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id="toc-Birth_(c._810)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_(c._810)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Birth (c. 810) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_(c._810)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_al-Ma'mun_(r._813–833)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_al-Ma'mun_(r._813–833)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Reign of al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_al-Ma'mun_(r._813–833)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage_(c._817)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_(c._817)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Marriage (c. 817) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_(c._817)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_his_father_(c._818)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_his_father_(c._818)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Death of his father (c. 818) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_his_father_(c._818)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summoned_to_Baghdad_(c._819)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summoned_to_Baghdad_(c._819)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Summoned to Baghdad (c. 819) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summoned_to_Baghdad_(c._819)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summoned_to_Baghdad_(830)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summoned_to_Baghdad_(830)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Summoned to Baghdad (830) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summoned_to_Baghdad_(830)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_al-Mu'tasim_(r._833–842)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_al-Mu'tasim_(r._833–842)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Reign of al-Mu'tasim (r. 833–842) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_al-Mu'tasim_(r._833–842)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imamate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imamate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Imamate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imamate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Imamate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Imamate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Designation_as_the_Imam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designation_as_the_Imam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Designation as the Imam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designation_as_the_Imam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Precedents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_of_representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_of_representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Network of representatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_of_representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_Shia_revolts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_Shia_revolts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Role in Shia revolts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Shia_revolts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Companions_and_narrators_of_hadith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companions_and_narrators_of_hadith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Companions and narrators of hadith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Companions_and_narrators_of_hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karamat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karamat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Karamat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karamat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Successor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Muhammad al-Jawad</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="محمد الجواد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد الجواد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99h%C9%99mm%C9%99d_T%C9%99qi" title="Məhəmməd Təqi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məhəmməd Təqi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ایمام جواد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایمام جواد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="মুহম্মদ আল-জওয়াদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুহম্মদ আল-জওয়াদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muh%C3%A0mmad_Jawad_at-Taq%C3%AD" title="Muhàmmad Jawad at-Taqí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muhàmmad Jawad at-Taqí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Taqi" title="Muhammad al-Taqi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Muhammad al-Taqi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Dschaw%C4%81d" title="Muhammad al-Dschawād – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muhammad al-Dschawād" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Yawad" title="Muhammad al-Yawad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muhammad al-Yawad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C" title="محمد تقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محمد تقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muhammad al-Jawad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muhammad al-Jawad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_al-Taqi_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad ibn Ali al-Taqi al-Jawad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Muhammad ibn Ali al-Taqi al-Jawad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%90-%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%99" title="מוחמד א-תקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוחמד א-תקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C" title="امام محمد تقی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="امام محمد تقی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BF" title="മുഹമ്മദ് അത്തഖി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുഹമ്മദ് അത്തഖി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="محمد الجواد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محمد الجواد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C" title="محمد تقی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="محمد تقی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muhammad al-Jawad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="ムハンマド・タキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムハンマド・タキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C" title="محمد تقی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محمد تقی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maom%C3%A9_Aljauade" title="Maomé Aljauade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maomé Aljauade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Мухаммад ат-Таки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мухаммад ат-Таки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A" title="محمد تقي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="محمد تقي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%85%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="محەممەدی جەواد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="محەممەدی جەواد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Taqi" title="Muhammad al-Taqi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Muhammad al-Taqi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Jawad_at-Taqi" title="Muhammad Jawad at-Taqi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Muhammad Jawad at-Taqi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B8" title="Муҳаммади Тақи – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муҳаммади Тақи" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_el-Cev%C3%A2d" title="Muhammed el-Cevâd – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhammed el-Cevâd" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Мухаммед ібн Алі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мухаммед ібн Алі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ninth of the Twelve Shia Imams (811–835)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Imam Muhammad at-Taqi" redirects here. For the Isma'ili Shi'a imam, see <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #CEF2CE; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Muhammad al-Jawad</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Ninth <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>محمد الجواد</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="587" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Calligraphic inscription of al-Jawad's name on the <a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">zarih</a> of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#CEF2CE;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">9th <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Shia Imam</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 819 CE – 835 CE</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">al-Taqi (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the pious') </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">al-Jawad (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the generous')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #CEF2CE; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8 April 811 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> (10 <a href="/wiki/Rajab" title="Rajab">Rajab</a> 195 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 29 November 835(835-11-29) (aged 24) (29 <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qadah" title="Dhu al-Qadah">Dhu al-Qada</a> 220 AH) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Abbasid Caliphate</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Poisoning by <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a> (most <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> sources)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Kazimiyya_Mosque" title="Al-Kazimiyya Mosque">Al-Kazimiyya Mosque</a>, Baghdad, Iraq <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muhammad_al-Jawad&params=33_22_48_N_44_20_16.64_E_type:landmark">33°22′48″N 44°20′16.64″E / 33.38000°N 44.3379556°E / 33.38000; 44.3379556</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Samana</li> <li>Umm al-Fadl bint <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Mubarqa%27" title="Musa al-Mubarqa'">Musa al-Mubarqa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakima_Khatun" title="Hakima Khatun">Hakima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li> <li>Sabika (or Khayzuran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Fourteen Infallibles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;background:transparent;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia view of Fatimah">Fatimah</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0;"> The <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">ar-Rida</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Taqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">al-Naqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Principles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalah_(Islam)" title="Adalah (Islam)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate of the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-Faqih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Usul al-fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancillaries_of_the_Faith" title="Ancillaries of the Faith">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_what_is_just" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding what is just">Amr bi-l maʿrūf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidding_what_is_evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbidding what is evil">Nahy ani l-Munkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawalli">Tawalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarri">Tabarri</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een Pilgrimage">Arba'een Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Holy cities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other related sects and groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li>Sufi orders and <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%27matull%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Ni'matullāhī">Ni'matullāhī</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scholarship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Maraji" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Maraji">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawza" title="Hawza">Hawza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ayatollahs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ayatollahs">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seghatoleslam" title="Seghatoleslam">Seghatoleslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojatoleslam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hojatoleslam">Hojatoleslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hadith collections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Books" title="The Four Books">The Four Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_La_Yahduruhu_al-Faqih" title="Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih">Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahdhib_al-Ahkam" title="Tahdhib al-Ahkam">Tahdhib al-Ahkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Istibsar" title="Al-Istibsar">Al-Istibsar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Other hadith collections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Sulaym_ibn_Qays" title="The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays">Book of