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diacritics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schemes_with_diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>National Library at Kolkata romanisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISO_15919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISO_15919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>ISO 15919</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISO_15919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ASCII_schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASCII_schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>ASCII schemes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASCII_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harvard-Kyoto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvard-Kyoto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Harvard-Kyoto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvard-Kyoto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ITRANS_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ITRANS_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>ITRANS scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ITRANS_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Velthuis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Velthuis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Velthuis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Velthuis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>WX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SLP1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SLP1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>SLP1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SLP1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinglish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinglish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Hinglish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinglish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transliteration_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transliteration_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transliteration comparison</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transliteration_comparison-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transliteration comparison subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transliteration_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irregular_consonant_clusters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irregular_consonant_clusters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Irregular consonant clusters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irregular_consonant_clusters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_IAST_with_ISO_15919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_IAST_with_ISO_15919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_IAST_with_ISO_15919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Details</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Details subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_inherent_schwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_inherent_schwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Treatment of inherent schwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_inherent_schwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retroflex_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retroflex_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Retroflex consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retroflex_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspirated_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspirated_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Aspirated consonants</span> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Devanagari transliteration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisasi_bahasa_Sanskerta" title="Latinisasi bahasa Sanskerta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Latinisasi bahasa Sanskerta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcrive_de_devanagari" title="Transcrive de devanagari – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Transcrive de devanagari" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="देवनागरी लिप्यन्तरण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="देवनागरी लिप्यन्तरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translitera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_devan%C3%A1gari" title="Transliteração do devanágari – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transliteração do devanágari" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Транслитерация деванагари латиницей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Транслитерация деванагари латиницей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87%E8%BD%89%E5%AF%AB" title="天城文轉寫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天城文轉寫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transliteration from Devanāgarī to the Latin alphabet</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Devanagari+transliteration%22">"Devanagari transliteration"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Devanagari+transliteration%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Devanagari+transliteration%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Devanagari+transliteration%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Devanagari+transliteration%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Devanagari+transliteration%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Indic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic script">Indic script</a> used for many <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, which was the script used to write <a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical Sanskrit</a>. There are several somewhat similar methods of <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> from Devanagari to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Roman script</a> (a process sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanisation</a>), including the influential and lossless <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a> notation.<sup id="cite_ref-ref17yebif_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref17yebif-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanised Devanagari is also called <b>Romanagari</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IAST">IAST</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: IAST"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration</a> (IAST) is a subset of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> standard, used for the transliteration of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B8%B7i" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāḷi">Pāḷi</a> into Roman script with diacritics. <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a> is a widely used standard. It uses <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> to disambiguate phonetically similar but not identical Sanskrit glyphs. For example, dental and retroflex consonants are disambiguated with an underdot: dental द=d and retroflex ड=ḍ. An important feature of IAST is that it is losslessly reversible,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="not mentioning e.g. devanagari ligature variant info not contained in IAST (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> i.e., IAST transliteration may be converted back to correct Devanāgarī or to other South Asian scripts without ambiguity. Many Unicode fonts fully support IAST display and printing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hunterian_system">Hunterian system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hunterian system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="Hunterian transliteration">Hunterian transliteration</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="Hunterian transliteration">Hunterian system</a> is the "national system of romanisation in India" and the one officially adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref04xufam_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref04xufam-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref48luvep_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref48luvep-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref65puqac_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref65puqac-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hunterian system was developed in the nineteenth century by <a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Hunter" title="William Wilson Hunter">William Wilson Hunter</a>, then Surveyor General of India.