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href="#Sunnī_schools_of_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sunnī schools of theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sunnī_schools_of_theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sunnī schools of theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sunnī_schools_of_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Athari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Athari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ʿIlm_al-Kalām" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ʿIlm_al-Kalām"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>ʿIlm al-Kalām</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ʿIlm_al-Kalām-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muʿtazila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muʿtazila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Muʿtazila</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muʿtazila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ashʿarīyyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashʿarīyyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Ashʿarīyyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashʿarīyyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mātūrīd’iyyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mātūrīd’iyyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Mātūrīd’iyyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mātūrīd’iyyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jahmiyyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jahmiyyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jahmiyyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jahmiyyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qadariyyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qadariyyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Qadariyyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qadariyyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhakkima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhakkima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Muhakkima</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Muhakkima-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Muhakkima subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Muhakkima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khawarij" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khawarij"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Khawarij</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khawarij-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ibadiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibadiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ibadiyya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibadiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murji'ah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murji'ah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Murji'ah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murji'ah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shīʿa_schools_of_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shīʿa_schools_of_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Shīʿa schools of theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shīʿa_schools_of_theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shīʿa schools of theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shīʿa_schools_of_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zaydi-Fivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaydi-Fivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Zaydi-Fivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaydi-Fivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bāṭin’iyyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bāṭin’iyyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bāṭin’iyyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bāṭin’iyyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imami-Ismā'īlīs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imami-Ismā'īlīs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Imami-Ismā'īlīs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imami-Ismā'īlīs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batini-Twelver_ʿAqīdah_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batini-Twelver_ʿAqīdah_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Batini-Twelver ʿAqīdah schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batini-Twelver_ʿAqīdah_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alevism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alevism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2.1</span> <span>Alevism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alevism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alevi_Islamic_school_of_divinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alevi_Islamic_school_of_divinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2.1.1</span> <span>Alevi Islamic school of divinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alevi_Islamic_school_of_divinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2.2</span> <span>Baktāshism <i>(Bektaşilik)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baktāshi_Islamic_School_of_Divinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baktāshi_Islamic_School_of_Divinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2.2.1</span> <span>Baktāshi Islamic School of Divinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baktāshi_Islamic_School_of_Divinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Baktāshi_ʿaqīdah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Baktāshi_ʿaqīdah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2.2.2</span> <span>The Baktāshi ʿaqīdah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Baktāshi_ʿaqīdah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ithnā'ashariyyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ithnā'ashariyyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Ithnā'ashariyyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ithnā'ashariyyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imami-Ja'faris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imami-Ja'faris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Imami-Ja'faris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imami-Ja'faris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usulism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usulism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1.1</span> <span>Usulism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usulism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akhbarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akhbarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1.2</span> <span>Akhbarism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akhbarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaykhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaykhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1.3</span> <span>Shaykhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaykhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghulāt-Imamis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghulāt-Imamis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Ghulāt-Imamis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghulāt-Imamis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-‘Alawism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#‘Alawism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2.1</span> <span>‘Alawism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-‘Alawism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-‘Alawite_Islamic_School_of_Divinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#‘Alawite_Islamic_School_of_Divinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2.1.1</span> <span>‘Alawite Islamic School of Divinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-‘Alawite_Islamic_School_of_Divinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_‘Alawite_ʿaqīdah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_‘Alawite_ʿaqīdah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2.1.2</span> <span>The ‘Alawite ʿaqīdah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_‘Alawite_ʿaqīdah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kızılbaşlık" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kızılbaşlık"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2.2</span> <span>Kızılbaşlık</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kızılbaşlık-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Qizilbash_ʿaqīdah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Qizilbash_ʿaqīdah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2.2.1</span> <span>The Qizilbash ʿaqīdah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Qizilbash_ʿaqīdah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tashbih" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tashbih"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tashbih</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tashbih-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tashbih subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tashbih-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Karram’iyyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karram’iyyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Karram’iyyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karram’iyyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Anthropopathy in the history of Ghulāt Shīʿīsm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahmadiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmadiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ahmadiyya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmadiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Schools of Islamic theology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مذاهب إسلامية عقائدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مذاهب إسلامية عقائدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="ইসলামি ধর্মতত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলামি ধর্মতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D2%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Ислам дин ғилеме – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ислам дин ғилеме" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escolas_de_teolox%C3%ADa_isl%C3%A1mica" title="Escolas de teoloxía islámica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escolas de teoloxía islámica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoli_di_Islamala_teologio" title="Skoli di Islamala teologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skoli di Islamala teologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab_teologi_Islam" title="Mazhab teologi Islam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mazhab teologi Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%92_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="اسلامی الہیات دے مکاتب فکر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسلامی الہیات دے مکاتب فکر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escolas_de_teologia_isl%C3%A2mica" title="Escolas de teologia islâmica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escolas de teologia islâmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru 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searchaux" style="display:none">Set of theological beliefs in the Islamic faith</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a> for sectarian divisions within Islam; see <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">aqidah</a> for the concept of "creed" in Islam; see <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">kalam</a> for the concept of theological discourse.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style=";">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Allah" title="Category:Allah">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.6em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Allah" in Arabic calligraphy"><img alt=""Allah" in Arabic calligraphy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/185px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/278px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/370px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="2077" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> <a href="/wiki/Jalla_Jalaluhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalla Jalaluhu"> Jalla Jalālah</a></i><br />in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Islam" title="Attributes of God in Islam">Attributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah#Phrases_and_expressions" title="Allah">Phrases and expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam (religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_God_in_Islam" title="Throne of God in Islam">Throne of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Theology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schools of Islamic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism_and_corporealism_in_Islam" title="Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam">Anthropomorphism and corporealism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Expressions and phrases</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbih (Subhan Allah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbir (Allahu Akbar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">Hamd (Praise)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawqala" title="Hawqala">Hawqala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27awwudh" title="Ta'awwudh">Ta'awwudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inna_Lillahi_wa_inna_ilayhi_raji%27un" title="Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un">Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahumma" title="Allahumma">Allahumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be,_and_it_is" title="Be, and it is">Be, and it is</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">Shirk (polytheism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Iman (belief)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan (development)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nifaq">Nifaq (hypocrisy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kufr (disobidience/denial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Ta'til (denial of divine attributes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzih" title="Tanzih">Tanzih (transcendance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bila_Kayf" title="Bila Kayf">Bila Kayf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafwid" title="Tafwid">Tafwid</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scripture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ikhlas" title="Al-Ikhlas">Al-Ikhlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_Verse" title="Throne Verse">Throne Verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_of_Light" title="Verse of Light">Verse of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27awwidhatayn" title="Al-Mu'awwidhatayn">Al-Mu'awwidhatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_Qudsi" title="Hadith Qudsi">Hadith Qudsi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Others</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inshallah" title="Inshallah">Inshallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashallah" title="Mashallah">Mashallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Alhamdulillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazakallah" title="Jazakallah">Jazakallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istighfar" title="Istighfar">Istighfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fi_sabilillah" title="Fi sabilillah">Fi sabilillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ism_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Ism al-A'zam">Al-Ism al-A'zam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaib">Ghaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilah" title="Ilah">Ilah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></i> (exegesis)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> </i>(creed)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya</a></i> (<i>Stories of the Prophets</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></i> (poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i></a> (jurisprudence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i></a> (law)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abd_Allah_Musawwir_-_The_Meeting_of_the_Theologians_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Abd_Allah_Musawwir_-_The_Meeting_of_the_Theologians_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-Abd_Allah_Musawwir_-_The_Meeting_of_the_Theologians_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Abd_Allah_Musawwir_-_The_Meeting_of_the_Theologians_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/390px-Abd_Allah_Musawwir_-_The_Meeting_of_the_Theologians_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Abd_Allah_Musawwir_-_The_Meeting_of_the_Theologians_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/520px-Abd_Allah_Musawwir_-_The_Meeting_of_the_Theologians_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2629" data-file-height="4001" /></a><figcaption><i>The Meeting of the Theologians</i>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian painting">Persian painting</a> by Abd Allah Musawwir (mid-16th century), <a href="/wiki/Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art" title="Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art">Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Schools of Islamic theology</b> are various <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a> in different schools of thought regarding <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">creed</a>. The main schools of Islamic theology include the extant <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'ari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Athari</a> schools; the extinct ones include the <a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batini</a> schools. </p><p>The main schism between <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khariji</a> branches of Islam was initially more political than theological, but theological differences have developed over time throughout the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divinity_schools_in_Islamic_theology">Divinity schools in Islamic theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Divinity schools in Islamic theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_theology" title="Category:Islamic theology">a series</a> on </span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silhouette of a mosque"><img alt="Silhouette of a mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/110px-Mosque02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/165px-Mosque02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/220px-Mosque02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="220" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sunni_schools_of_theology">Sunni</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)#The_six_articles_of_the_Islamic_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">Six Articles of Iman</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">The Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_during_Ramadan" title="Fasting during Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sunnī_schools_of_theology">Schools of theology</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Shia_schools_of_theology">Shi'a</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancillaries_of_the_Faith" title="Ancillaries of the Faith">Basic Tenets of Faith</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_what_is_just" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding what is just">Commanding what is just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">Forbidding what is evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawalla">Tawalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarra">Tabarra</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Twelver_theology" title="Twelver theology">Theology of the Twelvers</a></b><sup>4,</sup> <sup>5</sup><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalah_(Islam)" title="Adalah (Islam)">Adalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_(Shia_Islam)" title="Prophecy (Shia Islam)">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Resurrection_and_final_judgement" title="Islamic eschatology">Qiyamah</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism#Beliefs" title="Isma'ilism">Theology of the Ismailis</a></b><sup>6</sup><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Zaydism#Theology" title="Zaydism">Theology of the Zaydis</a></b></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_theology" title="Ibadi theology">Theology of the Ibadis</a></b></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyya" title="Jabriyya">Jabriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahmiyya" title="Jahmiyya">Jahmi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Tashbih">Mujassimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadariyya">Qadariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quraniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <p><u>Including:</u><br /> </p> <div class="plainlist" style="font-weight:normal"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali school</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri school</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i school</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi school</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhbarism">Akhbari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a>)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>5</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a>)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>6</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mustali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustali">Mustali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atba-e-Malak" title="Atba-e-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul> </div> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aqidah" title="Template:Aqidah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aqidah" title="Template talk:Aqidah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aqidah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aqidah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān">Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</a></i> (2006), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a> displays a wide range of theological topics related to the religious thought of <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> and through its prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> presents a coherent vision of the creator, the cosmos and man. The main issues of Muslim theological dispute prove to be hidden under the wording of the qurʾānic message, which is closely tied to Muḥammad's <a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sīra">biography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoQ-Quran_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-Quran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Modern scholars of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a> say that some instances of theological thought were already developed among <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">polytheists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabia</a>, such as the belief in <a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">fatalism</a> (<i>ḳadar</i>), which reoccurs in Islamic theology regarding the metaphysical debates on the <a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Islam" title="Attributes of God in Islam">attributes of God in Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">predestination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology" title="Free will in theology">human free-will</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidtke_2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidtke_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original schism between <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnīs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shīʿas</a> among <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> was a dispute over the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">political and religious succession</a> to the leadership of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></i> (Muslim community) after the death of prophet Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shīʿas believe <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnīs consider <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shīʿas and the Sunnīs during the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a> (the first Islamic Civil War);<sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to <i><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfīr</a></i> (excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims to be either <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">infidels</a> (<i>kuffār</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">false Muslims</a> (<i>munāfiḳūn</i>), and therefore deemed them <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">worthy of death</a> for their perceived <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostasy</a> (<i>ridda</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">ʿAqīdah</a></i> is an Islamic term meaning "<a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a>" or "belief".<sup id="cite_ref-Abdel-Haleem_2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdel-Haleem_2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any religious belief system, or creed, can be considered an example of <i>ʿaqīdah</i>. This term has taken a significant technical usage in Muslim history and theology, denoting those matters over which Muslims hold conviction. The term is usually translated as "theology". Such traditions are divisions orthogonal to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">sectarian divisions within Islam</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Muʿtazilite</a> may, for example, belong to the <a href="/wiki/Ja%CA%BDfari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaʽfari jurisprudence">Jaʿfari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydī</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Ḥanafī</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools of Islamic jurisprudence</a>. </p><p>In the history of Islam, one of the earliest systematic schools of Islamic theology to develop were the <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Muʿtazila</a> in the mid-8th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidtke_2016_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidtke_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peters_1980_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muʿtazilite theologians emphasized the use of <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rational thought</a>, positing that the injunctions of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> are accessible through rational thought and inquiry, and affirmed that <a href="/wiki/Quranic_createdness" title="Quranic createdness">the Quran was created</a> (<i>makhlūq</i>) rather than co-eternal with God, which would develop into one of the most contentious questions in the history of Islamic theology.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidtke_2016_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidtke_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peters_1980_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 9th–10th century CE, the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ashʿarī school</a> developed as a response to the Muʿtazila, founded by the 10th-century Muslim scholar and theologian <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiele_2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiele_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashʿarītes still taught the use of reason in understanding the Quran, but denied the possibility of deducing moral truths by reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiele_2016_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiele_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Māturīdī school</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Ulrich_2016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulrich_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to its founder, the 10th-century Muslim scholar and theologian <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī</a>, human reason is supposed to acknowledge the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a> (<i>bāriʾ</i>) solely <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">based on rational thought</a> and independently from divine revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulrich_2016_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulrich_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He shared this conviction with his teacher and predecessor <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_an-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man">Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān</a> (8th century CE), whereas al-Ashʿarī never held such a view.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulrich_2016_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulrich_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Afghan-American philosopher <a href="/wiki/Sayed_Hassan_Akhlaq" title="Sayed Hassan Akhlaq">Sayed Hassan Hussaini</a>, the early schools of Islamic theology and theological beliefs among <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">classical Muslim philosophers</a> are characterized by "a rich color of <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a> with a slight disposition toward <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Hussaini_2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussaini_2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another point of contention was the relative position of <i><a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">imān</a></i> ("faith") contrasted with <i><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">taqwā</a></i> ("piety"). Such schools of Islamic theology are summarized under <i><a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i>, or "science of discourse", as opposed to mystical schools who deny that any theological truth may be discovered by means of discourse or reason.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sunnī_schools_of_theology"><span id="Sunn.C4.AB_schools_of_theology"></span>Sunnī schools of theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sunnī schools of theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islam" title="Category:Sunni Islam">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/200px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/300px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/400px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah_(Islamic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqidah (Islamic theology)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets and Messengers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Declaration of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rightly-Guided Caliphs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Others</span></span> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awza%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Awza'i">Awza'i</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thawri" class="mw-redirect" title="Thawri">Thawri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laythi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laythi">Laythi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariri">Jariri</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schools of theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a>)</li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size:85%;">In terms of <a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a>:</span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> (Ahl <a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">al-Wijdan</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">al-Kashf</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Movements" title="Islamic schools and branches">Contemporary movements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi_movement" title="Barelvi movement">Barelvi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_neo-traditionalism" title="Islamic neo-traditionalism">Neo-traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farahi_school" title="Farahi school">Farahi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holy sites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam#History" title="Sunni Islam">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Persecution</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sunni_Islam" title="Template talk:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png/220px-Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png/330px-Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png/440px-Sunni_Streams_of_Doctrine.png 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Main schools of thought within Sunni Islam, and other prominent streams.