune Garang catchment, Western Himalaya"</a>. Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 122774–122817, 122777. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatSR..1212774K">2022NatSR..1212774K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-022-15422-0">10.1038/s41598-022-15422-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9329433">9329433</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35896609">35896609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Chemometric+approach+to+evaluate+the+chemical+behavior+of+rainwater+at+high+altitude+in+Shaune+Garang+catchment%2C+Western+Himalaya&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122774-%3C%2Fspan%3E122817%2C+122777&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9329433%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35896609&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-022-15422-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatSR..1212774K&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Rajesh&rft.au=Singh%2C+Atar&rft.au=Arif%2C+M+Mohammad&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Pankaj&rft.au=Kumari%2C+Anupma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9329433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky201484-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky201484_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky201484_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky201484_105-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesky2014">Besky 2014</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENegi1992185-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegi1992185_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegi1992185_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNegi1992">Negi 1992</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENegi199228–29-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegi199228–29_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNegi1992">Negi 1992</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-zoo-108"><a href="#cite_ref-zoo_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107112906/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/29/stories/2009102957821300.htm">"Himalayan Tahrs, Blue sheep for Darjeeling Zoo arrive from Japan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 29 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/29/stories/2009102957821300.htm">the original</a> on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Himalayan+Tahrs%2C+Blue+sheep+for+Darjeeling+Zoo+arrive+from+Japan&rft.date=2009-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2009%2F10%2F29%2Fstories%2F2009102957821300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-teri-109"><a href="#cite_ref-teri_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTERI2001" class="citation web cs1">TERI (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060623100515/http://static.teriin.org/reports/rep17/rep17.pdf">"Sustainable Development in the Darjeeling Hill Area"</a> (PDF). Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi. (TERI Project No.2000UT64). p. 20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.teriin.org/reports/rep17/rep17.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 June 2006. Retrieved 1 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Development+in+the+Darjeeling+Hill+Area&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Tata+Energy+Research+Institute%2C+New+Delhi.+%28TERI+Project+No.2000UT64%29&rft.date=2001&rft.au=TERI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.teriin.org%2Freports%2Frep17%2Frep17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackintosh20092-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackintosh20092_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackintosh2009">Mackintosh 2009</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENegi199243–48-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegi199243–48_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNegi1992">Negi 1992</a>, pp. 43–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENegi199246-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegi199246_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNegi1992">Negi 1992</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-panda-113"><a href="#cite_ref-panda_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/snow-leopard-red-panda-get-new-conservation-centre-in-darjeeling/">"Snow leopard, red panda get new conservation centre in Darjeeling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 27 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122111421/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/snow-leopard-red-panda-get-new-conservation-centre-in-darjeeling/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Snow+leopard%2C+red+panda+get+new+conservation+centre+in+Darjeeling&rft.date=2014-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fkolkata%2Fsnow-leopard-red-panda-get-new-conservation-centre-in-darjeeling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar,_A.Rai,_U.Roka,_B.Jha,_A._K.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, A.; Rai, U.; Roka, B.; Jha, A. K. & Reddy, P. A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055525">"Genetic assessment of captive red panda (Ailurus fulgens) population"</a>. SpringerPlus. 5 (1): 1750. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40064-016-3437-1">10.1186/s40064-016-3437-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055525">5055525</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27795893">27795893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpringerPlus&rft.atitle=Genetic+assessment+of+captive+red+panda+%28Ailurus+fulgens%29+population&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1750&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5055525%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27795893&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40064-016-3437-1&rft.au=Kumar%2C+A.&rft.au=Rai%2C+U.&rft.au=Roka%2C+B.&rft.au=Jha%2C+A.+K.&rft.au=Reddy%2C+P.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5055525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeglie,_DanieleRoy,_D.Giacoma,_CristinaMushahiddunnabi,_M.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Seglie, Daniele; Roy, D.; Giacoma, Cristina; Mushahiddunnabi, M. (2003). "Distribution and conservation of the Himalayan newt (Tylototriton verrucosus, Urodela, Salamandridae) in the Darjeeling District, West Bengal (India)". Russian Journal of Herpetology. 10: 157–162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Journal+of+Herpetology&rft.atitle=Distribution+and+conservation+of+the+Himalayan+newt+%28Tylototriton+verrucosus%2C+Urodela%2C+Salamandridae%29+in+the+Darjeeling+District%2C+West+Bengal+%28India%29&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Seglie%2C+Daniele&rft.au=Roy%2C+D.&rft.au=Giacoma%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Mushahiddunnabi%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahNarayan_ShahDomisch2012" class="citation journal cs1">Shah, Ram Devi Tachamo; Narayan Shah, Deep; Domisch, Sami (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worlddragonfly.org/article/13887890-2012-697399/">"Range shifts of a relict Himalayan dragonfly in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region under climate change scenarios"</a>. International Journal of Odonatology. 15 (3): 209–222. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012IJOdo..15..209S">2012IJOdo..15..209S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13887890.2012.697399">10.1080/13887890.2012.697399</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1388-7890">1388-7890</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83803104">83803104</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221090055/https://worlddragonfly.org/article/13887890-2012-697399/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Odonatology&rft.atitle=Range+shifts+of+a+relict+Himalayan+dragonfly+in+the+Hindu+Kush+Himalayan+region+under+climate+change+scenarios&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13887890.2012.697399&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83803104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1388-7890&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012IJOdo..15..209S&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Ram+Devi+Tachamo&rft.au=Narayan+Shah%2C+Deep&rft.au=Domisch%2C+Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworlddragonfly.org%2Farticle%2F13887890-2012-697399%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018369-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018369_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMondalRoychowdhury2018">Mondal & Roychowdhury 2018</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddletonShneiderman2018pp._158–159:_"Early_Nepali_literary_stalwarts_like_Parasmani_Pradhan_used_both_the_terms_''Nepali''_and_''Gorkha''_interchangeably..._Thus_early_associations_of_the_Nepalis_in_India..._used_the_word_"Gorkha"_to_denote_Nepalis_of_Indian_origin"-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddletonShneiderman2018pp._158–159:_"Early_Nepali_literary_stalwarts_like_Parasmani_Pradhan_used_both_the_terms_''Nepali''_and_''Gorkha''_interchangeably..._Thus_early_associations_of_the_Nepalis_in_India..._used_the_word_"Gorkha"_to_denote_Nepalis_of_Indian_origin"_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddletonShneiderman2018">Middleton & Shneiderman 2018</a>, pp. 158–159: "Early Nepali literary stalwarts like Parasmani Pradhan used both the terms Nepali and Gorkha interchangeably... Thus early associations of the Nepalis in India... used the word "Gorkha" to denote Nepalis of Indian origin". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamaRai201690-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamaRai201690_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamaRai201690_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamaRai201690_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamaRai201690_120-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamaRai201690_120-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamaRai2016">Lama & Rai 2016</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535_121-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535_121-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535_121-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017">Brown, Scrase & Ganguly-Scrase 2017</a>, p. 535. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535–536-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535–536_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535–536_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535–536_122-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017">Brown, Scrase & Ganguly-Scrase 2017</a>, pp. 535–536. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535–538-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017535–538_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017">Brown, Scrase & Ganguly-Scrase 2017</a>, pp. 535–538. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chauhan_2017-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chauhan_2017_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chauhan_2017_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChauhan2017" class="citation web cs1">Chauhan, Chanchal (17 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.india.com/news/india/darjeeling-municipality-election-results-2017-live-news-updates-2139743/">"Darjeeling Municipality Election Results 2017: GJM keeps Darjeeling, wins 31 seats; TMC 1"</a>. India.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214184908/https://www.india.com/news/india/darjeeling-municipality-election-results-2017-live-news-updates-2139743/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India.com&rft.atitle=Darjeeling+Municipality+Election+Results+2017%3A+GJM+keeps+Darjeeling%2C+wins+31+seats%3B+TMC+1&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft.aulast=Chauhan&rft.aufirst=Chanchal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.india.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fdarjeeling-municipality-election-results-2017-live-news-updates-2139743%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonerSamanta20219-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKonerSamanta20219_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonerSamanta2021">Koner & Samanta 2021</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonerSamanta202111-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKonerSamanta202111_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonerSamanta2021">Koner & Samanta 2021</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonerSamanta202110-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKonerSamanta202110_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonerSamanta2021">Koner & Samanta 2021</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamaRai2016397-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamaRai2016397_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamaRai2016397_128-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamaRai2016">Lama & Rai 2016</a>, p. 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719180442/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?728097">"Gorkhaland Territorial Administration Agreement signed"</a>. Outlook. 18 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?728097">the original</a> on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gorkhaland+Territorial+Administration+Agreement+signed&rft.pub=Outlook&rft.date=2011-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.outlookindia.com%2Fitem.aspx%3F728097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IndExp_bhatta-130"><a href="#cite_ref-IndExp_bhatta_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Bhattacharya, Ravik (4 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-hamro-party-formed-3-months-ago-won-darjeeling-civic-polls-7799232/">"Explained: How Hamro Party, formed 3 months ago, won Darjeeling civic polls"</a>. The Indian Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313155523/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-hamro-party-formed-3-months-ago-won-darjeeling-civic-polls-7799232/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Explained%3A+How+Hamro+Party%2C+formed+3+months+ago%2C+won+Darjeeling+civic+polls&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Ravik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fhow-hamro-party-formed-3-months-ago-won-darjeeling-civic-polls-7799232%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABPLive_2022-131"><a href="#cite_ref-ABPLive_2022_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-darjeeling-constituency-23.html">"Darjeeling Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners West Bengal Darjeeling Constituency Election News LIVE"</a>. ABP News. 2 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801235413/https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-darjeeling-constituency-23.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABP+News&rft.atitle=Darjeeling+Election+Results+2021+LIVE%2C+Vote+Counting%2C+Leading%2C+Trailing%2C+Winners+West+Bengal+Darjeeling+Constituency+Election+News+LIVE&rft.date=2021-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abplive.com%2Felections%2Fwest-bengal-election-results-2021%2Fwb-darjeeling-constituency-23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Standard-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Standard_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/west-bengal/darjeeling-election-results-36_1372.html">"Darjeeling Lok Sabha Election Results 2019: Darjeeling Election Result 2019"</a>. Business Standard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220724000206/https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/west-bengal/darjeeling-election-results-36_1372.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Darjeeling+Lok+Sabha+Election+Results+2019%3A+Darjeeling+Election+Result+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Felections%2Flok-sabha-elections-2019%2Fwest-bengal%2Fdarjeeling-election-results-36_1372.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorTaylor201796-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorTaylor201796_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorTaylor201796_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorTaylor201796_133-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylorTaylor2017">Taylor & Taylor 2017</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky20206-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky20206_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesky2020">Besky 2020</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton201810-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShneidermanMiddleton201810_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShneidermanMiddleton2018">Shneiderman & Middleton 2018</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth200910-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth200910_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBooth2009">Booth 2009</a>, p. 10. "Workers were needed to meet the increasing demands for Darjeeling tea, and Nepalis were considered more suitable for tea cultivation than local groups such as the Lepcha. By British estimations, Nepali people had been farming on hill terraces in the Kathmandu Valley for thousands of years, and so the cultural practices and technical skills necessary to work in tea plantations were already ingrained and would not need to be taught." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky2017624-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky2017624_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky2017624_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky2017624_138-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesky2017">Besky 2017</a>, p. 624. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202156-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202156_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202156_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202156_139-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202156_139-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoyBiswas2021">Roy & Biswas 2021</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202158-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202158_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoyBiswas2021">Roy & Biswas 2021</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarie-Vivien2017238-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarie-Vivien2017238_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarie-Vivien2017">Marie-Vivien 2017</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGervaisSlider201732-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGervaisSlider201732_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGervaisSlider2017">Gervais & Slider 2017</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky20206–7-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky20206–7_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesky2020">Besky 2020</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky20207-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky20207_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesky2020">Besky 2020</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky20208-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky20208_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesky2020">Besky 2020</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202128-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202128_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoyBiswas2021">Roy & Biswas 2021</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202129-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202129_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyBiswas202129_151-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoyBiswas2021">Roy & Biswas 2021</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-teaboard.gov.in-152"><a href="#cite_ref-teaboard.gov.in_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTea_Board_of_India" class="citation web cs1">Tea Board of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713223725/https://www.teaboard.gov.in/pdf/Production_data_for_2021_and_2021_22_pdf223.pdf">"State/region wise and month wise tea production data for the year 2021"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teaboard.gov.in/pdf/Production_data_for_2021_and_2021_22_pdf223.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State%2Fregion+wise+and+month+wise+tea+production+data+for+the+year+2021&rft.au=Tea+Board+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teaboard.gov.in%2Fpdf%2FProduction_data_for_2021_and_2021_22_pdf223.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky2014107-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky2014107_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesky2014">Besky 2014</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesky2014107–108-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky2014107–108_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky2014107–108_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky2014107–108_154-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky2014107–108_154-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesky2014107–108_154-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesky2014">Besky 2014</a>, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamantaKoner201652-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamantaKoner201652_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamantaKoner2016">Samanta & Koner 2016</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013585–588,_590–592-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013585–588,_590–592_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoyHannam2013">Roy & Hannam 2013</a>, pp. 585–588, 590–592. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAygen2013" class="citation book cs1">Aygen, Zeynep (2013). International Heritage and Historic Building Conservation: Saving the World's Past. Routledge Studies in Heritage Series. Routledge. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88814-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88814-1"><bdi>978-0-415-88814-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society was formed in 1997 in London to demonstrate both international and national concern in India about plans to close the historic Darjeeling Himalayan Railway in the early 1990s. This led directly to the railway being inscribed by UNESCO in 1999 as a World Heritage Site.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Heritage+and+Historic+Building+Conservation%3A+Saving+the+World%27s+Past&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Heritage+Series&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-88814-1&rft.aulast=Aygen&rft.aufirst=Zeynep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013585-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013585_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoyHannam2013">Roy & Hannam 2013</a>, p. 585. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013554-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyHannam2013554_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoyHannam2013">Roy & Hannam 2013</a>, p. 554. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199966-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199966_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDasgupta1999">Dasgupta 1999</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChettri2018151–152-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChettri2018151–152_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChettri2018151–152_161-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChettri2018">Chettri 2018</a>, pp. 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018370–372-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018370–372_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMondalRoychowdhury2018">Mondal & Roychowdhury 2018</a>, pp. 370–372. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018370-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018370_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018370_163-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMondalRoychowdhury2018">Mondal & Roychowdhury 2018</a>, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018253–254-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018253–254_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018253–254_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018253–254_164-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018253–254_164-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewRai2018253–254_164-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrewRai2018">Drew & Rai 2018</a>, pp. 253–254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonerSamanta2021-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKonerSamanta2021_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonerSamanta2021">Koner & Samanta 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018374-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018374_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalRoychowdhury2018374_166-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMondalRoychowdhury2018">Mondal & Roychowdhury 2018</a>, p. 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaGhoshDebnathGhosh2020661–662-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaGhoshDebnathGhosh2020661–662_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaGhoshDebnathGhosh2020661–662_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaGhoshDebnathGhosh2020661–662_167-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuttaGhoshDebnathGhosh2020">Dutta et al. 2020</a>, pp. 661–662. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2020" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Suvobrata (2020). Let there be Light: Engineering, Enreprenaurship and Electricity in Colonial Bengal, 1880–1945. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83598-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83598-5"><bdi>978-1-108-83598-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+there+be+Light%3A+Engineering%2C+Enreprenaurship+and+Electricity+in+Colonial+Bengal%2C+1880%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-83598-5&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Suvobrata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradnock2016" class="citation book cs1">Bradnock, Robert W (2016). The Routledge Atlas of South Asian Affairs. Cartography by Catherine Lawrence. Routledge. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-54512-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-54512-9"><bdi>978-0-415-54512-9</bdi></a>. <q>India's first hydro-power plant, located near Darjiling (Darjeeling), started production in 1897.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Atlas+of+South+Asian+Affairs&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-415-54512-9&rft.aulast=Bradnock&rft.aufirst=Robert+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwasthiPandey2021" class="citation book cs1">Awasthi, Shambhu Ratan; Pandey, Shiv Vishal (24 March 2021). Renewable Energy from Small & Micro Hydro Projects: Practical Aspects and Case Studies. TERI: The Energy and Resources Institute. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-8653-092-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-8653-092-9"><bdi>978-93-8653-092-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renewable+Energy+from+Small+%26+Micro+Hydro+Projects%3A+Practical+Aspects+and+Case+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=TERI%3A+The+Energy+and+Resources+Institute&rft.date=2021-03-24&rft.isbn=978-93-8653-092-9&rft.aulast=Awasthi&rft.aufirst=Shambhu+Ratan&rft.au=Pandey%2C+Shiv+Vishal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018490-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018490_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018490_172-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNagPaulSahaGoswami2018">Nag et al. 2018</a>, p. 490. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018491-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018491_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018491_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018491_173-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018491_173-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagPaulSahaGoswami2018491_173-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFNagPaulSahaGoswami2018">Nag et al. 2018</a>, p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-battery-powered-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph-battery-powered_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph-battery-powered_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChhetri2016" class="citation news cs1">Chhetri, Vivek (10 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/battery-cars-go-off-roads/cid/1524781">"Battery cars go off roads: GTA lacks mechanics to repair vehicles bought for Rs 36 lakh"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713155504/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/battery-cars-go-off-roads/cid/1524781">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Battery+cars+go+off+roads%3A+GTA+lacks+mechanics+to+repair+vehicles+bought+for+Rs+36+lakh&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft.aulast=Chhetri&rft.aufirst=Vivek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fwest-bengal%2Fbattery-cars-go-off-roads%2Fcid%2F1524781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_BruynBainVenkatramanJoshi2008578-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_BruynBainVenkatramanJoshi2008578_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_BruynBainVenkatramanJoshi2008578_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_BruynBainVenkatramanJoshi2008578_175-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_BruynBainVenkatramanJoshi2008">de Bruyn et al. 2008</a>, p. 578. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalShaw2017367–369-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalShaw2017367–369_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalShaw2017">Pal & Shaw 2017</a>, pp. 367–369. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandalMondal20198-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandalMondal20198_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandalMondal2019">Mandal & Mondal 2019</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest_Bengal_(India)1980126-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest_Bengal_(India)1980126_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest_Bengal_(India)1980">West Bengal (India) 1980</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darjeeling.gov.in/festival/maghey-sakranti/">"Maghey Sankranti"</a>. Government of West Bengal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015403/https://darjeeling.gov.in/festival/maghey-sakranti/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maghey+Sankranti&rft.pub=Government+of+West+Bengal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdarjeeling.gov.in%2Ffestival%2Fmaghey-sakranti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest_Bengal_(India)1980123-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest_Bengal_(India)1980123_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest_Bengal_(India)1980123_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest_Bengal_(India)1980123_180-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest_Bengal_(India)1980">West Bengal (India) 1980</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawal2020" class="citation web cs1">Agrawal, Shruti (27 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://garlandmag.com/article/saga-dawa-the-blessing-of-the-scriptures/">"Saga Dawa: The blessing of the scriptures"</a>. Garland Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205185634/https://garlandmag.com/article/saga-dawa-the-blessing-of-the-scriptures/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saga+Dawa%3A+The+blessing+of+the+scriptures&rft.pub=Garland+Magazine&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=Shruti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgarlandmag.com%2Farticle%2Fsaga-dawa-the-blessing-of-the-scriptures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-darjonlinefestivals-182"><a href="#cite_ref-darjonlinefestivals_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darjeelingonline.in/city-guide/festivals-of-darjeeling">"Festivals of Darjeeling"</a>. Darjeeling Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015402/https://www.darjeelingonline.in/city-guide/festivals-of-darjeeling">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festivals+of+Darjeeling&rft.pub=Darjeeling+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darjeelingonline.in%2Fcity-guide%2Ffestivals-of-darjeeling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecsas2021.univie.ac.at/panels/s1eqe/">"Cultural Flows in the Singalila Borderlands Trans-Border Linkages in East-Nepal, Sikkim and Darjeeling"</a>. ECSAS 26th European Conference on South Asian Studies. European Association for South Asian Studies. 28 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531181033/https://ecsas2021.univie.ac.at/panels/s1eqe/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ECSAS+26th+European+Conference+on+South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Cultural+Flows+in+the+Singalila+Borderlands+Trans-Border+Linkages+in+East-Nepal%2C+Sikkim+and+Darjeeling&rft.date=2021-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecsas2021.univie.ac.at%2Fpanels%2Fs1eqe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChodon2018" class="citation web cs1">Chodon, Thinley (21 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/67546/mahakal-mandir-darjeeling">"There is much more to the queen of hill stations than clock towers, post offices, toy tra\ins and tea. Welcome to the land of pious pleasure and holiness...on a height!"</a>. Outlook Traveller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131434/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/67546/mahakal-mandir-darjeeling">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outlook+Traveller&rft.atitle=There+is+much+more+to+the+queen+of+hill+stations+than+clock+towers%2C+post+offices%2C+toy+tra%5Cins+and+tea.+Welcome+to+the+land+of+pious+pleasure+and+holiness...on+a+height%21&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft.aulast=Chodon&rft.aufirst=Thinley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Foutlooktraveller%2Fexplore%2Fstory%2F67546%2Fmahakal-mandir-darjeeling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-outlooktraveller_2018-185"><a href="#cite_ref-outlooktraveller_2018_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69012/a-peace-pagoda-pathway-discover-the-lesser-seen-locations-around-india">"A Peace Pagoda Pathway: Discover The Lesser-Seen Locations Around India"</a>. Outlook Traveller. 5 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220213195156/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69012/a-peace-pagoda-pathway-discover-the-lesser-seen-locations-around-india">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outlook+Traveller&rft.atitle=A+Peace+Pagoda+Pathway%3A+Discover+The+Lesser-Seen+Locations+Around+India&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Foutlooktraveller%2Fexplore%2Fstory%2F69012%2Fa-peace-pagoda-pathway-discover-the-lesser-seen-locations-around-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyay2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chattopadhyay, S.S. (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107132238/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2025/stories/20031219000306600.htm">"The spirit of Darjeeling"</a>. Frontline. 20 (25). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2025/stories/20031219000306600.htm">the original</a> on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=The+spirit+of+Darjeeling&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=25&rft.date=2003-12&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyay&rft.aufirst=S.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Ffline%2Ffl2025%2Fstories%2F20031219000306600.