<sup id="cite_ref-ref26vazop_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref26vazop-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it was proposed, it immediately met with opposition from supporters of the earlier practiced non-systematic and often distorting "Sir Roger Dowler method" (an early corruption of <a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a>) of phonetic transcription, which climaxed in a dramatic showdown in an India Council meeting on 28 May 1872 where the new Hunterian method carried the day. The Hunterian method was inherently simpler and extensible to several Indic scripts because it systematised <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">grapheme</a> transliteration, and it came to prevail and gain government and academic acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-ref26vazop_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref26vazop-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents of the grapheme transliteration model continued to mount unsuccessful attempts at reversing government policy until the turn of the century, with one critic calling appealing to "the Indian Government to give up the whole attempt at scientific (i.e. Hunterian) transliteration, and decide once and for all in favour of a return to the old phonetic spelling."<sup id="cite_ref-ref31xuvad_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref31xuvad-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, the Hunterian method extended in reach to cover several Indic scripts, including <a href="/wiki/Burmese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese script">Burmese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref49pihug_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref49pihug-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref82hecix_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref82hecix-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provisions for <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages</a> were also made where applicable, e.g. the Hindi <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">कानपुर</span></span> is transliterated as <i>kānpur</i> (and not <i>kānapura</i>) but the Sanskrit <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">क्रम</span></span> is transliterated as <i>krama</i> (and not <i>kram</i>). The system has undergone some evolution over time. For instance, long vowels were marked with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">accent</a> <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> in the original version, but this was later replaced in the 1954 Government of India update with a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rotcsa_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotcsa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">जान</span></span> (<i>life</i>) was previously romanised as <i>ján</i> but began to be romanised as <i>jān</i>. The Hunterian system has faced criticism over the years for not producing phonetically accurate results and being "unashamedly geared towards an English-language receiver audience."<sup id="cite_ref-rotcsa_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotcsa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the lack of differentiation between <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> consonants (e.g. <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">द</span></span> and <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ड</span></span> are both represented by <i>d</i>) has come in for repeated criticism and inspired several proposed modifications of Hunterian, including using a diacritic below retroflexes (e.g. making <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">द</span></span>=<i>d</i> and <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ड</span></span>=<i>ḍ</i>, which is more readable but requires diacritic printing) or capitalising them (e.g. making <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">द</span></span>=<i>d</i> and <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ड</span></span>=<i>D</i>, which requires no diacritic printing but is less readable because it mixes small and capital letters in words).<sup id="cite_ref-ref06revip_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref06revip-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_transliteration_methods">Alternative transliteration methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alternative transliteration methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schemes_with_diacritics">Schemes with diacritics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Schemes with diacritics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanisation">National Library at Kolkata romanisation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National Library at Kolkata romanisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanisation" title="National Library at Kolkata romanisation">National Library at Kolkata romanisation</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanisation" title="National Library at Kolkata romanisation">National Library at Kolkata romanisation</a>, intended for the romanisation of all <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Indic scripts</a>, is an extension of <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>. It differs from IAST in the use of the symbols ē and ō for <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ए</span></span> and <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ओ</span></span> (e and o are used for the short vowels present in many Indian languages), the use of 'ḷ' for the consonant (in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>) <span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">ಳ</span></span>, and the absence of symbols for <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ॠ</span></span>, <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ऌ</span></span> and <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ॡ</span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ISO_15919">ISO 15919</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: ISO 15919"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a></div> <p>A standard <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> convention not just for Devanagari,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but for all South-Asian languages was codified in the ISO 15919 standard of 2001, providing the basis for modern digital libraries that conform to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) norms. ISO 15919 defines the common Unicode basis for Roman transliteration of South-Asian texts in a wide variety of languages/scripts. </p><p>ISO 15919 transliterations are platform-independent texts so that they can be used identically on all modern operating systems and software packages, as long as they comply with ISO norms. This is a prerequisite for all modern platforms so that ISO 15919 has become the new standard for digital libraries and archives for transliterating all South Asian texts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (February 2011)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>ISO 15919<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> to map the much larger set of <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brahmic</a> graphemes to the Latin script. The Devanagari-specific portion is nearly identical to the academic standard, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration", and to <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC">ALA-LC</a>, the United States Library of Congress standard.