</figcaption></figure> <p><sup id="cite_ref-Geaves_2021_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geaves_2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Sunni scholars have adopted the Ash‘ariyya school of theology,<sup id="cite_ref-Islam_p._696_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_p._696-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the similar Mātūrīd’iyyah school also has Sunni scholarly adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-heer-lecture-8-10_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heer-lecture-8-10-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a> are the largest <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denomination</a> of Islam and are known as '<b>Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h'</b> or simply as '<b><a href="/wiki/Ahl_as-Sunnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl as-Sunnah">Ahl as-Sunnah</a>'</b>. The word <b>Sunni</b> comes from the word <b><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></b>, which means the teachings and actions or examples of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. Therefore, the term "Sunni" refers to those who follow or maintain the <b>Sunnah</b> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. </p><p>The Sunnis believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor to lead the Muslim <i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a></i> (community) before his death, and after an initial period of confusion, a group of his most prominent <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">companions</a> gathered and elected <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, Muhammad's close friend and a father-in-law, as the first '<i><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a></i> 'of Islam. Sunni Muslims regard the first four caliphs (<a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">`Umar ibn al-Khattāb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uthman_Ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman Ibn Affan">Uthman Ibn Affan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abu Talib</a>) as "<a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">al-Khulafā’ur-Rāshidūn</a>" or "The Rightly Guided Caliphs". After the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a>, the position turned into a hereditary right and the caliph's role was limited to being a political symbol of Muslim strength and unity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athari">Athari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Athari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Tahawi" title="Al-Tahawi">Al-Tahawi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></div> <p>Atharism (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أثري</span>; <i>textualism</i>) is a movement of Islamic scholars who reject rationalistic Islamic theology (<i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">kalam</a></i>) in favor of strict textualism in interpreting the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Halverson-36q_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halverson-36q-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is derived from the Arabic word <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">athar</i></span></i>, literally meaning "remnant" and also referring to a "narrative".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a minority position amongst the scholars and their disciples are called the <i>Athariyya</i>, or Atharis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Earliest atharist such as <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Sha%27bi" title="Amir al-Sha'bi">Amir al-Sha'bi</a> denounced the use of <a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a> (analogic deduction), as he strongly relied primarily on scriptural traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Sha'bi;_Siyar_A'lam_Nubala;_Arnauth_p.303_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sha'bi;_Siyar_A'lam_Nubala;_Arnauth_p.303-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also tried to convince other scholars that Qiyās was not a valid argument.<sup id="cite_ref-Sha'bi;_Siyar_A'lam_Nubala;_Arnauth_p.311_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sha'bi;_Siyar_A'lam_Nubala;_Arnauth_p.311-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Sha'bi was recorded to have said: "Beware of Qiyās. For when you use it, you make what is <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a> and what is haram to be halal.".<sup id="cite_ref-Sha'bi;_Ibn_Qutayba;_p.110_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sha'bi;_Ibn_Qutayba;_p.110-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For followers of the Athari movement, the "clear" meaning of the Qur'an, and especially the prophetic traditions, has sole authority in matters of belief, and to engage in rational disputation (<i>kalam</i>), even if one arrives at the truth, is absolutely forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-TCSI2010:_36_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCSI2010:_36-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atharis engage in an amodal reading of the Quran, as opposed to one engaged in <i>ta'wil</i> (metaphorical interpretation). They do not attempt to conceptualize the meanings of the Quran rationally, and believe that the "real" meaning should be consigned to God alone (<i>tafwid</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-TCSI2010:_36-7_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCSI2010:_36-7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In essence, the meaning has been accepted without asking "how" or "<a href="/wiki/Bi-la_kaifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-la kaifa">Bi-la kaifa</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In theory, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> has stated this means rejecting any attribution of God with creatures; such as the doctrine of the rationalists (Mu'tazilah). thus, Ahmad rejecting the notion of Mu'tazilah that Qur'an was a creation, and instead stated Qur'an is a <i>shifat</i> (attribute) of God.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Malaysia_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Malaysia-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ushul_Shunnah;_Walid_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ushul_Shunnah;_Walid-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Creed_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Williams_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creed_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Williams-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Shaukat_Ali_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Shaukat_Ali-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the famous <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Faraj_ibn_al-Jawzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a> states, in <i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Akhbar_as-Sifat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitab Akhbar as-Sifat">Kitab Akhbar as-Sifat</a>,</i> that Ahmad ibn Hanbal would have been opposed to <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism_and_corporealism_in_Islam" title="Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam">anthropomorphic</a> interpretations of Quranic texts such as those of al-Qadi Abu Ya'la, Ibn Hamid, and Ibn az-Zaghuni.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Faraj_ibn_al-Jawzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi">Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi</a>'s criticism of <i><a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hanbalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalis">Hanbalis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a>, a professor of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a> deduced that the <i>Salafi aqidah</i> is located somewhere between <a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">ta'til</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropopathy">anthropopathy</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a> <a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">Ẓāhir</a>īsm in understanding the <a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">tashbih</a> in Qur'an)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Zahra_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahra-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-news_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Islam. <i><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a> <a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">Ẓāhir</a>īsm</i> and total rejection of <i><a href="/wiki/Ta%27wil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'wil">ta'wil</a></i> are amongst the fundamental characteristics of this <i>"new"</i> Islamic school of theology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ʿIlm_al-Kalām"><span id=".CA.BFIlm_al-Kal.C4.81m"></span><i>ʿIlm al-Kalām</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: ʿIlm al-Kalām"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">علم الكلام</span>, literally "science of discourse"),<sup id="cite_ref-Abdel-Haleem_2008_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdel-Haleem_2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually foreshortened to <i>kalām</i> and sometimes called "Islamic scholastic theology" or "speculative theology", is a rational undertaking born out of the need to establish and defend the tenets of Islamic faith against doubters and detractors.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>ʿIlm al-Kalām</i> incorporates <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian reasoning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> into Islamic theology.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_1980_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Muslim scholar of <i>kalām</i> is referred to as a <i>mutakallim</i> (plural: <i>mutakallimūn</i>) as distinguished from philosophers, jurists, and scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many possible interpretations as to why this discipline was originally called <i>kalām</i>; one is that the widest controversy in this discipline has been about whether the <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Word</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>, as revealed in the Quran, can be considered part of God's essence and therefore not created, or whether it was made into words in the normal sense of <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a>, and is therefore <a href="/wiki/Quranic_createdness" title="Quranic createdness">created</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_1980_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many schools of Kalam, the main ones being the <a href="/wiki/Mutazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutazila">Mutazila</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a> schools in Sunni Islam. Traditionalist theology rejects the use of kalam, regarding humans reason as sinful in unseen matters.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muʿtazila"><span id="Mu.CA.BFtazila"></span>Muʿtazila</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Muʿtazila"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wasil_Ibn_%27Ata%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasil Ibn 'Ata'">Wasil Ibn 'Ata'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">Ibrahim al-Nazzam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Al-Zamakhshari</a></div> <p>Muʿtazila is a school of theology that appeared in early Islāmic history and were known for their neutrality in the dispute between <a href="/wiki/Al%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alī">Alī</a> and his opponents after the death of the third caliph, <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>. By the 10th century CE the term had also come to refer to an Islamic school of speculative theology (kalām) that flourished in Basra and Baghdad (8th–10th century).<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-robinson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sunni sources, Muʿtazili theology originated in the eighth century in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> (now in Iraq) when <a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_Ata" title="Wasil ibn Ata">Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭā'</a> (died 131 AH/748 AD) withdrew (<i>iʿtazala</i>, hence the name Mu'tazila) from the teaching lessons of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri" title="Hasan al-Basri">Hasan al-Basri</a> after a theological dispute regarding the issue of <i>al-Manzilah bayna al-Manzilatayn</i> (<i>a position between two positions</i>), where Wasil ibn Ata reasoned that a grave sinner (fāsiq) could be classed neither as believer nor unbeliever but was in an intermediate position (al-manzilah bayna manzilatayn).<sup id="cite_ref-ad_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ad-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The later Mu'tazila school developed an <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> type of rationalism, partly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a>, based around three fundamental principles: the oneness (<i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i>) and justice (<i><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Al-'adl</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fakhry-46_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fakhry-46-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> human freedom of action, and the creation of the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muʿtazilites are best known for rejecting the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Quranic_createdness" title="Quranic createdness">Quran as uncreated and co-eternal with God</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-as_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asserting that if the Quran is the word of God, he <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logically</a> "must have preceded his own speech".<sup id="cite_ref-SKHE-77_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKHE-77-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This went against the orthodox Sunni position which argued that with God being all knowing, his knowledge of the Quran must have been eternal, hence uncreated just like him.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most notable episode of Mu'tazila conflict with the Atharist orthodoxy was during the reign of Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">Al-Ma'mun</a>, where the long feud of Mu'tazila Quran creationism doctrine opposed by the atharist doctrine that Quran as <i>shifat</i> (attribution) of God which championed by Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ushul_Shunnah;_Walid_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ushul_Shunnah;_Walid-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Creed_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Williams_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creed_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Williams-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Shaukat_Ali_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Shaukat_Ali-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Malaysia_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Malaysia-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad was recorded engaged in long debates against the leading Mu'tazilite and <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a> of caliphate, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Du%27ad" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad">Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad</a> regarding the said matter about the nature of Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Muʿtazilis later relied on <a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">logic</a> and different aspects of <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">early Islamic philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greek philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>, the basics of Islam is their starting point and ultimate reference.<sup id="cite_ref-rw_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rw-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wc_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wc-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several groups were later influenced by Muʿtazilite theology, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bishriyya" title="Bishriyya">Bishriyya</a>, who followed the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Bishriyya#Distinction_from_Mu'tazila" title="Bishriyya">Bishr ibn al-Mu'tamir</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bahshamiyya" title="Bahshamiyya">Bahshamiyya</a>, who followed the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hashim_al-Jubba%27i" title="Abu Hashim al-Jubba'i">Abu Hashim al-Jubba'i</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ashʿarīyyah"><span id="Ash.CA.BFar.C4.AByyah"></span>Ashʿarīyyah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ashʿarīyyah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani" title="Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani">Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani</a></div> <p>Ashʿarīyyah is a school of theology that was founded by the Arab Muslim scholar, reformer, and scholastic theologian <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī</a> (874–936), who developed the school of thought founded by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Ibn Kullab</a> a century earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_2006_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Islamica_2015_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islamica_2015-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thiele_2016_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiele_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It established an orthodox guideline<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">scriptural authority</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_2006_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thiele_2016_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiele_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frank_2020_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_2020-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_2006_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frank_2020_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_2020-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoover_2020_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoover_2020-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalverson201014–15_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalverson201014–15-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and theological <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_2006_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frank_2020_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_2020-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalverson201014–15_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalverson201014–15-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a young man, al-Ashʿarī studied under <a href="/wiki/Al-Jubba%27i" title="Al-Jubba'i">al-Jubba'i</a>, a renowned teacher of <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazilite theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was noted for his teachings on <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">atomism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among the <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">earliest Islamic philosophies</a>, and for al-Ashʿarī this was the basis for propagating the view that <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> created every moment in <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> and every particle of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>. He nonetheless believed in <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology" title="Free will in theology">free will</a>, elaborating the thoughts of Dirar ibn 'Amr and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a> into a "dual agent" or "acquisition" (<i>iktisab</i>) account of free will.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Ashʿarī established a middle way between the doctrines of the <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">Aṯharī</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a> schools of Islamic theology, based both on reliance on the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">sacred scriptures of Islam</a> and theological rationalism concerning the <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Islam" title="Free will in theology">agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Islam" title="Attributes of God in Islam">attributes of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_2006_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thiele_2016_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiele_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frank_2020_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_2020-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ashʿarī school reasoned that truth can only be known through revelation, and that without revelation the unaided human mind wouldn't be able to know if something is good or evil. It has been called "an attempt to create a middle position" between the rationalism of the Muʿtazilites and scripturalism of the traditionalists.<sup id="cite_ref-heer-lecture-10_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heer-lecture-10-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to explain how God has power and control over everything, but humans are responsible for their sins, al-Ashʿarī developed the doctrine of <i>kasb</i> (acquisition), whereby any and all human acts, even the raising of a finger, are <i>created</i> by God, but the human being who performs the act is <i>responsible</i> for it, because they have "acquired" the act.<sup id="cite_ref-glasse-62-3_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glasse-62-3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While al-Ashʿarī opposed the views of the rival <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazilite school</a>, he was also opposed to the view which <a href="/wiki/Bi-la_kaifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-la kaifa">rejected all debate</a>, held by certain schools such as the <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a> ("literalist"), <a href="/wiki/Mujassimite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujassimite">Mujassimite</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Anthropotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropotheism">anthropotheist</a>"), and <a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">Muhaddithin</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">traditionalist</a>") schools for their over-emphasis on <i><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a></i> (imitation) in his <i>Istihsan al‑Khaud</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashʿarism eventually became the predominant school of theological thought within Sunnī Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-Islamica_2015_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islamica_2015-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thiele_2016_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiele_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_1998_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson_1998-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is regarded by some as the single most important school of Islamic theology in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Islamica_2015_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islamica_2015-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst the most famous Ashʿarite theologians are <a href="/wiki/Imam_Nawawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Nawawi">Imam Nawawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani" title="Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani">Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">al-Suyuti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Asakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Asakir">Ibn 'Asakir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taj al-Din al-Subki">al-Subki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Taftazani" title="Al-Taftazani">al-Taftazani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">al-Baqillani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">al-Bayhaqi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mātūrīd’iyyah"><span id="M.C4.81t.C5.ABr.C4.ABd.E2.80.99iyyah"></span>Mātūrīd’iyyah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mātūrīd’iyyah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Abu Mansur al-Maturidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi">Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Nasafi" title="Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi">Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Rumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din Rumi">Jalal al-Din Rumi</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a> school was founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Abu Mansur al-Maturidi</a> (853–944), and is the most popular theological school amongst Muslims, especially in the areas formerly controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottomans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>. Today, the Maturidi school is the position favored by the <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_ar-Ra%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl ar-Ra'y">Ahl ar-Ra'y</a></i> ("people of reason"), which includes only the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school of fiqh who make up the majority of Sunni Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maturidi school takes the middle position between the Ash'ari and Mu'tazili schools on the questions of knowing truth and <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>. The Maturidis say that the unaided human mind is able to find out that some of the more major sins such as alcohol or murder are evil without the help of revelation, but still maintain that revelation is the ultimate source of knowledge. Additionally, the Maturidi believe that God created and can control all of His creation, but that He allows humans to make individual decisions and choices for themselves. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a> are considered to have objective existence. Humans are thus capable of recognizing good and bad without revelation, but <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, prophets and revelation are necessary to explain matters beyond human reason.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In matters of the six articles of faith, Māturīdism notably holds the idea that paradise and hell coexist with the current world, and does not adhere to the doctrine of impeccability of angels.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jahmiyyah">Jahmiyyah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jahmiyyah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jahmites" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmites">Jahmites</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmis</a> were the followers of the Islamic theologian <a href="/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Jahm bin Safwan</a> who associate himself with <a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Al-Harith ibn Surayj</a>. He was an exponent of extreme <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> according to which a man acts only metaphorically in the same way in which the sun acts or does something when it sets.<sup id="cite_ref-pest_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pest-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qadariyyah">Qadariyyah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Qadariyyah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qadariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadariyyah">Qadariyyah</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Qadariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadariyyah">Qadariyyah</a> is an originally derogatory term designating early Islamic theologians who asserted human beings are ontologically free and have a perfect free will, whose exercise justifies divine punishment and absolving God of responsibility for evil in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Qadariyyah_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qadariyyah-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their doctrines were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazilis</a> and rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'aris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Qadariyyah_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qadariyyah-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tension between free will and God's omnipotence was later reconciled by the <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a> school of theology, which asserted that God grants human beings their agency, but can remove or otherwise alter it at any time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al_Basri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan al Basri">Hasan al Basri</a> (642 - 728) was the first who defined <i>Qadariyya</i> doctrines in a systematic way: 1) God creates only good, evil stems from free will. 2) Humanity has free will to choose doing the will of God or not. 3) God only leads humans astray if they first have given him the occasion to do so by demonstrating the intention to sin.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related to the question of the origin of evil is the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">devil</a> (<i>Iblīs</i>). By asserted the origin of the devil lies in his free will to sin, <i>Qadariyya</i> and later <i>Mutazilites</i> rejected the angelic origin of Iblīs.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd">Amr ibn Ubayd</a> (died 761), one of Hasan's later students, became a leading figure in the Mutazilite movement, still advocating the <i>Qadariyya</i> belief in free will independent of God.