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sahitya-akademi-187"><a href="#cite_ref-sahitya-akademi_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahitya_Akademi" class="citation web cs1">Sahitya Akademi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/fellows/sahitya_akademi_fellowship.jsp">"Sahitya Akademi Fellowship: Fellows"</a>. Sahitya Akademi, National Academy of Letters, India. Retrieved 7 July 2022. <q>The highest honour conferred by the Akademi on a writer is by electing him as its Fellow. This honour is reserved for 'the immortals of literature' and limited to twenty-one (individuals) only at any given time. ... 2013: Sri Asit Rai (1940–2019)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sahitya+Akademi+Fellowship%3A+Fellows&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi%2C+National+Academy+of+Letters%2C+India&rft.au=Sahitya+Akademi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsahitya-akademi.gov.in%2Ffellows%2Fsahitya_akademi_fellowship.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiechty2017147-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiechty2017147_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiechty2017147_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiechty2017147_188-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiechty2017147_188-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiechty2017">Liechty 2017</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiechty2003196–197-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiechty2003196–197_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiechty2003196–197_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiechty2003196–197_189-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiechty2003">Liechty 2003</a>, pp. 196–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nepali_Times-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Nepali_Times_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=9219#.Yg5O9E3MK3A">"Chungi on the Chowrasta- Nepali Times"</a>. Nepali Times. 1 December 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531170100/http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=9219#.Yg5O9E3MK3A">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nepali+Times&rft.atitle=Chungi+on+the+Chowrasta-+Nepali+Times&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.nepalitimes.com%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D9219%23.Yg5O9E3MK3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna2019" class="citation web cs1">Krishna, Bal (9 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedarjeelingchronicle.com/darjeeling-games-we-played/">"Darjeeling – Games We Played"</a>. The Darjeeling Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217133744/https://thedarjeelingchronicle.com/darjeeling-games-we-played/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Darjeeling+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Darjeeling+%E2%80%93+Games+We+Played&rft.date=2019-03-09&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=Bal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedarjeelingchronicle.com%2Fdarjeeling-games-we-played%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTbuildings-193"><a href="#cite_ref-HTbuildings_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/darjeeling-s-british-legacy-a-journey-in-time/story-7hPeYh3E6MvdCISrqNDUzM.html">"Darjeeling's British legacy: A journey in time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindustan_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hindustan Times">The Hindustan Times</a>. 11 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220212232722/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/darjeeling-s-british-legacy-a-journey-in-time/story-7hPeYh3E6MvdCISrqNDUzM.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Darjeeling%27s+British+legacy%3A+A+journey+in+time&rft.date=2017-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fdarjeeling-s-british-legacy-a-journey-in-time%2Fstory-7hPeYh3E6MvdCISrqNDUzM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Statesman_2020-194"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Statesman_2020_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/planters-club-members-want-lost-glory-back-1502855976.html">"Planters Club members want lost glory back"</a>. The Statesman. 14 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220213165754/https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/planters-club-members-want-lost-glory-back-1502855976.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Statesman&rft.atitle=Planters+Club+members+want+lost+glory+back&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestatesman.com%2Fbengal%2Fplanters-club-members-want-lost-glory-back-1502855976.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archi-195"><a href="#cite_ref-archi_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasguptaGarg2016" class="citation web cs1">Dasgupta, Suryendu; Garg, Pushplata (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342145361">"Transformation of Architectural Character of Darjeeling"</a>. Urban heritage conservation of Colonial hill stations of India: A case of Darjeeling. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urban+heritage+conservation+of+Colonial+hill+stations+of+India%3A+A+case+of+Darjeeling.&rft.atitle=Transformation+of+Architectural+Character+of+Darjeeling&rft.date=2016-11&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Suryendu&rft.au=Garg%2C+Pushplata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F342145361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2013442–461-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2013442–461_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhattacharya2013">Bhattacharya 2013</a>, p. 442–461. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537_197-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537_197-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537_197-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537_197-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537_197-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537_197-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537_197-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapaTamang2020479–537_197-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFThapaTamang2020">Thapa & Tamang 2020</a>, pp. 479–537. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETamangSarkarHesseltine1988382-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamangSarkarHesseltine1988382_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTamangSarkarHesseltine1988">Tamang, Sarkar & Hesseltine 1988</a>, p. 382. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Ä._Jaschke1881" class="citation book cs1">H. Ä. Jaschke (1881). A Tibetan-English Dictionary (1987 reprint ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0321-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0321-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0321-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tibetan-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=341&rft.edition=1987+reprint&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidas&rft.date=1881&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0321-3&rft.au=H.+%C3%84.+Jaschke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534_201-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534_201-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534_201-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534_201-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534_201-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017">Brown, Scrase & Ganguly-Scrase 2017</a>, p. 534. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChhetri2019" class="citation news cs1">Chhetri, Vivek (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/darjeeling-mla-amar-singh-rai-is-son-of-soil-nominee/cid/1686723">"Darjeeling MLA Amar Singh Rai is "son of soil" nominee"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220430130509/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/darjeeling-mla-amar-singh-rai-is-son-of-soil-nominee/cid/1686723">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Darjeeling+MLA+Amar+Singh+Rai+is+%22son+of+soil%22+nominee&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft.aulast=Chhetri&rft.aufirst=Vivek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fwest-bengal%2Fdarjeeling-mla-amar-singh-rai-is-son-of-soil-nominee%2Fcid%2F1686723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534–535-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017534–535_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017">Brown, Scrase & Ganguly-Scrase 2017</a>, pp. 534–535. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeuchar201355-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeuchar201355_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeuchar201355_204-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeuchar2013">Deuchar 2013</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeuchar201356–57-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeuchar201356–57_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeuchar201356–57_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeuchar201356–57_205-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeuchar201356–57_205-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeuchar2013">Deuchar 2013</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-chhetri-slums-education-206"><a href="#cite_ref-chhetri-slums-education_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChhetri2022" class="citation journal cs1">Chhetri, Bishal (3 August 2022). "Assessing the urban sustainability of the slum settlements in the hill resorts of India: a case study of Darjeeling town". GeoJournal. 88 (2). Springer Nature: 11–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10708-022-10728-y">10.1007/s10708-022-10728-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251331284">251331284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoJournal&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+urban+sustainability+of+the+slum+settlements+in+the+hill+resorts+of+India%3A+a+case+study+of+Darjeeling+town&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2022-08-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10708-022-10728-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251331284%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chhetri&rft.aufirst=Bishal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoner201895–95-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoner201895–95_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoner201895–95_207-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoner2018">Koner 2018</a>, pp. 95–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELama2022345-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELama2022345_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELama2022345_208-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLama2022">Lama 2022</a>, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELama2022338-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELama2022338_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELama2022338_209-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLama2022">Lama 2022</a>, p. 338. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2008" class="citation book cs1">Barry, Roger G. (2008). Mountain Weather and Climate (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86295-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86295-0"><bdi>978-0-521-86295-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountain+Weather+and+Climate&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86295-0&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Roger+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasumajumdar2016" class="citation book cs1">Basumajumdar, A. (2016). "Impact of Global Warming on Climate Change Regarding Water Supply in the Darjeeling Hills of the Eastern Himalaya and Change in Mountain Ecology". In Chand, Raghubir; Leimgruber, Walter (eds.). Globalization and Marginalization in Mountain Regions: Assets and Challenges in Marginal Regions. Perspectives on Geographical Marginality. Vol. 1. Springer Nature. pp. 161–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-32649-8">10.1007/978-3-319-32649-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-32648-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-32648-1"><bdi>978-3-319-32648-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Global+Warming+on+Climate+Change+Regarding+Water+Supply+in+the+Darjeeling+Hills+of+the+Eastern+Himalaya+and+Change+in+Mountain+Ecology&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Marginalization+in+Mountain+Regions%3A+Assets+and+Challenges+in+Marginal+Regions&rft.series=Perspectives+on+Geographical+Marginality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-32649-8&rft.isbn=978-3-319-32648-1&rft.aulast=Basumajumdar&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernbaum2022" class="citation book cs1">Bernbaum, Edwin (2022). Sacred Mountains of the World (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83474-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83474-2"><bdi>978-1-108-83474-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Mountains+of+the+World&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-108-83474-2&rft.aulast=Bernbaum&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesky2020" class="citation book cs1">Besky, Sarah (2020). Tasting Qualities: The Past and Future of Tea. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30324-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30324-9"><bdi>978-0-520-30324-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2019042808">2019042808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tasting+Qualities%3A+The+Past+and+Future+of+Tea&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2019042808&rft.isbn=978-0-520-30324-9&rft.aulast=Besky&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesky2014" class="citation book cs1">Besky, Sarah (2014). The Darjeeling Distinction: Labor and Justic on Fair-Trade Tea Plantations in India. California Studies in Food and Culture Series. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27738-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27738-0"><bdi>978-0-520-27738-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Darjeeling+Distinction%3A+Labor+and+Justic+on+Fair-Trade+Tea+Plantations+in+India&rft.series=California+Studies+in+Food+and+Culture+Series&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27738-0&rft.aulast=Besky&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2022" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharya, Nandini (2022). "Imperial Sanctuaries: The hill stations of colonial South Asia". In Fischer-Tiné, Harald; Framke, Maria (eds.). Routledge Handbook of the History of Colonialism in South Asia. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429431012-26">10.4324/9780429431012-26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-36484-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-36484-4"><bdi>978-1-138-36484-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238650973">238650973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperial+Sanctuaries%3A+The+hill+stations+of+colonial+South+Asia&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Colonialism+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238650973%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429431012-26&rft.isbn=978-1-138-36484-4&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Nandini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth2009" class="citation book cs1">Booth, Chelsea (2009). ""An Ocean of Culture": Language Ideologies and the Social Life of Language in Multilingual Darjeeling, India". Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Symposium About Language and Society, Austin, April 10–11, 2009. Vol. 53. Texas Linguistics Forum. pp. 8–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22An+Ocean+of+Culture%22%3A+Language+Ideologies+and+the+Social+Life+of+Language+in+Multilingual+Darjeeling%2C+India&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seventeenth+Annual+Symposium+About+Language+and+Society%2C+Austin%2C+April+10%E2%80%9311%2C+2009&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Texas+Linguistics+Forum&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Chelsea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChhetriLepcha2021" class="citation book cs1">Chhetri, Bishal; Lepcha, Kabita (2021). "Spatial Analysis of the Intra-urban Quality of Life: A Study in the Darjeeling Town in India". In Singh, R. B.; Chatterjee, Soumenda; Mishra, Mukunda; de Lucena, Andrews Jose (eds.). Practices in Regional Science and Sustainable Regional Development: Experiences from the Global South. Springer. pp. 317–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-16-2221-2">10.1007/978-981-16-2221-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-2220-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-16-2220-5"><bdi>978-981-16-2220-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240497482">240497482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spatial+Analysis+of+the+Intra-urban+Quality+of+Life%3A+A+Study+in+the+Darjeeling+Town+in+India&rft.btitle=Practices+in+Regional+Science+and+Sustainable+Regional+Development%3A+Experiences+from+the+Global+South&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E338&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240497482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-2221-2&rft.isbn=978-981-16-2220-5&rft.aulast=Chhetri&rft.aufirst=Bishal&rft.au=Lepcha%2C+Kabita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChettri2018" class="citation book cs1">Chettri, Mona (2018). "The Rowdies of Darjeeling". In Middleton, Townsend; Shneiderman, Sara (eds.). Darjeeling Reconsidered: Histories, Politics, Environments. Oxford University Press. pp. 135–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199483556.003.0007">10.1093/oso/9780199483556.003.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-948355-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-948355-6"><bdi>978-0-19-948355-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rowdies+of+Darjeeling&rft.btitle=Darjeeling+Reconsidered%3A+Histories%2C+Politics%2C+Environments&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199483556.003.0007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-948355-6&rft.aulast=Chettri&rft.aufirst=Mona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_BruynBainVenkatramanJoshi2008" class="citation book cs1">de Bruyn, Pippa; Bain, Keith; Venkatraman, Nilofer; Joshi, Shonar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&q=how+to+get+to+darjeeling&pg=PA578">Frommer's India</a>. Frommer's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-16908-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-16908-7"><bdi>978-0-470-16908-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925232858/https://books.google.com/books?