CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>X chromosome - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f3969eb2-c4e1-4ab4-918e-85310fbc93e1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"X_chromosome","wgTitle":"X chromosome","wgCurRevisionId":1257503561,"wgRevisionId":1257503561,"wgArticleId":208144,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from August 2021","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Chromosomes","Chromosomes (human)","Cytogenetics","Sex-determination systems","Sexual dimorphism", "Genes on human chromosome X"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"X_chromosome","wgRelevantArticleId":208144,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"X_chromosome_(human)","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/X_chromosome","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q61333","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"}; RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_X.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="940"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_X.png/800px-Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_X.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="627"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_X.png/640px-Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_X.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="501"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="X chromosome - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosome"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosome"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-X_chromosome rootpage-X_chromosome skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=X+chromosome" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=X+chromosome" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=X+chromosome" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=X+chromosome" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inheritance_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inheritance_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Inheritance pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inheritance_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Genes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_genes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_genes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Number of genes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_genes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gene_list" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gene_list"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Gene list</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gene_list-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Role in disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numerical_abnormalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerical_abnormalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Numerical abnormalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerical_abnormalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-X-linked_recessive_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#X-linked_recessive_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>X-linked recessive disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-X-linked_recessive_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Other disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cytogenetic_band" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cytogenetic_band"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Cytogenetic band</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cytogenetic_band-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">X chromosome</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-chromosoom" title="X-chromosoom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="X-chromosoom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Chromosom" title="X-Chromosom – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="X-Chromosom" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%BA%D9%8A_X" title="الصبغي X – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصبغي X" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_ji%C3%A1m-sek-th%C3%A9" title="X jiám-sek-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="X jiám-sek-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="X-храмасома – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="X-храмасома" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromosom_X" title="Hromosom X – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hromosom X" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromozom_X" title="Kromozom X – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kromozom X" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma_X" title="Cromosoma X – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cromosoma X" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromozom_X" title="Chromozom X – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chromozom X" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Chromosom" title="X-Chromosom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="X-Chromosom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-kromosoom" title="X-kromosoom – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="X-kromosoom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A7" title="Χρωμόσωμα Χ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρωμόσωμα Χ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma_X" title="Cromosoma X – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cromosoma X" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosomo_X" title="Kromosomo X – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kromosomo X" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_kromosoma" title="X kromosoma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="X kromosoma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="کروموزوم ایکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کروموزوم ایکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_X" title="Chromosome X – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chromosome X" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-chr%C3%B3mas%C3%B3m" title="X-chrómasóm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="X-chrómasóm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma_X" title="Cromosoma X – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cromosoma X" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%EC%97%BC%EC%83%89%EC%B2%B4" title="X 염색체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="X 염색체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ऍक्स गुण सूत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऍक्स गुण सूत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9D_X" title="כרומוזום X – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרומוזום X" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chembeuzi_X" title="Chembeuzi X – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chembeuzi X" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-kromosz%C3%B3ma" title="X-kromoszóma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="X-kromoszóma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="X-хромозом – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="X-хромозом" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom_X" title="Kromosom X – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kromosom X" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="X染色体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="X染色体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-kromosom" title="X-kromosom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="X-kromosom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-kromosom" title="X-kromosom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="X-kromosom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosom_X" title="Chromosom X – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chromosom X" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromossoma_X" title="Cromossoma X – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cromossoma X" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromozomul_X" title="Cromozomul X – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cromozomul X" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="X-хромосома – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="X-хромосома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="X chromosome" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="X chromosome" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromoz%C3%B3m_X" title="Chromozóm X – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chromozóm X" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom_X" title="Kromosom X – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kromosom X" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom_X" title="Kromosom X – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kromosom X" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-kromosomi" title="X-kromosomi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="X-kromosomi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosomang_X" title="Kromosomang X – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kromosomang X" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="โครโมโซมเอกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครโมโซมเอกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="X-хромосома – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="X-хромосома" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%85m_s%E1%BA%AFc_th%E1%BB%83_X" title="Nhiễm sắc thể X – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiễm sắc thể X" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="X染色体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="X染色体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="X 染色體 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="X 染色體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="X染色體 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="X染色體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q61333#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:X_chromosome" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/X_chromosome"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/X_chromosome"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/X_chromosome" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/X_chromosome" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&oldid=1257503561" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=X_chromosome&id=1257503561&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FX_chromosome"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FX_chromosome"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=X_chromosome&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:X_chromosomes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q61333" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome_(human)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="X chromosome (human)">X chromosome (human)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sex chromosome present in both sexes in the XY and X0 sex-determination systems</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Human X chromosome</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_X_chromosome_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_X_chromosome_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="37" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Human X chromosome (after <a href="/wiki/G_banding" title="G banding">G-banding</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_X.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_X.png/220px-Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_X.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_X.png/330px-Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_X.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_X.png/440px-Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_X.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="940" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">X chromosome in human male <a href="/wiki/Karyogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Karyogram">karyogram</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Length (<a href="/wiki/Base_pair#Length_measurements" title="Base pair">bp</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">154,259,566 bp<br />(CHM13)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Number_of_genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Number of genes"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of genes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">804 (<a href="/wiki/Consensus_CDS_Project" title="Consensus CDS Project">CCDS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Allosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Allosome">Allosome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Centromere#Positions" title="Centromere">Centromere position</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Centromere#Submetacentric" title="Centromere">Submetacentric</a><sup id="cite_ref-StrachanRead2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrachanRead2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(61.0 Mbp)<sup id="cite_ref-850bphs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-850bphs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Complete gene lists</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Consensus_CDS_Project" title="Consensus CDS Project">CCDS</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=X%5BChr%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22has%20ccds%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch">Gene list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/statistics?c=X">Gene list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/docs/humchrx.txt">Gene list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=X%5BCHR%5D+AND+human%5BORGN%5D">Gene list</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">External map viewers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=X">Chromosome X</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/maps.cgi?TAXID=9606&chr=X">Chromosome X</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/gdv/browser/?context=genome&acc=GCF_000001405.36&chr=X">Chromosome X</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&position=chrX">Chromosome X</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">Full DNA sequences</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000023?report=fasta">NC_000023</a> (<a href="/wiki/FASTA_format" title="FASTA format">FASTA</a>) </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/GenBank" title="GenBank">GenBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000685?report=fasta">CM000685</a> (<a href="/wiki/FASTA_format" title="FASTA format">FASTA</a>) </span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>X chromosome</b> is one of the two <a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome">sex chromosomes</a> in many organisms, including mammals, and is found in both males and females. It is a part of the <a href="/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system" title="XY sex-determination system">XY sex-determination system</a> and <a href="/wiki/XO_sex-determination_system" title="XO sex-determination system">XO sex-determination system</a>. The X chromosome was named for its unique properties by early researchers, which resulted in the naming of its counterpart <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a>, for the next letter in the alphabet, following its subsequent discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-angier_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-angier-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was first noted that the X chromosome was special in 1890 by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Henking" title="Hermann Henking">Hermann Henking</a> in Leipzig. Henking was studying the testicles of <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhocoris_apterus" title="Pyrrhocoris apterus"><i> Pyrrhocoris</i></a> and noticed that one chromosome did not take part in <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>. Chromosomes are so named because of their ability to take up <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">staining</a> (<i>chroma</i> in Greek means <i>color</i>). Although the X chromosome could be stained just as well as the others, Henking was unsure whether it was a different class of the object and consequently named it <i>X element</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which later became X chromosome after it was established that it was indeed a chromosome.