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Muhakkima"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kharijism" title="Category:Kharijism">a series</a> on </span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitman" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitman">Kitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir#Takfir" title="Kafir">Takfir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_theology" title="Ibadi theology">Theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Early <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nahrawan" title="Battle of Nahrawan">Battle of Nahrawan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dynasties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabhani_dynasty" title="Nabhani dynasty">Nabhanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27rubids" title="Ya'rubids">Ya'rubids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Zanzibar" title="List of sultans of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bu_Said_dynasty" title="Al Bu Said dynasty">Oman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi#Ibadi_hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi Hadith Canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jami_Sahih" title="Jami Sahih">Jami Sahih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartib_al-Musnad" title="Tartib al-Musnad">Tartib al-Musnad</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Notable individuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Muljam" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam">Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Azraq" title="Nafi ibn al-Azraq">Nafi ibn al-Azraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najda_ibn_Amir_al-Hanafi" title="Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi">Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bilal_Mirdas" title="Abu Bilal Mirdas">Abu Bilal Mirdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qurra" title="Abu Qurra">Abu Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Ibadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Ibadh">Abdullah ibn Ibadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Zayd" title="Jabir ibn Zayd">Jabir ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abu Yazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Yazid_al-Fazari" title="Abd Allah ibn Yazid al-Fazari">Abd Allah ibn Yazid al-Fazari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Branches and sects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> <ul><li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acr%C3%A2diler" class="extiw" title="tr:Acrâdiler">Ajardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqah</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyhesiyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Beyhesiyye">Bayhasiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sūfrīyyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadiyyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Wahbiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muhakkima_Islam" title="Template:Muhakkima Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muhakkima_Islam" title="Template talk:Muhakkima Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muhakkima_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muhakkima Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The groups that were seceded from <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>'s army in the end of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin#Arbitration" title="Battle of Siffin">Arbitration Incident</a> constituted the branch of <i>Muhakkima</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">محكمة</span>). They are mainly divided into two major sects called as <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadis">Ibadis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khawarij">Khawarij</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Khawarij"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khawarij" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawarij">Khawarij</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> considered the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> to be rightly guided but believed that <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a> had deviated from the path of justice and truth in the last days of his caliphate, and hence was liable to be killed or displaced. They also believed that <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> committed a grave sin when he agreed on the arbitration with <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Muʿāwiyah</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a>, Ali acceded to Muawiyah's suggestion to stop the fighting and resort to negotiation. A large portion of Ali's troops (who later became the first Kharijites) refused to concede to that agreement, and they considered that Ali had breached a <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'anic</a> verse which states that <i>The decision is only for Allah</i> (Qur'an 6:57), which the Kharijites interpreted to mean that the outcome of a conflict can only be decided in battle (by God) and not in negotiations (by human beings). </p><p>The Kharijites thus deemed the arbitrators (<a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa_Ashaari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Musa Ashaari">Abu Musa al-Ashʿari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amr_Ibn_Al-As" class="mw-redirect" title="Amr Ibn Al-As">Amr Ibn Al-As</a>), the leaders who appointed these arbitrators (<a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muʿāwiyah</a>) and all those who agreed on the arbitration (all companions of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Muʿāwiyah</a>) as <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kuffār</a> (disbelievers), having breached the rules of the Qur'an. They believed that all participants in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jamal">Battle of Jamal</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Talha_ibn_Ubayd_Allah" title="Talha ibn Ubayd Allah">Talha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr</a> (both being companions of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a> had committed a <i>Kabira</i> (major sin in Islam).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kharijites reject the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">infallibility</a> for the leader of the Muslim community, in contrast to Shi'a but in agreement with Sunnis.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern-day Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Abul_Ala_Maududi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Ala Maududi">Abul Ala Maududi</a> wrote an analysis of Kharijite beliefs, marking a number of differences between Kharijism and Sunni Islam. The Kharijites believed that the act of sinning is analogous to <a href="/wiki/Kufr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufr">Kufr</a> (disbelief) and that every grave sinner was regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfir</a> (disbeliever) unless he repents. With this argument, they denounced all the above-mentioned <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A2a%E1%B8%A5%C4%81bah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṣaḥābah">Ṣaḥābah</a> and even cursed and used abusive language against them. Ordinary Muslims were also declared disbelievers because first, they were not free of sin; secondly they regarded the above-mentioned <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A2a%E1%B8%A5%C4%81bah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṣaḥābah">Ṣaḥābah</a> as believers and considered them as religious leaders, even inferring <a href="/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadeeth</a> narrated by them.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also believed that it is not a must for the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> to be from the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh</a>. Any pious Muslim nominated by other Muslims could be an eligible <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Kharijites believed that obedience to the caliph is binding as long as he is managing the affairs with justice and consultation, but if he deviates, then it becomes obligatory to confront him, demote him and even kill him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ibadiyya">Ibadiyya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ibadiyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ibadi#Doctrinal_differences_with_other_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadiyya</a> has some common beliefs overlapping with the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ashʿarī</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> schools, mainstream <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shīʿīte</a> sects.<sup id="cite_ref-ess_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ess-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Murji'ah"><span id="Murji.27ah"></span>Murji'ah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Murji'ah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:120%">المرجئة</span></span>) was an early Islamic school whose followers are known in English as "Murjites" or "Murji'ites" (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><span style="font-size:120%">المرجئون</span></span></span>). The Murji'ah emerged as a theological school in response to the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> on the early question about the relationship between sin and apostasy <i>(rida).</i> The Murji'ah believed that sin did not affect a person's beliefs (<i><a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">iman</a></i>) but rather their piety (<i><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">taqwa</a></i>). Therefore, they advocated the idea of "delayed judgement", (<i>irjaa)</i>. The Murji'ah maintain that anyone who proclaims the bare minimum of faith must be considered a Muslim, and sin alone cannot cause someone to become a disbeliever <i>(<a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kafir</a>).</i> The Murjite opinion would eventually dominate that of the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> and become the mainstream opinion in <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>. The later schools of Sunni theology adopted their stance while form more developed theological schools and concepts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shīʿa_schools_of_theology"><span id="Sh.C4.AB.CA.BFa_schools_of_theology"></span>Shīʿa schools of theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shīʿa schools of theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/110px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/165px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/220px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Ismaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Twelver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Zaydi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgment Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Companions" title="The Four Companions">The Four Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%CA%BDeen_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage">Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_days_of_remembrance" title="Shia days of remembrance">Days of remembrance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Eid al-Ghadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Koshan" title="Omar Koshan">Omar Koshan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">Verse of purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_two_weighty_things" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the two weighty things">Two weighty things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_the_mubahala" title="Event of the mubahala">Mubahala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pond_of_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pond of Khumm">Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_at_Fatimah%27s_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar at Fatimah's house">Fatimah's house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Shia_Islam" title="Origin of Shia Islam">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Persecution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam#Branches" title="Shia Islam">Branches and sects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar Allah">Houthi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%CA%BDli_Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustaʽli Ismailism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Progressive Dawoodi Bohra">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Shi'a sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Ahl al-Kisa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Fatima" title="Shia view of Fatima">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Holy women</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija bint Khuwaylid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Salama" title="Umm Salama">Umm Salama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Banin" title="Umm al-Banin">Umm al-Banin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Hasan" title="Fatima bint Hasan">Fatima bint Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Husayn" title="Ruqayya bint Husayn">Ruqayya bint Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubab_bint_Imra_al-Qais" title="Rubab bint Imra al-Qais">Rubab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrbanu" title="Shahrbanu">Shahrbanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Musa" title="Fatima bint Musa">Fatima bint Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakimah_Kh%C4%81t%C5%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakimah Khātūn">Hakimah Khātūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narjis" title="Narjis">Narjis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Asad" title="Fatimah bint Asad">Fatimah bint Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Farwah_bint_al-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim">Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Ali" title="Ruqayya bint Ali">Ruqayya bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_Nafisa" title="Sayyida Nafisa">Sayyida Nafisa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/16px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/24px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/32px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shia_Islam" title="Template talk:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ites" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ites">Shi'ites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imamah (Shia doctrine)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islamic_beliefs_and_practices" title="Shia Islamic beliefs and practices">Shia Islamic beliefs and practices</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaydi-Fivers">Zaydi-Fivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Zaydi-Fivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaydi</a> denomination of Shīʿa Islam is close to the Muʿtazila school in matters of theological doctrine. There are a few issues between both schools, most notably the Zaydi doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a>, which is rejected by the Muʿtazilites. Amongst the Shīʿa, Zaydis are most similar to Sunnīs,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since Zaydism shares similar doctrines and jurisprudential opinions with Sunnī scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bāṭin’iyyah"><span id="B.C4.81.E1.B9.ADin.E2.80.99iyyah"></span>Bāṭin’iyyah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bāṭin’iyyah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">Batin (Islam)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Esoteric interpretation of the Quran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Islamic_Caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Islamic Caliphate">Fatimid Islamic Caliphate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hashashins" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashashins">Hashashins</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Bāṭen’iyyah</a> was originally introduced by Abu’l-Khāttāb Muhammad ibn Abu Zaynab al-Asadī,<sup id="cite_ref-ABU’L-ḴAṬṬĀB_ASADĪ_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABU’L-ḴAṬṬĀB_ASADĪ-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ḴAṬṬĀBIYA_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ḴAṬṬĀBIYA-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later developed by <a href="/wiki/Maymun_al-Qaddah" class="mw-redirect" title="Maymun al-Qaddah">Maymūn al-Qaddāh</a><sup id="cite_ref-Öz_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Öz-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his son <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Maymun_al-Qaddah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Maymun al-Qaddah">ʿAbd Allāh ibn Maymūn</a><sup id="cite_ref-MAYMŪN_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAYMŪN-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">esoteric interpretation of the Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BĀṬENĪYA_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BĀṬENĪYA-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of Bāṭen’iyyah may belong to either the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlī</a> or <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%E2%80%99ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shi’ism">Twelver</a> denominations of Shīʿa Islam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imami-Ismā'īlīs"><span id="Imami-Ism.C4.81.27.C4.ABl.C4.ABs"></span>Imami-Ismā'īlīs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Imami-Ismā'īlīs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ismailism" title="Category:Ismailism">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_calligraphic_composition_in_the_form_of_a_lion,_Persia,_19th_or_20th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ismail lion calligram"><img alt="Ismail lion calligram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/A_calligraphic_composition_in_the_form_of_a_lion%2C_Persia%2C_19th_or_20th_century.jpg/200px-A_calligraphic_composition_in_the_form_of_a_lion%2C_Persia%2C_19th_or_20th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/A_calligraphic_composition_in_the_form_of_a_lion%2C_Persia%2C_19th_or_20th_century.jpg/300px-A_calligraphic_composition_in_the_form_of_a_lion%2C_Persia%2C_19th_or_20th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/A_calligraphic_composition_in_the_form_of_a_lion%2C_Persia%2C_19th_or_20th_century.jpg/400px-A_calligraphic_composition_in_the_form_of_a_lion%2C_Persia%2C_19th_or_20th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Ta'wil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">Ẓāhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">Bātin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">ʿIlm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Daʿwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Da%27i" title="Da'i">Dāʿī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_(Shia_Islam)" title="Bab (Shia Islam)">Bāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satr_(Isma%27ilism)" title="Satr (Isma'ilism)">Satr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pīr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology_(Ismailism)" title="Numerology (Ismailism)">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_Theology#Imami-Ismā'īlīs" class="mw-redirect" title="Schools of Islamic Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Islam" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ismaili_titles" title="List of Ismaili titles">Titles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven Pillars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'lism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nizari_Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nizari Ismailism">Nizarism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Branches/sects</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a></b> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Progressive Dawoodi Bohra">Progressive</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atba-e-Malak_Badar" title="Atba-e-Malak Badar">Badar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak_Vakil" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak Vakil">Vakil</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></b></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Seveners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p><b>States</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarmatian">Qarmatian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Bahrayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrayn">Bahrayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty_of_Multan" title="Lodi dynasty of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanids_(Yemen)" title="Hamdanids (Yemen)">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari Ismaili state</a></li></ul> <p><b>People</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawshab" title="Ibn Hawshab">ibn Faraj ibn Ḥawshab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Fadl_al-Jayshani" title="Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani">ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Mansur_al-Yaman" title="Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman">ibn Mansur al-Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi">Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Tahir al-Jannabi">Abu Tahir al-Jannabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Numan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Numan">Qadi Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Nasafi" title="Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi">al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwa_al-Sulayhi" title="Arwa al-Sulayhi">Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan-i_Sabbah" title="Hasan-i Sabbah">Hasan-i Sabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Zikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_ad-Din_Sinan" title="Rashid ad-Din Sinan">Rashid ad-Din Sinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dai_of_the_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="List of Dai of the Dawoodi Bohra">Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Nasir_Hunzai" title="Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai">Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai</a></li></ul> <p><b>Centers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjudan" title="Anjudan">Anjudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nizari_Ismaili_strongholds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nizari Ismaili strongholds">Nizārī strongholds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamut_Castle" title="Alamut Castle">Alamut </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atashgah_Castle" title="Atashgah Castle">Atashgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerdkuh" title="Gerdkuh">Gerdkuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambsar_Castle" title="Lambsar Castle">Lambsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyaf_Castle" title="Masyaf Castle">Masyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maymun-Diz" title="Maymun-Diz">Maymun-Diz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudkhan_Castle" title="Rudkhan Castle">Rudkhan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_al-Madiq" title="Qalaat al-Madiq">Qalaat al-Madiq</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Queen_Arwa" title="Palace of Queen Arwa">Palace of Queen Arwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Arwa_Mosque" title="Queen Arwa Mosque">Queen Arwa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz%C4%81r%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizārī">Nizārī</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili_Constitution" title="Isma'ili Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegation_of_the_Ismaili_Imamat,_Ottawa" title="Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat, Ottawa">Delegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginans" title="Ginans">Ginans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Du%27a" title="Holy Du'a">Holy Du'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyama_(Nizari_Isma%27ilism)" title="Qiyama (Nizari Isma'ilism)">Qiyama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a>-<a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">House of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ismailism" title="Women in Ismailism">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ismaili_imams" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ismaili imams">leaders</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar al-Mubārak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl ash-Shākir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi_(Abadullah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Wafi (Abadullah)">ʿAbad Allāh <i>(al-Wāfī Ahmad)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Ahmed_ibn_Abadullah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Ahmed ibn Abadullah)">Ahmad <i>(al-Taqī Muhammad)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi Abdullah">Ḥusayn <i>(ar-Raḍī ʿAbd Allāh)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī bi'l-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qāʾim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">al-Manṣūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Maʿad al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizār al-ʿAzīz biʾllāh,</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-iʿzāz Dīn Allāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Maʿad al-Mustanṣir bi'l-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizār al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn’il-Lāh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Aḥmad al-Mustāʿlī bi'l-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami%27l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah">Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām’il-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiz li-Dīn Allāh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_al-Tayyib" title="Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib">Abu'l-Qāsim al-Tayyib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Incumbent leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī Ismā'īlī</a> <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Imām</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_V" title="Aga Khan V">Aga Khan V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Ismaili">Musta'li Ismaili</a>-<a href="/wiki/Taiyabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiyabi">Taiyabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Haatim_Zakiyuddin" title="Haatim Zakiyuddin">Haatim Zakiyuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mufaddal_Saifuddin" title="Mufaddal Saifuddin">Mufaddal Saifuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Taher_Fakhruddin" title="Taher Fakhruddin">Taher Fakhruddin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ismailism" title="Template:Ismailism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ismailism" title="Template talk:Ismailism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ismailism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ismailism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ism%C4%81%27%C4%ABl%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismā'īlī">Ismā'īlī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Ismaili_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)">Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven pillars of Ismailism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABl%C4%AB_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ismāʿīlī Imams">List of Ismāʿīlī Imams</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlīs</a> differ from <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%E2%80%99ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shi’ism">Twelvers</a> because they had <i>living <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a> or <a href="/wiki/Da%27i" title="Da'i">da'is</a></i> for centuries. They followed <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Jafar" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il ibn Jafar">Isma'il ibn Jafar</a>, elder brother of <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kadhim" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Kadhim">Musa al-Kadhim</a>, as the rightful Imam<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after his father <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>. The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die before Imam Ja'far, he had passed on the mantle of the imāmate to his son <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Ismail">Muḥammad ibn Ismā'īl al-Maktum</a> as the next imam.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Niz%C4%81r%C4%AB_Ism%C4%81%27%C4%ABl%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizārī Ismā'īlī">Nizārī Ismā'īlī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Nizari_Ismaili_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Nizari Ismaili doctrine)">Imamah (Nizari Ismaili doctrine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Sh%C4%AB%E2%80%98a_Im%C4%81m%C4%AB_Ism%C4%81%27%C4%ABl%C4%AB_%E1%B9%ACar%C4%ABqah" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Shī‘a Imāmī Ismā'īlī Ṭarīqah">History of the Shī‘a Imāmī Ismā'īlī Ṭarīqah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musta%E2%80%99li_Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta’li Ismaili">Musta’li Ismaili</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiyabi_Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiyabi Ismaili">Taiyabi Ismaili</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Batini-Twelver_ʿAqīdah_schools"><span id="Batini-Twelver_.CA.BFAq.C4.ABdah_schools"></span>Batini-Twelver ʿAqīdah schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Batini-Twelver ʿAqīdah schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</a></div> <p>The followers of <a href="/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Bāṭen’iyyah</a>-<a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%E2%80%99ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shi’ism">Twelver</a> school consist of <a href="/wiki/Alevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevis">Alevis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nusayris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusayris">Nusayris</a>, who developed their own <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">system of Islamic jurisprudence</a> and do not pursue the <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari jurisprudence</a>. Their combined population is nearly around 1% of the global Muslim population.<sup id="cite_ref-alevi_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alevi-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Alevism">Alevism</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Alevism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_Haydar" title="Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar">Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Haji Bektash Veli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevis</a> are sometimes categorized as part of Twelver Shīʿīsm, and sometimes as its own religious tradition, as it has markedly different philosophy, customs, and rituals. They have many <i><a href="/wiki/Tasawwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasawwuf">Tasawwuf</a>ī</i> characteristics and express belief in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">The Twelve Imams</a>, but reject <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> and accept religious traditions predating Islam, like <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Turkic shamanism</a>. They are significant in East-Central <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. They are sometimes considered a <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">brotherhood</a>, and have an untraditional form of religious leadership that is not scholarship-oriented like other Sunnī and Shīʿa groups. 7 to 11 million Alevis, including the other denominations of Twelver Shīʿītes, live in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alevi_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alevi-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Alevi_Islamic_school_of_divinity">Alevi Islamic school of divinity</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Alevi Islamic school of divinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Safaviyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Safaviyya">Safaviyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Haydar" title="Shaykh Haydar">Shaykh Haydar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Imadaddin Nasimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/40px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/60px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/80px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a></b>. The reason given is: <b>Needs to written out in prose.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, Shīʿa Muslims follow the <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari jurisprudence</a>, which tracks back to the sixth <a href="/wiki/Shia_Imam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Imam">Shia Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>, and are called "Ja'faris".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>The Alevi-Turks have a unique and perplex conviction tracing back to the <a href="/wiki/Kaysanites" title="Kaysanites">Kaysanites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a> which are considered as <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> Shīʿītes. According to Turkish scholar <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClbaki_G%C3%B6lp%C4%B1narl%C4%B1" title="Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı">Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> ("Red-Heads") of the 16th century – a religious and political movement in Azerbaijan that helped to establish the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> – were "spiritual descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Their <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAq%C4%ABdah" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿAqīdah">aqidah</a> <i>(theological conviction)</i> is based upon a syncretic <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> system called as "<a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-BĀṬENĪYA_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BĀṬENĪYA-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which incorporates some <i><a href="/wiki/Qarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarmatian">Qarmatian</a> sentiments,</i> originally introduced by <i>"Abu’l-Khāttāb Muhammad ibn Abu Zaynab al-Asadī"</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ABU’L-ḴAṬṬĀB_ASADĪ_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABU’L-ḴAṬṬĀB_ASADĪ-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ḴAṬṬĀBIYA_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ḴAṬṬĀBIYA-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later developed by <a href="/wiki/Maymun_al-Qaddah" class="mw-redirect" title="Maymun al-Qaddah">Maymun al-Qāddāh</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Maymun_al-Qaddah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Maymun al-Qaddah">ʿAbd Allāh ibn Maymun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MAYMŪN_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAYMŪN-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On the other hand, the members of <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a> have a conviction of "<a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-BĀṬENĪYA_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BĀṬENĪYA-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a>" with a strong belief in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">The Twelve Imams</a></i>.