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&q=how+to+get+to+darjeeling&pg=PA578">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+India&rft.pub=Frommer%27s&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-16908-7&rft.aulast=de+Bruyn&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft.au=Bain%2C+Keith&rft.au=Venkatraman%2C+Nilofer&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Shonar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqMqBvtL_nI0C%26q%3Dhow%2Bto%2Bget%2Bto%2Bdarjeeling%26pg%3DPA578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrewRai2018" class="citation book cs1">Drew, Georgina; Rai, Roshan P. (2018). "Connection amidst Disconnection: Water Struggles, Social Structures, and Geographies of Exclusion in Darjeeling". In Middleton, Townsend; Shneiderman, Sara (eds.). Darjeeling Reconsidered: Histories, Politics, Environments. Oxford University Press. pp. 220–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199483556.003.0011">10.1093/oso/9780199483556.003.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-948355-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-948355-6"><bdi>978-0-19-948355-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Connection+amidst+Disconnection%3A+Water+Struggles%2C+Social+Structures%2C+and+Geographies+of+Exclusion+in+Darjeeling&rft.btitle=Darjeeling+Reconsidered%3A+Histories%2C+Politics%2C+Environments&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E220-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199483556.003.0011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-948355-6&rft.aulast=Drew&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rft.au=Rai%2C+Roshan+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttaGhoshDebnathGhosh2020" class="citation book cs1">Dutta, Neelanjan; Ghosh, Anaya; Debnath, Biswajit; Ghosh, Sadhan Kumar (2020). "Climate Change in Hilly Regions of India: Issues and Challenges in Waste Management". In Ghosh, Sadhan Kumar (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tcHHwQEACAAJ">Sustainable Waste Management: Policies and Case Studies, 7th IcoSWM–ISWMAW 2017, Volume 1</a>. Springer. pp. 657–670 [661–662]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-7070-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-7070-0"><bdi>978-981-13-7070-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015400/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sustainable_Waste_Management_Policies_an/tcHHwQEACAAJ?hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+in+Hilly+Regions+of+India%3A+Issues+and+Challenges+in+Waste+Management&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Waste+Management%3A+Policies+and+Case+Studies%2C+7th+IcoSWM%E2%80%93ISWMAW+2017%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=657-670+661-662&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-981-13-7070-0&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Neelanjan&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Anaya&rft.au=Debnath%2C+Biswajit&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Sadhan+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtcHHwQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellner2014" class="citation book cs1">Gellner, David N. (2014). "Warriors, Workers, Traders and Peasants: The Nepali/Gorkhali diaspora since the nineteenth century". In Chatterji, Joya; Washbrook, David (eds.). Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 136–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203796528-14">10.4324/9780203796528-14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48010-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48010-9"><bdi>978-0-415-48010-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Warriors%2C+Workers%2C+Traders+and+Peasants%3A+The+Nepali%2FGorkhali+diaspora+since+the+nineteenth+century&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+the+South+Asian+Diaspora&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203796528-14&rft.isbn=978-0-415-48010-9&rft.aulast=Gellner&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerrard1990" class="citation book cs1">Gerrard, John (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mountainenvironm0000gerr/page/256/mode/2up">Mountain environments: an examination of the physical geography of mountains</a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-07128-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-07128-4"><bdi>978-0-262-07128-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20637538">20637538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountain+environments%3A+an+examination+of+the+physical+geography+of+mountains&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20637538&rft.isbn=978-0-262-07128-4&rft.aulast=Gerrard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmountainenvironm0000gerr%2Fpage%2F256%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGervaisSlider2017" class="citation book cs1">Gervais, Daniel J.; Slider, Matthew (2017). "The Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement: Controversial Negotiations and Controversial Results". In Caenegem, William van; Cleary, Jan (eds.). The Importance of Place: Geographical Indications as a Tool for Local and Regional Development. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice 58. Springer International Publishing AG. pp. 15–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-53073-4">10.1007/978-3-319-53073-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-53072-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-53072-7"><bdi>978-3-319-53072-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Geneva+Act+of+the+Lisbon+Agreement%3A+Controversial+Negotiations+and+Controversial+Results&rft.btitle=The+Importance+of+Place%3A+Geographical+Indications+as+a+Tool+for+Local+and+Regional+Development&rft.series=Ius+Gentium%3A+Comparative+Perspectives+on+Law+and+Justice+58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing+AG&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-53073-4&rft.isbn=978-3-319-53072-7&rft.aulast=Gervais&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft.au=Slider%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2019" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Melvyn C. (2019). A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 4: In the Eye of the Storm: 1957–1959. The Philip E. Lilienthal imprint series. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27855-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27855-4"><bdi>978-0-520-27855-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2019001685">2019001685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Tibet%2C+Volume+4%3A+In+the+Eye+of+the+Storm%3A+1957%E2%80%931959&rft.series=The+Philip+E.+Lilienthal+imprint+series&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2019001685&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27855-4&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Melvyn+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunfeld2015" class="citation book cs1">Grunfeld, A. Tom (2015) [1996]. The Making of Modern Tibet. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-713-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-713-2"><bdi>978-1-56324-713-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Tibet&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-713-2&rft.aulast=Grunfeld&rft.aufirst=A.+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1996" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Dane (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft396nb1sf&chunk.id=0&doc.view=printThe">Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj</a>. University of California Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20188-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20188-0"><bdi>978-0-520-20188-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015401/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft396nb1sf&chunk.id=0&doc.view=printThe">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+Mountains%3A+Hill+Stations+and+the+British+Raj&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20188-0&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Dane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.cdlib.org%2Fxtf%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft396nb1sf%26chunk.id%3D0%26doc.view%3DprintThe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLama2022" class="citation book cs1">Lama, Smritima Diksha (2022). "Tea Plantation Workers and the Human Cost of Darjeeling Tea". In Acharya, Sanghmitra S.; Christopher, Stephen (eds.). Caste, COVID-19, and inequalities of Care: Lessons from South Asia. People, Culture and Societies:Exploring and Documenting Diversities. Springer. pp. 333–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-16-6917-0_17">10.1007/978-981-16-6917-0_17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-6916-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-16-6916-3"><bdi>978-981-16-6916-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tea+Plantation+Workers+and+the+Human+Cost+of+Darjeeling+Tea&rft.btitle=Caste%2C+COVID-19%2C+and+inequalities+of+Care%3A+Lessons+from+South+Asia&rft.series=People%2C+Culture+and+Societies%3AExploring+and+Documenting+Diversities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E354&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-6917-0_17&rft.isbn=978-981-16-6916-3&rft.aulast=Lama&rft.aufirst=Smritima+Diksha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1986" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Alastair (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MY4OAAAAQAAJ">British India and Tibet, 1766–1910</a> (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0872-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0872-9"><bdi>978-0-7102-0872-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224144830/https://books.google.com/books?id=MY4OAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+India+and+Tibet%2C+1766%E2%80%931910&rft.pages=353&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7102-0872-9&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMY4OAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiechty2017" class="citation book cs1">Liechty, Mark (2017). Far Out: Countercultural Seekars and the Tourist Encounter in Nepal. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42880-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42880-2"><bdi>978-0-226-42880-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016028699">2016028699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far+Out%3A+Countercultural+Seekars+and+the+Tourist+Encounter+in+Nepal&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016028699&rft.isbn=978-0-226-42880-2&rft.aulast=Liechty&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiechty2003" class="citation book cs1">Liechty, Mark (2003). Suitably Modern: Making Middle-Class Cultures in a New Consumer Society. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691221748">10.1515/9780691221748</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09592-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09592-2"><bdi>0-691-09592-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suitably+Modern%3A+Making+Middle-Class+Cultures+in+a+New+Consumer+Society&rft.place=Princeton+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691221748&rft.isbn=0-691-09592-2&rft.aulast=Liechty&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackintosh2009" class="citation book cs1">Mackintosh, L.J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xY6nB640PKkC">Birds of Darjeeling and India</a> (2nd ed.). BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-116-11396-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-116-11396-9"><bdi>978-1-116-11396-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224144829/https://books.google.com/books?id=xY6nB640PKkC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+of+Darjeeling+and+India&rft.pages=322&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar%2C+LLC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-116-11396-9&rft.aulast=Mackintosh&rft.aufirst=L.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxY6nB640PKkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandalMondal2019" class="citation book cs1">Mandal, S.; Mondal, S. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tqGaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Geoinformatics and Modelling of Landslide Susceptibility and Risk: An RS & GIS-based Model Building Approach in the Eastern Himalaya</a>. Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-10495-5">10.1007/978-3-030-10495-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-10495-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-10495-5"><bdi>978-3-030-10495-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189971872">189971872</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220729222039/https://books.google.com/books?id=tqGaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geoinformatics+and+Modelling+of+Landslide+Susceptibility+and+Risk%3A+An+RS+%26+GIS-based+Model+Building+Approach+in+the+Eastern+Himalaya&rft.series=Environmental+Science+and+Engineering&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189971872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-10495-5&rft.isbn=978-3-030-10495-5&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Mondal%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtqGaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarie-Vivien2017" class="citation book cs1">Marie-Vivien, Delphine (2017). "Do Geographical Indications for Handicrafts Deserve a Special Regime? Insights from Worldwide Law and Practice". In Caenegem, William van; Cleary, Jan (eds.). The Importance of Place: Geographical Indications as a Tool for Local and Regional Development. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice 58. Vol. 58. Springer International Publishing AG. pp. 221–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-53073-4">10.1007/978-3-319-53073-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-53072-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-53072-7"><bdi>978-3-319-53072-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Do+Geographical+Indications+for+Handicrafts+Deserve+a+Special+Regime%3F+Insights+from+Worldwide+Law+and+Practice&rft.btitle=The+Importance+of+Place%3A+Geographical+Indications+as+a+Tool+for+Local+and+Regional+Development&rft.series=Ius+Gentium%3A+Comparative+Perspectives+on+Law+and+Justice+58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing+AG&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-53073-4&rft.isbn=978-3-319-53072-7&rft.aulast=Marie-Vivien&rft.aufirst=Delphine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2021" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, Townsend (2021). "Borders, Difference, Recognition: On the Cause(s) of Gorkhaland". In Kothiyal, Tanuja; Ibrahim, Ibrahim (eds.). South Asian Borderlands: Mobility, History, Affect. Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108951500.004">10.1017/9781108951500.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84451-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84451-2"><bdi>978-1-108-84451-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239168783">239168783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Borders%2C+Difference%2C+Recognition%3A+On+the+Cause%28s%29+of+Gorkhaland&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Borderlands%3A+Mobility%2C+History%2C+Affect&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239168783%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108951500.004&rft.isbn=978-1-108-84451-2&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Townsend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddletonShneiderman2018" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, Townsend; Shneiderman, Sara, eds. (2018). Darjeeling Reconsidered: Histories, Politics, Environments. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199483556.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780199483556.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-948355-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-948355-6"><bdi>978-0-19-948355-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darjeeling+Reconsidered%3A+Histories%2C+Politics%2C+Environments&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199483556.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-948355-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondalRoychowdhury2018" class="citation book cs1">Mondal, Tarun Kumar; Roychowdhury, Paramita (2018). "Water Scarcity in Himalayan Hill Town: A Study of Darjeeling Municipality, India". In Ray, Bhaswati; Shaw, Rajib (eds.). Urban Drought:Emerging Water Challenges in Asia. Disaster Risk Reduction: Methods, Approaches and Practices Series. Springer Nature. pp. 363–384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-10-8947-3_21">10.1007/978-981-10-8947-3_21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-8946-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-8946-6"><bdi>978-981-10-8946-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134349484">134349484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Water+Scarcity+in+Himalayan+Hill+Town%3A+A+Study+of+Darjeeling+Municipality%2C+India&rft.btitle=Urban+Drought%3AEmerging+Water+Challenges+in+Asia&rft.series=Disaster+Risk+Reduction%3A+Methods%2C+Approaches+and+Practices+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E384&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134349484%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-10-8947-3_21&rft.isbn=978-981-10-8946-6&rft.aulast=Mondal&rft.aufirst=Tarun+Kumar&rft.au=Roychowdhury%2C+Paramita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegi1992" class="citation book cs1">Negi, Sharad Singh (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W88pkms1dXEC">Himalayan wildlife, habitat and conservation</a>. Indus Publishing. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85182-68-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85182-68-1"><bdi>978-81-85182-68-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224144831/https://books.google.com/books?id=W88pkms1dXEC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himalayan+wildlife%2C+habitat+and+conservation&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-85182-68-1&rft.aulast=Negi&rft.aufirst=Sharad+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW88pkms1dXEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtner2020" class="citation book cs1">Ortner, Sherry B. (2020) [1999]. Life and Death on Mt. Everest: Sherpas and Himalayan Mountaineering. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691211770">10.1515/9780691211770</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00689-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00689-5"><bdi>978-0-691-00689-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Death+on+Mt.+Everest%3A+Sherpas+and+Himalayan+Mountaineering&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691211770&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00689-5&rft.aulast=Ortner&rft.aufirst=Sherry+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalShaw2017" class="citation book cs1">Pal, I.; Shaw, R. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=urIvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA368">Disaster Risk Governance in India and Cross Cutting Issues</a>. Disaster Risk Reduction. Springer Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-3310-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-3310-0"><bdi>978-981-10-3310-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331174615/https://books.google.com/books?id=urIvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA368">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disaster+Risk+Governance+in+India+and+Cross+Cutting+Issues&rft.series=Disaster+Risk+Reduction&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-981-10-3310-0&rft.aulast=Pal&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DurIvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradhan2017" class="citation book cs1">Pradhan, Queenie (2017). Empire in the Hills: Simla, Darjeeling, Ootacamund, and Mount Abu, 1820–1920. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199463558.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463558.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-946355-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-946355-8"><bdi>978-0-19-946355-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+in+the+Hills%3A+Simla%2C+Darjeeling%2C+Ootacamund%2C+and+Mount+Abu%2C+1820%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199463558.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-946355-8&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Queenie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahamtullaRoyKhasim2020" class="citation book cs1">Rahamtulla, Mohammad; Roy, Ashis Kumar; Khasim, S. M. (February 2020). "Orchid Diversity in Darjeeling Himalaya, India: Present Status and Conservation". In Khasim, Shaik Mahammad; Hegde, Sadanand Nagesh; Gonzalez-Arnao, Maria; Thammasiri, Kanchit (eds.). Orchid Biology: Recent Trends and Challenges. Springer Nature. pp. 155–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-32-9456-1_9">10.1007/978-981-32-9456-1_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-32-9455-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-32-9455-4"><bdi>978-981-32-9455-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214201129">214201129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orchid+Diversity+in+Darjeeling+Himalaya%2C+India%3A+Present+Status+and+Conservation&rft.btitle=Orchid+Biology%3A+Recent+Trends+and+Challenges&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214201129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-32-9456-1_9&rft.isbn=978-981-32-9455-4&rft.aulast=Rahamtulla&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft.au=Roy%2C+Ashis+Kumar&rft.au=Khasim%2C+S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyBiswas2021" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Nirmal Chandra; Biswas, Debasish (2021). Human Resource Management in the Indian Tea Industry. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003133339">10.4324/9781003133339</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-67907-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-67907-1"><bdi>978-0-367-67907-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234026337">234026337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Resource+Management+in+the+Indian+Tea+Industry&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234026337%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003133339&rft.isbn=978-0-367-67907-1&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Nirmal+Chandra&rft.au=Biswas%2C+Debasish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarker2017" class="citation book cs1">Sarker, S.P. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9oYotAEACAAJ">Refugee Law in India: The Road from Ambiguity to Protection</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-4806-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-4806-7"><bdi>978-981-10-4806-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801054343/https://books.google.com/books?id=9oYotAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refugee+Law+in+India%3A+The+Road+from+Ambiguity+to+Protection&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-981-10-4806-7&rft.aulast=Sarker&rft.aufirst=S.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9oYotAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShneidermanMiddleton2018" class="citation book cs1">Shneiderman, Sara; Middleton, Townsend (2018). "Introduction: Reconsidering Darjeeling". In Middleton, Townsend; Shneiderman, Sara (eds.). Darjeeling Reconsidered: Histories, Politics, Environments. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199483556.003.0001">10.1093/oso/9780199483556.003.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-948355-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-948355-6"><bdi>978-0-19-948355-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Reconsidering+Darjeeling&rft.btitle=Darjeeling+Reconsidered%3A+Histories%2C+Politics%2C+Environments&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199483556.003.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-948355-6&rft.aulast=Shneiderman&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft.au=Middleton%2C+Townsend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpateLearmonth2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Spate" title="Oskar Spate">Spate, O. H. K</a>; Learmonth, A. T. A (2017) [1967]. India and Pakistan: A General and Regional Geography. Routledge Library Editions: British in India Series, Volume 12. London and New York; originally London: Routledge; originally, Methuen and Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-29063-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-29063-1"><bdi>978-1-138-29063-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+Pakistan%3A+A+General+and+Regional+Geography&rft.place=London+and+New+York%3B+originally+London&rft.series=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+British+in+India+Series%2C+Volume+12&rft.pub=Routledge%3B+originally%2C+Methuen+and+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-29063-1&rft.aulast=Spate&rft.aufirst=O.+H.+K&rft.au=Learmonth%2C+A.+T.+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorTaylor2017" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Susanne; Taylor, Madeline (2017). "The Aroma of Opportunity: The Potential of Wine Geographical Indications in the Australia-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement". In Caenegem, William van; Cleary, Jan (eds.). The Importance of Place: Geographical Indications as a Tool for Local and Regional Development. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice 58. Springer International Publishing AG. pp. 81–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-53073-4">10.1007/978-3-319-53073-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-53072-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-53072-7"><bdi>978-3-319-53072-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Aroma+of+Opportunity%3A+The+Potential+of+Wine+Geographical+Indications+in+the+Australia-India+Comprehensive+Economic+Cooperation+Agreement&rft.btitle=The+Importance+of+Place%3A+Geographical+Indications+as+a+Tool+for+Local+and+Regional+Development&rft.series=Ius+Gentium%3A+Comparative+Perspectives+on+Law+and+Justice+58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing+AG&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-53073-4&rft.isbn=978-3-319-53072-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Madeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThakurDasKumar2022" class="citation book cs1">Thakur, Alok Kumar; Das, Aparna; Kumar, Manish (2022). "Vulnerability and Resilience Status of River Systems of North-Eastern India: A Special Reference to Brahmaputra". In Mukherjee, Abhijit (ed.). Riverine Systems: Understanding the Hydrological Hydosocial and Hydro-heritage Dynamics. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-87066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-87066-9"><bdi>978-3-030-87066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vulnerability+and+Resilience+Status+of+River+Systems+of+North-Eastern+India%3A+A+Special+Reference+to+Brahmaputra&rft.btitle=Riverine+Systems%3A+Understanding+the+Hydrological+Hydosocial+and+Hydro-heritage+Dynamics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-030-87066-9&rft.aulast=Thakur&rft.aufirst=Alok+Kumar&rft.au=Das%2C+Aparna&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Manish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapaTamang2020" class="citation book cs1">Thapa, Namrata; <a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Prakash_Tamang" title="Jyoti Prakash Tamang">Tamang, Jyoti Prakash</a> (2020). "Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of Sikkim and Darjeeling Hills (Gorkhaland Territorial Administration)". In Tamang, Jyoti Prakash (ed.). Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of India: Science History and Culture. Springer Nature. pp. 479–537. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-15-1486-9_18">10.1007/978-981-15-1486-9_18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-15-1485-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-15-1485-2"><bdi>978-981-15-1485-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216295554">216295554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Fermented+Foods+and+Beverages+of+Sikkim+and+Darjeeling+Hills+%28Gorkhaland+Territorial+Administration%29&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Fermented+Foods+and+Beverages+of+India%3A+Science+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E479-%3C%2Fspan%3E537&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216295554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-15-1486-9_18&rft.isbn=978-981-15-1485-2&rft.aulast=Thapa&rft.aufirst=Namrata&rft.au=Tamang%2C+Jyoti+Prakash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest_Bengal_(India)1980" class="citation book cs1">West Bengal (India) (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08794">West Bengal District Gazetteers: Darjeeling</a>. Gazetteer of India. West Bengal District Gazetteers. Retrieved 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Bengal+District+Gazetteers%3A+Darjeeling&rft.series=Gazetteer+of+India&rft.pub=West+Bengal+District+Gazetteers&rft.date=1980&rft.au=West+Bengal+%28India%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ministry.08794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZivkovic2014" class="citation book cs1">Zivkovic, Tanya (2014). Death and Reincarnation in Tibetan Buddhism: In-between bodies. Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism Series. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83067-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83067-6"><bdi>978-0-415-83067-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+Reincarnation+in+Tibetan+Buddhism%3A+In-between+bodies&rft.series=Routledge+Critical+Studies+in+Buddhism+Series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-83067-6&rft.aulast=Zivkovic&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurickPacheco2006" class="citation book cs1">Zurick, David; Pacheco, Julsun (2006). Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya. Basanta Shrestha & Birendra Bajracharya. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-7384-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-7384-9"><bdi>978-0-8131-7384-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/704517519">704517519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Atlas+of+the+Himalaya&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F704517519&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-7384-9&rft.aulast=Zurick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Pacheco%2C+Julsun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journals">Journals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Journals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesky2017" class="citation journal cs1">Besky, Sarah (2017). "Fixity: On the inheritance and maintenance of tea plantation houses in Darjeeling, India". American Ethnologist. 44 (4): 617–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Famet.12561">10.1111/amet.12561</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-0496">0094-0496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Fixity%3A+On+the+inheritance+and+maintenance+of+tea+plantation+houses+in+Darjeeling%2C+India&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E617-%3C%2Fspan%3E361&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Famet.12561&rft.issn=0094-0496&rft.aulast=Besky&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bhattacharya, Nandini (1 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3837203">"Leisure, economy and colonial urbanism: Darjeeling, 1835–1930"</a>. Urban History. 40 (3): 442–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0963926813000394">10.1017/S0963926813000394</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3837203">3837203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24273391">24273391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+History&rft.atitle=Leisure%2C+economy+and+colonial+urbanism%3A+Darjeeling%2C+1835%E2%80%931930&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E442-%3C%2Fspan%3E461&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3837203%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24273391&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0963926813000394&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Nandini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3837203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Trent; Scrase, Timothy J.; Ganguly-Scrase, Ruchira (2017). "Globalised dreams, local constraints: migration and youth aspirations in an Indian regional town". Children's Geographies. 15 (5): 531–544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14733285.2016.1274948">10.1080/14733285.2016.1274948</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152220638">152220638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Children%27s+Geographies&rft.atitle=Globalised+dreams%2C+local+constraints%3A+migration+and+youth+aspirations+in+an+Indian+regional+town&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E531-%3C%2Fspan%3E544&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14733285.2016.1274948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152220638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Trent&rft.au=Scrase%2C+Timothy+J.&rft.au=Ganguly-Scrase%2C+Ruchira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta1999" class="citation journal cs1">Dasgupta, Atis (1999). "Ethnic Problems and Movements for Autonomy in Darjeeling". Social Scientist. 27 (11–12): 47–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3518047">10.2307/3518047</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518047">3518047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Problems+and+Movements+for+Autonomy+in+Darjeeling&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3518047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3518047%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Atis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeuchar2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Deuchar, Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4226/66/5a963000c689e">Middle class youth and education in neoliberal India [Thesis]</a> (Thesis). Australian Catholic University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4226%2F66%2F5a963000c689e">10.4226/66/5a963000c689e</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015408/https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/88406/middle-class-youth-and-education-in-neoliberal-india">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Middle+class+youth+and+education+in+neoliberal+India+%5BThesis%5D&rft.inst=Australian+Catholic+University&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4226%2F66%2F5a963000c689e&rft.aulast=Deuchar&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4226%2F66%2F5a963000c689e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonerSamanta2021" class="citation journal cs1">Koner, Kaberi; Samanta, Gopa (6 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13201-021-01523-0">"'Where does water go'? A critical analysis of nature of water crisis in Darjeeling city, India"</a>. Applied Water Science. 11 (12): 184. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApWS...11..184K">2021ApWS...11..184K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13201-021-01523-0">10.1007/s13201-021-01523-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2190-5487">2190-5487</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243767248">243767248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Water+Science&rft.atitle=%27Where+does+water+go%27%3F+A+critical+analysis+of+nature+of+water+crisis+in+Darjeeling+city%2C+India&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=184&rft.date=2021-11-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13201-021-01523-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243767248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2190-5487&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ApWS...11..184K&rft.aulast=Koner&rft.aufirst=Kaberi&rft.au=Samanta%2C+Gopa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs13201-021-01523-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoner2018" class="citation journal cs1">Koner, Kabita (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20896%2Fsaci.v5i3.292">"Sanitation and Hygiene of Darjeeling City: A Crisis for Women and Adolescent Girls"</a>. Space and Culture, India. 