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another standard, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_romanization_systems_for_geographical_names" title="United Nations romanization systems for geographical names">United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names</a> (UNRSGN), was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts<sup id="cite_ref-Geoname_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoname-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on Geographical Names (UNGEGN)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and covers many Brahmic scripts. There are some differences<sup id="cite_ref-diff_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diff-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between ISO 15919 and UNRSGN. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASCII_schemes">ASCII schemes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: ASCII schemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Harvard-Kyoto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a></div> <p>Compared to <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a> looks much simpler. It does not contain any of the <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> marks that IAST contains. Instead of diacritics, Harvard-Kyoto uses <a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">capital letters</a>. The use of capital letters makes typing in Harvard-Kyoto much easier than in IAST but produces words with capital letters inside them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ITRANS_scheme">ITRANS scheme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: ITRANS scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a></div> <p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);"><a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a> is an extension of <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a>. The ITRANS transliteration scheme was developed for the <a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a> software package, a pre-processor for <a href="/wiki/Indic_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic scripts">Indic scripts</a>. The user inputs in Roman letters and the ITRANS preprocessor converts the Roman letters into Devanāgarī (or other Indic scripts). The latest version of <a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a> is version 5.30 released in July 2001.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Velthuis">Velthuis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Velthuis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Velthuis" title="Velthuis">Velthuis</a></div> <p>The disadvantage of the above <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> schemes is case-sensitivity, implying that transliterated names may not be capitalised. This difficulty is avoided with the system developed in 1996 by Frans Velthuis for <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a>, loosely based on IAST, in which case is irrelevant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="WX">WX</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: WX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/WX_notation" title="WX notation">WX_notation</a></div> <p>WX notation is a transliteration scheme for representing Indian languages in ASCII. This scheme originated at IIT Kanpur for computational processing of Indian languages, and is widely used among the natural language processing (NLP) community in India. The notation (though unidentified) is used, for example, in a textbook on NLP from IIT Kanpur.[1] The salient features of this transliteration scheme are: Every consonant and every vowel has a single mapping into Roman. Hence it is a prefix code,[2] advantageous from a computation point of view. Typically the small case letters are used for un-aspirated consonants and short vowels while the capital case letters are used for aspirated consonants and long vowels. While the retroflexed voiceless and voiced consonants are mapped to 't, T, d and D', the dentals are mapped to 'w, W, x and X'. Hence the name of the scheme "WX", referring to the idiosyncratic mapping. Ubuntu Linux provides a keyboard support for WX notation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SLP1">SLP1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: SLP1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SLP1" title="SLP1">SLP1</a></div> <p>SLP1 (Sanskrit Library Phonetic) is a case-sensitive scheme initially used by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritlibrary.org">Sanskrit Library</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was developed by Peter Scharf and (the late) Malcolm Hyman, who first described it in appendix B of their book Linguistic Issues in Encoding Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advantage of SLP1 over other encodings is that a single ASCII character is used for each Devanagari letter, a peculiarity that eases reverse transliteration.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinglish">Hinglish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hinglish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></div> <p>Hinglish refers to the non-standardised Romanised Hindi used online, and especially on social media. In India, Romanised Hindi is the dominant form of expression online. In an analysis of <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> comments, Palakodety et al., identified that 52% of comments were in Romanised Hindi, 46% in English, and 1% in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> Hindi.<sup id="cite_ref-Palakodety_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palakodety-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other less popular ASCII schemes include <a href="/wiki/WX_notation" title="WX notation">WX notation</a>, Vedatype and the 7-bit ISO 15919. WX notation is a transliteration scheme for representing Indian languages in ASCII. It originated at IIT Kanpur for computational processing of Indian languages and is widely used among the natural language processing (NLP) community in India. This scheme is described in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/downloads/nlpbook/nlp-panini.pdf">NLP Panini</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126005517/http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/downloads/nlpbook/nlp-panini.pdf">Archived</a> 26 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Appendix B). It is similar to, but not as versatile as, SLP1, as far as the coverage of Vedic Sanskrit is concerned. Comparison of WX with other schemes is found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222030835/http://yquem.inria.fr/~huet/PUBLIC/Brown.pdf">Huet (2009), App A.</a>. Vedatype is another scheme used for encoding Vedic texts at <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_University_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharishi University of Management">Maharishi University of Management</a>. An online transcoding utility across all these schemes is provided at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112060730/http://sanskritlibrary.org/tomcat/sl/TranscodeText">Sanskrit Library</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> includes a so-called "limited character set" option to replace the diacritics by prefixes, so that it is ASCII-compatible. A pictorial explanation is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204023/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stone-catend/tri7-cnv.gif">here</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120819120416/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stone-catend/trioprc.htm">Anthony Stone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transliteration_comparison">Transliteration comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Transliteration comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a comparison<sup id="cite_ref-multiconverter_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiconverter-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the major transliteration<sup id="cite_ref-vvconverter_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vvconverter-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> methods used for Devanāgarī. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr class="Unicode"> <th><a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanāgarī">Devanāgarī</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> </th> <th>Monier-Williams72</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velthuis" title="Velthuis">Velthuis</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/SLP1" title="SLP1">SLP1</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/WX_notation" title="WX notation">WX</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="Hunterian transliteration">Hunterian</a> </th></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">अ</span></span></td> <td>a</td> <td>a </td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">आ</span></span></td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā </td> <td>ā</td> <td>A</td> <td>A/aa</td> <td>aa</td> <td>A</td> <td>A</td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">इ</span></span></td> <td>i</td> <td>i </td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ई</span></span></td> <td>ī</td> <td>ī </td> <td>ī</td> <td>I</td> <td>I/ii</td> <td>ii</td> <td>I</td> <td>I</td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">उ</span></span></td> <td>u</td> <td>u </td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ऊ</span></span></td> <td>ū</td> <td>ū </td> <td>ū</td> <td>U</td> <td>U/uu</td> <td>uu</td> <td>U</td> <td>U</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ए</span></span></td> <td>e</td> <td>ē </td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ऐ</span></span></td> <td>ai</td> <td>ai </td> <td>ai</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ai</td> <td>E</td> <td>E</td> <td>ai </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ओ</span></span></td> <td>o</td> <td>ō </td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">औ</span></span></td> <td>au</td> <td>au </td> <td>au</td> <td>au</td> <td>au</td> <td>au</td> <td>O</td> <td>O</td> <td>au </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ऋ</span></span></td> <td>ṛ</td> <td>r̥ </td> <td>ṛi</td> <td>ri </td> <td>R</td> <td>RRi/R^i</td> <td>.r</td> <td>f</td> <td>q </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ॠ</span></span></td> <td>ṝ</td> <td>r̥̄ </td> <td>ṛī</td> <td>ri </td> <td>RR</td> <td>RRI/R^I</td> <td>.rr</td> <td>F</td> <td>Q </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ऌ</span></span></td> <td>ḷ</td> <td>l̥ </td> <td>lṛi </td> <td>lR</td> <td>LLi/L^i</td> <td>.l</td> <td>x</td> <td>L </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ॡ</span></span></td> <td>ḹ</td> <td>l̥̄ </td> <td>lṛī </td> <td>lRR</td> <td>LLI/L^I</td> <td>.ll</td> <td>X</td> <td>LY </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">अं</span></span></td> <td>ṃ</td> <td>ṁ </td> <td>ṉ/ṃ </td> <td>M</td> <td>M/.n/.m</td> <td>.m</td> <td>M</td> <td>M</td> <td>n, m </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">अः</span></span></td> <td>ḥ</td> <td>ḥ </td> <td>ḥ</td> <td>h </td> <td>H</td> <td>H</td> <td>.h</td> <td>H</td> <td>H </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">अँ</span></span></td> <td>ã </td> <td>m̐ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>.N</td> <td></td> <td>~</td> <td>az </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ऽ</span></span></td> <td>'</td> <td>’ </td> <td></td> <td>'</td> <td>.a</td> <td>.a</td> <td>'</td> <td>Z </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanāgarī">Devanāgarī</a> standalone consonant letters are followed by an implicit <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages"><i>shwa</i></a> (/Ə/). In all of the transliteration systems, that /Ə/ must be represented explicitly using an 'a' or any equivalent of <i>shwa</i>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr class="Unicode"> <th><a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanāgarī">Devanāgarī</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> </th> <th>Monier-Williams72</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velthuis" title="Velthuis">Velthuis</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/SLP1" title="SLP1">SLP1</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/WX_notation" title="WX notation">WX</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="Hunterian transliteration">Hunterian</a> </th></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">क</span></span></td> <td>ka</td> <td>ka </td> <td>ka</td> <td>ka</td> <td>ka</td> <td>ka</td> <td>ka</td> <td>ka</td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ख</span></span></td> <td>kha</td> <td>kha </td> <td>kha</td> <td>kha</td> <td>kha</td> <td>kha</td> <td>Ka</td> <td>Ka</td> <td>kh </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ग</span></span></td> <td>ga</td> <td>ga </td> <td>ga</td> <td>ga</td> <td>ga</td> <td>ga</td> <td>ga</td> <td>ga</td> <td>g </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">घ</span></span></td> <td>gha</td> <td>gha </td> <td>gha</td> <td>gha</td> <td>gha</td> <td>gha</td> <td>Ga</td> <td>Ga</td> <td>gh </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ङ</span></span></td> <td>ṅa</td> <td>ṅa </td> <td>n·a</td> <td>Ga</td> <td>~Na</td> <td>"na</td> <td>Na</td> <td>fa</td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">च</span></span></td> <td>ca</td> <td>ca </td> <td>ća</td> <td>cha</td> <td>cha</td> <td>ca</td> <td>ca</td> <td>ca</td> <td>ch </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">छ</span></span></td> <td>cha</td> <td>cha </td> <td>ćha</td> <td>chha</td> <td>Cha</td> <td>chha</td> <td>Ca</td> <td>Ca</td> <td>chh </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ज</span></span></td> <td>ja</td> <td>ja </td> <td>ja</td> <td>ja</td> <td>ja</td> <td>ja</td> <td>ja</td> <td>ja</td> <td>j </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">झ</span></span></td> <td>jha</td> <td>jha </td> <td>jha</td> <td>jha</td> <td>jha</td> <td>jha</td> <td>Ja</td> <td>Ja</td> <td>jh </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ञ</span></span></td> <td>ña</td> <td>ña </td> <td>ṅa</td> <td>Ja</td> <td>~na</td> <td>~na</td> <td>Ya</td> <td>Fa</td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ट</span></span></td> <td>ṭa</td> <td>ṭa </td> <td>ṭa</td> <td>Ta</td> <td>Ta</td> <td>.ta</td> <td>wa</td> <td>ta</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ठ</span></span></td> <td>ṭha</td> <td>ṭha </td> <td>ṭha</td> <td>Tha</td> <td>Tha</td> <td>.tha</td> <td>Wa</td> <td>Ta</td> <td>th </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ड</span></span></td> <td>ḍa</td> <td>ḍa </td> <td>ḍa</td> <td>Da</td> <td>Da</td> <td>.da</td> <td>qa</td> <td>da</td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ढ</span></span></td> <td>ḍha</td> <td>ḍha </td> <td>ḍha</td> <td>Dha</td> <td>Dha</td> <td>.dha</td> <td>Qa</td> <td>Da</td> <td>dh </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ण</span></span></td> <td>ṇa</td> <td>ṇa </td> <td>ṇa</td> <td>Na</td> <td>Na</td> <td>.na</td> <td>Ra</td> <td>Na</td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">त</span></span></td> <td>ta</td> <td>ta </td> <td>ta</td> <td>ta</td> <td>ta</td> <td>ta</td> <td>ta</td> <td>wa</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">थ</span></span></td> <td>tha</td> <td>tha </td> <td>tha</td> <td>tha</td> <td>tha</td> <td>tha</td> <td>Ta</td> <td>Wa</td> <td>th </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">द</span></span></td> <td>da</td> <td>da </td> <td>da</td> <td>da</td> <td>da</td> <td>da</td> <td>da</td> <td>xa</td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ध</span></span></td> <td>dha</td> <td>dha </td> <td>dha</td> <td>dha</td> <td>dha</td> <td>dha</td> <td>Da</td> <td>Xa</td> <td>dh </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">न</span></span></td> <td>na</td> <td>na </td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>na</td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">प</span></span></td> <td>pa</td> <td>pa </td> <td>pa</td> <td>pa</td> <td>pa</td> <td>pa</td> <td>pa</td> <td>pa</td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">फ</span></span></td> <td>pha</td> <td>pha </td> <td>pha</td> <td>pha</td> <td>pha</td> <td>pha</td> <td>Pa</td> <td>Pa</td> <td>ph </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ब</span></span></td> <td>ba</td> <td>ba </td> <td>ba</td> <td>ba</td> <td>ba</td> <td>ba</td> <td>ba</td> <td>ba</td> <td>b </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">भ</span></span></td> <td>bha</td> <td>bha </td> <td>bha</td> <td>bha</td> <td>bha</td> <td>bha</td> <td>Ba</td> <td>Ba</td> <td>bh </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">म</span></span></td> <td>ma</td> <td>ma </td> <td>ma</td> <td>ma</td> <td>ma</td> <td>ma</td> <td>ma</td> <td>ma</td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">य</span></span></td> <td>ya</td> <td>ya </td> <td>ya</td> <td>ya</td> <td>ya</td> <td>ya</td> <td>ya</td> <td>ya</td> <td>y </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">र</span></span></td> <td>ra</td> <td>ra </td> <td>ra</td> <td>ra</td> <td>ra</td> <td>ra</td> <td>ra</td> <td>ra</td> <td>r </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ल</span></span></td> <td>la</td> <td>la </td> <td>la</td> <td>la</td> <td>la</td> <td>la</td> <td>la</td> <td>la</td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">व</span></span></td> <td>va</td> <td>va </td> <td>va</td> <td>va</td> <td>va/wa</td> <td>va</td> <td>va</td> <td>va</td> <td>v, w </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">श</span></span></td> <td>śa</td> <td>śa </td> <td>ṡa</td> <td>za</td> <td>sha</td> <td>"sa</td> <td>Sa</td> <td>Sa</td> <td>sh </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ष</span></span></td> <td>ṣa</td> <td>ṣa </td> <td>sha</td> <td>Sa</td> <td>Sha</td> <td>.sa</td> <td>za</td> <td>Ra</td> <td>sh </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">स</span></span></td> <td>sa</td> <td>sa </td> <td>sa</td> <td>sa</td> <td>sa</td> <td>sa</td> <td>sa</td> <td>sa</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ह</span></span></td> <td>ha</td> <td>ha </td> <td>ha</td> <td>ha</td> <td>ha</td> <td>ha</td> <td>ha</td> <td>ha</td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ळ</span></span></td> <td>ḻa</td> <td>ḷa</td> <td></td> <td>La</td> <td>La</td> <td>.la</td> <td>La</td> <td>lY</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irregular_consonant_clusters">Irregular consonant clusters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Irregular consonant clusters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr class="Unicode"> <th><a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanāgarī">Devanāgarī</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velthuis" title="Velthuis">Velthuis</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/SLP1" title="SLP1">SLP1</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/WX_notation" title="WX notation">WX</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="Hunterian transliteration">Hunterian</a> </th></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">क्ष</span></span></td> <td>kṣa</td> <td>kSa</td> <td>kSa/kSha/xa</td> <td>k.sa</td> <td>kza</td> <td>kRa</td> <td>ksh </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">त्र</span></span></td> <td>tra</td> <td>tra</td> <td>tra</td> <td>tra</td> <td>tra</td> <td>wra</td> <td>tr </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ज्ञ</span></span></td> <td>jña</td> <td>jJa</td> <td>GYa/j~na</td> <td>j~na</td> <td>jYa</td> <td>jFa</td> <td>gy, jñ </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">श्र</span></span></td> <td>śra</td> <td>zra</td> <td>shra</td> <td>"sra</td> <td>Sra</td> <td>Sra</td> <td>shr </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_consonants">Other consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr class="Unicode"> <th><a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanāgarī">Devanāgarī</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/WX_notation" title="WX notation">WX</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="Hunterian transliteration">Hunterian</a> </th></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">क़</span></span></td> <td>qa</td> <td>qa</td> <td>kZa</td> <td>q </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ख़</span></span></td> <td>k͟ha</td> <td>Ka</td> <td>KZa</td> <td>kh </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ग़</span></span></td> <td>ġa</td> <td>Ga</td> <td>gZa</td> <td>gh </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ज़</span></span></td> <td>za</td> <td>za</td> <td>jZa</td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">फ़</span></span></td> <td>fa</td> <td>fa</td> <td>PZa</td> <td>f </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ड़</span></span></td> <td>ṛa</td> <td>.Da/Ra</td> <td>dZa</td> <td>r </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">ढ़</span></span></td> <td>ṛha</td> <td>.Dha/Rha</td> <td>DZa</td> <td>rh </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_IAST_with_ISO_15919">Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below shows just the differences between ISO 15919 and IAST for <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> transliteration. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Devanagari </th> <th>ISO 15919 </th> <th>IAST </th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ए / े</span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">ē</i></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">e</i></span> </td> <td>To distinguish between long and short 'e' in <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>, 'e' now represents <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ऎ / ॆ</span></span> (short). Note that the use of <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">ē</i></span> is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">e</i></span> for <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ए</span></span> (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short e. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ओ / ो</span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">ō</i></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">o</i></span> </td> <td>To distinguish between long and short 'o' in Dravidian languages, 'o' now represents <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ऒ / ॊ</span></span> (short). Note that the use of <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">ō</i></span> is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">o</i></span> for <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ओ</span></span> (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short o. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ऋ / ृ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">r̥</i></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṛ</i></span> </td> <td>In ISO 15919, ṛ is used to represent <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ड़</span></span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ॠ / ॄ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">r̥̄</i></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṝ</i></span> </td> <td>For consistency with r̥ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ऌ / ॢ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">l̥</i></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḷ</i></span> </td> <td>In ISO 15919, ḷ is used to represent <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ळ</span></span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ॡ / ॣ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">l̥̄</i></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḹ</i></span> </td> <td>For consistency with l̥ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">◌ं</span></span> </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">ṁ</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṃ</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">ISO 15919 has two options about anusvāra. (1) In the simplified nasalisation option, an anusvāra is always transliterated as <i>ṁ</i>. (2) In the strict nasalization option, anusvāra before a class consonant is transliterated as the class nasal—<i>ṅ</i> before k, kh, g, gh, ṅ; <i>ñ</i> before c, ch, j, jh, ñ; <i>ṇ</i> before ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ; <i>n</i> before t, th, d, dh, n; <i>m</i> before p, ph, b, bh, m. <i>ṃ</i> is sometimes used to specifically represent <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi alphabet">Gurmukhi</a> Tippi <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ੰ</span></span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">ṅ ñ ṇ n m</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>◌ँ </td> <td><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">m̐</i></span> </td> <td><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">m̐</i></span> </td> <td>Vowel nasalisation is transliterated as a tilde above the transliterated vowel (over the second vowel in the case of a digraph such as aĩ, aũ), except in Sanskrit. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ळ </td> <td>ḻ </td> <td>ḷ </td> <td>Used in Vedic Sanskrit only and not found in the Classical variant </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details">Details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_inherent_schwa">Treatment of inherent schwa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Treatment of inherent schwa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Devanāgarī consonants include an "inherent a" sound, called the <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>, that must be explicitly represented with an "a" character in the transliteration. Many words and names transliterated from Devanāgarī end with "a", to indicate the pronunciation in the original <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">schwa is obligatorily deleted</a> in several modern <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> and others. This results in differing transliterations for Sanskrit and schwa-deleting languages that retain or eliminate the schwa as appropriate: </p> <ul><li>Sanskrit: Mahābhārata, Rāmāyaṇa, Śiva, Sāmaveda</li> <li>Hindi: Mahābhārat, Rāmāyaṇ, Śiv, Sāmved</li></ul> <p>Some words may keep the final a, generally because they would be difficult to say without it: </p> <ul><li>Krishna, Vajra, Maurya</li></ul> <p>Because of this, some words ending in consonant clusters are altered in various modern Indic languages as such: Mantra=mantar. Shabda=shabad. Sushumna=sushumana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retroflex_consonants">Retroflex consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Retroflex consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</a> make a distinction between the retroflex and dental forms of the dental consonants. In formal transliteration schemes, the standard Roman letters are used to indicate the dental form, and the retroflex form is indicated by special marks, or the use of other letters. E.g., in <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a> transliteration, the retroflex forms are ṇ, ṭ, ḍ and ṣ. </p><p>In most informal transcriptions the distinction between retroflex and dental consonants is not indicated. However, many capitalise retroflex consonants on QWERTY keyboard in informal messaging. That generally obviates the need for transliteration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspirated_consonants">Aspirated consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Aspirated consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Where the letter "h" appears after a <a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">plosive consonant</a> in Devanāgarī transliteration, it always indicates <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspiration</a>. Thus "ph" is pronounced as the <i>p</i> in "pit" (with a small puff of air released as it is said), never as the <i>ph</i> in "photo" (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> /f/). (On the other hand, "p" is pronounced as the <i>p</i> in "spit" with no release of air.) Similarly "th" is an aspirated "t", neither the <i>th</i> of "this" (voiced, IPA /ð/) nor the <i>th</i> of "thin" (unvoiced, IPA /θ/). </p><p>The aspiration is generally indicated in both formal and informal transliteration systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_use_as_a_drive_for_romanisation">Computer use as a drive for romanisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Computer use as a drive for romanisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As English is widely used a professional and higher-education language in India, availability of Devanagari keyboards is dwarfed by English keyboards. Similarly, software and user interfaces released and promoted in India are in English, as is much of the computer education available there. Due to low awareness of Devanagari keyboard layouts, many Indian users type Hindi in the Roman script. </p><p>Before Devanagari was added to <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, many workarounds were used to display Devanagari on the Internet, and many sites and services have continued using them despite widespread availability of Unicode fonts supporting Devanagari. Although there are several transliteration conventions on transliterating Hindi to Roman, most of these are reliant on diacritics. As most Indians are familiar with the Roman script through the English language (which traditionally does not use diacritics), these transliteration systems are much less widely known. Most such "Romanagari" is transliterated arbitrarily to imitate English spelling, and thus results in numerous inconsistencies. </p><p>It is also detrimental to search engines, which do not classify Hindi text in the Roman script as Hindi. The same text may also not be classified as English. </p><p>Regardless of the physical keyboard's layout, it is possible to <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">install Unicode-based Hindi keyboard layouts</a> on most modern operating systems. There are many online services available that transliterate text written in Roman to Devanagari accurately, using Hindi dictionaries for reference, such as <a href="/wiki/Google_transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Google transliteration">Google transliteration</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Indic_Language_Input_Tool" title="Microsoft Indic Language Input Tool">Microsoft Indic Language Input Tool</a>. This solution is similar to <a href="/wiki/Input_method" title="Input method">input method</a> editors, which are traditionally used to input text in languages that use complex characters, most notably those that use logographies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Sanskrit_transliteration">History of Sanskrit transliteration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: History of Sanskrit transliteration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early Sanskrit texts were originally transmitted by memorisation and repetition. Post-Harappan India had no system for writing Indic languages until the creation (in the 4th-3rd centuries BCE) of the <a href="/wiki/Kharoshti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshti">Kharoshti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brahmi</a> scripts. These writing systems, though adequate for <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Indic languages">Middle Indic languages</a>, were not well-adapted to writing Sanskrit. However, later descendants of Brahmi were modified so that they could record Sanskrit in exacting phonetic detail. The earliest physical text in Sanskrit is a rock inscription by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Kshatrapas" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Kshatrapas">Western Kshatrapa</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Rudradaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudradaman">Rudradaman</a>, written c. 150 CE in <a href="/wiki/Junagadh" title="Junagadh">Junagadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. Due to the remarkable proliferation of different varieties of Brahmi in the Middle Ages, there is today no single script used for writing Sanskrit; rather, Sanskrit scholars can write the language in a form of whatever script is used to write their local language. However, since the late Middle Ages, there has been a tendency to use <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> for writing Sanskrit texts for a widespread readership. </p><p>Western scholars in the 19th century adopted Devanagari for printed editions of Sanskrit texts. The <i><a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">editio princeps</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> by <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> was in Devanagari. Müller's London typesetters competed with their Petersburg peers working on <a href="/wiki/Otto_B%C3%B6htlingk" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Böhtlingk">Böhtlingk</a>'s and Roth's dictionary in cutting all the required ligature types. </p><p>From its beginnings, Western Sanskrit philology also felt the need for a romanised spelling of the language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Bopp" title="Franz Bopp">Franz Bopp</a> in 1816 used a romanisation scheme, alongside Devanagari, differing from IAST in expressing vowel length by a circumflex (â, î, û), and aspiration by a <i><a href="/wiki/Spiritus_asper" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritus asper">spiritus asper</a></i> (e.g. bʽ for IAST bh). The sibilants IAST ṣ and ś he expressed with spiritus asper and lenis, respectively (sʽ, sʼ). <a href="/wiki/Monier-Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams</a> in his 1899 dictionary used ć, ṡ and sh for IAST c, ś and ṣ, respectively. </p><p>From the late 19th century, Western interest in typesetting Devanagari decreased.