</li> <li>In conclusion, <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a>-Alevis are not a part of <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari jurisprudence</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>, even though they can be considered as members of different <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> all looks like sub-classes of <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a>. Their conviction includes "<a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a>-<a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismailism</a>" sentiments.<sup id="cite_ref-BĀṬENĪYA_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BĀṬENĪYA-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> population of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> is composed of <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAq%C4%ABdah" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿAqīdah">aqidah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari jurisprudence</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAq%C4%ABdah" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿAqīdah">aqidah</a> of Maymūn’al-Qāddāhī <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> of the Alevīs, and Cillī <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">aqidah</a> of Maymūn ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabarani" title="Al-Tabarani">Abu’l-Qāsim Sulaiman ibn Ahmad ibn at-Tabarānī</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meymûn_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meymûn-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Al-Hallaj" title="Al-Hallaj">Al-Hallaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baba_Ishak" title="Baba Ishak">Baba Ishak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babai_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Babai Revolt">Babai Revolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_(imam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan II (imam)">Hassan II (imam)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Muhammad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur al-Din Muhammad II">Nur al-Din Muhammad II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)"><span id="Bakt.C4.81shism_.28Bekta.C5.9Filik.29"></span>Baktāshism <i>(Bektaşilik)</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Baktāshism (Bektaşilik)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bektashism" title="Bektashism">Bektashism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hajji_Bektash_Wali.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hajji_Bektash_Wali.jpeg/262px-Hajji_Bektash_Wali.jpeg" decoding="async" width="262" height="426" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hajji_Bektash_Wali.jpeg/393px-Hajji_Bektash_Wali.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hajji_Bektash_Wali.jpeg/524px-Hajji_Bektash_Wali.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bektashiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashiyyah">Bektashiyyah</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">sufi</a> order, <a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli <i>(Ḥājjī Baktāsh Walī)</i></a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Baktāshi_Islamic_School_of_Divinity"><span id="Bakt.C4.81shi_Islamic_School_of_Divinity"></span>Baktāshi Islamic School of Divinity</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Baktāshi Islamic School of Divinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bektashiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashiyyah">Bektashiyyah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahdat-ul-Wujood" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahdat-ul-Wujood">Wahdat-ul-Wujood</a></div> <p>The Bektashiyyah is a Shia Sufi order founded in the 13th century by <a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Haji Bektash Veli</a>, a dervish who escaped Central Asia and found refuge with the Seljuks in Anatolia at the time of the Mongol invasions (1219–23). This order gained a great following in rural areas and it later developed in two branches: the <i>Çelebi clan,</i> who claimed to be physical descendants of Haji Bektash Veli, were called <i>"Bel evladları" (children of the loins),</i> and became the hereditary spiritual leaders of the rural Alevis; and the <i>Babağan,</i> those faithful to the path <i>"<a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Yol</a> evladları" (children of the <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">way</a>),</i> who dominated the official Bektashi Sufi order with its elected leadership.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bektashism" title="Bektashism">Bektashism</a> places much emphasis on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Wahdat-ul-Wujood</a> وحدة الوجود, the "Unity of Being" that was formulated by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>. This has often been labeled as <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>, although it is a concept closer to <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a>. Bektashism is also heavily permeated with Shiite concepts, such as the marked veneration of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">The Twelve Imams</a>, and the ritual commemoration of <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Ashurah</a> marking the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a>. The old <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> holiday of <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> is celebrated by Bektashis as <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Imam</a> Ali's birthday. </p><p>In keeping with the central belief of <i><a href="/wiki/Wahdat-ul-Wujood" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahdat-ul-Wujood">Wahdat-ul-Wujood</a></i> the Bektashi see reality contained in <a href="/wiki/Haqq-Muhammad-Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Haqq-Muhammad-Ali">Haqq-Muhammad-Ali</a>, a single unified entity. Bektashi do not consider this a form of <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">trinity</a>. There are many other practices and ceremonies that share similarity with other faiths, such as a ritual meal (<i>muhabbet</i>) and yearly confession of sins to a <i>baba</i> (<i>magfirat-i zunub</i> مغفرة الذنوب). Bektashis base their practices and rituals on their non-orthodox and <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">mystical interpretation</a> and understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and the prophetic practice (<a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>). They have no written doctrine specific to them, thus rules and rituals may differ depending on under whose influence one has been taught. Bektashis generally revere Sufi mystics outside of their own order, such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Jelalludin Rumi</a> who are close in spirit to them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="The_Baktāshi_ʿaqīdah"><span id="The_Bakt.C4.81shi_.CA.BFaq.C4.ABdah"></span>The Baktāshi ʿaqīdah</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Baktāshi ʿaqīdah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syariah-thariqah-hakikah2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Syariah-thariqah-hakikah2.jpg/260px-Syariah-thariqah-hakikah2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Syariah-thariqah-hakikah2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Four_Doors" title="Four Doors">Four Spiritual Stations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bektashiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashiyyah">Bektashiyyah</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">haqiqa</a>, and the fourth station, <a href="/wiki/Marifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marifa">marifa</a>, which is considered "unseen", is actually <i>the center</i> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">haqiqa</a></i> region. <a href="/wiki/Marifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marifa">Marifa</a> is the essence of all four stations.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Doors" title="Four Doors">Four Doors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hajji_Bektash_Wali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hajji Bektash Wali">Hajji Bektash Wali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marifa">Marifa</a></div> <p>The Bektashi Order is a Sufi order and shares much in common with other Islamic mystical movements, such as the need for an experienced spiritual guide — called a <i><a href="/wiki/Baba_(honorific)" title="Baba (honorific)">baba</a></i> in Bektashi parlance — as well as the doctrine of "the four gates that must be traversed": the "<a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>" <i>(<a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious law</a>),</i> "<a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">Tariqah</a>" <i>(the spiritual path),</i> "<a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqah</a>" <i>(truth),</i> and "<a href="/wiki/Marifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marifa">Marifa</a>" <i>(true knowledge).</i> </p><p>Bektashis hold that the Qur'an has two levels of meaning: an outer (<i><a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">Zāher</a></i> ظاهر) and an inner (<i><a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">bāṭen</a></i> باطن).<sup id="cite_ref-Bāṭenī_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bāṭenī-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They hold the latter to be superior and eternal and this is reflected in their understanding of both the universe and humanity, which is a view that can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismailism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BĀṬENĪYA_86-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BĀṬENĪYA-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bektashism" title="Bektashism">Bektashism</a> is also <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiatic</a> and members must traverse various levels or ranks as they progress along the spiritual path to the <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a>. First level members are called <i>aşıks</i> عاشق. They are those who, while not having taken initiation into the order, are nevertheless drawn to it. Following initiation (called <i>nasip</i>) one becomes a <i>mühip</i> محب. After some time as a <i>mühip</i>, one can take further vows and become a <i><a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervish</a></i>. The next level above dervish is that of <i>baba</i>. The <i>baba</i> (lit. father) is considered to be the head of a <i><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">tekke</a></i> and qualified to give spiritual guidance (<i>irshad</i> إرشاد). Above the <i><a href="/wiki/Baba_(Alevism)" title="Baba (Alevism)">baba</a></i> is the rank of <i>halife-baba</i> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Dedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dedes">dede</a></i>, grandfather). Traditionally there were twelve of these, the most senior being the <i>dedebaba</i> (great-grandfather). The <i>dedebaba</i> was considered to be the highest ranking authority in the Bektashi Order. Traditionally the residence of the <i>dedebaba</i> was the Pir Evi (The Saint's Home) which was located in the shrine of <a href="/wiki/Hajji_Bektash_Wali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hajji Bektash Wali">Hajji Bektash Wali</a> in the central Anatolian town of <a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1bekta%C5%9F" title="Hacıbektaş">Hacıbektaş <i>(Solucakarahüyük)</i></a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Arabati Baba Teḱe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demir_Baba_Teke" title="Demir Baba Teke">Demir Baba Teke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ithnā'ashariyyah"><span id="Ithn.C4.81.27ashariyyah"></span>Ithnā'ashariyyah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ithnā'ashariyyah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelvers">Twelvers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_Twelver_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia Twelver doctrine)">Imamah (Shia Twelver doctrine)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelvers">Twelvers</a> believe in the twelve Shīʿa Imams. The <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_twelver_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a twelver doctrine)">twelfth Imam</a> is believed to be in <a href="/wiki/The_Occultation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Occultation">occultation</a>, and will appear again just before the <i>Qiyamah</i> (Islamic view of the Last Judgment). The Shia <i>hadiths</i> include the sayings of the Imams. They are the largest Shia school of thought (93%), predominant in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and have a significant population in Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern province of Saudi Arabia</a>. The Twelver Shīʿas are followers of <i>either the <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Jaf'ari</a> or <a href="/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</a> <a href="/wiki/Madh%27hab" class="mw-redirect" title="Madh'hab">madh'habs</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imami-Ja'faris"><span id="Imami-Ja.27faris"></span>Imami-Ja'faris</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Imami-Ja'faris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari jurisprudence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a></div> <p>Followers of <i>the <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Jaf'ari</a> <a href="/wiki/Madh%27hab" class="mw-redirect" title="Madh'hab">madh'hab</a></i> are divided into the following sub-divisions, all of them are the followers of <i>the <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a>:</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usulism">Usulism</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Usulism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> form the overwhelming majority within the Twelver Shia denomination. They follow a <a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja-i Taqlid</a> on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a> and fiqh. They are concentrated in Iran, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, India, Iraq, and Lebanon. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usulism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG/260px-ImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG/390px-ImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG/520px-ImamAliMosqueNajafIraq.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1389" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">Imam Ali Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, where Shias believe <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> is buried.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Akhbarism">Akhbarism</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Akhbarism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a>, similar to Usulis, however reject <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> in favor of hadith. Concentrated in Bahrain. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Akhbarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhbarism">Akhbarism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Shaykhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a> is an Islamic religious movement founded by <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Ahmad" title="Shaykh Ahmad">Shaykh Ahmad</a> in the early 19th century <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>, Iran, now retaining a minority following in Iran and Iraq. It began from a combination of Sufi and Shia and Akhbari doctrines. In the mid 19th-century many Shaykhis converted to the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábí</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> religions, which regard Shaykh Ahmad highly. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ghulāt-Imamis"><span id="Ghul.C4.81t-Imamis"></span>Ghulāt-Imamis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ghulāt-Imamis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ghul%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulāt">Ghulāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imami" class="mw-redirect" title="Imami">imami</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="‘Alawism"><span id=".E2.80.98Alawism"></span>‘Alawism</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: ‘Alawism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">Al-Khaṣībī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">Ibn Nusayr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> are also called Nusayris, Nusairis, Namiriya or Ansariyya. Their <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a> is established by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">Ibn Nusayr</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">aqidah</a> is developed by <a href="/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">Al-Khaṣībī</a>. They follow <i>Cillī</i> <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">aqidah</a> of <i>"Maymūn ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabarani" title="Al-Tabarani">Abu’l-Qāsim Sulaiman ibn Ahmad ibn at-Tabarānī</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>"</i> of the <a href="/wiki/%E2%80%98Alawi" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Alawi">‘Alawis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meymûn_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meymûn-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One million three hundred and fifty thousand of them lived in Syria and Lebanon in 1970. It is estimated they are 10–12% of the population of Syria of 23 million in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="‘Alawite_Islamic_School_of_Divinity"><span id=".E2.80.98Alawite_Islamic_School_of_Divinity"></span>‘Alawite Islamic School of Divinity</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: ‘Alawite Islamic School of Divinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alawites consider themselves to be Muslims, although some Sunnis dispute that they are.<sup id="cite_ref-globsec_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globsec-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alawite doctrine incorporates <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Platonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Platonic">neo-Platonic</a>, Islamic, Christian and other elements and has, therefore, been described as <a href="/wiki/Syncretistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretistic">syncretistic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friedman67_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman67-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their theology is based on a divine triad,<sup id="cite_ref-globsec_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globsec-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Princeton_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friedman77_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman77-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or trinity, which is the core of Alawite belief.<sup id="cite_ref-Plain_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plain-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The triad comprises three <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanations</a> of the one God: the supreme aspect or entity called the "Essence"<sup id="cite_ref-Plain_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plain-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the "Meaning"<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman77_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman77-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (both being translations of <i>ma'na</i>), together with two lesser <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanations</a> known as his "Name" (<i>ism</i>), or "Veil" (<i>hijab</i>), and his "Gate" (<i><a href="/wiki/Bab_(Shia_Islam)" title="Bab (Shia Islam)">bab</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Princeton_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friedman77_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman77-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Plain_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plain-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peters_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These emanations have manifested themselves in different human forms over several cycles in history, the last cycle of which was as <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> (the Essence/Meaning), <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> (the Name) and <a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman the Persian</a> (the Gate).<sup id="cite_ref-Princeton_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Plain_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plain-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peters_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alawite belief is summarised in the formula: "I turn to the Gate; I bow before the Name; I adore the Meaning".<sup id="cite_ref-globsec_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globsec-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The claim that Alawites believe Ali is a deity has been contested by some scholars as a misrepresentation on the basis that Ali is, in fact, considered an "essence or form", not a human being, by which believers can "grasp God".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alawites also hold that they were originally stars or divine lights that were cast out of heaven through disobedience and must undergo repeated <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Plain_102-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plain-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) before returning to heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-globsec_97-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globsec-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peters_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be reincarnated as Christians or others through sin and as animals if they become infidels.<sup id="cite_ref-globsec_97-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globsec-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cs_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alawite beliefs have never been confirmed by their modern religious authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Yunis_1992,_p._63_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yunis_1992,_p._63-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alawites tend to conceal their beliefs (<i><a href="/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya">taqiyya</a></i>) due to historical persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some tenets of the faith are secret, known only to a select few;<sup id="cite_ref-GlobSec_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobSec-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore, they have been described as a <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> sect.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Islamic festivals</a>, the Alawites have been reported to celebrate or honor certain Christian festivals such as the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glasse_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glasse-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their most-important feast is <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid al-Ghadeer">Eid al-Ghadeer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="The_‘Alawite_ʿaqīdah"><span id="The_.E2.80.98Alawite_.CA.BFaq.C4.ABdah"></span>The ‘Alawite ʿaqīdah</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: The ‘Alawite ʿaqīdah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alawites have always described themselves as being Twelver Shi'ite Muslims and have been recognized as such by the prominent Lebanese Shi'ite cleric <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Sadr" title="Musa al-Sadr">Musa al-Sadr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sunni <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti of Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/Haj_Amin_al-Husseini" class="mw-redirect" title="Haj Amin al-Husseini">Haj Amin al-Husseini</a> issued a <i>fatwa</i> recognising them as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> in the interest of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bar-AsherKootstra2002_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-AsherKootstra2002-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a> Sunni (modern day <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafis</a>) scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> <i>(a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a>)</i> have categorised Alawites as <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a> in their writings.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobSec_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobSec-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abdullah_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abdullah-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barry_Rubin" title="Barry Rubin">Barry Rubin</a> has suggested that Syrian leader <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> and his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> pressed their fellow Alawites "to behave like <i>regular Muslims</i>, shedding (or at least concealing) their distinctive aspects".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early 1970s a booklet, <i>al-`Alawiyyun Shi'atu Ahl al-Bait</i> ("The <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> are Followers of <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">the Household of the Prophet</a>") was published, which was "signed by numerous 'Alawi' men of religion", described the doctrines of the <a href="/wiki/Imami" class="mw-redirect" title="Imami">Imami</a> Shia as Alawite.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there has been a recent movement to unite Alawism and the other branches of Twelver Islam through educational exchange programs in Syria and <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CoFR_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoFR-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Some sources have discussed the "Sunnification" of <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> under the al-Assad regime.<sup id="cite_ref-dilemma_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dilemma-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Landis" title="Joshua Landis">Joshua Landis</a>, director of the Center for Middle East Studies, writes that <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> "tried to turn Alawites into 'good' (read Sunnified) Muslims in exchange for preserving a modicum of secularism and tolerance in society". On the other hand, Al-Assad "declared the Alawites to be nothing but Twelver Shiites".<sup id="cite_ref-dilemma_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dilemma-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a paper, "Islamic Education in Syria", Landis wrote that "no mention" is made in Syrian textbooks (controlled by the Al-Assad regime) of <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismailis</a> or Shia Islam; Islam was presented as a monolithic religion.