Sulaym ibn Qays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_al-Anwar" title="Bihar al-Anwar">Bihar al-Anwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C4%81%27il_al-Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasā'il al-Shīʿa">Wasā'il al-Shīʿa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_of_Certainty" title="Reality of Certainty">Reality of Certainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-Balagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahj al-Balagha">Nahj al-Balagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafatih_al-Jinan" title="Mafatih al-Jinan">Mafatih al-Jinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahifa_al-Sajjadiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya">Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sources of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> and jurisprudence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hadith_books#Shia_collections" title="List of hadith books">Hadiths</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Infallibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijma'">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">Reason</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">List of Twelver Shia books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/16px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/24px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/32px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Twelvers" title="Template:Twelvers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Twelvers" title="Template talk:Twelvers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Twelvers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Twelvers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Muhammad ibn Ali al-Jawad (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: محمد بن علي الجواد, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Jawād, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8 April 811 – 29 November 835) was a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and the ninth of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a>, succeeding his father, <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 818). He is known by the epithets al-Jawād (Arabic: الجواد, <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the generous') and al-Taqī (Arabic: التقي, <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the pious'). Like most of his predecessors, Muhammad kept aloof from politics and engaged in religious teaching, while organizing the affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Imamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamite">Imamite</a> Shia community through a network of representatives (wokala). The extensive correspondence of al-Jawad with his followers on questions of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> has been preserved in Shia sources and numerous pithy religio-ethical sayings are also attributed to him. Born in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> in 810–811, Muhammad al-Jawad was the son of Ali al-Rida, the eighth of the Twelve Imams. In 817, the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 813–833) summoned al-Rida to <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Khorasan</a> and designated him as the <a href="/wiki/Wali_al-Ahd" title="Wali al-Ahd">heir apparent</a>, possibly to mitigate the frequent Shia revolts. This appointment provoked strong opposition in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Iraq</a>, which forced al-Ma'mun to return to the capital <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 818 and abandon his pro-Shia policies. On the way back to Baghdad, al-Rida suddenly fell ill and died in <a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Tus</a>, likely poisoned by order of al-Ma'mun as he made concessions to the opposition. Upon the death of al-Rida in 818, the succession of his only son Muhammad to the imamate at the age of about seven became controversial. Most Imamite Shias accepted the imamate of al-Jawad because the Imam, in their view, received his perfect religious knowledge through divine inspiration, irrespective of his age. At the time, some instead turned for leadership to al-Jawad's uncle, Ahmad ibn Musa al-Kazim, and some others joined the <a href="/wiki/Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifites</a>, but the succession of al-Jawad evidently did not create any permanent divisions in the Shia community. <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a> sources often justify the imamate of the young al-Jawad by drawing parallels with <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, both of whom in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> received their prophetic missions in childhood. In 830, al-Jawad was summoned to Baghdad by al-Ma'mun, who married his daughter Umm Fadhl to the former. This marriage, however, was to be without issue and might have been infelicitous. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a>, was already born in 828 to Samana, a freed slave (<a href="/wiki/Umm_walad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm walad">umm walad</a>). In 833, al-Ma'mun died and was succeeded by his brother, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 833–842), who summoned al-Jawad to Baghdad in 835 and hosted him and his wife, possibly to investigate any links between al-Jawad and new Shia revolts. There al-Jawad died in the same year at the age of about twenty-five. All major Sunni sources are silent about the manner of his death, while Shia authorities are nearly unanimous that he was poisoned by his disaffected wife, Umm al-Fadl, at the instigation of her uncle, al-Mu'tasim. Muhammad al-Jawad was buried next to his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a>, the seventh of the Twelve Imams, in the cemetery of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Al-Kazimiyya_Mosque" title="Al-Kazimiyya Mosque">Kazimayn shrine</a> was later erected. Kazimayn has since become an important center for pilgrimage. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Titles">edit</a>]</div> Muhammad ibn Ali, the ninth of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a>, is occasionally known in <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> sources as al-Taqi (Arabic: التقى, <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the pious'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933190-1">[1]</a> but more commonly as al-Jawad (Arabic: الجواد, <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the generous') for his munificence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201643-2">[2]</a> The Imam is cited in the Shia <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> literature as Abu Ja'far al-Thani (Arabic: ابو جعفر الثاني, <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Abu Ja'far, the second'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> with the title Abu Ja'far reserved for his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 732), the fifth of the Twelve Imams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">kunya</a> is Abu Ali (Arabic: ابو علي),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> though he was also known by his contemporaries as Ibn al-Rida (Arabic: ابن الرضا, <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'son of al-Rida') because he was the only child of <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_(c._810)">Birth (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 810)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birth (c. 810)">edit</a>]</div> Muhammad al-Jawad was born in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198542-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> or in a village near Medina founded by his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 799).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011-7">[7]</a> Sources seem to agree that he was born 195 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Hejira" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno Hejira">AH</a> (810-811 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>) but the exact date is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> Most Twelver sources record mid-<a href="/wiki/Ramadan_(calendar_month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan (calendar month)">Ramadan</a> 195 AH (mid-June 811 CE) as the birthday of Muhammad but <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Iyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Iyas">Ibn Ayyas</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1522/4) favors 10 <a href="/wiki/Rajab" title="Rajab">Rajab</a> 195 AH (8 April 811 CE). This latter date agrees with <a href="/wiki/Ziyarat_al-Nahiya_al-Muqaddasa" title="Ziyarat al-Nahiya al-Muqaddasa">Ziyarat al-nahiya al-muqaddasa</a>, a supplication attributed to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a>, the last of the Twelve Imams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> It is this date that the Shia celebrate annually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239-8">[8]</a> His father Ali al-Rida, the eighth of the Twelve Imams, was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 661) and <a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 632), who were the cousin and the daughter of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, respectively. Most records agree that the mother of Muhammad al-Jawad was a freed slave (<a href="/wiki/Umm_walad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm walad">umm walad</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198542-5">[5]</a> though her name is given differently in sources as Sabika or Durra (sometimes Khayzuran).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> She might have belonged to the family of <a href="/wiki/Maria_al-Qibtiyya" title="Maria al-Qibtiyya">Maria al-Qibtiyya</a>, a freed slave of the prophet and the mother of his son <a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's children">Ibrahim</a>, who died in childhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_al-Ma'mun_(r._813–833)">Reign of al-Ma'mun (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 813–833)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reign of al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marriage_(c._817)">Marriage (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 817)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage (c. 817)">edit</a>]</div> Muhammad stayed behind in Medina when his father al-Rida traveled to <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> at the request of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 813–833).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201360,_61-9">[9]</a> The caliph designated al-Rida as the <a href="/wiki/Wali_al-Ahd" title="Wali al-Ahd">heir apparent</a> in 202 AH (817 CE),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201360,_61-9">[9]</a> and also changed the official Abbasid color of <a href="/wiki/Black_Standard" title="Black Standard">black</a> to <a href="/wiki/Green_in_Islam" title="Green in Islam">green</a>, possibly to signify this reconciliation between the Abbasids and the <a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick2012205-10">[10]</a> To form a political alliance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198831–2-11">[11]</a> the caliph also married one of his daughters, named Umm Habib,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> to al-Rida in 202 AH (817 CE) and promised another daughter, named Umm al-Fadl,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198833-12">[12]</a> to Muhammad, who was still a minor at the time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel1970121-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201360,_61-9">[9]</a> aged about seven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198833-12">[12]</a> Among Sunni historians, <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 923), <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Tahir_Tayfur" title="Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur">Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 893), and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Athir" title="Ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1232-1233) agree on this report.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198832,_56n19-14">[14]</a> It is likely that Muhammad was absent from the ceremony,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201361-15">[15]</a> even though <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Bayhaqi" title="Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi">Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1169) relates that he visited his father in Merv in 202 AH (817 CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> In contrast, the Sunni historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi" title="Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi">al-Khatib al-Baghdadi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1071)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198832-16">[16]</a> and the Shia-leaning historians <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">al-Mas'udi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 956)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198833-12">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ya%27qubi" title="Ya'qubi">al-Ya'qubi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 897-898)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> place the betrothal of Muhammad after the death of al-Rida in 204 AH (819 CE), following the return of al-Ma'mun to his capital <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. In particular, al-Mas'udi in his Ithbat al-wassiya writes that al-Ma'mun summoned Muhammad to Baghdad, settled him near his palace, and later decided to marry him to his daughter, Umm Fadl,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198833-12">[12]</a> whose given name was Zaynab.