5 (3): 89–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20896%2Fsaci.v5i3.292">10.20896/saci.v5i3.292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2052-8396">2052-8396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+and+Culture%2C+India&rft.atitle=Sanitation+and+Hygiene+of+Darjeeling+City%3A+A+Crisis+for+Women+and+Adolescent+Girls&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20896%2Fsaci.v5i3.292&rft.issn=2052-8396&rft.aulast=Koner&rft.aufirst=Kabita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.20896%252Fsaci.v5i3.292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamaRai2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lama, Mahendra P.; Rai, Roshan P. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol36/iss2/13/">"Chokho Pani: An Interface Between Religion and Environment in Darjeeling"</a>. Himalaya. 36 (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-2212">1935-2212</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712041422/https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol36/iss2/13/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Himalaya&rft.atitle=Chokho+Pani%3A+An+Interface+Between+Religion+and+Environment+in+Darjeeling&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1935-2212&rft.aulast=Lama&rft.aufirst=Mahendra+P.&rft.au=Rai%2C+Roshan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.macalester.edu%2Fhimalaya%2Fvol36%2Fiss2%2F13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagPaulSahaGoswami2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nag, Dipanjan; Paul, Subrata Kr.; Saha, Swati; Goswami, Arkopal K. (2018). "Sustainability assessment for the transportation environment of Darjeeling, India". Journal of Environmental Management. 213: 489–502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2018.01.042">10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.042</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29398182">29398182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Management&rft.atitle=Sustainability+assessment+for+the+transportation+environment+of+Darjeeling%2C+India&rft.volume=213&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E502&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2018.01.042&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29398182&rft.aulast=Nag&rft.aufirst=Dipanjan&rft.au=Paul%2C+Subrata+Kr.&rft.au=Saha%2C+Swati&rft.au=Goswami%2C+Arkopal+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyHannam2013" class="citation journal cs1">Roy, Sujama; Hannam, Kevin (2013). "Embodying the Mobilities of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway". Mobilities. 8 (4): 580–593. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17450101.2012.745695">10.1080/17450101.2012.745695</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144614737">144614737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mobilities&rft.atitle=Embodying+the+Mobilities+of+the+Darjeeling+Himalayan+Railway&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E580-%3C%2Fspan%3E593&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17450101.2012.745695&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144614737%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Sujama&rft.au=Hannam%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamantaKoner2016" class="citation journal cs1">Samanta, Gopa; Koner, Kaberi (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saciwaters.org/sawasj.php">"Urban political ecology of water in Darjeeling, India"</a>. South Asian Water Studies. 6 (1, Special Issue on Urbanization and Periurbanization: Challenges for Water Governance in South Asia): 42–57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220427084347/http://saciwaters.org/sawasj.php">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Water+Studies&rft.atitle=Urban+political+ecology+of+water+in+Darjeeling%2C+India&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1%2C+Special+Issue+on+Urbanization+and+Periurbanization%3A+Challenges+for+Water+Governance+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Samanta&rft.aufirst=Gopa&rft.au=Koner%2C+Kaberi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaciwaters.org%2Fsawasj.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScraseGanguly-ScraseDeuchar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Scrase, Timothy J.; Ganguly-Scrase, Ruchira; Deuchar, Andrew (2016). "Young men, education and ethnicity in contemporary Darjeeling". South Asia Research. 36 (1): 98–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0262728015615487">10.1177/0262728015615487</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151733116">151733116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia+Research&rft.atitle=Young+men%2C+education+and+ethnicity+in+contemporary+Darjeeling&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0262728015615487&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151733116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scrase&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft.au=Ganguly-Scrase%2C+Ruchira&rft.au=Deuchar%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamangSarkarHesseltine1988" class="citation journal cs1">Tamang, Jyoti P.; Sarkar, Prabir K.; Hesseltine, Clifford W. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721071349/http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/dspace/bitstream/10113/23778/1/IND88052735.pdf">"Traditional Fermented Foods and Beverages of Darjeeling"</a> (PDF). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 44 (4): 375–385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjsfa.2740440410">10.1002/jsfa.2740440410</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ddr.nal.usda.gov/dspace/bitstream/10113/23778/1/IND88052735.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Science+of+Food+and+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Traditional+Fermented+Foods+and+Beverages+of+Darjeeling&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E385&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjsfa.2740440410&rft.aulast=Tamang&rft.aufirst=Jyoti+P.&rft.au=Sarkar%2C+Prabir+K.&rft.au=Hesseltine%2C+Clifford+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fddr.nal.usda.gov%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10113%2F23778%2F1%2FIND88052735.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarjeeling" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darjeeling.gov.in/public-utility/darjeeling-municipality/">Darjeeling Municipality</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Darjeeling at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Darjeeling" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Darjeeling">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" class="extiw" title="c:दार्जिलिङ">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Darjeeling" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Darjeeling">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Darjeeling" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Darjeeling">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Darjeeling" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Darjeeling">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Darjeeling" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Darjeeling">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Darjeeling" class="extiw" title="voy:Darjeeling">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169997" class="extiw" title="d:Q169997">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Darjeeling_related_topics216" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Darjeeling" title="Template:Darjeeling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Darjeeling" title="Template talk:Darjeeling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Darjeeling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Darjeeling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Darjeeling_related_topics216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Darjeeling</a> related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikkim" title="History of Sikkim">History of Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">History of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_National_Liberation_Front" title="Gorkha National Liberation Front">Gorkha National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkhaland">Gorkhaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Gorkha_Hill_Council" title="Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council">Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Municipality" title="Darjeeling Municipality">Darjeeling Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)">Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jore_Pokhri_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Jore Pokhri Wildlife Sanctuary">Jore Pokhri Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapahar" title="Katapahar">Katapahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalapahar" title="Jalapahar">Jalapahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatory_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Observatory Hill, Darjeeling">Observatory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar_subdivision" title="Darjeeling Sadar subdivision">Darjeeling Sadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahananda_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary">Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmaja_Naidu_Himalayan_Zoological_Park" title="Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park">Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manebhanjyang,_Darjeeling" title="Manebhanjyang, Darjeeling">Manebhanjyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalut" title="Phalut">Phalut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Garden,_Darjeeling" title="Rock Garden, Darjeeling">Rock Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senchal_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary">Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singalila_National_Park" title="Singalila National Park">Singalila National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Darjeeling" title="Demographics of Darjeeling">Demographics of Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakal_Temple,_Darjeeling" title="Mahakal Temple, Darjeeling">Mahakal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowrasta_(Darjeeling)" title="Chowrasta (Darjeeling)">Chowrasta (Darjeeling)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Bengal" title="University of North Bengal">University of North Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon_School,_Darjeeling" title="Mount Hermon School, Darjeeling">Mount Hermon School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling">St. Joseph's School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreto_Convent,_Darjeeling" title="Loreto Convent, Darjeeling">Loreto Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Paul's School, Darjeeling">St. Paul's School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethals_Memorial_School" title="Goethals Memorial School">Goethals Memorial School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Boys%27_School_(Kurseong)" title="Victoria Boys' School (Kurseong)">Victoria Boys' School (Kurseong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southfield_College" title="Southfield College">Southfield (formerly Loreto) College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Government_College" title="Darjeeling Government College">Darjeeling Government College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_College,_Darjeeling" title="St Joseph's College, Darjeeling">St. Joseph's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Mountaineering_Institute" title="Himalayan Mountaineering Institute">Himalayan Mountaineering Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="North Bengal Medical College and Hospital">North Bengal Medical College and Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy and Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattabong_Tea_Garden" title="Pattabong Tea Garden">Pattabong Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_Tea_Estate" title="Happy Valley Tea Estate">Happy Valley Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal#Economy" title="West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Darjeeling" title="Transport in Darjeeling">Transport in Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katihar%E2%80%93Siliguri_line" title="Katihar–Siliguri line">Katihar–Siliguri line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdogra_Airport" title="Bagdogra Airport">Bagdogra Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Ropeway" title="Darjeeling Ropeway">Darjeeling Ropeway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_people" title="Tamang people">Tamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_people" title="Rai people">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutia" title="Bhutia">Bhutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo/Yamloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miji_people" title="Miji people">Miji/Damai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami_(caste)" title="Kami (caste)">Kamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gorkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wai-Wai_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wai-Wai (food)">Wai-wai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhurpi" title="Chhurpi">Chhurpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thukpa" title="Thukpa">Thukpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momo_(food)" title="Momo (food)">Momo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaang" title="Chhaang">Chhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil Dance">Devil Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendong_Lho_Rumfaat" title="Tendong Lho Rumfaat">Tendong Lho Rumfaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen" title="Chotrul Duchen">Chotrul Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Refugee_Self_Help_Centre" title="Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre">Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghum_Monastery" title="Ghum Monastery">Ghum Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutia_Busty_Monastery" title="Bhutia Busty Monastery">Bhutia Busty Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mag-Dhog_Yolmowa_Monastery" title="Mag-Dhog Yolmowa Monastery">Mag-Dhog Yolmowa Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pagoda,_Darjeeling" title="Peace Pagoda, Darjeeling">Peace Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakal_Temple,_Darjeeling" title="Mahakal Temple, Darjeeling">Mahakal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowrasta_(Darjeeling)" title="Chowrasta (Darjeeling)">Chowrasta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_development_blocks_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Community development blocks in India">Community development blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar_subdivision" title="Darjeeling Sadar subdivision">Darjeeling Sadar subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Pulbazar_(community_development_block)" title="Darjeeling Pulbazar (community development block)">Darjeeling Pulbazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorebunglow_Sukhiapokhri_(community_development_block)" title="Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri (community development block)">Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangli_Rangliot_(community_development_block)" title="Rangli Rangliot (community development block)">Rangli Rangliot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurseong_subdivision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurseong subdivision (page does not exist)">Kurseong subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirik_(community_development_block)" title="Mirik (community development block)">Mirik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong_(community_development_block)" title="Kurseong (community development block)">Kurseong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_subdivision" title="Siliguri subdivision">Siliguri subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matigara_(community_development_block)" title="Matigara (community development block)">Matigara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalbari_(community_development_block)" title="Naxalbari (community development block)">Naxalbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phansidewa" title="Phansidewa">Phansidewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharibari_(community_development_block)" title="Kharibari (community development block)">Kharibari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vidhan Sabha constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalimpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darjeeling (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurseong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigara-Naxalbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Matigara-Naxalbari">Matigara-Naxalbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siliguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phansidewa_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phansidewa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Phansidewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Template</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Darjeeling_District" title="Template:Darjeeling District">Cities and towns in Darjeeling district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Darjeeling" title="Category:Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Darjeeling_district" title="Category:Cities and towns in Darjeeling district">Cities and towns in Darjeeling district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Himalayas" title="Category:Himalayas">Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hill_stations_in_India" title="Category:Hill