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali Sulayman al-Ahmad, chief judge of the Baathist Syrian state, has said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We are <a href="/wiki/%E2%80%98Alawi" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Alawi">‘Alawi</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. Our book is the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>. Our prophet is <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Ka`ba</a> is our <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a>, and our <a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABn" title="Dīn">Dīn</a> <i>(religion)</i> is <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yunis_1992,_p._63_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yunis_1992,_p._63-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kızılbaşlık"><span id="K.C4.B1z.C4.B1lba.C5.9Fl.C4.B1k"></span>Kızılbaşlık</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Kızılbaşlık"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="The_Qizilbash_ʿaqīdah"><span id="The_Qizilbash_.CA.BFaq.C4.ABdah"></span>The Qizilbash ʿaqīdah</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: The Qizilbash ʿaqīdah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arolsen_Klebeband_01_457_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Arolsen_Klebeband_01_457_1.jpg/250px-Arolsen_Klebeband_01_457_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Arolsen_Klebeband_01_457_1.jpg/375px-Arolsen_Klebeband_01_457_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Arolsen_Klebeband_01_457_1.jpg/500px-Arolsen_Klebeband_01_457_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail I">Shah Ismail I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Safaviyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Safaviyya">Safavi</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqa</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lba%C5%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Kızılbaş">Kızılbaş</a> <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">armies</a> had contributed a lot for the development and implementation of <i>The <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAq%C4%ABdah" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿAqīdah">ʿAqīdah</a></i> amongst the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen people</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashi</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">tariqah</a> shared common religious beliefs and practices becoming intermingled as <a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevis</a> in spite of many local variations. Isolated from both the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottomans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia islam">Shi`a</a> <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashi</a> developed traditions, practices, and doctrines by the early 17th century which marked them as a closed autonomous religious community. As a result of the immense pressures to conform to Sunni Islam, all members of <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> developed a tradition of opposition <i>(<a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">ibāḥa</a>)</i> to all forms of external religion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbashism</a> is well explained in the following poem written by the <a href="/wiki/Shaykh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh">Shaykh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Safaviyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Safaviyya">Safaviyya</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">tariqah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Shāh Ismāʿīl Khaṭāʾī</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>من داها نسنه بيلمه زه م / Men daha nesne bilmezem, <i>(I don't know any other object)</i> </p><p>١ّللَه بير محممد على́دير / <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> bir <a href="/wiki/Muhammad-Ali" title="Muhammad-Ali">Muhammad-Ali</a>'dir. <i>(<a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a> is unique <a href="/wiki/Muhammad-Ali" title="Muhammad-Ali">Muhammad-Ali</a>)</i> </p><p>اؤزوم غوربتده سالمازام / Özüm gurbette salmazam, <i>(I can't let out my own essence to places far from my homeland)</i> </p><p>١ّللَه بير محممد على́دير / <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> bir <a href="/wiki/Muhammad-Ali" title="Muhammad-Ali">Muhammad-Ali</a>'dir. <i>(<a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a> is unique <a href="/wiki/Muhammad-Ali" title="Muhammad-Ali">Muhammad-Ali</a>)</i> </p><p>اونلار بيردير، بير اولوبدور / Onlar birdir, bir oluştur, <i>(They are unique, a single one, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Haqq-Muhammad-Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Haqq-Muhammad-Ali">Haqq-Muhammad-Ali</a>)</i> </p><p>يئردن گؤيه نور اولوبدور / <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Yerden</a> <a href="/wiki/Sky" title="Sky">göğe</a> <a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">nûr</a> oluştur, <i>(It's a <a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">nūr</a> from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sky" title="Sky">Sky</a>)</i> </p><p>دؤرد گوشه ده سيرر اولوبدور، / Dört guşede sır oluştur, <i>(It's a mysterious <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret">secret</a> in every corner of the square)</i> </p><p>١ّللَه بير محممد على́دير / <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> bir <a href="/wiki/Muhammad-Ali" title="Muhammad-Ali">Muhammad-Ali</a>'dir. <i>(<a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a> is unique <a href="/wiki/Muhammad-Ali" title="Muhammad-Ali">Muhammad-Ali</a>)</i> </p><p>ختايى بو يولدا سردير / <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Khaṭāʾī</a> bu <a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">yolda</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret">sırd</a>ır, <i>(<a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Khaṭāʾī</a> in this <a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">tariqah</a> is a mysterious <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret">secret</a>)</i> </p><p>سرين وئره نلر ده اردير / <a href="/wiki/Secret" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret">Sır</a>ın verenler de <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">erdir</a>, <i>(Those reveal their own <a href="/wiki/Secret" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret">secret</a> are <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">private</a> as well)</i> </p><p>آيدا سيردير، گونده نوردور / <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Ayda</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret">sırd</a>ır, <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">günde</a> <a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">nûrdur</a>, <i>(<a href="/wiki/Secret" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret">Secret</a> on <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">nūr</a> on <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day</a>)</i> </p><p> ١ّللَه بير محممد على́دير / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a> bir <a href="/wiki/Muhammad-Ali" title="Muhammad-Ali">Muhammad-Ali</a>'dir. <i>(<a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a> is unique <a href="/wiki/Muhammad-Ali" title="Muhammad-Ali">Muhammad-Ali</a>)</i></p></blockquote> <p>The lines of poetry above may easily be judged as an act of "<a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">Shirk</a>" <i>(<a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>)</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a>, but they have a <a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">bāṭenī</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bāṭenī_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bāṭenī-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taʾwīl <i>(inner explanation)</i> in <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbashism</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad-Ali" title="Muhammad-Ali">Muhammad-Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haqq-Muhammad-Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Haqq-Muhammad-Ali">Haqq-Muhammad-Ali</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tashbih">Tashbih</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Tashbih"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Tashbih</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropopathy">Anthropopathy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karram’iyyah"><span id="Karram.E2.80.99iyyah"></span>Karram’iyyah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Karram’iyyah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karramiyya</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">Anthropomorphic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Anthropopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropopathy">Anthropopathic</a> Karram’iyyah</i> was founded by Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Karrām.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Karram considered that God was a substance and that He had a body (<i>jism</i>) finite in certain directions when He comes into contact with the Throne.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ess_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ess-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mat_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm"><span id="Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghul.C4.81t_Sh.C4.AB.CA.BF.C4.ABsm"></span>Anthropopathy in the history of Ghulāt Shīʿīsm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Anthropopathy in the history of Ghulāt Shīʿīsm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anthropopathism" title="Anthropopathism">Anthropopathism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropotheism">Anthropotheism</a></div> <p>The belief of <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a> was first emerged in <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba'">Sabaʾiyya</a>, and later some personages like <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunpadh" title="Sunpadh">Sunpadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Turk" title="Ishaq al-Turk">Ishaq al-Turk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqanna" title="Al-Muqanna">Al-Muqanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak Khorramdin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazyar" title="Mazyar">Maziar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> had become the subject of <a href="/wiki/God_incarnate" class="mw-redirect" title="God incarnate">God incarnates</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ghul%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulāt">Ghulāt</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">List of extinct Shia sects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaysanites_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysanites Shia">Kaysanites Shia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ahmadiyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ahmadiyya" title="Category:Ahmadiyya">a series</a> on</span></span> <br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/175px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/263px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/350px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Beliefs and practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Six articles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Bay'ah (Ahmadiyya)">Bay'ah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Distinct views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Ahmadiyya" title="Prophets in Ahmadiyya">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_view_on_Jihad" title="Ahmadiyya view on Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_views_on_evolution" title="Ahmadiyya views on evolution">Evolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Days of remembrance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Day" title="Caliphate Day">Caliphate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day" title="Promised Messiah Day">Promised Messiah Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day" title="Promised Reformer Day">Promised Reformer Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Foundational texts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">sciences</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah"><i>Aqidah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(creed)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir"><i>Tafsir</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(exegesis)</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(jurisprudence)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(law)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography"><i>Rūhānī Khazā᾽in</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafseer-e-Kabeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafseer-e-Kabeer"><i>Tafsīr-e-Kabīr</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqaiq_al-furqan" title="Haqaiq al-furqan"><i>Haqā'iq al-Furqān</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_Religions" title="Review of Religions">Review of Religions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Fazl_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Fazl (newspaper)"><i>Al Fazl</i> (newspaper)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Muslim_Sunrise" title="The Muslim Sunrise">The Muslim Sunrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revelation,_Rationality,_Knowledge_%26_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth">Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Caliphate" title="Ahmadiyya Caliphate">Organizational structure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Caliphate" title="Ahmadiyya Caliphate">Caliphs:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Noor-ud-Din" title="Hakeem Noor-ud-Din">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Basheer-ud-Din_Mahmood_Ahmad" title="Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Nasir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Nasir Ahmad">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmad" title="Mirza Tahir Ahmad">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Masroor_Ahmad" title="Mirza Masroor Ahmad">V</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya#The_Consultative_Council" title="Ahmadiyya">Majlis al-Shura </a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lajna_Ima%27illah" title="Lajna Ima'illah">Lajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuddam-ul_Ahmadiyya" title="Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya">Khuddām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarullah_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Ansarullah (Ahmadiyya)">Ansār</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalsa_Salana" title="Jalsa Salana">Jalsa Salana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ahmadiyya_buildings_and_structures" title="List of Ahmadiyya buildings and structures">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Ahmadiyya" title="Jamia Ahmadiyya">Jamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Television_Ahmadiyya_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Television Ahmadiyya International">MTA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazl_Mosque,_London" title="Fazl Mosque, London">Fazl Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baitul_Futuh_Mosque" title="Baitul Futuh Mosque">Baitul Futuh Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Mosque,_Tilford" title="Mubarak Mosque, Tilford">Mubarak Mosque</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Qadian" title="Qadian">Qadian</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqsa_Mosque,_Qadian" title="Aqsa Mosque, Qadian">Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret-ul-Masih" class="mw-redirect" title="Minaret-ul-Masih">Minaret-ul-Masih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Mosque,_Qadian" title="Mubarak Mosque, Qadian">Mubarak Mosque</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Rabwah" title="Rabwah">Rabwah</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqsa_Mosque,_Rabwah" title="Aqsa Mosque, Rabwah">Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Ahmadiyya" title="Jamia Ahmadiyya">Jamia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_by_country" title="Ahmadiyya by country">Ahmadiyya by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_and_other_faiths" title="Ahmadiyya and other faiths">Ahmadiyya and other faiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ahmadis" title="List of Ahmadis">List of Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_First" title="Humanity First">Humanity First</a> (NGO Charity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_translations_of_the_Quran" title="Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran">Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roza_Bal" title="Roza Bal">Roza Bal</a> (Tomb of Jesus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Mari_da_Ashtan" title="Mai Mari da Ashtan">Mai Mari da Ashtan</a> (Tomb of Mary)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ahmadiyya" title="Template:Ahmadiyya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ahmadiyya" title="Template talk:Ahmadiyya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ahmadiyya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ahmadiyya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadis">Ahmadis</a>' beliefs are more aligned with the Sunni tradition, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Five_Pillars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Pillars of Islam">The Five Pillars of Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)#The_Six_articles_of_Islamic_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">The Six articles of Islamic Faith</a>. Likewise, Ahmadis accept the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> as their holy text, face the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> during prayer, accept the authority of <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a> (reported sayings of and stories about Muhammad) and practice the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (traditions) of Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Many Muslims consider Ahmadis as <a href="/wiki/Bid%E2%80%98ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bid‘ah">heretics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahmadi teachings state that the founders of all the major world religions had divine origins. God was working towards the establishment of Islam as the final religion, because it was the most complete and included all the previous teachings of other religion<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (but they believe that all other religions have gone astray in their present form). The completion and consummation of the development of religion came about with the coming of Muhammad; and that the perfection of the ‘manifestation’ of Muhammad's prophethood and of the conveyance of his message was destined to occur with the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community are not Muslims<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but regard <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a>, who claimed to be the promised <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Christ</a>") the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> awaited by the Muslims and a <a href="/wiki/Prophethood_(Ahmadiyya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)">'subordinate' prophet</a> to Muhammad whose job was to restore the Sharia given to Muhammad by guiding or rallying disenchanted <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a> back to Islam and thwart attacks on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> by its opponents, as the "Promised One" of all religions fulfilling eschatological prophecies found in the scriptures of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American traditions</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-ita_4_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ita_4-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmadi Muslims believe that Ahmad was divinely commissioned as a true reflection of Muhammad's prophethood to establish the unity of God and to remind mankind of their duties towards God and God's creation.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdol_Hamid_Khosro_Shahi" title="Abdol Hamid Khosro Shahi">Abdol Hamid Khosro Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Islam-related_articles" title="Index of Islam-related articles">Index of Islam-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">List of extinct Shia sects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite_Crescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite Crescent">Shi'ite Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Izutsu_2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIzutsu2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toshihiko_Izutsu" title="Toshihiko Izutsu">Izutsu, Toshihiko</a> (2006) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDxHG5MtLawC&pg=PA1">"The Infidel (<i>Kāfir</i>): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem"</a>. <i>The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-9154-70-2" title="Special:BookSources/983-9154-70-2"><bdi>983-9154-70-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051704/https://books.google.com/books?id=PDxHG5MtLawC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Infidel+%28K%C4%81fir%29%3A+The+Kh%C4%81rijites+and+the+origin+of+the+problem&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Belief+in+Islamic+Theology%3A+A+Semantic+Analysis+of+Im%C4%81n+and+Isl%C4%81m&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Keio+Institute+of+Cultural+and+Linguistic+Studies+at+Keio+University&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=983-9154-70-2&rft.aulast=Izutsu&rft.aufirst=Toshihiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPDxHG5MtLawC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoQ-Quran-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoQ-Quran_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagel2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nagel, T. (2006). "Theology and the Qurʾān". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān">Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</a></i>. Vol. V. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00203">10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14743-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14743-8"><bdi>90-04-14743-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theology+and+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00203&rft.isbn=90-04-14743-8&rft.aulast=Nagel&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidtke_2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidtke_2016_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidtke_2016_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidtke_2016_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> •  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreiger2016" class="citation book cs1">Treiger, Alexander (2016) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Origins of Kalām"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke" title="Sabine Schmidtke">Schmidtke, Sabine</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199696703" title="Special:BookSources/9780199696703"><bdi>9780199696703</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016935488">2016935488</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051704/https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Islamic+Theologies+during+the+Formative+and+the+Early+Middle+period+%E2%80%93+Origins+of+Kal%C4%81m&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Theology&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016935488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.001&rft.isbn=9780199696703&rft.aulast=Treiger&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70wnDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span><br /> •  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamov2016" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamov, Binyamin (2016) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA264">"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke" title="Sabine Schmidtke">Schmidtke, Sabine</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">264–</span>279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.025">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199696703" title="Special:BookSources/9780199696703"><bdi>9780199696703</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016935488">2016935488</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051704/https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA264">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Islamic+Theologies+during+the+Formative+and+the+Early+Middle+period+%E2%80%93+Scripturalist+and+Traditionalist+Theology&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Theology&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E264-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016935488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.025&rft.isbn=9780199696703&rft.aulast=Abrahamov&rft.aufirst=Binyamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70wnDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdang2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Adang, Camilla (2001). "Belief and Unbelief: choice or destiny?". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān">Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</a></i>. 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In <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Winter" title="Timothy Winter">Winter, Timothy</a> (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL9780521780582.002">10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139001816" title="Special:BookSources/9781139001816"><bdi>9781139001816</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051725/https://books.google.com/books?id=O1IiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Historical+perspectives+-+Qur%E2%80%99an+and+hadith&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Classical+Islamic+Theology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL9780521780582.002&rft.isbn=9781139001816&rft.aulast=Abdel-Haleem&rft.aufirst=M.+A.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO1IiAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters_1980-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_1980_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_1980_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_1980_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_1980_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1980" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peters, J. R. T. M. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/hel_0750-8069_1980_num_2_1_1049">"La théologie musulmane et l'étude du langage"</a>. <i>Histoire. Épistémologie. Langage</i> (in French). <b>2</b> (1: <i>Éléments d'Histoire de la tradition linguistique arabe</i>). <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: Société d'histoire et d'Épistémologie des Sciences du Langage: <span class="nowrap">9–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fhel.1980.1049">10.3406/hel.1980.1049</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1638-1580">1638-1580</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130233309/https://www.persee.fr/doc/hel_0750-8069_1980_num_2_1_1049">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire.+%C3%89pist%C3%A9mologie.+Langage&rft.atitle=La+th%C3%A9ologie+musulmane+et+l%27%C3%A9tude+du+langage&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1%3A+%27%27%C3%89l%C3%A9ments+d%27Histoire+de+la+tradition+linguistique+arabe%27%27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fhel.1980.1049&rft.issn=1638-1580&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+T.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fhel_0750-8069_1980_num_2_1_1049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiele_2016-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thiele_2016_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiele_2016_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiele_2016_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiele_2016_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiele_2016_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiele_2016_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiele2016" class="citation book cs1">Thiele, Jan (2016) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225">"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Between Cordoba and Nīsābūr: The Emergence and Consolidation of Ashʿarism (Fourth–Fifth/Tenth–Eleventh Century)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke" title="Sabine Schmidtke">Schmidtke, Sabine</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">225–</span>241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.45">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199696703" title="Special:BookSources/9780199696703"><bdi>9780199696703</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016935488">2016935488</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118052138/https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Islamic+Theologies+during+the+Formative+and+the+Early+Middle+period+%E2%80%93+Between+Cordoba+and+N%C4%ABs%C4%81b%C5%ABr%3A+The+Emergence+and+Consolidation+of+Ash%CA%BFarism+%28Fourth%E2%80%93Fifth%2FTenth%E2%80%93Eleventh+Century%29&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Theology&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016935488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.45&rft.isbn=9780199696703&rft.aulast=Thiele&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70wnDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ulrich_2016-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_2016_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_2016_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_2016_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph2016" class="citation book cs1">Rudolph, Ulrich (2016) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA285">"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Ḥanafī Theological Tradition and Māturīdism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke" title="Sabine Schmidtke">Schmidtke, Sabine</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">285–</span>290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.023">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199696703" title="Special:BookSources/9780199696703"><bdi>9780199696703</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016935488">2016935488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Islamic+Theologies+during+the+Formative+and+the+Early+Middle+period+%E2%80%93+%E1%B8%A4anaf%C4%AB+Theological+Tradition+and+M%C4%81tur%C4%ABdism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Theology&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016935488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199696703.013.023&rft.isbn=9780199696703&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70wnDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hussaini_2016-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hussaini_2016_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussaini2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sayed_Hassan_Akhlaq" title="Sayed Hassan Akhlaq">Hussaini, Sayed Hassan</a> (2016). "Islamic Philosophy between Theism and Deism". <i>Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia</i>. <b>72</b> (1: <i>Teísmos: Aportações Filosóficas do Leste e Oeste / Theisms: Philosophical Contributions from the East to the West</i>). <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>: Aletheia - Associação Científica e Cultural: <span class="nowrap">65–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17990%2FRPF%2F2016_72_1_0065">10.17990/RPF/2016_72_1_0065</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0870-5283">0870-5283</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43816275">43816275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Portuguesa+de+Filosofia&rft.atitle=Islamic+Philosophy+between+Theism+and+Deism&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1%3A+%27%27Te%C3%ADsmos%3A+Aporta%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Filos%C3%B3ficas+do+Leste+e+Oeste+%2F+Theisms%3A+Philosophical+Contributions+from+the+East+to+the+West%27%27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0870-5283&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43816275%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17990%2FRPF%2F2016_72_1_0065&rft.aulast=Hussaini&rft.aufirst=Sayed+Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geaves_2021-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geaves_2021_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeaves2021" class="citation book cs1">Geaves, Ronald (2021). "Part 1: Sunnī Traditions – Sectarianism in Sunnī Islam". In <a href="/wiki/Carole_M._Cusack" title="Carole M. Cusack">Cusack, Carole M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Upal" title="Afzal Upal">Upal, M. Afzal</a> (eds.). <i>Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements</i>. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435544_004">10.1163/9789004435544_004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4"><bdi>978-90-04-43554-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+1%3A+Sunn%C4%AB+Traditions+%E2%80%93+Sectarianism+in+Sunn%C4%AB+Islam&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Islamic+Sects+and+Movements&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004435544_004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43554-4&rft.aulast=Geaves&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islam_p._696-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Islam_p._696_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Ash‘ariyya” by W. Montgomery Watt in <i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>, vol. I, p. 696.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heer-lecture-8-10-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heer-lecture-8-10_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeern.d." class="citation web cs1">Heer, Nicholas (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/heer/theology-sep.pdf">"A LECTURE ON ISLAMIC THEOLOGY"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Washington Faculty</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026085748/http://faculty.washington.edu/heer/theology-sep.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Washington+Faculty&rft.atitle=A+LECTURE+ON+ISLAMIC+THEOLOGY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.aulast=Heer&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fheer%2Ftheology-sep.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halverson-36q-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halverson-36q_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalverson2010" class="citation book cs1">Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IYzGAAAAQBAJ&q=Athari+&pg=PP1"><i>Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137473578" title="Special:BookSources/9781137473578"><bdi>9781137473578</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051705/https://books.google.com/books?id=IYzGAAAAQBAJ&q=Athari+&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-28</span></span>. <q>The Atharis can thus be described as a school or movement led by typically the <a href="/wiki/Hanbalites" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalites">Hanbalites</a> which retained influence, or at the very least a shared sentiment and conception of piety, well beyond the limited range of Hanbalite communities. This body of scholars continued to reject theology in favor of strict textualism well after Ash'arism had infiltrated the Sunni schools of law. It is for these reasons that we must delineate the existence of a distinctly traditionalist, anti-theological movement, which defies strict identification with any particular <i>madhhab</i>, and therefore cannot be described as Hanbalite.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+and+Creed+in+Sunni+Islam%3A+The+Muslim+Brotherhood%2C+Ash%27arism%2C+and+Political+Sunnism&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781137473578&rft.aulast=Halverson&rft.aufirst=Jeffry+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIYzGAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAthari%2B%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpevack2014" class="citation book cs1">Spevack, Aaron (2014). <i>The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri</i>. State University of New York Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5370-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5370-5"><bdi>978-1-4384-5370-5</bdi></a>. <q>The term Atharis is derived from athar, which implied transmitted content (rather than rationally derived content).