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> According to al-Baghdadi, Muhammad was about nine years old at the time of this betrothal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198832-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death_of_his_father_(c._818)">Death of his father (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 818)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death of his father (c. 818)">edit</a>]</div> Ali al-Rida was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alid</a>, a descendant of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. The Alids were viewed as rivals for the caliphate by the Abbasids, who were the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib">Abbas</a>, a paternal uncle of Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198571-17">[17]</a> The appointment of the Alid al-Rida by the Abbasid caliph thus invoked strong opposition, particularly among the members of the Abbasid dynasty and the Iraqi supporters of Abbasid legitimism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel1970121-13">[13]</a> These revolted and installed al-Ma'mun's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi">Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi</a>, as an anti-caliph in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel1970121-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé2008-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2012-19">[19]</a> The caliph and his entourage thus left Khorasan for Baghdad in 203 AH (818 CE),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201361-15">[15]</a> accompanied by al-Rida.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2012-19">[19]</a> The latter died shortly in <a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Tus</a> after a brief illness,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayhom-Daou2009-20">[20]</a> possibly after being poisoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel1970121-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201361-15">[15]</a> The death of al-Rida followed the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Al-Fadl_ibn_Sahl" title="Al-Fadl ibn Sahl">al-Fadl ibn Sahl</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 818), the Persian <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)">vizier</a> of al-Ma'mun,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel1970121-13">[13]</a> who had become a divisive figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick2012205,_206-21">[21]</a> Both deaths are linked in Shia sources to al-Ma'mun and viewed as concessions to the Arab party to smooth his return to Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick2012205–6-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperson2013-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201361-15">[15]</a> Modern scholars similarly tend to suspect the caliph in the death of al-Rida.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2015133-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick2012205–6-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayhom-Daou2009-20">[20]</a> After returning to Baghdad in 204 AH (819 CE),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198818n2-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> al-Ma'mun reversed his pro-Shia policies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201361-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel1970121-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman1989171-26">[26]</a> and restored the traditional black color of the Abbasids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel1970121-13">[13]</a> Muhammad was about seven years old when his father died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> There are multiple Shia reports that he told others about the death of his father before the news arrived in Medina,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198874-27">[27]</a> and some traditions indicate that he was miraculously present in the burial of al-Rida in Khurasan and prayed over his body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198874-5-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summoned_to_Baghdad_(c._819)">Summoned to Baghdad (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 819)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Summoned to Baghdad (c. 819)">edit</a>]</div> Soon after arriving in Baghdad in 204 AH (819 CE),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198818n2-25">[25]</a> al-Ma'mun summoned the young Muhammad who then stayed at the court of the caliph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop19884-29">[29]</a> The betrothal of Muhammad and Umm Fadl or its proposal was apparently opposed by some of the Abbasids,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198543-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> reportedly because of the dark complexion of Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> An account of their protests appears in the biographical <a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Irshad" title="Kitab al-Irshad">Kitab al-Irshad</a> by the Twelver theologian <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh Mufid">al-Shaykh al-Mufid</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1022),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198835,_57n29-31">[31]</a> though the Islamicist Shona F. Wardrop suspects that it may actually refer to the designation of al-Rida as the heir apparent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198836-32">[32]</a> In any case, al-Mufid suggests that the opposition actually feared the political rise of Muhammad similar to his father al-Rida,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> and the view of the Islamicist <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Wilferd Madelung</a> is similar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> Those opposed to the marriage arranged for a public debate where the chief judge Yahya ibn Aktam interrogated the young Muhammad with difficult theological questions to which he answered correctly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> An account of this is given by al-Mas'udi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198837-33">[33]</a> but the seventeenth-century hadith collection <a href="/wiki/Bihar_al-Anwar" title="Bihar al-Anwar">Bihar al-anwar</a> adds that Yahya also presented Muhammad with provocative questions about the status of the early caliphs <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 632–634) and <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 634–644), including an alleged prophetic tradition that compares the two caliphs with the archangels <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel in Islam">Gabriel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>. These claims al-Jawad refuted in mild language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198838-34">[34]</a> The attribution of this latter exchange to Muhammad al-Jawad is, however, uncertain since a similar exchange between al-Ma'mun and some Sunni scholars is described by the tenth-century hadith collection <a href="/wiki/Uyoun_Akhbar_Al-Ridha" title="Uyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha">Uyun al-akhbar al-Rida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198839,_40-35">[35]</a> At any rate, it is at the end of this assembly that al-Ma'mun formally married his daughter to Muhammad, according to al-Mas'udi and al-Mufid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198858n35-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> This episode is thus viewed by the Twelvers as evidence of the exceptional knowledge of Muhammad al-Jawad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> Kitab al-Irshad implies that Muhammad returned to Medina after this episode in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198847,_52-37">[37]</a> By some accounts, however, he stayed in Baghdad for about eight years, primarily engaged in teaching, before returning to Medina with his family after the death of al-Ma'mun in 218 AH (833 CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933194-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198543-30">[30]</a> This is viewed as house arrest by the historian Jassim M. Hussain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198628-39">[39]</a> citing a report by al-Mas'udi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain1986173n104-40">[40]</a> There is not much known about this period of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198847–8-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summoned_to_Baghdad_(830)">Summoned to Baghdad (830)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Summoned to Baghdad (830)">edit</a>]</div> The marriage of al-Jawad to the daughter of the caliph was consummated in 215 AH (830 CE),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201361-15">[15]</a> when al-Ma'mun invited the former to Baghdad from Medina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> The couple stayed there until the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> season (January 831) when they returned to Medina after completing the Hajj ritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198832-16">[16]</a> Possibly hoping to blunt the Shia opposition through al-Jawad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198647-42">[42]</a> the caliph is said to have displayed much affection towards the young man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198543-30">[30]</a> By marrying his daughter to al-Jawad, the Twelver scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabatabai" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai">Muhammad H. Tabatabai</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1981) suggests that al-Ma'mun might have wanted to keep a close watch on him from both outside and within his household.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975183-43">[43]</a> Hussain similarly suggests that al-Ma'mun intended to monitor al-Jawad and divide the Shia opposition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198628-39">[39]</a> hoping thus to mitigate their revolts, including some fresh uprisings in Qom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198543,_327n12-44">[44]</a> This view is rejected by the historian <a href="/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">Moojan Momen</a>, who says that al-Ma'mun might have had little to fear from the revolts in Qom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198543-30">[30]</a> Medoff believes that al-Ma'mun pursued a policy of simultaneously appeasing and containing pro-Alid groups,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> while Wardrop writes that the marriage was intended to discourage the Shia from revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop19883,_31-45">[45]</a> Hussain and Esmail Baghestani say that the marriage did not win the Shia support for al-Ma'mun, nor did it stop the Shia revolts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198647-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_al-Mu'tasim_(r._833–842)">Reign of al-Mu'tasim (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 833–842)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reign of al-Mu'tasim (r. 833–842)">edit</a>]</div> Caliph al-Ma'mun died in 218 AH (833 CE) and was succeeded by his brother, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a>, who continued the policy of his predecessor in simultaneously appeasing and containing pro-Alid groups, according to Medoff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> It was perhaps to further this policy that al-Mu'tasim summoned al-Jawad to Baghdad in 220 AH (835 CE) and hosted him and his wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> The departure of al-Jawad was apparently facilitated by Abd al-Malik al-Zayyat at the behest of the caliph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198898-46">[46]</a> An exception here is the account of al-Mas'udi which does not explicitly state that al-Jawad was summoned by al-Mu'tasim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988102–3-47">[47]</a> At any rate, al-Jawad died there in the same year, some ten months after his arrival,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198898-46">[46]</a> at the age of about twenty-five.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198543-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> During this short window, Shia sources accuse al-Mu'tasim of multiple attempts to discredit al-Jawad and finally murdering him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198898-46">[46]</a> This alleged hostility of al-Mu'tasim may have been compounded by a recent wave of Shia revolts in Qom and in Taliqan, even though there is no evidence that al-Jawad was involved in them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988101-48">[48]</a> One such attempt against al-Jawad was prevented by one of his supporters, Ahmad ibn Hammad al-Marwazi, who was nevertheless an advisor to Ibn Abi Dawud, the influential qadi. The caliph apparently abandoned his plan to dishonor al-Jawad by parading him while intoxicated after Ahmad convinced the qadi about the futility of this plan, saying that the ire of the caliph would only strengthen the loyalty of Imamites for al-Jawad. The qadi passed on the advice to the caliph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198899-49">[49]</a> A different account by Ibn Awrama, quoted in Bihar al-anwar and Manaqib, describes how al-Jawad unmasked false witnesses who had accused him of plotting against the caliph, though the miraculous ending of this account weakens its historical weight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198898–9-50">[50]</a> Another account is narrated by Zurqan, a sahib of the qadi Ibn Abi Dawud: The caliph is said to have solicited and preferred the judicial ruling of al-Jawad about amputating the hand of a thief in the presence of other scholars. This infuriated the qadi, who later visited the caliph and warned him about inadvertently bolstering the public support for al-Jawad as an alternative to al-Mu'tasim. This then set in motion the plot to poison al-Jawad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988100-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Similar to his predecessors, al-Jawad lived modestly and gave to the poor generously, according to Dwight M. Donaldson (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1976).