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea that the X chromosome was named after its similarity to the letter "X" is mistaken. All chromosomes normally appear as an amorphous blob under the microscope and take on a well-defined shape only during mitosis. This shape is vaguely X-shaped for all chromosomes. It is entirely coincidental that the <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>, has two very short branches which can look merged under the microscope and appear as the descender of a Y-shape.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was first suggested that the X chromosome was involved in sex determination by <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Erwin_McClung" title="Clarence Erwin McClung">Clarence Erwin McClung</a> in 1901. After comparing his work on <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locusts</a> with Henking's and others, McClung noted that only half the sperm received an X chromosome. He called this chromosome an <i>accessory chromosome</i>, and insisted (correctly) that it was a <i>proper</i> chromosome, and theorized (incorrectly) that it was the male-determining chromosome.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inheritance_pattern">Inheritance pattern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inheritance pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:X_chromosome##" title="Talk:X chromosome">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X_chromosome_ancestral_line_Fibonacci_sequence.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/X_chromosome_ancestral_line_Fibonacci_sequence.svg/360px-X_chromosome_ancestral_line_Fibonacci_sequence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/X_chromosome_ancestral_line_Fibonacci_sequence.svg/540px-X_chromosome_ancestral_line_Fibonacci_sequence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/X_chromosome_ancestral_line_Fibonacci_sequence.svg/720px-X_chromosome_ancestral_line_Fibonacci_sequence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>The number of possible ancestors on the X chromosome inheritance line at a given ancestral generation follows the Fibonacci sequence. (After Hutchison, L. "Growing the Family Tree: The Power of DNA in Reconstructing Family Relationships".<sup id="cite_ref-xcs_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xcs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_Hutchison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luke Hutchison (page does not exist)">Luke Hutchison</a> noticed that a number of possible ancestors on the X chromosome inheritance line at a given ancestral generation follows the <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence" title="Fibonacci sequence">Fibonacci sequence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-xcs_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xcs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A male individual has an X chromosome, which he received from his mother, and a <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a>, which he received from his father. The male counts as the "origin" of his own X chromosome (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{1}=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{1}=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c374ba08c140de90c6cbb4c9b9fcd26e3f99ef56" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.81ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{1}=1}"></span>), and at his parents' generation, his X chromosome came from a single parent (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{2}=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{2}=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fdf100a6879452aff05a6027ad4f36029f360dcc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.81ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{2}=1}"></span>). The male's mother received one X chromosome from her mother (the son's maternal grandmother), and one from her father (the son's maternal grandfather), so two grandparents contributed to the male descendant's X chromosome (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{3}=2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{3}=2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1caf4ec3fa730d75d5508487f92ebe0a64307a4a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.81ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{3}=2}"></span>). The maternal grandfather received his X chromosome from his mother, and the maternal grandmother received X chromosomes from both of her parents, so three great-grandparents contributed to the male descendant's X chromosome (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{4}=3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{4}=3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3fcb7ddc635c556db90a8c277ce6b45e6d4aa185" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.81ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{4}=3}"></span>). Five great-great-grandparents contributed to the male descendant's X chromosome (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{5}=5}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{5}=5}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/767c16dde6476b8fd6618435d70266a3747e426f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.81ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{5}=5}"></span>), etc. (Note that this assumes that all ancestors of a given descendant are independent, but if any genealogy is traced far enough back in time, ancestors begin to appear on multiple lines of the genealogy, until eventually, a <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">population founder</a> appears on all lines of the genealogy.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humans">Humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function">Function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sd4hi-unten-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sd4hi-unten-crop.jpg/220px-Sd4hi-unten-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sd4hi-unten-crop.jpg/330px-Sd4hi-unten-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Sd4hi-unten-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Nucleus of a female amniotic fluid cell. Top: Both X-chromosome territories are detected by <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization" title="Fluorescence in situ hybridization">FISH</a>. Shown is a single optical section made with a <a href="/wiki/Confocal_laser_scanning_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Confocal laser scanning microscopy">confocal microscope</a>. Bottom: Same nucleus stained with <a href="/wiki/DAPI" title="DAPI">DAPI</a> and recorded with a <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD camera</a>. The Barr body is indicated by the arrow, it identifies the inactive X (Xi). </figcaption></figure> <p>The X chromosome in humans spans more than 153 million <a href="/wiki/Base_pairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Base pairs">base pairs</a> (the building material of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>). It represents about 800 protein-coding genes compared to the Y chromosome containing about 70 genes, out of 20,000–25,000 total genes in the human genome. Each person usually has one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. Females typically have two X chromosomes, whereas males typically have one X and one <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a>. Both males and females retain one of their mother's X chromosomes, and females retain their second X chromosome from their father. Since the father retains his X chromosome from his mother, a human female has one X chromosome from her paternal grandmother (father's side), and one X chromosome from her mother. This inheritance pattern <a href="#Inheritance_pattern">follows the Fibonacci numbers</a> at a given ancestral depth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">Genetic disorders</a> that are due to <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> in genes on the X chromosome are described as <a href="/wiki/X-linked_recessive_inheritance" title="X-linked recessive inheritance">X linked</a>. If the X chromosome has a genetic disease gene, it always causes illness in male patients, since men have only one X chromosome and therefore only one copy of each gene. Females, instead, require both X chromosomes to have the illness, and as a result could potentially only be a carrier of genetic illness, since their second X chromosome overrides the first. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hemophilia_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemophilia A">hemophilia A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemophilia_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemophilia B">B</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congenital_red%E2%80%93green_color_blindness" title="Congenital red–green color blindness">congenital red–green color blindness</a> run in families this way. </p><p>The X chromosome carries hundreds of genes but few, if any, of these have anything to do directly with sex determination. Early in <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryonic</a> development in females, one of the two X chromosomes is permanently inactivated in nearly all somatic cells (cells other than <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">egg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">sperm</a> cells). This phenomenon is called <a href="/wiki/X-inactivation" title="X-inactivation">X-inactivation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lyonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyonization">Lyonization</a>, and creates a <a href="/wiki/Barr_body" title="Barr body">Barr body</a>. If X-inactivation in the somatic cell meant a complete de-functionalizing of one of the X-chromosomes, it would ensure that females, like males, had only one functional copy of the X chromosome in each somatic cell. This was previously assumed to be the case. However, recent research suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Barr_body" title="Barr body">Barr body</a> may be more biologically active than was previously supposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrel_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The partial <a href="/wiki/X-inactivation" title="X-inactivation">inactivation of the X-chromosome</a> is due to repressive <a href="/wiki/Heterochromatin" title="Heterochromatin">heterochromatin</a> that compacts the DNA and prevents the expression of most genes. Heterochromatin compaction is regulated by Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (<a href="/wiki/PRC2" title="PRC2">PRC2</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28758948_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28758948-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genes">Genes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number_of_genes">Number of genes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Number of genes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are some of the gene count estimates of human X chromosome. Because researchers use different approaches to <a href="/wiki/Genome_annotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Genome annotation">genome annotation</a> their predictions of the <a href="/wiki/Number_of_genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Number of genes">number of genes</a> on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see <a href="/wiki/Gene_prediction" title="Gene prediction">gene prediction</a>). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (<a href="/wiki/Consensus_CDS_Project" title="Consensus CDS Project">CCDS</a>) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20441615_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20441615-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Estimated by </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Protein-coding_genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein-coding genes">Protein-coding genes</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Non-coding_RNA" title="Non-coding RNA">Non-coding RNA genes</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pseudogene" title="Pseudogene">Pseudogenes</a> </th> <th>Source </th> <th>Release date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Consensus_CDS_Project" title="Consensus CDS Project">CCDS</a></td> <td>804</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-CCDS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCDS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2016-09-08 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></td> <td>825</td> <td>260</td> <td>606 </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-HGNC20170512_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HGNC20170512-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2017-05-12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a></td> <td>841</td> <td>639</td> <td>871 </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-Ensembl_Release_88_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ensembl_Release_88-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2017-03-29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></td> <td>839</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-UniProt_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UniProt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2018-02-28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a></td> <td>874</td> <td>494</td> <td>879 </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_coding_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_coding-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_noncoding_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_noncoding-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_pseudo_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_pseudo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2017-05-19 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gene_list">Gene list</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gene list"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Genes_on_human_chromosome_X" title="Category:Genes on human chromosome X">Category:Genes on human chromosome X</a></div> <p>The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome X. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD16_(gene)" title="AD16 (gene)">AD16</a>: encoding Alzheimer disease 16 protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIC_(gene)" title="AIC (gene)">AIC</a>: encoding protein AIC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_O" title="Apolipoprotein O">APOO</a>: encoding protein Apolipoprotein O</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARMCX6" title="ARMCX6">ARMCX6</a>: encoding protein Armadillo repeat containing X-linked 6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_BEX1" title="Protein BEX1">BEX1</a>: encoding protein Brain-expressed X-linked protein 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_BEX2" title="Protein BEX2">BEX2</a>: encoding protein Brain-expressed X-linked protein 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEX4" title="BEX4">BEX4</a>: encoding protein Brain expressed, X-linked 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coiled-coil_domain_containing_protein_120" title="Coiled-coil domain containing protein 120">CCDC120</a>: encoding protein Coiled coil domain containing protein 120</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCDC22" title="CCDC22">CCDC22</a>: encoding protein Coiled-coil domain containing 22</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD99L2" title="CD99L2">CD99L2</a>: CD99 antigen-like protein 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDR1-AS" title="CDR1-AS">CDR1-AS</a>: encoding protein CDR1 antisense RNA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFAP47" title="CFAP47">CFAP47</a>: encoding protein Cilia and flagella associated protein 47</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordin-like_1" title="Chordin-like 1">CHRDL1</a>: encoding protein Chordin-like 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMTX2" title="CMTX2">CMTX2</a> encoding protein Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy, X-linked 2 (recessive)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMTX3" title="CMTX3">CMTX3</a> encoding protein Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy, X-linked 3 (dominant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer/testis_antigen_family_45,_member_a5" title="Cancer/testis antigen family 45, member a5">CT45A5</a>: encoding protein Cancer/testis antigen family 45, member A5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT55" title="CT55">CT55</a>: encoding protein Cancer/testis antigen 55</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXorf36" title="CXorf36">CXorf36</a>: encoding protein hypothetical protein LOC79742</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXorf57" class="mw-redirect" title="CXorf57">CXorf57</a>: encoding protein Chromosome X <a href="/wiki/Open_reading_frame" title="Open reading frame">open reading frame</a> 57</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXorf40A" title="CXorf40A">CXorf40A</a>: Chromosome X open reading frame 40</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXorf49" title="CXorf49">CXorf49</a>: chromosome X open reading frame 49. encoding protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXorf66" title="CXorf66">CXorf66</a>: encoding protein Chromosome X Open Reading Frame 66</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXorf67" title="CXorf67">CXorf67</a>: encoding protein Uncharacterized protein CXorf67</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DACH2" title="DACH2">DACH2</a>: encoding protein Dachshund homolog 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFHC2" title="EFHC2">EFHC2</a>: encoding protein EF-hand domain (C-terminal) containing 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERCC_excision_repair_6_like,_spindle_assembly_checkpoint_helicase" title="ERCC excision repair 6 like, spindle assembly checkpoint helicase">ERCC6L</a> encoding protein ERCC excision repair 6 like, spindle assembly checkpoint helicase</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAAH2" title="FAAH2">FAAH2</a>: Fatty acid amide hydrolase 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F8A1" title="F8A1">F8A1</a>: Factor VIII intron 22 protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAM104B" title="FAM104B">FAM104B</a>: encoding protein Family with sequence similarity 104 member B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAM120C" title="FAM120C">FAM120C</a>: encoding protein Family with sequence similarity 120C</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAM122B" title="FAM122B">FAM122B</a>: Family with sequence similarity 122 member B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAM122C" title="FAM122C">FAM122C</a>: encoding protein Family with sequence similarity 122C</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAM127A" title="FAM127A">FAM127A</a>: CAAX box protein 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAM155B" title="FAM155B">FAM155B</a>: encoding protein Family with Sequence Similarity 155 Member B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAM50A" title="FAM50A">FAM50A</a>: Family with sequence similarity 50 member A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FATE1" title="FATE1">FATE1</a>: Fetal and adult testis-expressed transcript protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMR1-AS1_gene" title="FMR1-AS1 gene">FMR1-AS1</a>: encoding a <a href="/wiki/Long_non-coding_RNA" title="Long non-coding RNA">long non-coding RNA</a> FMR1 antisense RNA 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FRMPD3" title="FRMPD3">FRMPD3</a>: encoding protein FERM and PDZ domain containing 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FRMPD4" title="FRMPD4">FRMPD4</a>: encoding protein FERM and PDZ domain containing 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUNDC1" title="FUNDC1">FUNDC1</a>: encoding protein FUN14 domain containing 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUNDC2" title="FUNDC2">FUNDC2</a>: FUN14 domain-containing protein 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAGE12F" title="GAGE12F">GAGE12F</a>: encoding G antigen 12F protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAGE2A" title="GAGE2A">GAGE2A</a>: encoding G antigen 2A protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA1" title="GATA1">GATA1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/GATA1" title="GATA1">GATA1 transcription factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_protein_nucleolar_3_like" title="G protein nucleolar 3 like">GNL3L</a> encoding protein G protein nucleolar 3 like</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRASP2" title="GPRASP2">GPRASP2</a>: G-protein coupled receptor-associated sorting protein 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIPAP1" title="GRIPAP1">GRIPAP1</a>: encoding protein GRIP1-associated protein 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRDX" title="GRDX">GRDX</a>: encoding protein Graves disease, susceptibility to, X-linked</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDHD1A" title="HDHD1A">HDHD1A</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> Haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolase domain-containing protein 1A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HS6ST2" title="HS6ST2">HS6ST2</a>: encoding protein Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITM2A" title="ITM2A">ITM2A</a>: encoding protein Integral membrane protein 2A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAS1L" title="LAS1L">LAS1L</a>: encoding protein LAS1-like protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOC101059915" title="LOC101059915">LOC101059915</a>: encoding *LOC101059915 protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGEA2" title="MAGEA2">MAGEA2</a>: encoding protein Melanoma-associated antigen 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGEA5" title="MAGEA5">MAGEA5</a>: encoding protein Melanoma antigen family A, 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma_antigen_family_a,_8" title="Melanoma antigen family a, 8">MAGEA8</a>: encoding protein Melanoma antigen family A, 8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGED4B" title="MAGED4B">MAGED4B</a>: encoding protein Melanoma-associated antigen D4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RP11-217H1.1" class="mw-redirect" title="RP11-217H1.1">MAGT1</a>: encoding protein Magnesium transporter protein 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGED4" title="MAGED4">MAGED4</a>: encoding protein MAGE family member D4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAO-A" class="mw-redirect" title="MAO-A">MAO-A</a>: Monoamine Oxidase A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAO-B" class="mw-redirect" title="MAO-B">MAO-B</a>: Monoamine Oxidase B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP3K15" title="MAP3K15">MAP3K15</a>: encoding protein Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 15</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBNL3" title="MBNL3">MBNL3</a>: encoding protein Muscleblind-like protein 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBTPS2" class="mw-redirect" title="MBTPS2">MBTPS2</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> Membrane-bound transcription factor site-2 protease</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCT-1" title="MCT-1">MCT-1</a>: encoding protein MCTS1, re-initiation and release factor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIR106A" title="MIR106A">MIR106A</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNA</a> MicroRNA 106</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIR222" title="MIR222">MIR222</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNA</a> MicroRNA 222</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIR223" title="MIR223">MIR223</a>: encoding protein MicroRNA 223</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIR361" title="MIR361">MIR361</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNA</a> MicroRNA 361</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIR503" title="MIR503">MIR503</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNA</a> MicroRNA 503</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIR6087" title="MIR6087">MIR6087</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNA</a> MicroRNA 6087</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIR660" title="MIR660">MIR660</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNA</a> MicroRNA 660</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIRLET7F2" title="MIRLET7F2">MIRLET7F2</a>: encoding protein MicroRNA let-7f-2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MORF4L2" title="MORF4L2">MORF4L2</a>: encoding protein Mortality factor 4-like protein 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motile_sperm_domain_containing_1" title="Motile sperm domain containing 1">MOSPD1</a>: encoding protein Motile sperm domain containing 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motile_sperm_domain_containing_2" title="Motile sperm domain containing 2">MOSPD2</a>: encoding protein Motile sperm domain containing 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAP1L3" title="NAP1L3">NAP1L3</a>: encoding protein Nucleosome assembly protein 1 like 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBDY" title="NBDY">NBDY</a>: encoding protein Negative regulator of P-body association</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKRF_(gene)" title="NKRF (gene)">NKRF</a>: encoding protein NF-kappa-B-repressing factor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRK_(gene)" title="NRK (gene)">NRK</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> Nik-related protein kinase</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">OPN1LW</a>: long wave (red-cone) sensitive opsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">OPN1MW</a>: medium wave (green-cone) sensitive opsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otu_deubiquitinase_5" title="Otu deubiquitinase 5">OTUD5</a>: encoding protein OTU deubiquitinase 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PASD1" title="PASD1">PASD1</a>: encoding protein PAS domain-containing protein 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAGE1" title="PAGE1">PAGE1</a>: encoding protein PAGE family member 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAGE2B" title="PAGE2B">PAGE2B</a>: encoding PAGE family member 2B protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBDC1" title="PBDC1">PBDC1</a>: encoding a protein of unestablished function</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCYT1B" title="PCYT1B">PCYT1B</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptidyl-prolyl_cis-trans_isomerase_NIMA-interacting_4" title="Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 4">PIN4</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLAC1" class="mw-redirect" title="PLAC1">PLAC1</a>: encoding protein Placenta-specific protein 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLP2" title="PLP2">PLP2</a>: encoding protein Proteolipid protein 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRR32" title="PRR32">PRR32</a>: encoding protein PRR32</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPA4" title="RPA4">RPA4</a>: encoding protein Replication protein A 30 kDa subunit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPS6KA6" title="RPS6KA6">RPS6KA6</a>: encoding protein Ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide 6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRAGB" title="RRAGB">RRAGB</a>: encoding protein Ras-related GTP-binding protein B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTL3" title="RTL3">RTL3</a>: encoding protein Retrotransposon Gag like 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFRS17A" title="SFRS17A">SFRS17A</a>: encoding protein Splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 17A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC38A5" title="SLC38A5">SLC38A5</a>: encoding protein Solute carrier family 38 member 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLITRK2" title="SLITRK2">SLITRK2</a>: encoding protein SLIT and NTRK-like protein 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMARCA1" title="SMARCA1">SMARCA1</a>: encoding protein Probable global transcription activator SNF2L1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_(gene)" title="SMS (gene)">SMS</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> Spermine synthase</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPANXN1" title="SPANXN1">SPANXN1</a>: encoding protein SPANX family member N1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPANXN5" title="SPANXN5">SPANXN5</a>: encoding protein SPANX family member N5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPG16" title="SPG16">SPG16</a>: encoding protein Spastic paraplegia 16 (complicated, X-linked recessive)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSR4" title="SSR4">SSR4</a>: encoding protein Translocon-associated protein subunit delta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAF7L" title="TAF7L">TAF7L</a>: encoding protein TATA-box binding protein associated factor 7-like</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCEAL1" title="TCEAL1">TCEAL1</a>: encoding protein Transcription elongation factor A protein-like 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCEAL4" title="TCEAL4">TCEAL4</a>: encoding protein Transcription elongation factor A protein-like 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TENT5D" title="TENT5D">TENT5D</a>: encoding protein Terminal nucleotidyltransferase 5D</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEX11" title="TEX11">TEX11</a>: encoding protein Testis expressed 11</li> <li><a href="/wiki/THOC2" title="THOC2">THOC2</a>: encoding protein THO complex subunit 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMEM29" title="TMEM29">TMEM29</a>: encoding protein Protein FAM156A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMEM47" title="TMEM47">TMEM47</a>: encoding protein Transmembrane protein 47</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMLHE" title="TMLHE">TMLHE</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> Trimethyllysine dioxygenase, mitochondrial</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenomodulin" title="Tenomodulin">TNMD</a> encoding protein Tenomodulin (also referred to as tendin, myodulin, Tnmd and TeM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEDLP" title="SEDLP">TRAPPC2P1</a> encoding protein Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TREX2" title="TREX2">TREX2</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> Three prime repair exonuclease 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRO_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="TRO (gene)">TRO</a>: encoding protein Trophinin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSPYL2" title="TSPYL2">TSPYL2</a>: encoding protein Testis-specific Y-encoded-like protein 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TTC3P1" title="TTC3P1">TTC3P1</a>: encoding protein Tetratricopeptide repeat domain 3 pseudogene 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USP51" title="USP51">USP51</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 51</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSIG1" title="VSIG1">VSIG1</a>: encoding protein V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIPF6" class="mw-redirect" title="YIPF6">YIPF6</a>: encoding protein Protein YIPF6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZC3H12B" title="ZC3H12B">ZC3H12B</a>: encoding protein ZC3H12B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZC4H2_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="ZC4H2 deficiency">ZC4H2</a>: encoding protein ZC4H2 Deficiency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZCCHC18" title="ZCCHC18">ZCCHC18</a>: encoding protein Zinc finger CCHC-type containing 18</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFP92" title="ZFP92">ZFP92</a>: encoding protein ZFP92 zinc finger protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZMYM3" title="ZMYM3">ZMYM3</a>: encoding protein Zinc finger MYM-type protein 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_protein_157" title="Zinc finger protein 157">ZNF157</a>: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 157</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF182" title="ZNF182">ZNF182</a> encoding protein Zinc finger protein 182</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_protein_275" title="Zinc finger protein 275">ZNF275</a>: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 275</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_protein_674" title="Zinc finger protein 674">ZNF674</a>: encoding protein Zinc finger protein 674</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is theorized by Ross et al. 2005 and Ohno 1967 that the X chromosome is at least partially derived from the autosomal (non-sex-related) genome of other mammals, evidenced from interspecies genomic sequence alignments. </p><p>The X chromosome is notably larger and has a more active <a href="/wiki/Euchromatin" title="Euchromatin">euchromatin</a> region than its <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> counterpart. Further comparison of the X and Y reveal regions of homology between the two. However, the corresponding region in the Y appears far shorter and lacks regions that are conserved in the X throughout primate species, implying a genetic degeneration for Y in that region. Because males have only one X chromosome, they are more likely to have an X chromosome-related disease. </p><p>It is estimated that about 10% of the genes encoded by the X chromosome are associated with a family of "CT" genes, so named because they encode for markers found in both tumor cells (in cancer patients) as well as in the human <a href="/wiki/Testis" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis">testis</a> (in healthy patients).<sup id="cite_ref-ross_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_disease">Role in disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Role in disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numerical_abnormalities">Numerical abnormalities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Numerical abnormalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome" title="Klinefelter syndrome">Klinefelter syndrome</a>: </p> <ul><li>Klinefelter syndrome is caused by the presence of one or more extra copies of the X chromosome in a male's cells.</li> <li>Males with Klinefelter syndrome typically have one extra copy of the X chromosome in each cell, for a total of two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (47,XXY). It is less common for affected males to have two or three extra X chromosomes (48,XXXY or 49,XXXXY) or extra copies of both the X and Y chromosomes (48,XXYY) in each cell. The extra genetic material may lead to tall stature, learning and reading disabilities, and other medical problems. Each extra X chromosome lowers the child's <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a> by about 15 points,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means that the average IQ in Klinefelter syndrome is in general in the normal range, although below average. When additional X and/or Y chromosomes are present in 48,XXXY, 48,XXYY, or 49,XXXXY, developmental delays and cognitive difficulties can be more severe and mild <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a> may be present.</li> <li>Klinefelter syndrome can also result from an extra X chromosome in only some of the body's cells. These cases are called mosaic 46,XY/47,XXY.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Trisomy_X" title="Trisomy X">Trisomy X</a> </p> <ul><li>This syndrome results from an extra copy of the X chromosome in each of a female's cells. Females with trisomy X have three X chromosomes, for a total of 47 chromosomes per cell. The average <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a> of females with this syndrome is 90, while the average <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a> of unaffected siblings is 100.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their stature on average is taller than normal females. They are fertile and their children do not inherit the condition.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Females with more than one extra copy of the X chromosome (48, <a href="/wiki/Tetrasomy_X" title="Tetrasomy X">tetrasomy X</a> or 49, <a href="/wiki/Pentasomy_X" title="Pentasomy X">pentasomy X</a>) have been identified, but these conditions are rare.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Turner_syndrome" title="Turner syndrome">Turner syndrome</a>: </p> <ul><li>This results when each of a female's cells has one normal X chromosome and the other sex chromosome is missing or altered. The missing genetic material affects development and causes the features of the condition, including short stature and infertility.</li> <li>About half of individuals with Turner syndrome have <a href="/wiki/Monosomy" title="Monosomy">monosomy</a> X (45,X), which means each cell in a woman's body has only one copy of the X chromosome instead of the usual two copies. Turner syndrome can also occur if one of the sex chromosomes is partially missing or rearranged rather than completely missing. Some women with Turner syndrome have a chromosomal change in only some of their cells. These cases are called Turner syndrome mosaics (45,X/46,XX).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="X-linked_recessive_disorders">X-linked recessive disorders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: X-linked recessive disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sex_linkage" title="Sex linkage">Sex linkage</a> was first discovered in insects, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">T. H. Morgan</a>'s 1910 discovery of the pattern of inheritance of the white eyes mutation in <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such discoveries helped to explain x-linked disorders in humans, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Haemophilia" title="Haemophilia">haemophilia</a> A and B, <a href="/wiki/Adrenoleukodystrophy" title="Adrenoleukodystrophy">adrenoleukodystrophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">red-green color blindness</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_disorders">Other disorders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/X-linked_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="X-linked recessive">X-linked recessive</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-linked_dominant" class="mw-redirect" title="X-linked dominant">X-linked dominant</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/XX_male_syndrome" title="XX male syndrome">XX male syndrome</a> is a rare disorder, where the <a href="/wiki/SRY" class="mw-redirect" title="SRY">SRY</a> region of the Y chromosome has recombined to be located on one of the X chromosomes. As a result, the XX combination after fertilization has the same effect as a XY combination, resulting in a male. However, the other genes of the X chromosome cause feminization as well. </p><p><a href="/wiki/X-linked_endothelial_corneal_dystrophy" title="X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy">X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy</a> is an extremely rare disease of cornea associated with Xq25 region. <a href="/wiki/Lisch_epithelial_corneal_dystrophy" title="Lisch epithelial corneal dystrophy">Lisch epithelial corneal dystrophy</a> is associated with Xp22.3. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Megalocornea" title="Megalocornea">Megalocornea 1</a> is associated with Xq21.3-q22<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (November 2015)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adrenoleukodystrophy" title="Adrenoleukodystrophy">Adrenoleukodystrophy</a>, a rare and fatal disorder that is carried by the mother on the x-cell. It affects only boys between the ages of 5 and 10 and destroys the protective cell surrounding the nerves, <a href="/wiki/Myelin" title="Myelin">myelin</a>, in the brain. The female carrier hardly shows any symptoms because females have a copy of the x-cell. This disorder causes a once healthy boy to lose all abilities to walk, talk, see, hear, and even swallow. Within 2 years after diagnosis, most boys with Adrenoleukodystrophy die. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cytogenetic_band">Cytogenetic band</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cytogenetic band"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_X_ideogram_vertical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Human_chromosome_X_ideogram_vertical.svg/160px-Human_chromosome_X_ideogram_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="833" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Human_chromosome_X_ideogram_vertical.svg/240px-Human_chromosome_X_ideogram_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Human_chromosome_X_ideogram_vertical.svg/319px-Human_chromosome_X_ideogram_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>G-banding ideogram of human X chromosome in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a>, <a href="/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_X_-_400_550_850_bphs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Human_chromosome_X_-_400_550_850_bphs.png/260px-Human_chromosome_X_-_400_550_850_bphs.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="450" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Human_chromosome_X_-_400_550_850_bphs.png/389px-Human_chromosome_X_-_400_550_850_bphs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Human_chromosome_X_-_400_550_850_bphs.png/519px-Human_chromosome_X_-_400_550_850_bphs.