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Aufrecht" title="Theodor Aufrecht">Theodor Aufrecht</a> published his 1877 edition of the Rigveda in romanised Sanskrit, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Macdonell" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Macdonell">Arthur Macdonell</a>'s 1910 <i>Vedic grammar</i> (and 1916 <i>Vedic grammar for students</i>) likewise do without Devanagari (while his introductory <i>Sanskrit grammar for students</i> retains Devanagari alongside romanised Sanskrit). Contemporary Western editions of Sanskrit texts appear mostly in IAST. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanisation" title="National Library at Kolkata romanisation">National Library at Kolkata romanisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> are extensions of <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a> to transcribe all <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Indic scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISCII" class="mw-redirect" title="ISCII">ISCII</a>, an 8-bit encoding for Indic scripts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a>, a transliteration scheme used in Phonetic Devanagari typing tools</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velthuis" title="Velthuis">Velthuis</a>, a transliteration scheme in ASCII</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="Hunterian transliteration">Hunterian system</a>, the government-approved standard for transliterating Standard Hindi in India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Roman Urdu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ref17yebif-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref17yebif_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDaya_Nand_Sharma1972" class="citation cs2">Daya Nand Sharma (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HWJJAAAAYAAJ"><i>Transliteration into Roman and Devanāgarī of the languages of the Indian group</i></a>, Survey of India, 1972, <q><i>... With the passage of time, there has emerged a practically uniform system of transliteration of Devanagari and allied alphabets. Nevertheless, no single system of Romanization has yet developed ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transliteration+into+Roman+and+Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB+of+the+languages+of+the+Indian+group&rft.pub=Survey+of+India%2C+1972&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Daya+Nand+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHWJJAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMHAISKAR2015" class="citation journal cs1">MHAISKAR, RAHUL (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26264736">"Romanagari an Alternative for Modern Media Writings"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute</i>. <b>75</b>: 195–202. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0045-9801">0045-9801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26264736">26264736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Deccan+College+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Romanagari+an+Alternative+for+Modern+Media+Writings&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=195-202&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26264736%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0045-9801&rft.aulast=MHAISKAR&rft.aufirst=RAHUL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26264736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref04xufam-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref04xufam_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names,_United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2007" class="citation cs2">United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mh8u32ANQxAC"><i>Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names</i></a>, United Nations Publications, 2007, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-161500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-161500-5"><bdi>978-92-1-161500-5</bdi></a>, <q><i>... ISO 15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanization in India ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+reference+manual+for+the+standardization+of+geographical+names&rft.pub=United+Nations+Publications%2C+2007&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-1-161500-5&rft.au=United+Nations+Group+of+Experts+on+Geographical+Names%2C+United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmh8u32ANQxAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref48luvep-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref48luvep_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs1955" class="citation cs2">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (1955), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKsvAAAAYAAJ"><i>United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Volume 2</i></a>, United Nations, 1955, <q><i>... In India the Hunterian system is used, whereby every sound in the local language is uniformly represented by a certain letter in the Roman alphabet ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Regional+Cartographic+Conference+for+Asia+and+the+Far+East%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=United+Nations%2C+1955&rft.date=1955&rft.au=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKsvAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref65puqac-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref65puqac_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Library_(India)1960" class="citation cs2">National Library (India) (1960), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8VYEAQAAIAAJ"><i>Indian scientific & technical publications, exhibition 1960: a bibliography</i></a>, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, 1960, <q><i>... The Hunterian system of transliteration, which has international acceptance, has been used ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+scientific+%26+technical+publications%2C+exhibition+1960%3A+a+bibliography&rft.pub=Council+of+Scientific+%26+Industrial+Research%2C+Government+of+India%2C+1960&rft.date=1960&rft.au=National+Library+%28India%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8VYEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref26vazop-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref26vazop_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref26vazop_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Henry_Skrine1901" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Henry_Skrine" title="Francis Henry Skrine">Francis Henry Skrine</a> (1901), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a1O21Ciyid0C"><i>Life of Sir William Wilson Hunter, K.C.S.I., M.A., LL.D., a vice-president of the Royal Asiatic society, etc</i></a>, Longmans, Green, and co., 1901, <q><i>... phonetic or 'Sir Roger Dowler method' ... The Secretary of State and the great majority of his counselors gave an unqualified support to the Hunterian system ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Sir+William+Wilson+Hunter%2C+K.C.S.I.%2C+M.A.%2C+LL.D.%2C+a+vice-president+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+society%2C+etc&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+co.