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933192-52">[52]</a> Baghestani adds that al-Jawad gave charity at the beginning of every month and interceded with the officials on behalf of the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> His arranged marriage in 215 AH (830 CE) to Umm al-Fadl did not result in any children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> There are other indications that this marriage was not particularly felicitous, including reports that she complained to al-Ma'mun about her marriage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> specifically about her husband taking a concubine,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201649-53">[53]</a> but the caliph rejected her complaint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201649-53">[53]</a> Umm al-Fadl is also commonly held responsible in Shia sources for the death of al-Jawad in 220 AH (835 CE) by poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> Ali al-Hadi, the successor of al-Jawad, was born to Samana, a freed slave (umm walad) of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> origin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198543-30">[30]</a> circa 212 AH (828 CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011-7">[7]</a> Other children of al-Jawad were <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Mubarraqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Mubarraqa">Musa al-Mubarraqa</a> and two or four daughters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> In some genealogical books, other sons have been named but there is no mention of them in the earliest sources. The daughters of al-Jawad are named differently in the sources. Here, al-Mufid gives the names Fatima and Amama, while the biographical source Dala'il al-imama lists Khadija, Hakima, and Umm Kulthum. The Sunni theologian <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr Razi">Fakhr Razi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1209) adds Behjat and Barihe to these names, saying that none of them left any descendants. The children of al-Jawad were all born to Samana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque,_Kadhmain_Shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque%2C_Kadhmain_Shrine.jpg/300px-Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque%2C_Kadhmain_Shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque%2C_Kadhmain_Shrine.jpg/450px-Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque%2C_Kadhmain_Shrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque%2C_Kadhmain_Shrine.jpg/600px-Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque%2C_Kadhmain_Shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2589" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Al-Kazimiyya_Mosque" title="Al-Kazimiyya Mosque">Kazimayn shrine</a>, where al-Jawad is buried </figcaption></figure> Muhammad al-Jawad died on 6 <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a> 220 AH (30 November 835 CE) in Baghdad, after arriving there in <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a> 220 (January 835) at the request of al-Mu'tasim,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> who hosted him and his wife during the visit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> He died at the age of about twenty-five, the youngest among the Twelve Imams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201362-54">[54]</a> All major Sunni sources are silent about the cause of his death, including those by al-Tabari, al-Baghdadi, and Ibn al-Athir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201643–4-55">[55]</a> Among medieval Sunni authors, an exception is Ibn al-Sabbagh, who accepts the possibility of murder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce2016183n23-56">[56]</a> In contrast, Shia sources hold the Abbasids responsible in the deaths of multiple Shia Imams, including al-Jawad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201644-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198164,_65-58">[58]</a> In his case, Shia sources are nearly unanimous that he was murdered at the instigation of al-Mu'tasim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201644-57">[57]</a> The silence of Sunni sources here is attributed by the Shia to the atmosphere of fear and intimidation under the Abbasids. In particular, Ibn Shahrashub said that he wrote his <a href="/wiki/Manaqib_Ale_Abi_Talib" title="Manaqib Ale Abi Talib">Manaqib ale Abi Talib</a> "to bring forth what they [the Sunnis] have suppressed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201644-57">[57]</a> An exception here is al-Mufid who does not find the evidence for murder credible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201645-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198537-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> Among other sources, Ithbat al-wassiya attributes a hadith to al-Rida, childless at the time, in which he apparently predicts the birth of his son al-Jawad and his murder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198876-61">[61]</a> While the manner of his death is given differently by Shia authors,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198537-60">[60]</a> most say that al-Jawad was poisoned by his disaffected wife Umm al-Fadl, at the instigation of her uncle al-Mu'tasim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975183-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulmes2008-62">[62]</a> These include the Shia-leaning historian al-Mas'udi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201645–6-63">[63]</a> and Twelver scholars Ibn Jarir al-Tabari al-Saghir,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201647-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1699), <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Qomi" title="Abbas Qomi">Abbas Qomi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1941), and Tabatabai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201649–50-67">[66]</a> The Twelver scholar <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tabarsi" title="Shaykh Tabarsi">Shaykh Tabarsi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1153) does not have a verdict but mentions the prevalent Shia view that al-Jawad was poisoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201648-68">[67]</a> Sunni sources typically say that Umm al-Fadl was present in Baghdad when her husband died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce2016183-69">[68]</a> Citing the Sunni historian al-Baghdadi and some others, Baghestani writes that she joined the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">harem</a> of al-Mu'tasim after the death of al-Jawad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> He was buried next to his grandfather, Musa al-Kazim, the seventh of the Twelve Imams, in the cemetery of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> on the west bank of <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Al-Kazimiyya_Mosque" title="Al-Kazimiyya Mosque">Kazimayn shrine</a> was later erected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kazimayn</a> has become an important center for pilgrimage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2012-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imamate">Imamate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Imamate">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Designation_as_the_Imam">Designation as the Imam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Designation as the Imam">edit</a>]</div> Muhammad al-Jawad was about seven years old when his father al-Rida died in 203 AH (818 CE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198541-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933190-1">[1]</a> Even as the only child of al-Rida, the succession of the young Muhammad to the imamate became controversial,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> but did not result in permanent divisions of the Shia community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai197569-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198560-73">[72]</a> At the time, al-Mas'udi notes the confusion (hayra) among the Imamite Shias about the qualifications of the young al-Jawad for the imamate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198645-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> As related by al-Mas'udi and Majlesi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198820n25-75">[74]</a> several supporters of al-Rida thus gathered in Baghdad at the house of Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Hajjaj, a distinguished companion of the three previous Imams, namely, <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 765), al-Kazim, and al-Rida.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop19885-76">[75]</a> Of those present, Yunus ibn Abd al-Rahman reportedly suggested they choose a temporary leader until al-Jawad reached adulthood. But the view that prevailed was that adulthood is not a prerequisite for wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop19886-77">[76]</a> There is also the account in Ithbat al-wasiyya and elsewhere, saying that the prominent Shias from across the empire tested the young al-Jawad during the Hajj season and their doubts about him were dispelled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933190-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop19887-78">[77]</a> There are also reports about the direct or indirect designation (<a href="/wiki/Nass_(Islam)" title="Nass (Islam)">nass</a>) of al-Jawad as the next imam by his predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198810-79">[78]</a> These are often narrated by the inner circle of al-Rida,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198812–3-80">[79]</a> thus signifying their visible role in consolidating the imamate of the young al-Jawad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198813-81">[80]</a> An example of indirect designation is the statement referring to the young al-Jawad as "the greatest blessing for the Shia," ascribed to al-Rida in the canonical Kitab al-Irshad and other sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198811,_21n42-82">[81]</a> Elsewhere, when al-Husayn ibn al-Qiayama questioned the imamate of al-Rida for his lack of an heir at the time, he responded that he would have a son to succeed him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198845-83">[82]</a> According to Wardrop, as the only son of al-Rida, recognition of al-Jawad as the heir to the imamate was to be expected,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198828–9-84">[83]</a> adding that there is considerable evidence in the hadith literature against the horizontal transference of the imamate between brothers after <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 670) and <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 680), the second and third of the Twelve Imams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198845,_54-85">[84]</a> Wardrop points out that there were very few qualified alternatives to al-Jawad anyway,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198854-86">[85]</a> naming his uncles, Ahmad ibn Musa and Abdallah ibn Musa, and also a different <a href="/wiki/Hasanids" title="Hasanids">Hasanid</a> with the latter name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198845–6-87">[86]</a> That there was no clear alternative to al-Jawad is also the view of the Muslim jurist <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Modarressi" title="Hossein Modarressi">Hossein Modarressi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199363-88">[87]</a> The attention al-Jawad received from al-Ma'mun, who married him to his daughter, may have also strengthened the case for al-Jawad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198831,_41–2-89">[88]</a> Wardrop thus concludes that the main challenge to the imamate of al-Jawad was his young age, given that the imamate was viewed by the Shia as the ultimate source of knowledge (ilm) and guidance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198853-90">[89]</a> A group of followers of al-Rida thus accepted the imamate of his brother, Ahmad ibn Musa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> who had earlier rivaled al-Rida.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198845-83">[82]</a> Another group joined the <a href="/wiki/Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifites</a>, who considered al-Kazim to be the last Imam and expected his return as <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, the promised savior in Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> Some of these apparently argued that their imam could not be a child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198830-91">[90]</a> According to Madelung, some others, who had opportunistically backed the imamate of al-Rida after his appointment as the heir apparent, had now returned to their Sunni or <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Precedents">Precedents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Precedents">edit</a>]</div> As for precedents, there were no child imams before al-Jawad, even though Ali ibn Abi Talib professed Islam at the age of about ten, and Hasan and Husayn formally pledged their allegiance to the prophet when they were about six.