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1713" /></a><figcaption>G-banding patterns of human X chromosome in three different resolutions (400,<sup id="cite_ref-400bphs_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400bphs-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 550<sup id="cite_ref-550bphs_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-550bphs-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 850<sup id="cite_ref-850bphs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-850bphs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-Nomenclature2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nomenclature2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitotic process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SethakulvichaiManitpornsut2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SethakulvichaiManitpornsut2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <caption><a href="/wiki/G_banding" title="G banding">G-bands</a> of human X chromosome in resolution 850 bphs<sup id="cite_ref-850bphs_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-850bphs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Chr. </th> <th>Arm<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Band<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>ISCN<br />start<sup id="cite_ref-ISCN_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISCN-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>ISCN<br />stop<sup id="cite_ref-ISCN_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISCN-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Basepair<br />start </th> <th>Basepair<br />stop </th> <th>Stain<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Density </th></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">22.33</td> <td>0</td> <td>323</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006440000000000000♠"></span>4,400,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">22.32</td> <td>323</td> <td>504</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006440000100000000♠"></span>4,400,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006610000000000000♠"></span>6,100,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#979797">gpos</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">22.31</td> <td>504</td> <td>866</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006610000100000000♠"></span>6,100,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006960000000000000♠"></span>9,600,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">22.2</td> <td>866</td> <td>1034</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006960000100000000♠"></span>9,600,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007174000000000000♠"></span>17,400,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#979797">gpos</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">22.13</td> <td>1034</td> <td>1345</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007174000010000000♠"></span>17,400,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007192000000000000♠"></span>19,200,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">22.12</td> <td>1345</td> <td>1448</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007192000010000000♠"></span>19,200,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007219000000000000♠"></span>21,900,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#979797">gpos</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">22.11</td> <td>1448</td> <td>1577</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007219000010000000♠"></span>21,900,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007249000000000000♠"></span>24,900,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">21.3</td> <td>1577</td> <td>1784</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007249000010000000♠"></span>24,900,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007293000000000000♠"></span>29,300,000</span> </td> <td style="background:black; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">21.2</td> <td>1784</td> <td>1862</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007293000010000000♠"></span>29,300,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007315000000000000♠"></span>31,500,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">21.1</td> <td>1862</td> <td>2120</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007315000010000000♠"></span>31,500,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007378000000000000♠"></span>37,800,000</span> </td> <td style="background:black; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">11.4</td> <td>2120</td> <td>2430</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007378000010000000♠"></span>37,800,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007425000000000000♠"></span>42,500,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">11.3</td> <td>2430</td> <td>2624</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007425000010000000♠"></span>42,500,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007476000000000000♠"></span>47,600,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#636363; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">11.23</td> <td>2624</td> <td>2948</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007476000010000000♠"></span>47,600,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007501000000000000♠"></span>50,100,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">11.22</td> <td>2948</td> <td>3129</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007501000010000000♠"></span>50,100,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007548000000000000♠"></span>54,800,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#d9d9d9">gpos</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">11.21</td> <td>3129</td> <td>3206</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007548000010000000♠"></span>54,800,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007581000000000000♠"></span>58,100,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">11.1</td> <td>3206</td> <td>3297</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007581000010000000♠"></span>58,100,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007610000000000000♠"></span>61,000,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#6e7f8f; color:white;">acen</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">11.1</td> <td>3297</td> <td>3491</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007610000010000000♠"></span>61,000,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007638000000000000♠"></span>63,800,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#6e7f8f; color:white;">acen</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">11.2</td> <td>3491</td> <td>3620</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007638000010000000♠"></span>63,800,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007654000000000000♠"></span>65,400,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">12</td> <td>3620</td> <td>3827</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007654000010000000♠"></span>65,400,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007685000000000000♠"></span>68,500,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#979797">gpos</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">13.1</td> <td>3827</td> <td>4137</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007685000010000000♠"></span>68,500,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007730000000000000♠"></span>73,000,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">13.2</td> <td>4137</td> <td>4292</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007730000010000000♠"></span>73,000,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007747000000000000♠"></span>74,700,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#979797">gpos</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">13.3</td> <td>4292</td> <td>4447</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007747000010000000♠"></span>74,700,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007768000000000000♠"></span>76,800,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">21.1</td> <td>4447</td> <td>4732</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007768000010000000♠"></span>76,800,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007854000000000000♠"></span>85,400,000</span> </td> <td style="background:black; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">21.2</td> <td>4732</td> <td>4809</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007854000010000000♠"></span>85,400,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007870000000000000♠"></span>87,000,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">21.31</td> <td>4809</td> <td>5107</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007870000010000000♠"></span>87,000,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007927000000000000♠"></span>92,700,000</span> </td> <td style="background:black; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">21.32</td> <td>5107</td> <td>5184</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007927000010000000♠"></span>92,700,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007943000000000000♠"></span>94,300,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">21.33</td> <td>5184</td> <td>5430</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007943000010000000♠"></span>94,300,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007991000000000000♠"></span>99,100,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#636363; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">22.1</td> <td>5430</td> <td>5701</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007991000010000000♠"></span>99,100,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008103300000000000♠"></span>103,300,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">22.2</td> <td>5701</td> <td>5843</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008103300001000000♠"></span>103,300,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008104500000000000♠"></span>104,500,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#979797">gpos</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">22.3</td> <td>5843</td> <td>6050</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008104500001000000♠"></span>104,500,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008109400000000000♠"></span>109,400,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">23</td> <td>6050</td> <td>6322</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008109400001000000♠"></span>109,400,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008117400000000000♠"></span>117,400,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#636363; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">24</td> <td>6322</td> <td>6619</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008117400001000000♠"></span>117,400,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008121800000000000♠"></span>121,800,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">25</td> <td>6619</td> <td>7059</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008121800001000000♠"></span>121,800,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008129500000000000♠"></span>129,500,000</span> </td> <td style="background:black; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">26.1</td> <td>7059</td> <td>7253</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008129500001000000♠"></span>129,500,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008131300000000000♠"></span>131,300,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">26.2</td> <td>7253</td> <td>7395</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008131300001000000♠"></span>131,300,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008134500000000000♠"></span>134,500,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#d9d9d9">gpos</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">26.3</td> <td>7395</td> <td>7602</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008134500001000000♠"></span>134,500,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008138900000000000♠"></span>138,900,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">27.1</td> <td>7602</td> <td>7808</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008138900001000000♠"></span>138,900,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008141200000000000♠"></span>141,200,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#636363; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">27.2</td> <td>7808</td> <td>7886</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008141200001000000♠"></span>141,200,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008143000000000000♠"></span>143,000,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">27.3</td> <td>7886</td> <td>8145</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008143000001000000♠"></span>143,000,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008148000000000000♠"></span>148,000,000</span> </td> <td style="background:black; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Xq28" title="Xq28">28</a></td> <td>8145</td> <td>8610</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008148000001000000♠"></span>148,000,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008156040895000000♠"></span>156,040,895</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_X_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Human_chromosome_X_ideogram.svg/602px-Human_chromosome_X_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="602" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Human_chromosome_X_ideogram.svg/903px-Human_chromosome_X_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Human_chromosome_X_ideogram.svg/1204px-Human_chromosome_X_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2020 scientists reported the first complete and gap-less <a href="/wiki/Sequence_assembly" title="Sequence assembly">assembly</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Human_X_chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Human X chromosome">human X chromosome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_X-STR_markers" title="List of X-STR markers">List of X-STR markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_linkage" title="Sex linkage">Sex linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-inactivation" title="X-inactivation">X-inactivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoautosomal_region" title="Pseudoautosomal region">Pseudoautosomal region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Earlier versions of this article contain material from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122151614/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html">National Library of Medicine</a>, a part of the National Institutes of Health (USA), which, as a US government publication, is in the public domain.</i></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-StrachanRead2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StrachanRead2010_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTom_StrachanAndrew_Read2010" class="citation book cs1">Tom Strachan; Andrew Read (2 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSwWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45"><i>Human Molecular Genetics</i></a>. Garland Science. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84407-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84407-2"><bdi>978-1-136-84407-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Molecular+Genetics&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2010-04-02&rft.isbn=978-1-136-84407-2&rft.au=Tom+Strachan&rft.au=Andrew+Read&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSwWBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-850bphs-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-850bphs_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-850bphs_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-850bphs_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_850_V1">Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)</a>. Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-angier-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-angier_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngier2007" class="citation web cs1">Angier, Natalie (2007-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/01/science/01angi.html">"For Motherly X Chromosome, Gender Is Only the Beginning"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Motherly+X+Chromosome%2C+Gender+Is+Only+the+Beginning&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft.aulast=Angier&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F01%2Fscience%2F01angi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Schwartz, <i>In Pursuit of the Gene: From Darwin to DNA</i>, pages 155-158, Harvard University Press, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674034910" title="Special:BookSources/0674034910">0674034910</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bainbridge, 'The X in Sex: How the X Chromosome Controls Our Lives<i>, pages 3-5, Harvard University Press, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674016211" title="Special:BookSources/0674016211">0674016211</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bainbridge, pages 65-66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xcs-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xcs_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xcs_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchison2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchison, Luke (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fhtw.byu.edu/static/conf/2005/hutchison-growing-fhtw2005.pdf">"Growing the Family Tree: The Power of DNA in Reconstructing Family Relationships"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the First Symposium on Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (BIOT-04)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+First+Symposium+on+Bioinformatics+and+Biotechnology+%28BIOT-04%29&rft.atitle=Growing+the+Family+Tree%3A+The+Power+of+DNA+in+Reconstructing+Family+Relationships&rft.date=2004-09&rft.aulast=Hutchison&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffhtw.byu.edu%2Fstatic%2Fconf%2F2005%2Fhutchison-growing-fhtw2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carrel-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carrel_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrelWillard2005" class="citation journal cs1">Carrel L, Willard H (2005). "X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>434</b> (7031): 400–4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.434..400C">2005Natur.434..400C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03479">10.1038/nature03479</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15772666">15772666</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4358447">4358447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=X-inactivation+profile+reveals+extensive+variability+in+X-linked+gene+expression+in+females&rft.volume=434&rft.issue=7031&rft.pages=400-4&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03479&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4358447%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15772666&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.434..400C&rft.aulast=Carrel&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Willard%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid28758948-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid28758948_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenetiGkouskouEliopoulos2017" class="citation journal cs1">Veneti Z, Gkouskou KK, Eliopoulos AG (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5578047">"Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 in Genomic Instability and Cancer"</a>. <i>Int J Mol Sci</i>. <b>18</b> (8): 1657. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms18081657">10.3390/ijms18081657</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5578047">5578047</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28758948">28758948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Mol+Sci&rft.atitle=Polycomb+Repressor+Complex+2+in+Genomic+Instability+and+Cancer&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1657&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5578047%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28758948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms18081657&rft.aulast=Veneti&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Gkouskou%2C+KK&rft.au=Eliopoulos%2C+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5578047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20441615-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20441615_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPertea_M,_Salzberg_SL2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898077">"Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes"</a>. <i>Genome Biol</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2010-11-5-206">10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898077">2898077</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20441615">20441615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol&rft.atitle=Between+a+chicken+and+a+grape%3A+estimating+the+number+of+human+genes&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=206&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2898077%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20441615&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fgb-2010-11-5-206&rft.au=Pertea+M%2C+Salzberg+SL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2898077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCDS-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CCDS_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=X%5BChr%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22has%20ccds%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch">"Search results - X[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene"</a>. <i>NCBI</i>. CCDS Release 20 for <i>Homo sapiens</i>. 2016-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI&rft.atitle=Search+results+-+X%26%2391%3BCHR%26%2393%3B+AND+%22Homo+sapiens%22%26%2391%3BOrganism%26%2393%3B+AND+%28%22has+ccds%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+AND+alive%26%2391%3Bprop%26%2393%3B%29+-+Gene&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fgene%3Fterm%3DX%255BChr%255D%2520AND%2520%2522Homo%2520sapiens%2522%255BOrganism%255D%2520AND%2520%2528%2522has%2520ccds%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520AND%2520alive%255Bprop%255D%2529%26cmd%3DDetailsSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HGNC20170512-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HGNC20170512_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629155220/http://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/statistics?c=X">"Statistics & Downloads for chromosome X"</a>. <i>HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee</i>. 2017-05-12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/statistics?c=X">the original</a> on 2017-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HUGO+Gene+Nomenclature+Committee&rft.atitle=Statistics+%26+Downloads+for+chromosome+X&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genenames.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstatistics%3Fc%3DX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ensembl_Release_88-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ensembl_Release_88_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mar2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=X">"Chromosome X: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens"</a>. <i>Ensembl Release 88</i>. 2017-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ensembl+Release+88&rft.atitle=Chromosome+X%3A+Chromosome+summary+-+Homo+sapiens&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmar2017.archive.ensembl.org%2FHomo_sapiens%2FLocation%2FChromosome%3Fr%3DX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UniProt-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UniProt_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/docs/humchrx.txt">"Human chromosome X: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM"</a>. <i>UniProt</i>. 2018-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UniProt&rft.atitle=Human+chromosome+X%3A+entries%2C+gene+names+and+cross-references+to+MIM&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniprot.org%2Fdocs%2Fhumchrx.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCBI_coding-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_coding_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=X%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22genetype%20protein%20coding%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch">"Search results - X[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene"</a>. <i>NCBI</i>. 2017-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI&rft.atitle=Search+results+-+X%26%2391%3BCHR%26%2393%3B+AND+%22Homo+sapiens%22%26%2391%3BOrganism%26%2393%3B+AND+%28%22genetype+protein+coding%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+AND+alive%26%2391%3Bprop%26%2393%3B%29+-+Gene&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fgene%3Fterm%3DX%255BCHR%255D%2520AND%2520%2522Homo%2520sapiens%2522%255BOrganism%255D%2520AND%2520%2528%2522genetype%2520protein%2520coding%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520AND%2520alive%255Bprop%255D%2529%26cmd%3DDetailsSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCBI_noncoding-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_noncoding_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=X%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%28%22genetype%20miscrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20ncrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20rrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20trna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20scrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snorna%22%5BProperties%5D%29%20NOT%20%22genetype%20protein%20coding%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch">"Search results - X[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene"</a>. <i>NCBI</i>. 2017-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI&rft.atitle=Search+results+-+X%26%2391%3BCHR%26%2393%3B+AND+%22Homo+sapiens%22%26%2391%3BOrganism%26%2393%3B+AND+%28+%28%22genetype+miscrna%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+OR+%22genetype+ncrna%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+OR+%22genetype+rrna%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+OR+%22genetype+trna%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+OR+%22genetype+scrna%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+OR+%22genetype+snrna%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+OR+%22genetype+snorna%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B%29+NOT+%22genetype+protein+coding%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+AND+alive%26%2391%3Bprop%26%2393%3B%29+-+Gene&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fgene%3Fterm%3DX%255BCHR%255D%2520AND%2520%2522Homo%2520sapiens%2522%255BOrganism%255D%2520AND%2520%2528%2528%2522genetype%2520miscrna%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520OR%2520%2522genetype%2520ncrna%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520OR%2520%2522genetype%2520rrna%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520OR%2520%2522genetype%2520trna%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520OR%2520%2522genetype%2520scrna%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520OR%2520%2522genetype%2520snrna%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520OR%2520%2522genetype%2520snorna%2522%255BProperties%255D%2529%2520NOT%2520%2522genetype%2520protein%2520coding%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520AND%2520alive%255Bprop%255D%2529%26cmd%3DDetailsSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCBI_pseudo-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_pseudo_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=X%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22genetype%20pseudo%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch">"Search results - X[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene"</a>. <i>NCBI</i>. 2017-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI&rft.atitle=Search+results+-+X%26%2391%3BCHR%26%2393%3B+AND+%22Homo+sapiens%22%26%2391%3BOrganism%26%2393%3B+AND+%28%22genetype+pseudo%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+AND+alive%26%2391%3Bprop%26%2393%3B%29+-+Gene&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fgene%3Fterm%3DX%255BCHR%255D%2520AND%2520%2522Homo%2520sapiens%2522%255BOrganism%255D%2520AND%2520%2528%2522genetype%2520pseudo%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520AND%2520alive%255Bprop%255D%2529%26cmd%3DDetailsSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ross-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ross_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ross M, et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665286">"The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>434</b> (7031): 325–37. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.434..325R">2005Natur.434..325R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03440">10.1038/nature03440</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665286">2665286</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15772651">15772651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+DNA+sequence+of+the+human+X+chromosome&rft.volume=434&rft.issue=7031&rft.pages=325-37&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2665286%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15772651&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03440&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.434..325R&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2665286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_ChenIan_KrantzMary_L_WindleMargaret_M_McGovern2013" class="citation web cs1">Harold Chen; Ian Krantz; Mary L Windle; Margaret M McGovern; Paul D Petry; Bruce Buehler (2013-02-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/945649-overview#a0104">"Klinefelter Syndrome Pathophysiology"</a>. <i>Medscape</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape&rft.atitle=Klinefelter+Syndrome+Pathophysiology&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft.au=Harold+Chen&rft.au=Ian+Krantz&rft.au=Mary+L+Windle&rft.au=Margaret+M+McGovern&rft.au=Paul+D+Petry&rft.au=Bruce+Buehler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F945649-overview%23a0104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisootsakGraham2006" class="citation journal cs1">Visootsak J, Graham JM (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1634840">"Klinefelter syndrome and other sex chromosomal aneuploidies"</a>. <i>Orphanet J Rare Dis</i>. <b>1</b>: 42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1750-1172-1-42">10.1186/1750-1172-1-42</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1634840">1634840</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17062147">17062147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orphanet+J+Rare+Dis&rft.atitle=Klinefelter+syndrome+and+other+sex+chromosomal+aneuploidies&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=42&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1634840%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17062147&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1750-1172-1-42&rft.aulast=Visootsak&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Graham%2C+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1634840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenderPuckSalbenblattRobinson1986" class="citation book cs1">Bender B, Puck M, Salbenblatt J, Robinson A (1986). Smith S (ed.). <i>Cognitive development of children with sex chromosome abnormalities</i>. San Diego: College Hill Press. pp. 175–201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive+development+of+children+with+sex+chromosome+abnormalities&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=175-201&rft.pub=College+Hill+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Puck%2C+M&rft.au=Salbenblatt%2C+J&rft.au=Robinson%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/triple-x-syndrome">"Triple X syndrome"</a>. <i>Genetics Home Reference</i>. 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genetics+Home+Reference&rft.atitle=Triple+X+syndrome&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fghr.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcondition%2Ftriple-x-syndrome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1910" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, T. H. (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1448044">"Sex-limited inheritance in Drosophila"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>32</b> (812): 120–122. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1910Sci....32..120M">1910Sci....32..120M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.32.812.120">10.1126/science.32.812.120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17759620">17759620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Sex-limited+inheritance+in+Drosophila&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=812&rft.pages=120-122&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17759620&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.32.812.120&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1910Sci....32..120M&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=T.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1448044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-400bphs-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-400bphs_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_400_V1">Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)</a>. Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-550bphs-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-550bphs_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_550_V1">Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)</a>. Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nomenclature2013-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nomenclature2013_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Standing_Committee_on_Human_Cytogenetic_Nomenclature2013" class="citation book cs1">International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGCLrh0DIwEC"><i>ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013)</i></a>. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-318-02253-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-318-02253-7"><bdi>978-3-318-02253-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISCN+2013%3A+An+International+System+for+Human+Cytogenetic+Nomenclature+%282013%29&rft.pub=Karger+Medical+and+Scientific+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-318-02253-7&rft.au=International+Standing+Committee+on+Human+Cytogenetic+Nomenclature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGCLrh0DIwEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SethakulvichaiManitpornsut2012-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SethakulvichaiManitpornsut2012_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethakulvichaiManitpornsutWiboonratLilakiatsakun2012" class="citation book cs1">Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). "Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261304470"><i>2012 Ninth International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE)</i></a>. pp. 276–282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJCSSE.2012.6261965">10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-1921-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-1921-8"><bdi>978-1-4673-1921-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16666470">16666470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Estimation+of+band+level+resolutions+of+human+chromosome+images&rft.btitle=2012+Ninth+International+Conference+on+Computer+Science+and+Software+Engineering+%28JCSSE%29&rft.pages=276-282&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16666470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJCSSE.2012.6261965&rft.isbn=978-1-4673-1921-8&rft.aulast=Sethakulvichai&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Manitpornsut%2C+S.&rft.au=Wiboonrat%2C+M.&rft.au=Lilakiatsakun%2C+W.&rft.au=Assawamakin%2C+A.&rft.au=Tongsima%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F261304470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<b>p</b>": Short arm; "<b>q</b>": Long arm.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">locus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISCN-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISCN_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISCN_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_unit" title="Arbitrary unit">Arbitrary unit</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>gpos</b>: Region which is positively stained by <a href="/wiki/G_banding" title="G banding">G banding</a>, generally <a href="/wiki/GC-content" title="GC-content">AT-rich</a> and gene poor; <b>gneg</b>: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally <a href="/wiki/GC-content" title="GC-content">CG-rich</a> and gene rich; <b>acen</b> <a href="/wiki/Centromere" title="Centromere">Centromere</a>. <b>var</b>: Variable region; <b>stalk</b>: Stalk.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-07-scientists-human-chromosome.html">"Scientists achieve first complete assembly of human X chromosome"</a>. <i>phys.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Scientists+achieve+first+complete+assembly+of+human+X+chromosome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2020-07-scientists-human-chromosome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigaKorenRhieVollger2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Miga" title="Karen Miga">Miga, Karen H.</a>; Koren, Sergey; Rhie, Arang; Vollger, Mitchell R.; Gershman, Ariel; Bzikadze, Andrey; Brooks, Shelise; Howe, Edmund; Porubsky, David; Logsdon, Glennis A.; Schneider, Valerie A.; Potapova, Tamara; Wood, Jonathan; Chow, William; Armstrong, Joel; Fredrickson, Jeanne; Pak, Evgenia; Tigyi, Kristof; Kremitzki, Milinn; Markovic, Christopher; Maduro, Valerie; Dutra, Amalia; Bouffard, Gerard G.; Chang, Alexander M.; Hansen, Nancy F.; Wilfert, Amy B.; Thibaud-Nissen, Françoise; Schmitt, Anthony D.; Belton, Jon-Matthew; Selvaraj, Siddarth; Dennis, Megan Y.; Soto, Daniela C.; Sahasrabudhe, Ruta; Kaya, Gulhan; Quick, Josh; Loman, Nicholas J.; Holmes, Nadine; Loose, Matthew; Surti, Urvashi; Risques, Rosa ana; Lindsay, Tina A. Graves; Fulton, Robert; Hall, Ira; Paten, Benedict; Howe, Kerstin; Timp, Winston; Young, Alice; Mullikin, James C.; Pevzner, Pavel A.; Gerton, Jennifer L.; Sullivan, Beth A.; Eichler, Evan E.; Phillippy, Adam M. (14 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7484160">"Telomere-to-telomere assembly of a complete human X chromosome"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>585</b> (7823): 79–84. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.585...79M">2020Natur.585...79M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2547-7">10.1038/s41586-020-2547-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7484160">7484160</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32663838">32663838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Telomere-to-telomere+assembly+of+a+complete+human+X+chromosome&rft.volume=585&rft.issue=7823&rft.pages=79-84&rft.date=2020-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7484160%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.585...79M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32663838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2547-7&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.aulast=Miga&rft.aufirst=Karen+H.&rft.au=Koren%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Rhie%2C+Arang&rft.au=Vollger%2C+Mitchell+R.&rft.au=Gershman%2C+Ariel&rft.au=Bzikadze%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Shelise&rft.au=Howe%2C+Edmund&rft.au=Porubsky%2C+David&rft.au=Logsdon%2C+Glennis+A.&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Valerie+A.&rft.au=Potapova%2C+Tamara&rft.au=Wood%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Chow%2C+William&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Joel&rft.au=Fredrickson%2C+Jeanne&rft.au=Pak%2C+Evgenia&rft.au=Tigyi%2C+Kristof&rft.au=Kremitzki%2C+Milinn&rft.au=Markovic%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Maduro%2C+Valerie&rft.au=Dutra%2C+Amalia&rft.au=Bouffard%2C+Gerard+G.&rft.au=Chang%2C+Alexander+M.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Nancy+F.&rft.au=Wilfert%2C+Amy+B.&rft.au=Thibaud-Nissen%2C+Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Anthony+D.&rft.au=Belton%2C+Jon-Matthew&rft.au=Selvaraj%2C+Siddarth&rft.au=Dennis%2C+Megan+Y.&rft.au=Soto%2C+Daniela+C.&rft.au=Sahasrabudhe%2C+Ruta&rft.au=Kaya%2C+Gulhan&rft.au=Quick%2C+Josh&rft.au=Loman%2C+Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Holmes%2C+Nadine&rft.au=Loose%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Surti%2C+Urvashi&rft.au=Risques%2C+Rosa+ana&rft.au=Lindsay%2C+Tina+A.+Graves&rft.au=Fulton%2C+Robert&rft.au=Hall%2C+Ira&rft.au=Paten%2C+Benedict&rft.au=Howe%2C+Kerstin&rft.au=Timp%2C+Winston&rft.au=Young%2C+Alice&rft.au=Mullikin%2C+James+C.&rft.au=Pevzner%2C+Pavel+A.&rft.au=Gerton%2C+Jennifer+L.&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Beth+A.&rft.au=Eichler%2C+Evan+E.&rft.au=Phillippy%2C+Adam+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7484160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:X_chromosomes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:X chromosomes">X chromosomes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Institutes_of_Health" class="citation web cs1">National Institutes of Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070708103848/http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=X">"X chromosome"</a>. <i>Genetics Home Reference</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=X">the original</a> on 2007-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genetics+Home+Reference&rft.atitle=X+chromosome&rft.au=National+Institutes+of+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fghr.nlm.nih.gov%2Fchromosome%3DX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/chromoX.shtml">"X chromosome"</a>. <i>Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Genome+Project+Information+Archive+1990%E2%80%932003&rft.atitle=X+chromosome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ornl.gov%2Fsci%2Ftechresources%2FHuman_Genome%2Fposters%2Fchromosome%2FchromoX.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX+chromosome" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_genome" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chromosomes" title="Template:Chromosomes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chromosomes" title="Template talk:Chromosomes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chromosomes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chromosomes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_genome" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human genome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_DNA" title="Nuclear DNA">Nuclear genome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">Autosome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_1" title="Chromosome 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_2" title="Chromosome 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_3" title="Chromosome 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_4" title="Chromosome 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_5" title="Chromosome 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_6" title="Chromosome 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_7" title="Chromosome 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_8" title="Chromosome 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_9" title="Chromosome 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_10" title="Chromosome 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_11" title="Chromosome 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12" title="Chromosome 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_13" title="Chromosome 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_14" title="Chromosome 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_15" title="Chromosome 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_16" title="Chromosome 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_17" title="Chromosome 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_18" title="Chromosome 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_19" title="Chromosome 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_20" title="Chromosome 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_21" title="Chromosome 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_22" title="Chromosome 22">22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Allosome">Sex chromosome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial genome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics" title="Human mitochondrial genetics">Human mitochondrial DNA</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human genome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_genes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of human genes">List of human genes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics#Human_archaeology" title="Archaeogenetics">Human archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cytogenetics:_chromosomes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chromosome_genetics" title="Template:Chromosome genetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chromosome_genetics" title="Template talk:Chromosome genetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chromosome_genetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chromosome genetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cytogenetics:_chromosomes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">Karyotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">Ploidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genetic material</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin">Chromatin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euchromatin" title="Euchromatin">Euchromatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterochromatin" title="Heterochromatin">Heterochromatin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatid" title="Chromatid">Chromatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleosome" title="Nucleosome">Nucleosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_organization" title="Nuclear organization">Nuclear organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">Autosome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">Sex chromosome</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome">allosome</a> or heterosome)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microchromosome" title="Microchromosome">Macrochromosome/Microchromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_bacterial_chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Circular bacterial chromosome">Circular chromosome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Linear_chromosome" title="Linear chromosome">Linear chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneuploidy" title="Aneuploidy">Extra chromosome</a> (or accessory chromosome)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_supernumerary_marker_chromosome" title="Small supernumerary marker chromosome">Supernumerary chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_chromosome" title="B chromosome">A chromosome/B chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampbrush_chromosome" title="Lampbrush chromosome">Lampbrush chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytene_chromosome" title="Polytene chromosome">Polytene chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinokaryon" title="Dinokaryon">Dinoflagellate chromosomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homologous_chromosome" title="Homologous chromosome">Homologous chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isochromosome" title="Isochromosome">Isochromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_chromosome" title="Satellite chromosome">Satellite chromosome</a></li> <li><i>Centromere position</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centromere#Metacentric" title="Centromere">Metacentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submetacentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Submetacentric">Submetacentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Telocentric">Telocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrocentric">Acrocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocentric_chromosome" title="Holocentric chromosome">Holocentric</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Centromere number</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acentric_fragment" title="Acentric fragment">Acentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocentric">Monocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicentric_chromosome" title="Dicentric chromosome">Dicentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_chromosome" title="Polycentric chromosome">Polycentric</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes<br />and evolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">Mitosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality#Structural_abnormalities" title="Chromosome abnormality">Structural alterations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_inversion" title="Chromosomal inversion">Chromosomal inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation" title="Chromosomal translocation">Chromosomal translocation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality#Numerical_disorders" title="Chromosome abnormality">Numerical alterations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneuploidy" title="Aneuploidy">Aneuploidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">Euploidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyploidy" title="Polyploidy">Polyploidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleopolyploidy" title="Paleopolyploidy">Paleopolyploidy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyploidization" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploidization">Polyploidization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">Telomere</a>: <a href="/wiki/Telomere-binding_protein" title="Telomere-binding protein">Telomere-binding protein</a> (<a href="/wiki/TINF2" title="TINF2">TINF2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protamine" title="Protamine">Protamine</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histone" title="Histone">Histone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histone_H1" title="Histone H1">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histone_H2A" title="Histone H2A">H2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histone_H2B" title="Histone H2B">H2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histone_H3" title="Histone H3">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histone_H4" title="Histone H4">H4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Centromere" title="Centromere">Centromere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CENPA" title="CENPA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centromere_protein_B" title="Centromere protein B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPC1" title="CENPC1">C1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CENPC2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CENPC2 (page does not exist)">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centromere_protein_E" title="Centromere protein E">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPF" title="CENPF">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPH" title="CENPH">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPI" title="CENPI">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPJ" title="CENPJ">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPK" title="CENPK">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPM" title="CENPM">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPN" title="CENPN">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPO" title="CENPO">O</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CENPP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CENPP (page does not exist)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CENPQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CENPQ (page does not exist)">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPT" title="CENPT">T</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA" title="Extrachromosomal DNA">Extrachromosomal DNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisms_by_chromosome_count" title="List of organisms by chromosome count">List of organisms by chromosome count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sequenced_eukaryotic_genomes" title="List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes">List of sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_System_for_Human_Cytogenetic_Nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature">International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sex" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_(biology)" title="Template:Sex (biology)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_(biology)" title="Template talk:Sex (biology)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex_(biology)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex (biology)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sex" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">Sex</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological<br />terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation" title="Sexual differentiation">Sexual differentiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_(biology)" title="Feminization (biology)">Feminization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">Virilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">Sex-determination system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system" title="XY sex-determination system">XY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZW_sex-determination_system" title="ZW sex-determination system">ZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XO_sex-determination_system" title="XO sex-determination system">XO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZO_sex-determination_system" title="ZO sex-determination system">ZO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination" title="Temperature-dependent sex determination">Temperature-dependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplodiploidy" title="Haplodiploidy">Haplodiploidy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome">Sex chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testis-determining_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis-determining factor">Testis-determining factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">Sequential hermaphroditism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_hermaphroditism" title="Simultaneous hermaphroditism">Simultaneous hermaphroditism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasexual_cycle" title="Parasexual cycle">parasexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_as_a_biological_variable" title="Sex as a biological variable">Sex as a biological variable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual<br />reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Evolution of sexual reproduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">Anisogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">Isogamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">Germ cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Sex organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">Mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis">Gametogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">Spermatogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">Gamete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">ovum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">Fertilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">External</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">Internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Plant reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_in_fungi" title="Mating in fungi">Fungal reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual reproduction in animals">Sexual reproduction in animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penile-vaginal_intercourse" title="Penile-vaginal intercourse">Penile-vaginal intercourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">Copulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation" title="Effects of hormones on sexual motivation">Hormonal motivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">Human reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordosis_behavior" title="Lordosis behavior">Lordosis behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Plant sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation_in_humans" title="Sexual differentiation in humans">Differentiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Activity</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sex" title="Category:Sex">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61333#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85148724">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529629405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&oldid=1257503561">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&oldid=1257503561</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chromosomes" title="Category:Chromosomes">Chromosomes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chromosomes_(human)" title="Category:Chromosomes (human)">Chromosomes (human)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cytogenetics" title="Category:Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sex-determination_systems" title="Category:Sex-determination systems">Sex-determination systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_dimorphism" title="Category:Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genes_on_human_chromosome_X" title="Category:Genes on human chromosome X">Genes on human chromosome X</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2021">Articles needing additional references from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 07:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X_chromosome&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f2c9h","wgBackendResponseTime":219,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.838","walltime":"1.095","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4350,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":180027,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":29694,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":141583,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 831.960 1 -total"," 33.84% 281.507 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.76% 97.840 5 Template:Navbox"," 11.43% 95.095 80 Template:Val"," 11.33% 94.249 4 Template:Cite_book"," 9.98% 83.035 1 Template:Chromosomes"," 8.71% 72.429 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.65% 71.923 8 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.58% 63.099 1 Template:One_source_section"," 6.95% 57.858 1 Template:Infobox_chromosome"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.494","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9212956,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dfwpk","timestamp":"20241122140743","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"X chromosome","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/X_chromosome","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q61333","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q61333","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-04-10T05:36:51Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T07:00:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c7\/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_X.png","headline":"sex chromosome present in both sexes, of species in which the male is the heterogametic sex"}</script> </body> </html>