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archetypal+Sunni+Scholar%3A+Law%2C+Theology%2C+and+Mysticism+in+the+Synthesis+of+Al-Bajuri&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-5370-5&rft.aulast=Spevack&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sha'bi;_Siyar_A'lam_Nubala;_Arnauth_p.303-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sha'bi;_Siyar_A'lam_Nubala;_Arnauth_p.303_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-Dhahabi1996">Al-Dhahabi (1996</a>, p. 303)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sha'bi;_Siyar_A'lam_Nubala;_Arnauth_p.311-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sha'bi;_Siyar_A'lam_Nubala;_Arnauth_p.311_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-Dhahabi1996">Al-Dhahabi (1996</a>, p. 311)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sha'bi;_Ibn_Qutayba;_p.110-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sha'bi;_Ibn_Qutayba;_p.110_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Qutaybah1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qutaybah" title="Ibn Qutaybah">Ibn Qutaybah</a> (1999). Muḥyī d-Dīn al-Aṣfar, Muḥammad (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waq62864/62864?view=theater#page/n109/mode/2up"><i>Taʾwīl muḫtalif al-ḥadīṯ</i></a> (in Arabic). Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī. p. 110<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ta%CA%BEw%C4%ABl+mu%E1%B8%ABtalif+al-%E1%B8%A5ad%C4%AB%E1%B9%AF&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=al-Maktab+al-Isl%C4%81m%C4%AB&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Ibn+Qutaybah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaq62864%2F62864%3Fview%3Dtheater%23page%2Fn109%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCSI2010:_36-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TCSI2010:_36_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#TCSI2010">Halverson, <i>Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam</i>, 2010</a>: 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCSI2010:_36-7-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TCSI2010:_36-7_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#TCSI2010">Halverson, <i>Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam</i>, 2010</a>: 36-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Malaysia-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Malaysia_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Malaysia_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iRtOVSAYGLAC"><i>Pemikiran Islam di Malaysia: sejarah dan aliran</i></a> (in Malay). Gema Insani. 1997. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9795614304" title="Special:BookSources/9795614304"><bdi>9795614304</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pemikiran+Islam+di+Malaysia%3A+sejarah+dan+aliran&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Gema+Insani&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9795614304&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiRtOVSAYGLAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ushul_Shunnah;_Walid-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ushul_Shunnah;_Walid_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ushul_Shunnah;_Walid_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalid_ibn_Muhammad_Nabih_ibn_Sayf_an-Nashr1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Walid ibn Muhammad Nabih ibn Sayf an-Nashr (1996). ibn ‘Ied al-Abbasi, Muhammad (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almoqtabas.com/ar/publications/view/26800509189058926"><i>أصول السنة</i></a> [<i>Principle of Sunnah</i>] (in Arabic). Maktaba Ibn Taymiyyah. p. 50<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2024</span>. <q>Footnote 13</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Maktaba+Ibn+Taymiyyah&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Walid+ibn+Muhammad+Nabih+ibn+Sayf+an-Nashr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falmoqtabas.com%2Far%2Fpublications%2Fview%2F26800509189058926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creed_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Williams-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Creed_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Williams_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creed_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Williams_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Williams2002" class="citation journal cs1">W. Williams (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743802003021">"Aspects of the Creed of Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: A Study of Anthropomorphism in Early Islamic Discourse"</a>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (3). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">441–</span>463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743802003021">10.1017/S0020743802003021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+the+Creed+of+Imam+Ahmad+Ibn+Hanbal%3A+A+Study+of+Anthropomorphism+in+Early+Islamic+Discourse&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E441-%3C%2Fspan%3E463&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743802003021&rft.au=W.+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FS0020743802003021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Shaukat_Ali-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Shaukat_Ali_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal;_Shaukat_Ali_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaukat_Ali1993" class="citation book cs1">Shaukat Ali (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CATYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Millenarian and Messianic Tendencies in Islamic History</i></a>. Publishers United. p. 118<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millenarian+and+Messianic+Tendencies+in+Islamic+History&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Publishers+United&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Shaukat+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCATYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swartz, Merlin. <i>A Medieval Critique of Anthropomorphism</i>. Brill, 2001, p.134-137 .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zahra-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zahra_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a>, <i>The history of Madh'habs and Divinity Schools in Islam.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-news_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabnews.com/node/216148">Scholar of renown: Muhammad Abu Zahrah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923231020/http://www.arabnews.com/node/216148">Archived</a> 2015-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ed. Adil Salahi for <a href="/wiki/Arab_News" title="Arab News">Arab News</a>. Published Wednesday, 14 November 2001; accessed Sunday 9 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madeleine Pelner Cosman, Linda Gale Jones, Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, p 391. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1438109075" title="Special:BookSources/1438109075">1438109075</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clinton Bennett, The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies, p 119. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1441127887" title="Special:BookSources/1441127887">1441127887</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankLeamanH2003" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Daniel H.; Leaman, Oliver; H, Frank Daniel (2003-09-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KBjtygnlBtEC&dq=mu%27tazila+kalam&pg=PA72"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Jewish Philosophy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65574-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65574-3"><bdi>978-0-521-65574-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051705/https://books.google.com/books?id=KBjtygnlBtEC&dq=mu%27tazila+kalam&pg=PA72">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Medieval+Jewish+Philosophy&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-09-11&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65574-3&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft.au=Leaman%2C+Oliver&rft.au=H%2C+Frank+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBjtygnlBtEC%26dq%3Dmu%2527tazila%2Bkalam%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadi Enayat Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies Springer, 30.06.2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319526119" title="Special:BookSources/9783319526119">9783319526119</a> p.48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mutazilah">Mutazilah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621175819/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mutazilah">Archived</a> 2018-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robinson-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-robinson_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNEAL_ROBINSON1998" class="citation web cs1">NEAL ROBINSON (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H052">"Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila"</a>. <i>muslimphilosophy.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120081733/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H052">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muslimphilosophy.com&rft.atitle=Ash%27ariyya+and+Mu%27tazila&rft.date=1998&rft.au=NEAL+ROBINSON&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimphilosophy.com%2Fip%2Frep%2FH052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkdkw6f/revision/3">"Different views on human freedom – Mu'tazilites and Asharites – Authority in Islam – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – OCR"</a>. <i>BBC Bitesize</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621143801/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkdkw6f/revision/3">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Bitesize&rft.atitle=Different+views+on+human+freedom+%E2%80%93+Mu%27tazilites+and+Asharites+%E2%80%93+Authority+in+Islam+%E2%80%93+GCSE+Religious+Studies+Revision+%E2%80%93+OCR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fzkdkw6f%2Frevision%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ad-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ad_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhanani1994" class="citation book cs1">Dhanani, Alnoor (1994). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicaltheoryka00dhan"><i>The physical theory of Kalām : atoms, space, and void in Basrian Muʻtazilī cosmology</i></a></span>. Leiden: Brill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicaltheoryka00dhan/page/n6">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004098312" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004098312"><bdi>978-9004098312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+physical+theory+of+Kal%C4%81m+%3A+atoms%2C+space%2C+and+void+in+Basrian+Mu%CA%BBtazil%C4%AB+cosmology&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9004098312&rft.aulast=Dhanani&rft.aufirst=Alnoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicaltheoryka00dhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fakhry-46-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fakhry-46_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFakhry1983" class="citation book cs1">Fakhry, Majid (1983). <i>A History of Islamic Philosophy</i> (second ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 46. <q>Almost all authorities agree that the speculation of the Muʿtazilah centeres around the two crucial concepts of divine justice and unity, of which they claim to be the exclusive, genuine exponents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=46&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Fakhry&rft.aufirst=Majid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampanini2012" class="citation journal cs1">Campanini, Massimo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00273.x">"The Mu'tazila in Islamic History and Thought"</a>. <i>Religion Compass</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">41–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-8171.2011.00273.x">10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00273.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719180624/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00273.x">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Mu%27tazila+in+Islamic+History+and+Thought&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-8171.2011.00273.x&rft.aulast=Campanini&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-8171.2011.00273.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-as-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-as_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdullah Saeed. <i>The Qur'an: an introduction</i>. 2008, page 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKHE-77-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SKHE-77_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadri2012" class="citation book cs1">Kadri, Sadakat (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC"><i>Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia to the Streets of the Modern Muslim World</i></a>. macmillan. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099523277" title="Special:BookSources/9780099523277"><bdi>9780099523277</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225135025/https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Tim Winter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 121-140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusthafa_Said_Al-khin2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Musthafa Said Al-khin (2014). Zirzis, Achmad (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9wHeDwAAQBAJ"><i>Sejarah Ushul Fikih</i></a> [<i>History of Ushul Fiqih</i>] (in Indonesian). Translated by Muhammad Misbah. East Jakarta, Id: Pustaka Al-Kautsar. p. 235<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-04054-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-04054-X"><bdi>0-521-04054-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Later+Greek+and+Early+Medieval+Philosophy&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-521-04054-X&rft.au=Walzer%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wc-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wc_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2000" class="citation book cs1">Craig, W. L. 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"Knowledge and Taqlîd: The Foundations of Religious Belief in Classical Ashʿarism". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. <b>109</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/American_Oriental_Society" title="American Oriental Society">American Oriental Society</a>: <span class="nowrap">37–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F604336">10.2307/604336</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/604336">604336</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/12032032">12032032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Knowledge+and+Taql%C3%AEd%3A+The+Foundations+of+Religious+Belief+in+Classical+Ash%CA%BFarism&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1989-01%2F1989-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F604336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F12032032&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F604336&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassé2003" class="citation book cs1">Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2003) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA61">"Ashʿarī"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Encyclopedia_of_Islam" title="The New Encyclopedia of Islam">The New Encyclopedia of Islam</a></i> (3rd Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California" title="Walnut Creek, California">Walnut Creek, California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/AltaMira_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="AltaMira Press">AltaMira Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-759-10190-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-759-10190-6"><bdi>978-0-759-10190-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1291928025">1291928025</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709081228/https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Al-Ash%CA%BFar%C4%AB%27s+conception+of+the+nature+and+role+of+speculative+reasoning+in+theology&rft.btitle=Early+Islamic+Theology%3A+The+Mu%CA%BFtazilites+and+al-Ash%CA%BFar%C4%AB+%E2%80%93+Texts+and+Studies+on+the+Development+and+History+of+Kal%C4%81m%2C+Vol.+II&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003110385&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169898034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006935669&rft.isbn=9780860789789&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkX1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoover_2020-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoover_2020_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoover2020" class="citation book cs1">Hoover, John (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/file/3741348/1/Hoover%20%20J.%20Early%20Mamluk%20Ash%27arism.%20Pre-proof%20Deposit">"Early Mamlūk Ashʿarism against Ibn Taymiyya on the Nonliteral Reinterpretation (<i>taʾwīl</i>) of God's Attributes"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Washington+Faculty&rft.atitle=A+LECTURE+ON+ISLAMIC+THEOLOGY&rft.pages=10&rft.aulast=Heer&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fheer%2Ftheology-sep.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glasse-62-3-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glasse-62-3_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyril Glassé, Huston Smith <i>The New Encyclopedia of Islam</i> Rowman Altamira 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-759-10190-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-759-10190-6">978-0-759-10190-6</a> page 62-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Abdul Hye, Ph.D, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/hmp/14.htm">Ash’arism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180527145604/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/hmp/14.htm">Archived</a> 2018-05-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Philosophia Islamica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson_1998-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_1998_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1998" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, John B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FALN_kpyzEUC&pg=PA55">"The Making of Orthodoxies"</a>. <i>The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns</i>. <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3760-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-3760-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051706/https://books.google.com/books?id=FALN_kpyzEUC&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Orthodoxies&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Orthodoxy+and+Heresy%3A+Neo-Confucian%2C+Islamic%2C+Jewish%2C+and+Early+Christian+Patterns&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3760-5&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFALN_kpyzEUC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamad al-Sanan, Fawziy al-'Anjariy, <i>Ahl al-Sunnah al-Asha'irah</i>, pp.248-258. Dar al-Diya'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation book cs1">Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&q=In+fact%2C+the+Hanafis+were++known+as+the+%E2%80%9CPeople+of+Opinion%E2%80%9D+and+were++opposed+by+the+%E2%80%9CPeople+of+Hadith.%E2%80%9D"><i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8"><bdi>978-1-4381-2696-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051706/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&q=In+fact%2C+the+Hanafis+were++known+as+the+%E2%80%9CPeople+of+Opinion%E2%80%9D+and+were++opposed+by+the+%E2%80%9CPeople+of+Hadith.%E2%80%9D">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC%26q%3DIn%2Bfact%252C%2Bthe%2BHanafis%2Bwere%2B%2Bknown%2Bas%2Bthe%2B%25E2%2580%259CPeople%2Bof%2BOpinion%25E2%2580%259D%2Band%2Bwere%2B%2Bopposed%2Bby%2Bthe%2B%25E2%2580%259CPeople%2Bof%2BHadith.%25E2%2580%259D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Leaman <i>The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy</i> Bloomsbury Publishing 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-472-56945-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-472-56945-5">978-1-472-56945-5</a> page 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cenap Çakmak Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes] ABC-CLIO 2017 ISBN 978-1-610-69217-5 page 1014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lange, Christian (2016). Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions. Cambridge United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-50637-3. p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yüksek Lisans Tezi Imam Maturidi'nin Te'vilatu'l-kur'an'da gaybi konulara İstanbul-2020 2501171277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pest-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pest_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1970" class="citation journal cs1">Watt, W. Montgomery (May 1970). Pestman, P. W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k84UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA85">"The study of the development of the Islamic sects"</a>. <i>Acta Orientalia Neerlandica: Proceedings of the Congress of the Dutch Oriental Society Held in Leiden on the Occasion of Its 50th Anniversary</i>: 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia+Neerlandica%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Congress+of+the+Dutch+Oriental+Society+Held+in+Leiden+on+the+Occasion+of+Its+50th+Anniversary&rft.atitle=The+study+of+the+development+of+the+Islamic+sects&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1970-05&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=W.+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk84UAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qadariyyah-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Qadariyyah_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qadariyyah_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-1901">"Qadariyyah"</a></span>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0"><bdi>978-0-19-512558-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211646/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-1901">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qadariyyah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512558-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195125580.001.0001%2Facref-9780195125580-e-1901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. van Ess. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "Ķadariyya", vol.4, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cosman, Madeleine Pelner, and Linda Gale Jones. Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set. Infobase Publishing, 2009. p. 392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basharin, Pavel V. (April 1, 2018). "The Problem of Free Will and Predestination in the Light of Satan's Justification in Early Sufism". English Language Notes. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. 56 (1): 119–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omar Hamdan Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 ISBN 978-3447053495 pp. 291–292 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salem, Feryal. The Emergence of Early Sufi Piety and Sunnī Scholasticism: ʿAbdallāh b. al-Mubārak and the Formation of Sunnī Identity in the Second Islamic Century. Vol. 125. Brill, 2016. p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Abul_Ala_Maududi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Ala Maududi">Abul Ala Maududi</a>, "Khilafat-o-Malookeyat" in Urdu language, (Caliphate and kingship), p 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Baydawi, Abdullah</a>. "Tawali' al- Anwar min Matali' al-Anzar", circa 1300. Translated alongside other texts in the 2001 "Nature, Man and God in Medieval Islam" by Edwin Elliott Calverley and James Wilson Pollock. pp. 1001–1009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ess-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ess_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ess_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Hoffman2012" class="citation book cs1">J. Hoffman, Valerie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNxvMRJM3EAC&pg=PA284"><i>The Essentials of Ibadi Islam</i></a>. Syracuse University Press. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815650843" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815650843"><bdi>978-0815650843</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051707/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNxvMRJM3EAC&pg=PA284">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essentials+of+Ibadi+Islam&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0815650843&rft.aulast=J.+Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNxvMRJM3EAC%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0591/9105024.htm">"Telling the truth for more than 30 years – Sunni-Shi'i Schism: Less There Than Meets the Eye"</a>. WRMEA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050423070201/http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0591/9105024.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telling+the+truth+for+more+than+30+years+%E2%80%93+Sunni-Shi%27i+Schism%3A+Less+There+Than+Meets+the+Eye&rft.pub=WRMEA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrmea.com%2Fbackissues%2F0591%2F9105024.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2008" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Daniel (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC&q=zaydi+similar+sunni&pg=PA23"><i>Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide – Daniel McLaughlin – Google Books</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841622125" title="Special:BookSources/9781841622125"><bdi>9781841622125</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051707/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC&q=zaydi+similar+sunni&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yemen%3A+The+Bradt+Travel+Guide+%E2%80%93+Daniel+McLaughlin+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2008-02&rft.isbn=9781841622125&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeQvhZaEVzjcC%26q%3Dzaydi%2Bsimilar%2Bsunni%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABU’L-ḴAṬṬĀB_ASADĪ-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABU’L-ḴAṬṬĀB_ASADĪ_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABU’L-ḴAṬṬĀB_ASADĪ_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abul-kattab-mohammad-b">"Abu'l-Ḵaṭṭāb Asadī"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211621/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abul-kattab-mohammad-b">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abu%27l-%E1%B8%B4a%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81b+Asad%C4%AB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fabul-kattab-mohammad-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ḴAṬṬĀBIYA-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ḴAṬṬĀBIYA_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ḴAṬṬĀBIYA_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kattabiya">"Ḵaṭṭābiya"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211615/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kattabiya">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E1%B8%B4a%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81biya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkattabiya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Öz-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Öz_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Öz, Mustafa, <i>Mezhepler Tarihi ve Terimleri Sözlüğü (The History of <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhabs</a> and its terminology dictionary),</i> Ensar Yayıncılık, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, 2011. This is the name of the trainer of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Ismail">Muhammad bin Ismā‘īl as-ṣaghīr</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Jafar" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il ibn Jafar">Jā’far</a>. He had established the principles of the <a href="/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Bāṭen’iyyah</a> <a href="/wiki/Madh%27hab" class="mw-redirect" title="Madh'hab">Madh'hab</a>, later.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAYMŪN-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAYMŪN_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAYMŪN_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516235417/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abdallah-b-maymun-al-qaddah-legendary-founder-of-the-qarmatian-ismaili-doctrine">"ʿAbdallāh B. Maymūn al-Qaddāḥ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abdallah-b-maymun-al-qaddah-legendary-founder-of-the-qarmatian-ismaili-doctrine">the original</a> on 16 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CA%BFAbdall%C4%81h+B.+Maym%C5%ABn+al-Qadd%C4%81%E1%B8%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fabdallah-b-maymun-al-qaddah-legendary-founder-of-the-qarmatian-ismaili-doctrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BĀṬENĪYA-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BĀṬENĪYA_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BĀṬENĪYA_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BĀṬENĪYA_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BĀṬENĪYA_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BĀṬENĪYA_86-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm" class="citation web cs1">Halm, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bateniya">"Bāṭenīya"</a>. Encyclopedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211648/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bateniya">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%C4%81%E1%B9%ADen%C4%ABya&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbateniya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rise of The Fatimids, by W. Ivanow. Page 81, 275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ismailism-xvii-the-imamate-in-ismailism">"Ismaʿilism xvii. The Imamate in Ismaʿilism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211654/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ismailism-xvii-the-imamate-in-ismailism">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isma%CA%BFilism+xvii.+The+Imamate+in+Isma%CA%BFilism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fismailism-xvii-the-imamate-in-ismailism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alevi-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alevi_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alevi_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx">"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. October 7, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225045349/http://www.pewforum.org/muslim/mapping-the-global-muslim-population.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-24</span></span>. <q>Of the total Muslim population, 11–12% are Shia Muslims and 87–88% are Sunni Muslims. Seven to Eleven Million <a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevis</a> and Three to Four Million <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawis</a> constitute nearly 10% of <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ites" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ites">Shi'ites</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Muslim+Population&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2FMuslim%2FMapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Nuri_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Yaşar Nuri Öztürk">Öztürk, Yaşar Nuri</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anal_Haq" title="Anal Haq">En-el Hak</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">İsyan</a>ı (The <a href="/wiki/Anal_Haq" title="Anal Haq">Anal Haq</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Al-Hallaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansur Al-Hallaj">Hallâc-ı Mansûr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallows" title="Gallows">Darağacında</a> <a href="/wiki/Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'raj">Miraç</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'raj">Miraç</a> on <a href="/wiki/Gallows" title="Gallows">Gallows</a>),</i> Vol 1 and 2, Yeni Boyut, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meymûn-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meymûn_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meymûn_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Muhammad ibn Āliyy’ūl Cillī <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">aqidah</a>" of "Maymūn ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabarani" title="Al-Tabarani">Abu’l-Qāsim Sulaiman ibn Ahmad ibn at-Tabarānī</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>" (Sūlaiman Affandy, <i>Al-Bākūrat’ūs Sūlaiman’īyyah – <a href="/wiki/Family_tree" title="Family tree">Family tree</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nusayri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusayri">Nusayri</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariqat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqat">Tariqat</a>,</i> pp. 14–15, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, 1873.