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198863-92">[91]</a> Imamite authors have noted that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> received his prophetic mission in the Quran when he was still a child,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198542–3-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulmes2008-62">[62]</a> suggesting that al-Jawad also received the requisite perfect knowledge of all religious matters through divine inspiration from the time of his succession, irrespective of his age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011-7">[7]</a> Similar statements are also attributed to al-Rida, "This [his age] does not harm him [al-Jawad], Isa [Jesus] became God's <a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">hujja</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'proof') when he was three years old."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198865-94">[93]</a> The related Quranic verse 19:12 includes, "We gave him [<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist_in_Islam" title="John the Baptist in Islam">John the Baptist</a>] hukm (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'wisdom') as a child."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198867-95">[94]</a> Even so, some among the Shia still debated as to whether the young Imam was equal to an adult Imam in every aspect,<a href="#cite_note-Medoff-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198869-97">[96]</a> as evidenced by some reports in <a href="/wiki/Heresiology" title="Heresiology">heresiographies</a> and in al-Maqalat by al-Mufid. The latter reports that some proposed that the "pious men with religious and legal knowledge" should lead until al-Jawad matured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198829,_69-98">[97]</a> However, the prevailing answer was that both adult and minor Imams are equal since both receive their knowledge from supernatural sources.<a href="#cite_note-Medoff-96">[95]</a> Indeed, there already were traditions attributed to earlier Imams asserting that each Imam would inherit the full knowledge of his predecessor upon his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198872–3-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network_of_representatives">Network of representatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Network of representatives">edit</a>]</div> To organize the affairs of a growing Shia population, which had expanded far to the east of Iraq and Arabia, the young al-Jawad relied heavily on his representatives or agents (wokala, <abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr> wakil) throughout the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> This underground<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988178-100">[99]</a> network of agents across the Abbasid empire was founded by his grandfather al-Kazim (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 799) and maintained by his son al-Rida.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> There is even some evidence that an early network existed under al-Sadiq (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 765).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988180-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198679-102">[101]</a> This network guided the financial and religious affairs of the Imamite Shias.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198646-103">[102]</a> After the death of al-Rida, it took possibly up to four years for the imamate of al-Jawad to consolidate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988198-104">[103]</a> In this period of uncertainty, the network of wokala likely continued to function, but did so more independently than ever before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988198–9-105">[104]</a> Wardrop suggests that this level of autonomy continued throughout the childhood of al-Jawad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988199-106">[105]</a> After al-Rida, some agents remained loyal to his successor, possibly after testing him during the Hajj season.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> These included Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Muhtadi, <a href="/wiki/Ayyub_ibn_Nuh" title="Ayyub ibn Nuh">Ayyub ibn Nuh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988202-107">[106]</a> and Yahya ibn Abi Imran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988203-108">[107]</a> Some others did not, including perhaps Safwan ibn Yahya, Muhammad ibn Sinan, Zakariyya ibn Adam, and S'ad ibn S'ad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988200-109">[108]</a> There are conflicting reports about these four and whether they withheld their collected alms from al-Jawad, but some of them are said to have later returned to the Imam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988199–201-110">[109]</a> Because of the relative isolation of al-Jawad by the Abbasids,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198814,_213–4-111">[110]</a> the Imamite Shias normally communicated with their Imam through his agents, except during Hajj when they met directly with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> During al-Jawad's imamate, Shia activists were dispatched to Egypt and elsewhere, as reported by the Twelver traditionist <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ali_al-Najashi" title="Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi">al-Najashi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1058). They were apparently successful and an account by the Twelver traditionist <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ya%27qub_al-Kulayni" title="Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni">al-Kulayni</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 941) describes how <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Asbat" title="Ali ibn Asbat">Ali ibn Asbat</a> visited al-Jawad on behalf of the Egyptian Imamites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198645–6-112">[111]</a> Among the agents of al-Jawad were <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Mahziar_Ahvazi" title="Ali ibn Mahziar Ahvazi">Ali ibn Mahziar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a>, Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Hamdani in <a href="/wiki/Hamedan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamedan">Hamedan</a>, Yahya ibn Abi Imran in <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Rayy</a>, Yunus ibn Abdulrahman and Abu Amr al-Hadhdha' in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, Ali ibn Hasan W'aseti in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Ali ibn Asbat in Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Safwan_ibn_Yahya" title="Safwan ibn Yahya">Safwan ibn Yahya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, Saleh Ibn Muhammad Ibn Sahl and <a href="/wiki/Zakaria_ibn_Adam_Ash%27ari_Qomi" title="Zakaria ibn Adam Ash'ari Qomi">Zakaria ibn Adam</a> in Qom. In addition to these agents, al-Jawad sometimes sent special representatives to cities to collect religious taxes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988204–5-113">[112]</a> Some followers of al-Jawad received permission to work within the Abbasid government for the benefit of the Shia community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198646-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> These included Muhammad ibn Isma'il ibn Baz'i and Ahmad ibn al-Hamza al-Qomi in the vizierate, Husayn ibn Abd-Allah al-Neishaburi, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Lashkargah" title="Lashkargah">Bost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a>, Hakam ibn Alia' al-Asadi, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Bahrain</a>, and Nuh ibn Darraj, the <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a> of Baghdad and then Kufa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198646-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> Some of these figures are now known to have secretly paid their Khums to al-Jawad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198646-103">[102]</a> Towards the end of al-Jawad's life, the organization and activities of his agents further expanded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> Some of his followers became integrated within the Abbasid army, while he announced his successor, Ali al-Hadi, through his main agent, Muhammad ibn al-Faraj,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198647-42">[42]</a> or through another companion, Abu al-Khayrani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198814–5-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_in_Shia_revolts">Role in Shia revolts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Role in Shia revolts">edit</a>]</div> Muhammad al-Jawad adopted a quiescent attitude and <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">kept aloof from politics</a>, similar to many of his predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933192-52">[52]</a> Nevertheless, Hussain links the 210 AH (825 CE) uprising in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a> to the political activities of al-Jawad's agents, even though the Imamite sources are silent about any military involvement of his underground organization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198646–7-115">[114]</a> Prior to this revolt, residents of Qom, a rising Shia center,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrechsler2009-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198543-30">[30]</a> had called on al-Ma'mun to lower their taxes as he had done for the city of <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Rayy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198646-103">[102]</a> The caliph rejected their appeal, then suppressed their subsequent revolt, and substantially raised their taxes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> This is detailed by the Twelver traditionist <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shahrashub" title="Ibn Shahrashub">Ibn Shahrashub</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1192),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain1986173n118-117">[116]</a> who writes that the Abbasid army demolished the wall surrounding the city, killed many, and nearly quadrupled the taxes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198646-103">[102]</a> Among those killed was a prominent participant in the uprising, named Yahya ibn Imran,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> who might have been a representative (wakil) of Muhammad al-Jawad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198646-103">[102]</a> The attitude of al-Jawad towards this uprising, however, remains unclear,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> as the Imamite sources are silent about this uprising and its connection to al-Jawad or lack thereof.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198646–7-115">[114]</a> Probably connecting al-Jawad to Shia rebellions, al-Ma'mun summoned the former from Medina to Baghdad in 215 AH (830 CE) and married his daughter Umm Fazl to him. This marriage, however, did not win al-Ma'mun the Shia support, nor did it stop the uprisings in Qom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198646–7-115">[114]</a> Indeed, some reports by al-Tabari and Ibn al-Athir add that among the rebel leaders who had been exiled to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, Ja'far ibn Dawud al-Qomi later escaped and rose again in Qom,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198646-103">[102]</a> defeating the Abbasid army in 216 AH. The Shia uprisings continued even after his execution in 217 AH by the Abbasids. After succeeding al-Ma'mun, al-Mu'tasim summoned al-Jawad to Baghdad in 220 AH (835 CE) and held him under close surveillance, probably to ascertain his role in the Shia uprisings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198646–7-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Companions_and_narrators_of_hadith">Companions and narrators of hadith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Companions and narrators of hadith">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1067) has listed one hundred and sixteen narrators of hadith from al-Jawad, though only a few of them were his trusted companions, including Ali ibn Mahziar Ahvazi, Abu Hashim Dawud ibn al-Qasim al-Ja'fari, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Azim_al-Hasani" title="Abd al-Azim al-Hasani">Abd al-Azim al-Hasani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bazanti" title="Bazanti">Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Bazanti</a>, Ali ibn Asbat Kufi, <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Sa%27id_al-Asadi" title="Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi">Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi</a>, and Amro ibn Firat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> In particular, Ibn Mahziar was the agent of al-Jawad in Ahvaz and wrote two books, namely, Kitab al-Malahim and Kitab al-Qa'im, about occultation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> which is the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">eschatological belief</a> that <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, has already