stations in India">Hill stations in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Darjeeling_district" title="Category:People from Darjeeling district">People from Darjeeling district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Darjeeling_district" title="Category:Villages in Darjeeling district">Villages in Darjeeling district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities,_towns_and_locations_in_Darjeeling_District402" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Darjeeling_District" title="Template:Darjeeling District"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Darjeeling_District" title="Template talk:Darjeeling District"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Darjeeling_District" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Darjeeling District"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities,_towns_and_locations_in_Darjeeling_District402" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cities, towns and locations in <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling District</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">Cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Census_town" title="Census town">census</a> towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar_subdivision" title="Darjeeling Sadar subdivision">Darjeeling Sadar subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badamtam_Tea_Garden" title="Badamtam Tea Garden">Badamtam Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongtong_Tea_Garden" title="Chongtong Tea Garden">Chongtong Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ging_Tea_Garden" title="Ging Tea Garden">Ging Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarjung_Tea_Garden_(Nagri)" title="Mangarjung Tea Garden (Nagri)">Mangarjung Tea Garden (Nagri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongmook_Ceder_Tea_Garden" title="Rongmook Ceder Tea Garden">Rongmook Ceder Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singtam_Tea_Garden" title="Singtam Tea Garden">Singtam Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonada" title="Sonada">Sonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhiapokhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhiapokhri">Sukhiapokhri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurseong_subdivision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurseong subdivision (page does not exist)">Kurseong subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cart_Road" title="Cart Road">Cart Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirik_subdivision" title="Mirik subdivision">Mirik subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirik" title="Mirik">Mirik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_subdivision" title="Siliguri subdivision">Siliguri subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_Mohansingh" title="Bara Mohansingh">Bara Mohansingh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bairatisal" title="Bairatisal">Bairatisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimram" title="Bhimram">Bhimram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Bagdogra" title="Dakshin Bagdogra">Dakshin Bagdogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumriguri" title="Dumriguri">Dumriguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geni,_Siliguri" title="Geni, Siliguri">Geni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitu,_Siliguri" title="Jitu, Siliguri">Jitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkut,_Siliguri" title="Kalkut, Siliguri">Kalkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharibari" title="Kharibari">Kharibari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman">Lalman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathapari" title="Mathapari">Mathapari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamdhan" title="Shyamdhan">Shyamdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tari,_Siliguri" title="Tari, Siliguri">Tari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Bagdogra" title="Uttar Bagdogra">Uttar Bagdogra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations other than cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar_subdivision" title="Darjeeling Sadar subdivision">Darjeeling Sadar subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bijanbari" title="Bijanbari">Bijanbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamong_Tea_Garden" title="Chamong Tea Garden">Chamong Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhajea_Tea_Garden" title="Dhajea Tea Garden">Dhajea Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghum,_West_Bengal" title="Ghum, West Bengal">Ghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorebungalow" title="Jorebungalow">Jorebungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebong_%26_Mineral_Spring_Tea_Garden" title="Lebong & Mineral Spring Tea Garden">Lebong & Mineral Spring Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodhoma" title="Lodhoma">Lodhoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manebhanjyang,_Darjeeling" title="Manebhanjyang, Darjeeling">Manebhanjyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariabong_Tea_Garden" title="Mariabong Tea Garden">Mariabong Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagri_Farm_Tea_Garden" title="Nagri Farm Tea Garden">Nagri Farm Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Valley_Tea_Garden" title="Orange Valley Tea Garden">Orange Valley Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshok_Tea_Garden" title="Peshok Tea Garden">Peshok Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhriabong" title="Pokhriabong">Pokhriabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poobong_Tea_Garden" title="Poobong Tea Garden">Poobong Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattabong_Tea_Garden" title="Pattabong Tea Garden">Pattabong Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangli_Rangliot" title="Rangli Rangliot">Rangli Rangliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimbick" title="Rimbick">Rimbick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishihat_Tea_Garden" title="Rishihat Tea Garden">Rishihat Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singla_Tea_Garden" title="Singla Tea Garden">Singla Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soom_Tea_Garden" title="Soom Tea Garden">Soom Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungma_Tea_Garden" title="Sungma Tea Garden">Sungma Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takdah" title="Takdah">Takdah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_Valley_Tea_Garden" title="Teesta Valley Tea Garden">Teesta Valley Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglu,_West_Bengal" title="Tonglu, West Bengal">Tonglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumsong_Tea_Garden" title="Tumsong Tea Garden">Tumsong Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukvar_Tea_Garden" title="Tukvar Tea Garden">Tukvar Tea Garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurseong_subdivision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurseong subdivision (page does not exist)">Kurseong subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambootia" title="Ambootia">Ambootia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giddapahar" title="Giddapahar">Giddapahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayabari" title="Gayabari">Gayabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longview_Tea_Garden" title="Longview Tea Garden">Longview Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangpu" title="Mangpu">Mangpu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monteviot_Tea_Garden" title="Monteviot Tea Garden">Monteviot Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_Tea_Garden" title="Rohini Tea Garden">Rohini Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulbari_Tea_Garden" title="Simulbari Tea Garden">Simulbari Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittong" title="Sittong">Sittong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukna,_Darjeeling" title="Sukna, Darjeeling">Sukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindharia" title="Tindharia">Tindharia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirik_subdivision" title="Mirik subdivision">Mirik subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panighatta" title="Panighatta">Panighatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singbulli_Tea_Garden" title="Singbulli Tea Garden">Singbulli Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soureni" title="Soureni">Soureni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_subdivision" title="Siliguri subdivision">Siliguri subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagdogra" title="Bagdogra">Bagdogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batasi" title="Batasi">Batasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengdubi" title="Bengdubi">Bengdubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigarahat" title="Matigarahat">Matigarahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohorgon_Tea_Garden" title="Mohorgon Tea Garden">Mohorgon Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalbari" title="Naxalbari">Naxalbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panitanki" title="Panitanki">Panitanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phansidewa,_Darjeeling" title="Phansidewa, Darjeeling">Phansidewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tea estates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Tea_Estate" title="Arya Tea Estate">Arya Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avongrove_Tea_Estate" title="Avongrove Tea Estate">Avongrove Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badamtam_Tea_Estate" title="Badamtam Tea Estate">Badamtam Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasun_Tea_Estate" title="Balasun Tea Estate">Balasun Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castleton_Tea_Estate" title="Castleton Tea Estate">Castleton Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenburn_Tea_Estate" title="Glenburn Tea Estate">Glenburn Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldhara_Tea_Estate" title="Gopaldhara Tea Estate">Gopaldhara Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goomtee_Tea_Estate" title="Goomtee Tea Estate">Goomtee Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_Tea_Estate" title="Happy Valley Tea Estate">Happy Valley Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungpana_Tea_Estate" title="Jungpana Tea Estate">Jungpana Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopchu_Tea_Estate" title="Lopchu Tea Estate">Lopchu Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaibari_Tea_Estate" title="Makaibari Tea Estate">Makaibari Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret%27s_Hope_Tea_Estate" title="Margaret's Hope Tea Estate">Margaret's Hope Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tukvar_Tea_Estate" title="North Tukvar Tea Estate">North Tukvar Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okayti_Tea_Estate" title="Okayti Tea Estate">Okayti Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoobsering_Tea_Estate" title="Phoobsering Tea Estate">Phoobsering Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuguri_Tea_Estate" title="Phuguri Tea Estate">Phuguri Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pussimbing_Tea_Estate" title="Pussimbing Tea Estate">Pussimbing Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puttabong_Tea_Estate" title="Puttabong Tea Estate">Puttabong Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurbo_Tea_Estate" title="Thurbo Tea Estate">Thurbo Tea Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Darjeeling" title="Template:Darjeeling">Darjeeling related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdogra_Airport" title="Bagdogra Airport">Bagdogra Airport</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Darjeeling_district" title="Category:People from Darjeeling district">People from Darjeeling district</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Darjeeling_district" title="Category:Villages in Darjeeling district">Villages in Darjeeling district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal652" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal652" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Bengal" title="Maritime history of Bengal">Maritime history of Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Cuisine" title="West Bengal Cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Temple_towns_in_West_Bengal605" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Temple_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Template:Temple towns in West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Temple_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Template talk:Temple towns in West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Temple_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Temple towns in West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Temple_towns_in_West_Bengal605" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Temple towns in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Temple towns</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district"> Bankura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajodhya,_Bankura" title="Ajodhya, Bankura">Ajodhya</a> (12 Shiva temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akui" title="Akui">Akui</a> (Radhakanta temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambikanagar,_Bankura" title="Ambikanagar, Bankura">Ambikanagar</a> (Ambika temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atbaichandi" title="Atbaichandi">Atbaichandi</a> (Basuli temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baital,_Bankura" title="Baital, Bankura">Baital</a> (Shyama Chandi temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balsi_Purbapara" title="Balsi Purbapara">Balsi Purbapara</a> (Vishnu deul, Shiva temple etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a> (many temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deulbhira" title="Deulbhira">Deulbhira</a> (Parshvantah temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharapat" title="Dharapat">Dharapat</a> (Deul of Dharapat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihar" title="Dihar">Dihar</a> (Shnareshwara Shiva Temple, Shaileswara Shiva temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwadashbari" title="Dwadashbari">Dwadashbari</a> (Nandakishor temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekteswar" title="Ekteswar">Ekteswar</a> (Shiva temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokulnagar,_Bankura" title="Gokulnagar, Bankura">Gokulnagar</a> (Gokulchand temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumut,_Bankura" title="Gumut, Bankura">Gumut</a> (Muninagar Radhakanta Temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadal_Narayanpur" title="Hadal Narayanpur">Hadal Narayanpur</a> (Radha Damodara Temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmasra" title="Harmasra">Harmasra</a> (many temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayrambati" title="Jayrambati">Jayrambati</a> (Sarada Ma’s birthplace)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynapur" title="Maynapur">Maynapur</a> (Hakanda temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patit_Dommahal" title="Patit Dommahal">Patit Dommahal</a> (Sridhara temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonatapal" title="Sonatapal">Sonatapal</a> (Sun temple)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district"> Birbhum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakreshwar" title="Bakreshwar">Bakreshwar</a> (several temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetampur" title="Hetampur">Hetampur</a> (Dewanji temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilambazar" title="Ilambazar">Ilambazar</a> (Gouranga, Raghunathji and other temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaydev_Kenduli" title="Jaydev Kenduli">Jaydev Kenduli</a> (Radha Binode temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankalitala" title="Kankalitala">Kankalitala</a> (Shakti peetha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoor" title="Nanoor">Nanoor</a> (Bisalakhi and other temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Suri</a> (Radha Damodara temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surul" title="Surul">Surul</a> (Lakshmi Janardan and other temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarapith" title="Tarapith">Tarapith</a> (Tara temple)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baneswar" title="Baneswar">Baneswar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baneswar_Shiva_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Baneswar Shiva temple">Shiva temple</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaliabari" title="Dhaliabari">Dhaliabari</a> (Siddhantha Shiva temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosanimari" title="Gosanimari">Gosanimari</a> (Kamteswari temple}</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidheswari" title="Sidheswari">Sidheswari</a> (Sidheswari Devi temple)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district"> Darjeeling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Darjeeling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mahakal_Temple,_Darjeeling" title="Mahakal Temple, Darjeeling">Mahakal temple</a>, Peace Pagoda, Ghoom Monastery)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district"> Hooghly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antpur" title="Antpur">Antpur</a> (Radha Govindjiu and other temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badanganj" title="Badanganj">Badanganj</a> (Damodara temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Dewanganj" title="Bali Dewanganj">Bali Dewanganj</a> (many temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansberia" title="Bansberia">Bansberia</a> (Hangseswari, Ananta Basudeba and other temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhalia" title="Bhalia">Bhalia</a> (Raghunatha temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihi_Bayara" title="Dihi Bayara">Dihi Bayara</a> (Swarup Narayan temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gourhati" title="Gourhati">Gourhati</a> (three temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guptipara" title="Guptipara">Guptipara</a> (four temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurap" title="Gurap">Gurap</a> (Nandadulala temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarpukur" title="Kamarpukur">Kamarpukur</a> (birthplace of Sri Ramakrishna)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur,_Hooghly" title="Kanpur, Hooghly">Kanpur</a> (Kanakeswar Shiva temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parul,_Hooghly" title="Parul, Hooghly">Parul</a> (Raghunatha and Bisalakshi temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarakeswar" title="Tarakeswar">Tarakeswar</a> (Taraknath Temple)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district"> Howrah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belur,_West_Bengal" title="Belur, West Bengal">Belur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belur_Math" title="Belur Math">Belur Math</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainaguri" title="Mainaguri">Mainaguri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jalpesh_Temple" title="Jalpesh Temple">Jalpesh Temple</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baranagar,_Murshidabad" title="Baranagar, Murshidabad">Baranagar</a> (several temples)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district"> Nadia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayapur" title="Mayapur">Mayapur</a> (several temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabadwip" title="Nabadwip">Nabadwip</a> (temple city)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpara" title="Palpara">Palpara</a> (Palpara temple)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district"> North 24 Parganas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar" title="Dakshineswar">Dakshineswar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Kali Temple</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranagar" title="Baranagar">Baranagar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kripamayee_Kali_Temple" title="Kripamayee Kali Temple">Kripamayee Kali Temple</a>, Baranagar Math)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district"> Paschim Bardhaman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gourangapur" title="Gourangapur">Gourangapur</a> (Ichhai Ghosher Deul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankati,_Paschim_Bardhaman" title="Bankati, Paschim Bardhaman">Bankati</a> (Shiva temple)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakona" title="Chandrakona">Chandrakona</a> (many temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daspur" title="Daspur">Daspur</a> (several temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihi_Baliharpur" title="Dihi Baliharpur">Dihi Baliharpur</a> (Radha Gobinda temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrajpur,_Paschim_Medinipur" title="Dubrajpur, Paschim Medinipur">Dubrajpur</a> (Lakshmi Janardana temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatal" title="Ghatal">Ghatal</a> (many temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindanagar" title="Gobindanagar">Gobindanagar</a> (Radha Govinda temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalchak" title="Jalchak">Jalchak</a> (2 temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalshara" title="Jalshara">Jalshara</a> (Buro Shiva temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnagarh" title="Karnagarh">Karnagarh</a> (3 temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharar,_Ghatal" title="Kharar, Ghatal">Kharar</a> (many temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirpai" title="Khirpai">Khirpai</a> (3-4 temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachhipur" title="Lachhipur">Lachhipur</a> (Sridharjiu temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoda" title="Laoda">Laoda</a> (2 temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyada,_Paschim_Medinipur" title="Loyada, Paschim Medinipur">Loyada</a> (3 temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narajole" title="Narajole">Narajole</a> (many temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathra,_Paschim_Medinipur" title="Pathra, Paschim Medinipur">Pathra</a> (34 temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhakantapur" title="Radhakantapur">Radhakantapur</a> (two temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjibanpur" title="Ramjibanpur">Ramjibanpur</a> (many temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaulan" title="Shaulan">Shaulan</a> (Shyama Sundara temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrirampur,_Paschim_Medinipur" title="Shrirampur, Paschim Medinipur">Shrirampur</a> (Lakshmi Janardana temple)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrargar" title="Amrargar">Amrargar</a> (several temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidyapur" title="Baidyapur">Baidyapur</a> (Jora Deul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a> (many temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalna_City" title="Kalna City">Kalna City</a> (many temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogram" title="Kogram">Kogram</a> (Mangal Chandi temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankar" title="Mankar">Mankar</a> (several temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sribati" title="Sribati">Sribati</a> (Sri Visweaswara, Sri Bholanath and Sri Chandreswar temples)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alangiri" title="Alangiri">Alangiri</a> (2 temples + rasmancha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagabanpur" title="Bhagabanpur">Bhagabanpur</a> (Dakhsina Kali temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihibahiri" title="Dihibahiri">Dihibahiri</a> (Jagannath temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egra" title="Egra">Egra</a> (Shiva deul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukhia" title="Jukhia">Jukhia</a> (Radha Govinda temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahishadal" title="Mahishadal">Mahishadal</a> (Madan Gopala temple}</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paikbheri" title="Paikbheri">Paikbheri</a> (Shyama Sundar temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchrol" title="Panchrol">Panchrol</a> (4 temples)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achkoda" title="Achkoda">Achkoda</a> (old atchahlas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaijambad" title="Anaijambad">Anaijambad</a> (Digambar Jain Temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budhpur,_Purulia" title="Budhpur, Purulia">Budhpur</a> (Shiva temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheliyama" title="Cheliyama">Cheliyama</a> (Radha Binode temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chharra,_Purulia" title="Chharra, Purulia">Chharra</a> (old Jain temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deulghata" title="Deulghata">Deulghata</a> (old temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garh_Panchkot" title="Garh Panchkot">Garh Panchkot</a> (old pancha-ratna and other temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haraktor" title="Haraktor">Haraktor</a> (old idols)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakbirra" title="Pakbirra">Pakbirra</a> (old Jain temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para,_Purulia" title="Para, Purulia">Para</a> (old temples)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telkupi" title="Telkupi">Telkupi</a> (old submerged temples)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_temples_in_West_Bengal" title="Template:Hindu temples in West Bengal">Hindu temples in West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_centres_in_West_Bengal" title="Template:Jain centres in West Bengal">Jain centres in West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169997#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1377" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169997#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169997#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132550319">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbWwGgfbcmK7MkB7Xvj4q">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4011057-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82140118">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11973509h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11973509h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1106159&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564488205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/253c933a-f0ed-426c-94f2-112695da4a05">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&oldid=1274365030">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&oldid=1274365030</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Darjeeling" title="Category:Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Darjeeling_district" title="Category:Cities and towns in Darjeeling district">Cities and towns in Darjeeling district</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hill_stations_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Hill stations in West Bengal">Hill stations in West Bengal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Cities in West Bengal">Cities in West Bengal</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages">Wikipedia pending changes protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2023">Use dmy dates from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_August_2022" title="Category:Use Indian English from August 2022">Use Indian English from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_image_map1_but_not_image_map" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map">Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Nepali_(macrolanguage)_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Nepali (macrolanguage) IPA">Pages with Nepali (macrolanguage) IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Bengali_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Bengali IPA">Pages with Bengali IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Kartographer extension">Pages using the Kartographer extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 February 2025, at 23:14 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Darjeeling</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 80 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-fsvsv","wgBackendResponseTime":233,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_445fa9f586ddc37fd54bcaa7bd6896ac38eda020":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[88.26305555555555,27.0375],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"5E74F3","title":"Darjeeling","marker-symbol":"city"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q169997","properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#808080","title":"Darjeeling"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.153","walltime":"3.672","ppvisitednodes":{"value":33564,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":550566,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":36827,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":47,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":549575,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3159.094 1 -total"," 29.56% 933.781 312 Template:Sfn"," 15.58% 492.339 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.36% 453.591 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 11.99% 378.864 1 Template:Infobox"," 11.19% 353.376 61 Template:Cite_book"," 10.17% 321.178 2 Template:IPA"," 5.36% 169.420 328 Template:Main_other"," 4.62% 145.870 31 Template:Cite_web"," 4.04% 127.657 8 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.018","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":30965187,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAgrawal2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAwasthiPandey2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAygen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarry2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasumajumdar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBengal1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernbaum2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBesky2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBesky2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBesky2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattacharya2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattacharya2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooth2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradnock2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownScraseGanguly-Scrase2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChattopadhyay2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChauhan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChettri2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChhetri2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChhetri2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChhetri2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChhetriLepcha2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChodon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasguptaGarg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeuchar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDozey1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrewRai2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuttaGhoshDebnathGhosh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEverett-Heath2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGellner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerrard1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGervaisSlider2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmour2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrunfeld2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._Ä._Jaschke1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhawas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonerSamanta2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishna2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar,_A.Rai,_U.Roka,_B.Jha,_A._K.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumarKumarSinghArif2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLama2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamaRai2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiechty2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiechty2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackintosh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandal2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandalMondal2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarie-Vivien2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddleton2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddletonShneiderman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMondalRoychowdhury2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagPaulSahaGoswami2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNegi1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrtner2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalShaw2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradhan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahamtullaRoyKhasim2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyBiswas2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyHannam2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahitya_Akademi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaikawaPandayKang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamantaKoner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScraseGanguly-ScraseDeuchar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeglie,_DanieleRoy,_D.Giacoma,_CristinaMushahiddunnabi,_M.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahNarayan_ShahDomisch2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShneidermanMiddleton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpateLearmonth2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg,_S._H.1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTERI2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamangSarkarHesseltine1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorTaylor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTea_Board_of_India\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThakurDasKumar2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapaTamang2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest_Bengal_(India)1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZivkovic2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZurickPacheco2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_BruynBainVenkatramanJoshi2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 31,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 35,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 7,\n [\"Darjeeling\"] = 1,\n [\"Darjeeling District\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 18,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted\"] = 12,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 16,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 312,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC left\"] = 1,\n [\"Temple towns in West Bengal\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"West Bengal topics\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","460","22.1"],["?","360","17.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","5.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","5.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","3.8"],["(for generator)","80","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getFileInfo","60","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::len","40","1.9"],["is_alias_used \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:278\u003E","40","1.9"],["[others]","660","31.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-f9hsg","timestamp":"20250214065821","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Darjeeling","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Darjeeling","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169997","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169997","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-22T14:31:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/96\/DarjeelingTrainFruitshop_%282%29.jpg","headline":"City in West Bengal, India"}</script> </body> </html>