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both <i>Muhammad ibn Āliyy’ūl Cillī</i> and <i>Maymūn ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabarani" title="Al-Tabarani">Abu’l-Qāsim’at-Tabarānī</a></i> were the <a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">murids</a> of <i>"<a href="/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">Al-Khaṣībī</a>",</i> the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">Nusayri</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqa</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bāṭenī-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bāṭenī_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bāṭenī_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadtke" class="citation web cs1">Radtke, B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baten-inner-hidden-the-opposite-of-zaher-outer-visible">"Bāṭen"</a>. Encyclopedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211623/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baten-inner-hidden-the-opposite-of-zaher-outer-visible">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%C4%81%E1%B9%ADen&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Radtke&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbaten-inner-hidden-the-opposite-of-zaher-outer-visible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both <i>Muhammad ibn Āliyy’ūl Cillī</i> and <i>Maymūn ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabarani" title="Al-Tabarani">Abu’l-Qāsim’at-Tabarānī</a></i> were the <a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">murids</a> of <i>"<a href="/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">Al-Khaṣībī</a>",</i> the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Nusayri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusayri">Nusayri</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariqat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqat">tariqat</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike" class="citation web cs1">Pike, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-alawi.htm">"Alawi Islam"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613094303/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-alawi.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alawi+Islam&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fintro%2Fislam-alawi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globsec-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-globsec_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globsec_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globsec_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globsec_97-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globsec_97-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-alawi.htm">"Alawi Islam"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613094303/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-alawi.htm">Archived</a> 2008-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Globalsecurity.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProchazka-EislProchazka,_Stephan2010" class="citation book cs1">Prochazka-Eisl, Gisela; Prochazka, Stephan (2010). <i>The Plain of Saints and Prophets: The Nusayri-Alawi Community of Cilicia</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447061780" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447061780"><bdi>978-3447061780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plain+of+Saints+and+Prophets%3A+The+Nusayri-Alawi+Community+of+Cilicia&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3447061780&rft.aulast=Prochazka-Eisl&rft.aufirst=Gisela&rft.au=Prochazka%2C+Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman67-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedman67_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2010" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Yaron (2010). <i>The Nuṣayrī-ʻAlawīs: An Introduction to the Religion, History, and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria</i>. BRILL. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004178922" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004178922"><bdi>978-9004178922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nu%E1%B9%A3ayr%C4%AB-%CA%BBAlaw%C4%ABs%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Identity+of+the+Leading+Minority+in+Syria&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004178922&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Princeton-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöwering,_Gerhard2012" class="citation book cs1">Böwering, Gerhard; et al., eds. (2012). <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691134840" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691134840"><bdi>978-0691134840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0691134840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman77-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman77_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman77_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman77_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2010" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Yaron (2010). <i>The Nuṣayrī-ʻAlawīs: An Introduction to the Religion, History, and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria</i>. BRILL. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004178922" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004178922"><bdi>978-9004178922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nu%E1%B9%A3ayr%C4%AB-%CA%BBAlaw%C4%ABs%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Identity+of+the+Leading+Minority+in+Syria&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004178922&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plain-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plain_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plain_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plain_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plain_102-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plain_102-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProchazka-EislProchazka,_Stephan2010" class="citation book cs1">Prochazka-Eisl, Gisela; Prochazka, Stephan (2010). <i>The Plain of Saints and Prophets: The Nusayri-'Alawi Community of Cilicia</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447061780" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447061780"><bdi>978-3447061780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plain+of+Saints+and+Prophets%3A+The+Nusayri-%27Alawi+Community+of+Cilicia&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3447061780&rft.aulast=Prochazka-Eisl&rft.aufirst=Gisela&rft.au=Prochazka%2C+Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2009" class="citation book cs1">Peters, F.E. (2009). <i>The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume II</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400825714" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400825714"><bdi>978-1400825714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monotheists%3A+Jews%2C+Christians%2C+and+Muslims+in+Conflict+and+Competition%2C+Volume+II&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1400825714&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=F.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2010" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Yaron (2010). <i>The Nuṣayrī-ʻAlawīs: An Introduction to the Religion, History, and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria</i>. BRILL. pp. 80, <span class="nowrap">93–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004178922" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004178922"><bdi>978-9004178922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nu%E1%B9%A3ayr%C4%AB-%CA%BBAlaw%C4%ABs%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Identity+of+the+Leading+Minority+in+Syria&rft.pages=80%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004178922&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18084964">"The 'secretive sect' in charge of Syria"</a>. BBC. 17 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211630/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18084964">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27secretive+sect%27+in+charge+of+Syria&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2012-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-18084964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cs-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cs_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/syria/32.htm">Alawis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203947/http://countrystudies.us/syria/32.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Countrystudies.us, U.S. Library of Congress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yunis_1992,_p._63-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yunis_1992,_p._63_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yunis_1992,_p._63_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">'Abd al‑Latif al‑Yunis, Mudhakkirat al‑Duktur 'Abd al‑Latif al‑Yunis, Damascus: Dar al‑`Ilm, 1992, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8684113/Secretive-sect-of-the-rulers-of-Syria.html">Secretive sect of the rulers of Syria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415183214/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8684113/Secretive-sect-of-the-rulers-of-Syria.html">Archived</a> 2022-04-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>, 05 Aug 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobSec-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlobSec_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobSec_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-alawi.htm">"Alawi Islam"</a>. Globalsecurity.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613094303/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-alawi.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alawi+Islam&rft.pub=Globalsecurity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fintro%2Fislam-alawi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2010" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Yaron (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GB31QSFmVYC&q=Yaron+Friedman"><i>The Nuṣayrī-ʻAlawīs</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004178922" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004178922"><bdi>978-9004178922</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051707/https://books.google.com/books?id=3GB31QSFmVYC&q=Yaron+Friedman">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nu%E1%B9%A3ayr%C4%AB-%CA%BBAlaw%C4%ABs&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004178922&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3GB31QSFmVYC%26q%3DYaron%2BFriedman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.uk-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-JVOKeNkllgC&q=alawi+syncretic&pg=PA75"><i>Lebanon: current issues and background, John C. Rolland (2003)</i></a>. Nova. 1 August 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590338711" title="Special:BookSources/9781590338711"><bdi>9781590338711</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051707/https://books.google.com/books?id=-JVOKeNkllgC&q=alawi+syncretic&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+current+issues+and+background%2C+John+C.+Rolland+%282003%29&rft.pub=Nova&rft.date=2003-08-01&rft.isbn=9781590338711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-JVOKeNkllgC%26q%3Dalawi%2Bsyncretic%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1993" class="citation web cs1">Kaplan, Robert (February 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199302/kaplan">"Syria: Identity Crisis"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211629/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1993/02/syria-identity-crisis/303860/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Identity+Crisis&rft.date=1993-02&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fdoc%2F199302%2Fkaplan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasse-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glasse_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasse2001" class="citation book cs1">Glasse, Cyril (2001). <i>New Encyclopedia of Islam</i> (Revised ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=105&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Glasse&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2010" class="citation web cs1">Kramer, Martin (11 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/syria-alawis-and-shiism/">"Syria's <i>Alawis and Shi'ism"</i></a><i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211635/http://martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/syria-alawis-and-shiism/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2014</span>. <q>In their mountainous corner of Syria, the 'Alawī claim to represent the furthest extension of Twelver Shi'ism.</q></i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+Alawis+and+Shi%27ism&rft.date=2010-01-11&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.martinkramer.org%2Fsandbox%2Freader%2Farchives%2Fsyria-alawis-and-shiism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalhamy2010" class="citation journal cs1">Talhamy, Y. (2010). "The Fatwas and the Nusayri/Alawis of Syria". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263200902940251">10.1080/00263200902940251</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144709130">144709130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Fatwas+and+the+Nusayri%2FAlawis+of+Syria&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263200902940251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144709130%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Talhamy&rft.aufirst=Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bar-AsherKootstra2002-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bar-AsherKootstra2002_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMe'ir_Mikha'el_Bar-AsherGauke_de_KootstraArieh_Kofsky2002" class="citation book cs1">Me'ir Mikha'el Bar-Asher; Gauke de Kootstra; Arieh Kofsky (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2bli4DyuHRIC&pg=RA1-PA153"><i>The Nuṣayr−i-ʻalaw−i Religion: An Enquiry Into Its Theology and Liturgy</i></a>. BRILL. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12552-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12552-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12552-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051707/https://books.google.com/books?id=2bli4DyuHRIC&pg=RA1-PA153">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nu%E1%B9%A3ayr%E2%88%92i-%CA%BBalaw%E2%88%92i+Religion%3A+An+Enquiry+Into+Its+Theology+and+Liturgy&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12552-0&rft.au=Me%27ir+Mikha%27el+Bar-Asher&rft.au=Gauke+de+Kootstra&rft.au=Arieh+Kofsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2bli4DyuHRIC%26pg%3DRA1-PA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17085226">"Syria crisis: Deadly shooting at Damascus funeral"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 18 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211617/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17085226">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syria+crisis%3A+Deadly+shooting+at+Damascus+funeral&rft.date=2012-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-17085226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abdullah-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abdullah_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abd-Allah, Umar F., <i>Islamic Struggle in Syria</i>, Berkeley : Mizan Press, c1983, pp. 43–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2007" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Barry (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truthaboutsyria00rubi_0/page/49"><i>The Truth about Syria</i></a></span>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truthaboutsyria00rubi_0/page/49">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403982735" title="Special:BookSources/9781403982735"><bdi>9781403982735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+about+Syria&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781403982735&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftruthaboutsyria00rubi_0%2Fpage%2F49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbd-Allah1983" class="citation book cs1">Abd-Allah, Umar F. (1983). <i>Islamic Struggle in Syria</i>. Berkeley: Mizan Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0933782101" title="Special:BookSources/0933782101"><bdi>0933782101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Struggle+in+Syria&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=Mizan+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0933782101&rft.aulast=Abd-Allah&rft.aufirst=Umar+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoFR-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CoFR_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsther2006" class="citation web cs1">Esther, Pan (18 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/iran/syria-iran-mideast-conflict/p11122">"Syria, Iran, and the Mideast Conflict"</a>. <i>Backgrounder</i>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523091927/http://www.cfr.org/iran/syria-iran-mideast-conflict/p11122">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Backgrounder&rft.atitle=Syria%2C+Iran%2C+and+the+Mideast+Conflict&rft.date=2006-07-18&rft.aulast=Esther&rft.aufirst=Pan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Firan%2Fsyria-iran-mideast-conflict%2Fp11122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dilemma-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dilemma_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dilemma_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/syriablog/2004/10/asads-alawi-dilemma.htm">Syrian comment. Asad's Alawi dilemma</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194959/http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/syriablog/2004/10/asads-alawi-dilemma.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 8 October 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/Islamic%20Education%20in%20Syria.htm">"Islamic Education in Syria: Undoing Secularism"</a>. OU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228101011/http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/Islamic%20Education%20in%20Syria.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Education+in+Syria%3A+Undoing+Secularism&rft.pub=OU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty-staff.ou.edu%2FL%2FJoshua.M.Landis-1%2FIslamic%2520Education%2520in%2520Syria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karramiya">"KARRĀMIYA"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211643/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karramiya">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KARR%C4%80MIYA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkarramiya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisMenagePellatSchacht1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lewis, B.; Menage, V.L.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (1997) [1st. pub. 1978]. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Vol. IV (Iran-Kha) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 667. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004078193" title="Special:BookSources/9004078193"><bdi>9004078193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=667&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9004078193&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Menage%2C+V.L.&rft.au=Pellat%2C+Ch.&rft.au=Schacht%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mat-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mat_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlemingMann2014" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Benjamin; Mann, Richard (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kDYsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111"><i>Material Culture and Asian Religions: Text, Image, Object</i></a>. Routledge. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135013738" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135013738"><bdi>978-1-135013738</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051706/https://books.google.com/books?id=kDYsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Material+Culture+and+Asian+Religions%3A+Text%2C+Image%2C+Object&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135013738&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Mann%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkDYsAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annemarie Schimmel <i>et al.</i>: <i>Der Islam III. Volksfrömmigkeit, Islamische Kultur, Zeitgenössische Strömungen.</i> <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>, Stuttgart 1990, S. 418–420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/sects/ahmadiyya.htm">"Ahmadiyya Islam – Beliefs History Practices"</a>. ReligionFacts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727061122/http://religionfacts.com/islam/sects/ahmadiyya.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahmadiyya+Islam+%E2%80%93+Beliefs+History+Practices&rft.pub=ReligionFacts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Fislam%2Fsects%2Fahmadiyya.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8711026.stm">"Who are the Ahmadi?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 28 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530013220/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8711026.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+Ahmadi%3F&rft.date=2010-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F8711026.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurhani2013" class="citation book cs1">Burhani, Ahmad Najib (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alexandria.ucsb.edu/lib/ark:/48907/f3707zhx"><i>When Muslims are not Muslims: the Ahmadiyya community and the discourse on heresy in Indonesia</i></a>. Santa Barbara, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781303424861" title="Special:BookSources/9781303424861"><bdi>9781303424861</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128213850/https://alexandria.ucsb.edu/lib/ark:/48907/f3707zhx">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Muslims+are+not+Muslims%3A+the+Ahmadiyya+community+and+the+discourse+on+heresy+in+Indonesia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781303424861&rft.aulast=Burhani&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Najib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falexandria.ucsb.edu%2Flib%2Fark%3A%2F48907%2Ff3707zhx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaq2011" class="citation news cs1">Haq, Zia (2 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419082837/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/heretical-ahmadiyya-sect-raises">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Heretical' Ahmadiyya sect raises Muslim hackles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/heretical-ahmadiyya-sect-raises-muslim-hackles/article1-752846.aspx">the original</a> on 2015-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=%27Heretical%27+Ahmadiyya+sect+raises+Muslim+hackles&rft.date=2011-10-02&rft.aulast=Haq&rft.aufirst=Zia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fnewdelhi%2Fheretical-ahmadiyya-sect-raises-muslim-hackles%2Farticle1-752846.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/articles/The_Promised_Messiah_Prophecies_Fulfilled-20081007MN.html">"The Promised Messiah – Prophecies Fulfilled"</a>. Alislam.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725000642/http://www.alislam.org/library/articles/The_Promised_Messiah_Prophecies_Fulfilled-20081007MN.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Promised+Messiah+%E2%80%93+Prophecies+Fulfilled&rft.pub=Alislam.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Farticles%2FThe_Promised_Messiah_Prophecies_Fulfilled-20081007MN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=2739&region=E1&CR=EN,E2">"The Holy Quran"</a>. Alislam.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725000651/http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=2739&region=E1&CR=EN,E2">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Quran&rft.pub=Alislam.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Fquran%2Ftafseer%2F%3Fpage%3D2739%26region%3DE1%26CR%3DEN%2CE2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ita_4-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ita_4_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Invitation to Ahmadiyyat by Mirza Bashir-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad Part II, Argument 4, Chapter "Promised Messiah, Promised One of All Religions"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Ross_Valentine2008" class="citation book cs1">Simon Ross Valentine (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&q=simon+ross+valentine+ahmadiyya"><i>Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70094-8"><bdi>978-0-231-70094-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051706/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&q=simon+ross+valentine+ahmadiyya">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Ahmadiyya+jama%CA%BBat%3A+history%2C+belief%2C+practice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70094-8&rft.au=Simon+Ross+Valentine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ78O1mjX2tMC%26q%3Dsimon%2Bross%2Bvalentine%2Bahmadiyya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasir_Mahmood_Malik,_National_Tarbiyyat_Secretary,_USA2007" class="citation web cs1">Nasir Mahmood Malik, National Tarbiyyat Secretary, USA (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/library/articles/2007WCJSSpeech_20071228.pdf">"Raising Ahmadi Children in the West"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Al Islam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927222512/http://www.alislam.org/library/articles/2007WCJSSpeech_20071228.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raising+Ahmadi+Children+in+the+West&rft.pub=Al+Islam&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Nasir+Mahmood+Malik%2C+National+Tarbiyyat+Secretary%2C+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Flibrary%2Farticles%2F2007WCJSSpeech_20071228.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Dhahabi1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/Shu%27ayb_al-Arna%27ut" title="Shu'ayb al-Arna'ut">al-Arna'ut, Shu'ayb</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/11950/san04?view=theater#page/n293/mode/2up"><i>Siyar aʿlām an-nubalāʾ</i></a> (in Arabic). Beirut: Muʾassasat ar-Risāla<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siyar+a%CA%BFl%C4%81m+an-nubal%C4%81%CA%BE&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pub=Mu%CA%BEassasat+ar-Ris%C4%81la&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Al-Dhahabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F11950%2Fsan04%3Fview%3Dtheater%23page%2Fn293%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schools_of_Islamic_theology&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulğen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bulğen, Mehmet (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/913963">"al-Māturīdī and Atomism (İmam Mâtüridî ve Atomculuk)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ULUM: Journal of Religious Inquiries</i>. <b>2</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>: ULUM İslami İlimler Eğitim ve Araştırma Merkezi: <span class="nowrap">223–</span>264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.3601654">10.5281/zenodo.3601654</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2645-9132">2645-9132</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127235117/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/913963">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ULUM%3A+Journal+of+Religious+Inquiries&rft.atitle=al-M%C4%81tur%C4%ABd%C4%AB+and+Atomism+%28%C4%B0mam+M%C3%A2t%C3%BCrid%C3%AE+ve+Atomculuk%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.date=2019-12&rft.eissn=2645-9132&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.3601654&rft.aulast=Bul%C4%9Fen&rft.aufirst=Mehmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F913963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaspar1998" class="citation book cs1">Caspar, Robert (1998). <i>A Historical Introduction to Islamic Theology: Muḥammad and the Classical Period</i>. Studi arabo-islamici del PISAI. Vol. 11. <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Institute_of_Arab_and_Islamic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies">Pontifical Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788885907102" title="Special:BookSources/9788885907102"><bdi>9788885907102</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42577199">42577199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Introduction+to+Islamic+Theology%3A+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+and+the+Classical+Period&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=Studi+arabo-islamici+del+PISAI&rft.pub=Pontifical+Institute+of+Arab+and+Islamic+Studies&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42577199&rft.isbn=9788885907102&rft.aulast=Caspar&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKars2019" class="citation book cs1">Kars, Aydogan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANqUDwAAQBAJ"><i>Unsaying God: Negative Theology in Medieval Islam</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190942458.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780190942458.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190942458" title="Special:BookSources/9780190942458"><bdi>9780190942458</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018048099">2018048099</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1147875085">1147875085</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051709/https://books.google.com/books?id=ANqUDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unsaying+God%3A+Negative+Theology+in+Medieval+Islam&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1147875085&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2018048099&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190942458.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780190942458&rft.aulast=Kars&rft.aufirst=Aydogan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANqUDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelungSchmidtke2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke" title="Sabine Schmidtke">Schmidtke, Sabine</a>, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ONM6DQAAQBAJ">"Al-Ṣāḥib Ibn ʿAbbād, Promoter of Rational Theology: Two Muʿtazilī kalām texts from the Cairo Geniza"</a>. <i>Al-Ṣāḥib Ibn ʿAbbād Promoter of Rational Theology</i>. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 132. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. i–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004323735_001">10.1163/9789004323735_001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32373-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32373-5"><bdi>978-90-04-32373-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0929-2403">0929-2403</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/952470870">952470870</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051722/https://books.google.com/books?id=ONM6DQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Al-%E1%B9%A2%C4%81%E1%B8%A5ib+Ibn+%CA%BFAbb%C4%81d%2C+Promoter+of+Rational+Theology%3A+Two+Mu%CA%BFtazil%C4%AB+kal%C4%81m+texts+from+the+Cairo+Geniza&rft.btitle=Al-%E1%B9%A2%C4%81%E1%B8%A5ib+Ibn+%CA%BFAbb%C4%81d+Promoter+of+Rational+Theology&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Islamic+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=i-102&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F952470870&rft.issn=0929-2403&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004323735_001&rft.isbn=978-90-04-32373-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DONM6DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFel-Omari2016" class="citation book cs1">el-Omari, Racha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9nwJDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Theology of Abū l-Qāsim al-Balkhī/al-Kaʿbī (d. 319/931)</i></a>. Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science: Texts and Studies. Vol. 99. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004259683_001">10.1163/9789004259683_001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25968-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25968-3"><bdi>978-90-04-25968-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-8729">0169-8729</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014034960">2014034960</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041077026">1041077026</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051711/https://books.google.com/books?id=9nwJDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+Ab%C5%AB+l-Q%C4%81sim+al-Balkh%C4%AB%2Fal-Ka%CA%BFb%C4%AB+%28d.