been born and subsequently concealed from the public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobhani2001116-118">[117]</a> The two sons of Ibn Mahziar, named Ibrahim and Muhammad, later served as the representatives of the twelfth Imam in Ahvaz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain19864-119">[118]</a> The Imam distanced himself from the <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'exaggerators') who believed in the divinity of Imams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2001-120">[119]</a> Among them were <a href="/wiki/Abu_l-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu l-Khattab">Abu l-Khattab</a>, Abu al-Samhari, and Ibn Abi Zarqa, who are said to have defamed Shia by forging traditions and attributing them to the Imams and introducing themselves as their representatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karamat">Karamat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Karamat">edit</a>]</div> In Shia sources, al-Jawad is credited with some <a href="/wiki/Karamat" title="Karamat">karamat</a> (<abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr> karamah),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988212–3-121">[120]</a> that is, supernatural acts or miracles sometimes attributed to saints in Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardet2012-122">[121]</a> These include speaking at the time of his birth, <a href="/wiki/Tay_al-Ard" title="Tay al-Ard">tay al-ard</a> (teleportation in Islamic mysticism) from Medina to Khorasan for the burial of his father al-Rida, miraculously healing the sick, fulfillment of his prayers for friends and against his enemies, informing about the inner secrets of people, predicting future events, and particularly his death. These are often cited by the Shia as proof of his imamate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> A subtle story of this kind in <a href="/wiki/Bihar_al-Anwar" title="Bihar al-Anwar">Bihar al-Anwar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a> is told on the authority of Abd-Allah ibn Razin. When visiting the Imam, he decided to gather some of the earth upon which al-Jawad had set foot, a desire that he later deemed sinful. However, his attempts to tactfully do so were all thwarted by al-Jawad, who subtly changed his daily routines. This continued to the point that it surprised the attendant of Imam and let Abd-Allah realize that al-Jawad was aware of his sinful determination. It was only after Abd-Allah resolved to give up that al-Jawad returned to his usual routine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988212–213-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Successor">Successor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Successor">edit</a>]</div> After the death of al-Jawad in 220 AH (835 CE),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">[6]</a> the majority of his followers acknowledged the imamate of his son Ali,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201362-54">[54]</a> later to be known by the epithets al-Hadi (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the guide') and al-Naqi (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the distinguished').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198543-30">[30]</a> Similar to his father, Ali was also a minor when he succeeded him in 220 AH (835 CE) at the age of about seven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201362-54">[54]</a> The will attributed to al-Jawad in Kitab al-Kafi stipulates that Ali would inherit from him and be responsible for his younger brother, Musa, and his sisters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198816-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011-7">[7]</a> Muhammad al-Jawad is also said to have announced the succession of Ali through his main agent, Muhammad ibn al-Faraj,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198647-42">[42]</a> or through Abu al-Khayrani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198814–5-114">[113]</a> This messenger relayed the designation to the assembly of companions after the death of al-Jawad and the majority there is reported to have agreed on the imamate of Ali al-Hadi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198814–6-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Muhammad al-Jawad was engaged in teaching during his eight years in Baghdad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933194-38">[38]</a> and he was renowned for his public defense of Islamic tradition, according to Edward D.A. Hulmes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulmes2008-62">[62]</a> His extensive correspondence with his followers on questions of Islamic law (<a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>) about marriage, divorce, and inheritance has been preserved in Shia sources. Ali al-Rida is even said to have praised his son for writing "extremely elegant" letters while still a young boy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> According to Hamid Mavani, most Shia hadiths about Khums (Islamic alms, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'one-fifth') are attributed to al-Jawad and his successor, al-Hadi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013147-126">[125]</a> Mavani regards Khums as an example of the Imams' discretionary authority as Shia leaders, which in this case countered the redirection of <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a> (another Islamic alms) to sustain oppressive regimes and support the affluent lifestyle of caliphs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013147-126">[125]</a> Among the Shia, the titles al-Qa'im (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'he who will rise') and less frequently al-Mahdi refer to the messianic figure in Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199389-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198161-128">[127]</a> This apparently created confusion and al-Jawad is reported to have identified the two, saying that <a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">al-Qa'im</a> is the last Imam and that he would be al-Mahdi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198623-129">[128]</a> Verses 81:15-16, "O, but I call to witness the planets, the stars which rise and set,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198615-130">[129]</a> were also interpreted by al-Jawad and his predecessor al-Baqir as referring to the reappearance of al-Mahdi, thus likening him to a shooting star in the dark night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198630-131">[130]</a> Musnad al-imam al-Jawad lists the collections of hadith that contain the sermons and sayings attributed to al-Jawad, including al-Tazkirat al-Hamdouniya by the Sunni scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hamdan" title="Ibn Hamdan">Ibn Hamdan</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1295).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">[4]</a> Among many pithy religio-ethical sayings attributed to al-Jawad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">[3]</a> Donaldson quotes a few:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933194-38">[38]</a> <ul><li>Muhammad al-Jawad related from <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> that, once when the prophet sent him to Yemen, he said to him, "O Ali, he is never disappointed who asks for good (from God), and He never has a motive for repenting who asks (His) advice."</li> <li>Muhammad al-Jawad reported that the prophet had said to Ali, "Rise betimes in the name of God, for God hath bestowed a blessing on my people in their early rising."</li> <li>"Whosoever gaineth for himself a brother in God, hath gained for himself a mansion in Paradise."</li> <li>Muhammad al-Jawad related from the prophet, "Make it a point to travel by night, for more ground can be got over by night than by day."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933194-38">[38]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/28px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/42px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/56px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">biography portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">The Twelve Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kadhimiya Mosque">Kazimayn shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam_(Shia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiest sites in Islam (Shia)">Holiest sites in Islam (Shia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> The book in question is Dala'il al-imama, though its attribution to the eleventh-century Twelver scholar al-Tabari al-Saghir is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201623–4-65">[65]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933190-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933190_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933190_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933190_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201643-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierce201643_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPierce2016">Pierce 2016</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoff2016_3-34">ai</a> <a href="#CITEREFMedoff2016">Medoff 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestani2014_4-28">ac</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaghestani2014">Baghestani 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198542-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198542_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198542_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2012_6-23">x</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung2012">Madelung 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2011_7-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung2011">Madelung 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201360,_61-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201360,_61_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201360,_61_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201360,_61_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaftary2013">Daftary 2013</a>, pp. 60, 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick2012205-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick2012205_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198831–2-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198831–2_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, pp. 31–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198833-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198833_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198833_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198833_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198833_12-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESourdel1970121-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourdel1970121_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourdel1970121_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourdel1970121_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourdel1970121_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourdel1970121_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourdel1970121_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESourdel1970121_13-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFSourdel1970">Sourdel 1970</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198832,_56n19-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198832,_56n19_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, p. 32, 56n19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201361-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201361_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201361_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201361_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201361_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201361_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201361_15-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaftary2013">Daftary 2013</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198832-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198832_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198832_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198832_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198571-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198571_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé2008-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlassé2008_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlassé2008">Glassé 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2012-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2012_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2012_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2012">Lewis 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayhom-Daou2009-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayhom-Daou2009_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayhom-Daou2009_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayhom-Daou2009">Bayhom-Daou 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick2012205,_206-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick2012205,_206_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, pp. 205, 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobrick2012205–6-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick2012205–6_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBobrick2012205–6_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBobrick2012">Bobrick 2012</a>, pp. 205–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperson2013-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperson2013_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooperson2013">Cooperson 