+319%2F931%29&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Islamic+Philosophy%2C+Theology+and+Science%3A+Texts+and+Studies&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004259683_001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041077026&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2014034960&rft.issn=0169-8729&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25968-3&rft.aulast=el-Omari&rft.aufirst=Racha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9nwJDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenard2014" class="citation book cs1">Renard, John, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AAYlDQAAQBAJ"><i>Islamic Theological Themes: A Primary Source Reader</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520281899" title="Special:BookSources/9780520281899"><bdi>9780520281899</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt6wqbpp">10.1525/j.ctt6wqbpp</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014005897">2014005897</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051708/https://books.google.com/books?id=AAYlDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Theological+Themes%3A+A+Primary+Source+Reader&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Oakland&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fj.ctt6wqbpp%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2014005897&rft.isbn=9780520281899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAAYlDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph2015" class="citation book cs1">Rudolph, Ulrich (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LwOjBQAAQBAJ"><i>Al-Māturīdī and the Development of Sunnī Theology in Samarqand</i></a>. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 100. Translated by Adem, Rodrigo. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004261846_001">10.1163/9789004261846_001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26184-6"><bdi>978-90-04-26184-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0929-2403">0929-2403</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014034960">2014034960</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900892852">900892852</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051708/https://books.google.com/books?id=LwOjBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-M%C4%81tur%C4%ABd%C4%AB+and+the+Development+of+Sunn%C4%AB+Theology+in+Samarqand&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Islamic+History+and+Civilization&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004261846_001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F900892852&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2014034960&rft.issn=0929-2403&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26184-6&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLwOjBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabra2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sabra, A. I. (January 2009). "The Simple Ontology of Kalām Atomism: An Outline". <i><a href="/wiki/Early_Science_and_Medicine" title="Early Science and Medicine">Early Science and Medicine</a></i>. <b>14</b> (1-3: <i>Evidence and Interpretation: Studies on Early Science and Medicine in Honor of John E. Murdoch</i>). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: <span class="nowrap">68–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338209X425506">10.1163/157338209X425506</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3823">1573-3823</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20617778">20617778</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19831225">19831225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Science+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Simple+Ontology+of+Kal%C4%81m+Atomism%3A+An+Outline&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1-3%3A+%27%27Evidence+and+Interpretation%3A+Studies+on+Early+Science+and+Medicine+in+Honor+of+John+E.+Murdoch%27%27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19831225&rft.issn=1573-3823&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20617778%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338209X425506&rft.aulast=Sabra&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Salimi2021" class="citation book cs1">al-Salimi, Abdulrahman, ed. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CIs5EAAAQBAJ"><i>Early Ibadi Theology: New Material on Rational Thought in Islam from the Pen of al-Fazārī (2nd/8th Century)</i></a>. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 182. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004459571">10.1163/9789004459571</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-45957-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-45957-1"><bdi>978-90-04-45957-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0929-2403">0929-2403</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1256592318">1256592318</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243595906">243595906</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051709/https://books.google.com/books?id=CIs5EAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Ibadi+Theology%3A+New+Material+on+Rational+Thought+in+Islam+from+the+Pen+of+al-Faz%C4%81r%C4%AB+%282nd%2F8th+Century%29&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Islamic+History+and+Civilization&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243595906%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004459571&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1256592318&rft.issn=0929-2403&rft.isbn=978-90-04-45957-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCIs5EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiele2018" class="citation journal cs1">Thiele, Jan (December 2018). "Recent Scholarship in the Field of <i>kalām</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Studia_Islamica" title="Studia Islamica">Studia Islamica</a></i>. <b>113</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: <span class="nowrap">223–</span>243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19585705-12341378">10.1163/19585705-12341378</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F173270">10261/173270</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1958-5705">1958-5705</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159335485">159335485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=Recent+Scholarship+in+the+Field+of+kal%C4%81m&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F173270&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159335485%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1958-5705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F19585705-12341378&rft.aulast=Thiele&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchools+of+Islamic+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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aria-labelledby="Islamic_theology48" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_theology" title="Template talk:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_theology48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="FieldsTheologiansBooks48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Fields</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></li><li>Books</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">‘Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Taftazani" title="Al-Taftazani">Al-Taftazani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maziri">Al-Maziri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani" title="Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani">Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfara%27ini" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil">Ibn Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Sayf al-Din al-Amidi">Sayf al-Din al-Amidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati" title="Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati">Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn Arafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha'rani">Al-Sha'rani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Jalal al-Din al-Dawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqqari_al-Tilmisani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani">Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fasi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi">Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn Ashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bah%C5%ABt%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bahūtī">Al-Bahūtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Hassan_al-Yusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi">Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Illish" class="mw-redirect" title="'Illish">'Illish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Bajuri" title="Ibrahim al-Bajuri">Ibrahim al-Bajuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad">Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Arafa_al-Desouki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki">Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools">Sunni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafiyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi‘i</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Al-Maturidi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bazdawi" title="Al-Bazdawi">Al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi" title="Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi">Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi">Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari" title="Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari">Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari" title="'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari">'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Jurjani" title="Al-Sharif al-Jurjani">Al-Sharif al-Jurjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akmal_al-Din_al-Babarti" title="Akmal al-Din al-Babarti">Akmal al-Din al-Babarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni" title="Nur al-Din al-Sabuni">Nur al-Din al-Sabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Nasafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi">Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Ushi" title="Siraj al-Din al-Ushi">Siraj al-Din al-Ushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr_Bey" title="Khidr Bey">Khidr Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">Ali al-Qari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Ghunaymi_al-Maydani" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Ghunaymi al-Maydani">Al-Maydani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Aziz">Shah Abdul Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri" title="Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri">Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariya_Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi">Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmatullah_Kairanawi" title="Rahmatullah Kairanawi">Rahmatullah Kairanawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi" title="Murtada al-Zabidi">Murtada al-Zabidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Mu'attila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Dscha%CA%BFd_ibn_Dirham" class="extiw" title="de:al-Dschaʿd ibn Dirham">Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabriyah">Mu'jbira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Mu'jassimā</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>ī (Muqātilīyya)</li> <li>Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-<a href="/wiki/Juzjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juzjan">Juzjan</a>ī al-<a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kūf</a>ī <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Jawālikīyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Karram" title="Ibn Karram">Ibn Karram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karramiyya</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī an-<a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a> al-Qībtī (<a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murjī</a>-<a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_%27Ata%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasil ibn 'Ata'">Wasil ibn 'Ata'</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām</a> (Nazzāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm</li> <li>Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)</li> <li>Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jubba%27i" title="Al-Jubba'i">Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī</a> (Jubbāīyya)</li> <li>Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Harb</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī</a> (Jāhizīyya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Husayn_al-Basri" title="Abu al-Husayn al-Basri">Abu al-Husayn al-Basri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Al-Zamakhshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd">Amr ibn Ubayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi%27l-Hadid" title="Ibn Abi'l-Hadid">Ibn Abi'l-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahib_ibn_Abbad" title="Sahib ibn Abbad">Sahib ibn Abbad</a></li> <li>Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neccariyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Neccariyye">Najjārīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard</li> <li>Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)</li> <li>Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)</li> <li>Mustadrakīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibnul_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibnul Qayyim">Ibnul Qayyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_Al-Hawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Safar Al-Hawali">Safar Al-Hawali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Jihadism">Salafi Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Umar_al-Hazimi" title="Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi">Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasir_Qadhi" title="Yasir Qadhi">Yasir Qadhi</a> <ul><li>Post-Salafism</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Allamah Al-Hilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurarah_ibn_A%27yan" title="Zurarah ibn A'yan">Zurarah ibn A'yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham ibn Hakam">Hisham ibn Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_Zia_ol_Din_Araghi" title="Agha Zia ol Din Araghi">Agha Zia ol Din Araghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Ja'far Sobhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilayat_al-faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat al-faqih">Wilayat al-faqih</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Dhikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Imad_al-Din" title="Idris Imad al-Din">Idris Imad al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid">Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Jarud_al-Hamdani" title="Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani">Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Isa_ibn_Zayd" title="Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd">Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qasim_al-Rassi" title="Al-Qasim al-Rassi">Al-Qasim al-Rassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_al-Qasim" title="Al-Mansur al-Qasim">Al-Mansur al-Qasim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Sunni books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baz_al-Ashhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baz al-Ashhab">Al-Baz al-Ashhab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah">Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawad_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Sawad al-A'zam">Al-Sawad al-A'zam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid_(Al-Maturidi)" title="Kitab al-Tawhid (Al-Maturidi)">Kitab al-Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabsirat_al-Adilla" title="Tabsirat al-Adilla">Tabsirat al-Adilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fihi_Ma_Fihi" title="Fihi Ma Fihi">Fihi Ma Fihi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divan-i_Shams-i_Tabrizi" title="Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi">Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">The Moderation in Belief</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">Shia books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/E%CA%BFteq%C4%81d%C4%81tal-Em%C4%81m%C4%ABya" title="Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya">Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisal" title="Al-Khisal">Al-Khisal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awail_Al_Maqalat" title="Awail Al Maqalat">Awail Al Maqalat</a></i></li> <li><i>Tashih al-I'tiqad</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tajrid_al-I%27tiqad" title="Tajrid al-I'tiqad">Tajrid al-I'tiqad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Majmu" title="Kitab al-Majmu">Kitab al-Majmu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alawis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawis">Alawis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-kitab_(Shi%27i_book)" title="Umm al-kitab (Shi'i book)">Umm al-kitab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li Isma'ilism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early Muslim scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam">List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islamic_schools_and_branches48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kullabiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Ibn Kullab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abu_Ya%27la" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la">Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Political_trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Other Salafi trends</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Modernism">Salafi Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Muhammad bin Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqrizi">Maqrizi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_ar-Ra%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl ar-Ra'y">Ahl ar-Ra'y</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Malikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'is</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">Abdullah al-Harari</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Raza Khan">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi">Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Zaydism11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarudiyya" title="Jarudiyya">Jarudiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batriyya" title="Batriyya">Batriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties of northern Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Utrush" title="Hasan al-Utrush">Hasan al-Utrush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Umar" title="Yahya ibn Umar">Yahya ibn Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Zaydi_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukayniyya_Shia" title="Dukayniyya Shia">Dukayniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalafiyya_Shia" title="Khalafiyya Shia">Khalafiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdiist</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sects_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects in Islam">Sects in</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Haydar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Haydar">Sheikh Haydar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pir_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Sultan">Pir Sultan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kul_Nes%C3%AEm%C3%AE" title="Kul Nesîmî">Kul Nesîmî</a> – <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">al-Khaṣībī</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">ibn Nusayr</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Astarabadi (Naimi)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Imadaddin Nasimi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)">Baktāshism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demir_Baba_Teke" title="Demir Baba Teke">Demir Bābā</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Rexheb" title="Baba Rexheb">Bābā Rexheb</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Hārābātīs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathite">Fathite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Aftah" title="Abdallah al-Aftah">Abdallah al-Aftah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a> <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">ad-Darazi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw_al-Qubadiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani">Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani</a> – <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> <a href="/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nizaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizaris">Nizaris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Khojas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojas">Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kaysanites_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysanites Shia">Kaysanites<br />Shia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtār</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Amra_Kaysan" title="Abu Amra Kaysan">Abū ʿAmra Kaysān</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a> <ul><li>Hārbīyya <ul><li>ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi</li> <li>Janāhiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Mu%27awiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya">Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya</a></li> <li>Hārithīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Riyāhīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Sam‘ānīyya <ul><li>Bayān ibn Sam‘ān</li></ul></li> <li>Rezāmīyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunpadh" title="Sunpadh">Sunpadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammirah">Muḥammirah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazyar" title="Mazyar">Mazyar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqanna" title="Al-Muqanna">al-Muqanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Turk" title="Ishaq al-Turk">Ishaq al-Turk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashabiyya_Shia" title="Khashabiyya Shia">Khashabiyya Shia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/Mahdiist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiist">Mahdiists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An-Nafs_Az-Zakiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah">An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufiyya">Hurufiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Pasikhani" title="Mahmoud Pasikhani">Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nuktawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuktawiyya">Nuktawiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayki">Shayki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuqta-yi_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuqta-yi Ula">Nuqta-yi Ula</a> – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bis#Antecedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Bábis">Bábīyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawussite_Shia" title="Tawussite Shia">Tawussite Shia</a> <ul><li>ʿAjlan ibn Nawus</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifite Shia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin#Arbitration" title="Battle of Siffin">Arbitration</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ajardi <ul><li>Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād</li> <li>Maymunīyyah</li> <li>Sa'labīyyah</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Azraq" title="Nafi ibn al-Azraq">Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bayhasīyyah <ul><li>Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Najdah_ibn_%27Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Najdah ibn 'Amir">Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qurra" title="Abu Qurra">Abu Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ibad" title="Abdallah ibn Ibad">'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Zayd">Jābir ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakkariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakkariyyah">Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Wahb_al-Rasibi" title="Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi">Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Wahbiyyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Hasan ibn<br />Muḥāmmad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">ibn al-<br />Hanafiyyah</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karrāmīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī <ul><li>ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)</li> <li>Dhīmmīyya</li> <li>Hakāiqīyya</li> <li>Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)</li> <li>Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)</li> <li>Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)</li> <li>Maʿīyya</li> <li>Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)</li> <li>Nūnīyya</li> <li>Razīnīyya</li> <li>Sauwāqīyya</li> <li>Sūramīyya</li> <li>Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)</li> <li>Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)</li> <li>Wāhidīyya</li> <li>Zarībīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gaylānīyya <ul><li>Gaylān ibn Marwān</li></ul></li> <li>Yūnusīyya <ul><li>Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī</li></ul></li> <li>Gassānīyya <ul><li>Gassān al-Kūfī</li></ul></li> <li>Tūmanīyya <ul><li>Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī</li></ul></li> <li>Sawbānīyya <ul><li>Abū Sawbān al-Murjī</li></ul></li> <li>Sālehīyya <ul><li>Sāleh ibn Umar</li></ul></li> <li>Shamrīyya <ul><li>Abū Shamr</li></ul></li> <li>Ubaydīyya <ul><li>Ubayd al-Mūktaib</li></ul></li> <li>Ziyādīyya <ul><li>Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other Murjīs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Al-Harith ibn Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Jubayr" title="Sa'id ibn Jubayr">Sa'id ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li>Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān</li> <li>Muhārīb ibn Dithār</li> <li>Sābit Kutna</li> <li>Awn ibn Abdullāh</li> <li>Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr</li> <li>Umar ibn Zar</li> <li>Salm ibn Sālem</li> <li>Hālaf ibn Ayyūb</li> <li>Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf</li> <li>Nusayr ibn Yahyā</li> <li>Ahmad ibn Hārb</li> <li>Amr ibn Murrah</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Tashbih">Mu'shabbiha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Tamsīl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jawārībīyya <ul><li>Dāwūd al-Jawāribî</li></ul></li> <li>Hāshwīyya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Hulmānīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hulmān al-<a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fāris</a>ī ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalandars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalandars">Kalandars</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Baba" class="extiw" title="tr:Barak Baba">Bārāq Bābā</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm">Tajsīm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khattabiyya" title="Khattabiyya">Khaṭṭābiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Khattab" title="Abu al-Khattab">Abu al-Khattab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazighiyya_Shia" title="Bazighiyya Shia">Bāzīghiyya</a> <ul><li>Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā</li></ul></li> <li>Muʿāmmarīyya <ul><li>Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar</li></ul></li> <li>ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya <ul><li>Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufaddaliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufaddaliyya">Mufaḍḍaliyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi">al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurabiya" title="Ghurabiya">Ghurābīyya</a></li> <li>Mānsūrīyya <ul><li>Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Ghulat_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Mughīrīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī</li></ul></li> <li>Mukhāmmīsa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Namiriya">Namiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammiyya_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammiyya Shia">‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya</a></li> <li>Saba'īyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba'">Abdullah ibn Saba'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ma%27bad_al-Juhani" title="Ma'bad al-Juhani">Ma'bad<br />al-Juhani</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_Haydar" title="Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar">Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Ishak" title="Baba Ishak">Baba Ishak</a> – <a href="/wiki/Babai_revolt" title="Babai revolt">Babai revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galip_Hassan_Kuscuoglu" title="Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu">Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mā’marīyya <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishriyya" title="Bishriyya">Bishriyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Du%27ad" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad">Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahshamiyya" title="Bahshamiyya">Bahshamiyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī</li></ul></li> <li>Huzaylīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī <ul><li>Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Ikhshīdiyya</li> <li>Nazzāmīyya <ul><li>Ali al-Aswarī</li> <li>Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī</li> <li>Hābītīyya <ul><li>Ahmad ibn Hābīt</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Sumamīyya <ul><li>Sumāma ibn Ashras</li></ul></li> <li>Kā‘bīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Ahle Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Kato" title="Kala Kato">Kala Kato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolu-e-Islam_(organization)" title="Tolu-e-Islam (organization)">Tolu-e-Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Submitters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="United Submitters International">United Submitters International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br /><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Muslim<br />beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Messianism#Islam" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography">Mirza Ghulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiani" title="Qadiani">Qadiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">Kabbalist</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dönmes">Dönmes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sabbatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatean">Sabbatean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavīyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jaunpuri" title="Muhammad Jaunpuri">Muhammad Jaunpuri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syed_Khundmir" title="Syed Khundmir">Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zikris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikris">Zikris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur movement">Nur movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Said Nursî">Said Nursî</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hizmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizmet">Hizmet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist Salafism">Modernist Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani">Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic modernist">Islamic modernists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%A3awwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Taṣawwuf">Taṣawwuf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">Tariqah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Hilmi_Tunahan" title="Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan">Hilmi Tunahan</a> – <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleymancı">Süleymancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Other orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Other beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewafuq" title="Tewafuq">Tewafuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other scholars of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools_of_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools of jurisprudence">Sunni schools of jurisprudence</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars">Hanbali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars">Zahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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