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2015133-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2015133_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2015">Kennedy 2015</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198818n2-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198818n2_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198818n2_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, p. 18n2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman1989171-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahman1989171_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahman1989">Rahman 1989</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198874-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198874_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198874-5-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198874-5_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, p. 74-5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop19884-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop19884_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198543-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198543_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198543_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198543_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198543_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198543_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198543_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198543_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198543_30-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198835,_57n29-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198835,_57n29_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, p. 35, 57n29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198836-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198836_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198837-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198837_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198838-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198838_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198839,_40-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198839,_40_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, pp. 39, 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198858n35-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198858n35_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, p. 58n35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198847,_52-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198847,_52_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, pp. 47, 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933194-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933194_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933194_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933194_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933194_38-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198628-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain198628_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain198628_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHussain1986">Hussain 1986</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain1986173n104-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain1986173n104_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHussain1986">Hussain 1986</a>, p. 173n104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198847–8-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198847–8_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, pp. 47–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198647-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain198647_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain198647_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain198647_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain198647_42-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHussain1986">Hussain 1986</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975183-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975183_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975183_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTabatabai1975">Tabatabai 1975</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198543,_327n12-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198543,_327n12_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 43, 327n12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop19883,_31-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop19883,_31_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, pp. 3, 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198898-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198898_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198898_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198898_46-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988102–3-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988102–3_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, pp. 102–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988101-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop1988101_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrop1988">Wardrop 1988</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrop198899-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrop198899_49-0">^</a> <a 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.refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaghestani2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 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Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0540">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0540</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214"><bdi>9789004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+al-Ri%E1%B8%8D%C4%81&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0540&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+al-Jawad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Madelung, W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5343">"Muḥammad b. 'Alī al-Riḍā"</a>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5343">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214"><bdi>9789004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+b.+%27Al%C4%AB+al-Ri%E1%B8%8D%C4%81&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5343&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+al-Jawad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Madelung, W (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-al-hadi-abul-hasan-b">"'Alī al-Hādī"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. I/8. pp. 861–2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-4804">2330-4804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+al-H%C4%81d%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=861-2&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=2330-4804&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fali-al-hadi-abul-hasan-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+al-Jawad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMavani2013" class="citation book cs1">Mavani, Hamid (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/2up">Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415624404" title="Special:BookSources/9780415624404"><bdi>9780415624404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Authority+and+Political+Thought+in+Twelver+Shi%27ism%3A+From+Ali+to+Post-Khomeini&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780415624404&rft.aulast=Mavani&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousauthori0000mava%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+al-Jawad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedoff2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Medoff, Louis (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mohammad-al-jawad">"Moḥammad al-Jawād, Abu Ja'far"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-4804">2330-4804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mo%E1%B8%A5ammad+al-Jaw%C4%81d%2C+Abu+Ja%27far&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.edition=Online&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=2330-4804&rft.aulast=Medoff&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmohammad-al-jawad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+al-Jawad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation book cs1">Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300034998" title="Special:BookSources/9780300034998"><bdi>9780300034998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780300034998&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+al-Jawad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModarressi1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Modarressi" title="Hossein Modarressi">Modarressi, Hossein</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616053002/https://ebookshia.com/upload/bookFiles/2752/Crisis_and_Consolidation_in_the_Formative_Period_of_Shi%27ite_Islam_Abu_Ja%27far_ibn_Qiba_al-Razi_and_His_Contribution_to_Imamite_Shi%27ite_Thought_-_Hossein_Modarres.pdf">Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought</a> (PDF). Darwin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780878500956" title="Special:BookSources/9780878500956"><bdi>9780878500956</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebookshia.com/upload/bookFiles/2752/Crisis_and_Consolidation_in_the_Formative_Period_of_Shi%27ite_Islam_Abu_Ja%27far_ibn_Qiba_al-Razi_and_His_Contribution_to_Imamite_Shi%27ite_Thought_-_Hossein_Modarres.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+and+Consolidation+in+the+Formative+Period+of+Shi%27ite+Islam%3A+Ab%C5%AB+Ja%27far+Ibn+Qiba+Al-R%C4%81z%C4%AB+and+His+Contribution+to+Im%C4%81mite+Sh%C4%AB%27ite+Thought&rft.pub=Darwin+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780878500956&rft.aulast=Modarressi&rft.aufirst=Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febookshia.com%2Fupload%2FbookFiles%2F2752%2FCrisis_and_Consolidation_in_the_Formative_Period_of_Shi%2527ite_Islam_Abu_Ja%2527far_ibn_Qiba_al-Razi_and_His_Contribution_to_Imamite_Shi%2527ite_Thought_-_Hossein_Modarres.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+al-Jawad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierce2016" class="citation book cs1">Pierce, Matthew (2016). Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674737075" title="Special:BookSources/9780674737075"><bdi>9780674737075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+Infallible+Men%3A+The+Imams+and+the+Making+of+Shi%27ism&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780674737075&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+al-Jawad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman1989" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Habib Ur (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronologyofisla0000rahm/mode/2up">A Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE</a>. G.K. Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816190676" title="Special:BookSources/9780816190676"><bdi>9780816190676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chronology+of+Islamic+History%2C+570-1000+CE&rft.pub=G.K.+Hall&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780816190676&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Habib+Ur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronologyofisla0000rahm%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+al-Jawad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachedina1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_Sachedina" title="Abdulaziz Sachedina">Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein</a> (1981). Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873954426" title="Special:BookSources/9780873954426"><bdi>9780873954426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Messianism%3A+The+Idea+of+Mahdi+in+Twelver+Shi%27ism&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780873954426&rft.aulast=Sachedina&rft.aufirst=Abdulaziz+Abdulhussein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+al-Jawad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobhani2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Sobhani, Ja'far</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijtihadnet.com/wp-content/uploads/Doctrines-of_Shii-Islam.pdf">Doctrines of Shi'i Islam</a> (PDF). Translated by Shah-Kazemi, Reza. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860647804" title="Special:BookSources/1860647804"><bdi>1860647804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrines+of+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1860647804&rft.aulast=Sobhani&rft.aufirst=Ja%27far&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijtihadnet.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FDoctrines-of_Shii-Islam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+al-Jawad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSourdel1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Sourdel" title="Dominique Sourdel">Sourdel, D.</a> (1970). "The ʿAbbasid Caliphate". In Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0001unse_v9h2/mode/">The Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1A: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–139. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73-77291">73-77291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%CA%BFAbbasid+Caliphate&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam%2C+Volume+1A%3A+The+Central+Islamic+Lands+from+Pre-Islamic+Times+to+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=104-139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F73-77291&rft.aulast=Sourdel&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory0001unse_v9h2%2Fmode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+al-Jawad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabatabai1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allameh_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Allameh Tabatabaei">Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShiaInIslamCopy/mode/2up">Shi'ite Islam</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Sayyid Hossein Nasr</a> (First ed.). State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873953908" title="Special:BookSources/0873953908"><bdi>0873953908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27ite+Islam&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0873953908&rft.aulast=Tabatabai&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Mohammad+Hosayn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShiaInIslamCopy%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+al-Jawad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardrop1988" class="citation thesis cs1">Wardrop, S.F. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/7365">Lives of the Imams, Muhammad al-Jawad and 'Ali al-Hadi and the Development of the Shi'ite Organisation</a> (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Lives+of+the+Imams%2C+Muhammad+al-Jawad+and+%27Ali+al-Hadi+and+the+Development+of+the+Shi%27ite+Organisation&rft.inst=University+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Wardrop&rft.aufirst=S.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fera.ed.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1842%2F7365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+al-Jawad" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Jawad&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Muhammad al-Jawad at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Muhammad_al-Jawad" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Muhammad al-Jawad">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Taqi" class="extiw" title="q:Muhammad al-Taqi">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25088" class="extiw" title="d:Q25088">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aljawadain.org/EN/">Al-Jawadain holy shrine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Muhammad al-Jawad of the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Clan of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Banu Quraish</a></div>Born: 10th <a href="/wiki/Rajab" title="Rajab">Rajab</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">195 AH</a> <a href="/wiki/Approximation" title="Approximation">≈</a> 12 April 811 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> Died: 30th <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qi%27dah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhu al-Qi'dah">Dhul Qi‘dah</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">220 AH</a> <a href="/wiki/Approximation" title="Approximation">≈</a> 29 November 835 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> 9th <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Imam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a Islam</a> 818–835 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shia_Imams" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shia_Imams" title="Template:Shia Imams"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shia_Imams" title="Template talk:Shia Imams"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shia_Imams" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shia Imams"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shia_Imams" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shia Imams</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi</a>§</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> ("Asās" or "Wāsih" of <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Nabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>)</li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah (Wafi Ahmad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad (Taqi Muhammad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn (Radhi Abdallah)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">Muhammad al-Qa'im</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Ahmad al-Musta'li</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami%27l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah">Mansur al-Amir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zafir" title="Al-Zafir">Isma'il al-Zafir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fa%27iz_bi-Nasr_Allah" title="Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah">Isa al-Fa'iz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">Abdallah al-Adid</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daoud_ibn_al-Adid" title="Daoud ibn al-Adid">Dawud al-Hamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Daoud" title="Sulayman ibn Daoud">Sulayman Badr al-Din</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> ("Asās" or "Wāsih" of <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Nabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>)</li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah (Wafi Ahmad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad (Taqi Muhammad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn (Radhi Abdallah)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">Muhammad al-Qa'im</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Ahmad al-Musta'li</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami%27l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah">Mansur al-Amir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_al-Tayyib" title="Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib">Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib</a>‡</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a> (Qasim-Shahi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah (Wafi Ahmad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad (Taqi Muhammad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn (Radhi Abdallah)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi_ibn_Nizar" title="Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar">Ali al-Hadi</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi_(Nizari_imam)" title="Al-Muhtadi (Nizari imam)">Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Qahir" title="Hasan al-Qahir">Hasan (I) al-Qahir</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Alamut" title="Hassan II of Alamut">Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad II of Alamut">Nur al-Din Muhammad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_III_of_Alamut" title="Hassan III of Alamut">Jalal al-Din Hasan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad III of Alamut">Ala al-Din Muhammad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Din_Khurshah" title="Rukn al-Din Khurshah">Rukn al-Din Khurshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_(Nizari_imam)" title="Shams al-Din Muhammad (Nizari imam)">Shams al-Din Muhammad</a></li> <li>Qasim Shah</li> <li>Islam Shah</li> <li>Muhammad ibn Islam Shah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah_II_(Nizari_imam)" title="Al-Mustansir Billah II (Nizari imam)">Ali Shah (al-Mustansir Billah II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Salam_Shah" title="Abd al-Salam Shah">Abd al-Salam Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharib_Mirza" title="Gharib Mirza">Gharib Mirza (al-Mustansir Billah III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dharr_Ali" title="Abu Dharr Ali">Abu Dharr Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_Mirza" title="Murad Mirza">Murad Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Allah_I" title="Khalil Allah I">Khalil Allah I (Dhu'l-Faqar Ali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Dahr_Ali" title="Nur al-Dahr Ali">Nur al-Dahr Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Allah_II_Ali" title="Khalil Allah II Ali">Khalil Allah II Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Nizar_II" title="Shah Nizar II">Shah Nizar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Ali_(Nizari_imam)" title="Sayyid Ali (Nizari imam)">Sayyid Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Hasan_Ali" title="Sayyid Hasan Ali">Sayyid Hasan Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qasim_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qasim Ali (page does not exist)">Qasim Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu%27l-Hasan_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu'l-Hasan Ali (page does not exist)">Abu'l-Hasan Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Khalil_Allah_III" title="Shah Khalil Allah III">Shah Khalil Allah III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_I" title="Aga Khan I">Aga Khan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_II" title="Aga Khan II">Aga Khan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan IV</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a> (Mu'mini)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah (Wafi Ahmad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad (Taqi Muhammad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn (Radhi Abdallah)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi_ibn_Nizar" title="Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar">Ali al-Hadi</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi_(Nizari_imam)" title="Al-Muhtadi (Nizari imam)">Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Qahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan al-Qahir">Hasan (I) al-Qahir</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Alamut" title="Hassan II of Alamut">Hasan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad II of Alamut">Nur al-Din Muhammad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_III_of_Alamut" title="Hassan III of Alamut">Jalal al-Din Hasan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad III of Alamut">Ala al-Din Muhammad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Din_Khurshah" title="Rukn al-Din Khurshah">Rukn al-Din Khurshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_(Nizari_imam)" title="Shams al-Din Muhammad (Nizari imam)">Shams al-Din Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ala_al-Din_Mu%27min_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah (page does not exist)">Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Shah_ibn_Mu%27min_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Shah ibn Mu'min Shah (page does not exist)">Muhammad Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radi_al-Din_ibn_Muhammad_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radi al-Din ibn Muhammad Shah (page does not exist)">Radi al-Din I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahir_ibn_Radi_al-Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahir ibn Radi al-Din (page does not exist)">Tahir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radi_al-Din_ibn_Tahir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radi al-Din ibn Tahir (page does not exist)">Radi al-Din II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Tahir" title="Shah Tahir">Shah Tahir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haydar_ibn_Shah_Tahir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haydar ibn Shah Tahir (page does not exist)">Haydar I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadr_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Haydar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadr al-Din Muhammad ibn Haydar (page does not exist)">Sadr al-Din Miuhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27in_al-Din_ibn_Sadr_al-Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu'in al-Din ibn Sadr al-Din (page does not exist)">Mu'in al-Din I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atiyyat_Allah_ibn_Mu%27in_al-Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atiyyat Allah ibn Mu'in al-Din (page does not exist)">Atiyyat Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aziz_Shah_ibn_Atiyyat_Allah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aziz Shah ibn Atiyyat Allah (page does not exist)">Aziz Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27in_al-Din_ibn_Aziz_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu'in al-Din ibn Aziz Shah (page does not exist)">Mu'in al-Din II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Muhammad_ibn_Mu%27in_al-Din_al-Musharraf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amir Muhammad ibn Mu'in al-Din al-Musharraf (page does not exist)">Amir Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haydar_ibn_Muhammad_al-Mutahhar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haydar ibn Muhammad al-Mutahhar (page does not exist)">Haydar II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Muhammad_ibn_Haydar_al-Baqir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amir Muhammad ibn Haydar al-Baqir (page does not exist)">Amir Muhammad II</a>‡</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>§ in <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">occultation</a></li> <li># <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> caliphs</li> <li>‡ in <a href="/wiki/Satr_(Isma%27ilism)" title="Satr (Isma'ilism)">concealment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25088#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000046898099">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54000252">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1826926/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfh4ch9HDRWVTKgBYm8G3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118962868">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr90029095">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p148013910">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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