%2C+1901&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Francis+Henry+Skrine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da1O21Ciyid0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref31xuvad-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref31xuvad_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwoeAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Fortnightly, Volume 68</i></a>, Chapman and Hall, 1897, 1897, <q><i>... the Indian Government to give up the whole attempt at scientific (i.e. Hunterian) transliteration, and decide once and for all in favour of a return to the old phonetic spelling ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fortnightly%2C+Volume+68&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall%2C+1897&rft.date=1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwoeAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref49pihug-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref49pihug_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMînn_Latt_Yêkháun1966" class="citation cs2">Mînn Latt Yêkháun (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iy5kAAAAMAAJ"><i>Modernization of Burmese</i></a>, Oriental Institute in Academia, Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1966, <q><i>... There does exist a system df transcribing Burmese words in roman letters, one that is called the 'Government', or the 'Hunterian' method ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernization+of+Burmese&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute+in+Academia%2C+Publishing+House+of+the+Czechoslovak+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+1966&rft.date=1966&rft.au=M%C3%AEnn+Latt+Y%C3%AAkh%C3%A1un&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIy5kAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref82hecix-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref82hecix_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunwar_Krishan_Rampal1993" class="citation cs2">Kunwar Krishan Rampal (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aurHGtGvKGIC"><i>Mapping and compilation</i></a>, Concept Publishing Company, 1993, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-414-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-414-3"><bdi>978-81-7022-414-3</bdi></a>, <q><i>... The Hunterian system has rules for transliteration into English the names form Hindi, Urdu, Arabic, Burmese, Chinese and Tibetan origin. These rules are described in Chapter VI, Survey of India, Handbook of Topographical Mapping ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+and+compilation&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company%2C+1993&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-414-3&rft.au=Kunwar+Krishan+Rampal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaurHGtGvKGIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rotcsa-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rotcsa_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rotcsa_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/wgr06_5.htm"><i>The Romanization of Toponyms in the Countries of South Asia</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>, <q><i>... In the late 19th century sources, the system marks long vowels with an acute accent, and renders the letters k and q both as k. However, when the system was again published in 1954, alterations had been made. Long vowels were now marked with a macron4 and the q-k distinction was maintained ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanization+of+Toponyms+in+the+Countries+of+South+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fwgrs%2Fwgr06_5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref06revip-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref06revip_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitution_of_Surveyors_(India)1991" class="citation cs2">Institution of Surveyors (India) (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_BVAAAAMAAJ"><i>Indian surveyor, Volumes 33-34</i></a>, Institution of Surveyors., 1991, <q><i>... Suggested by . Mr. GS Oberoi, Director, Survey of India, in lieu of the existing table 'Hunterian System of Transliteration' which does not distinguish between <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">द</span></span> and <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ड</span></span>, <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">र</span></span> and <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ड़</span></span>, <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">त</span></span> and <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ट</span></span> ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+surveyor%2C+Volumes+33-34&rft.pub=Institution+of+Surveyors.%2C+1991&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Institution+of+Surveyors+%28India%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_BVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Hindi-Marathi-Nepali.pdf">Devanagari comparison: ISO, ALA-LC, Hunterian</a> in 2005 by Thomas T. Pedersen at Eesti Keele Instituut <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/">Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stone-catend/trind.htm">Transliteration of Indic scripts: how to use ISO 15919</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414223033/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stone-catend/trind.htm">Archived</a> 14 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ntlworld.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/hindi.pdf">Hindi romanization LC</a> as pdf by Library of Congress standard, loc.gov.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geoname-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geoname_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names,_United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2007" class="citation cs2">United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mh8u32ANQxAC"><i>Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names</i></a>, United Nations Publications, 2007, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-161500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-161500-5"><bdi>978-92-1-161500-5</bdi></a>, <q>... ISO 15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanization in India ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+reference+manual+for+the+standardization+of+geographical+names&rft.pub=United+Nations+Publications%2C+2007&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-1-161500-5&rft.au=United+Nations+Group+of+Experts+on+Geographical+Names%2C+United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmh8u32ANQxAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/">"UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems"</a>. <i>United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names UNGEGN, www.eki.ee .Eesti Keele Instituut</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Group+of+Experts+on+Geographical+Names+UNGEGN%2C+www.eki.ee+.Eesti+Keele+Instituut.&rft.atitle=UNGEGN+Working+Group+on+Romanization+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fwgrs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diff-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diff_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_hi.htm">"Differences between ISO 15919 and UNRSGN"</a>. <i>Working group on Romanization systems. United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names UNGEGN. www.eki.ee/wgrs/ .Eesti Keele Instituut</i>. March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Working+group+on+Romanization+systems.+United+Nations+Group+of+Experts+on+Geographical+Names+UNGEGN.+www.eki.ee%2Fwgrs%2F+.Eesti+Keele+Instituut&rft.atitle=Differences+between+ISO+15919+and+UNRSGN&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fwgrs%2From1_hi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808070533/http://sanskritlibrary.org/tomcat/sl/ScriptTable">"The Sanskrit Library » Tools » Indic Script Comparison Table"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritlibrary.org/tomcat/sl/ScriptTable">the original</a> on 8 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sanskrit+Library+%C2%BB+Tools+%C2%BB+Indic+Script+Comparison+Table&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanskritlibrary.org%2Ftomcat%2Fsl%2FScriptTable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharfHyman2011" class="citation book cs1">Scharf, Peter M.; Hyman, Malcolm D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskritlibrary.org/Sanskrit/pub/lies_sl.pdf"><i>Linguistic Issues in Encoding Sanskrit</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Issues+in+Encoding+Sanskrit&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Scharf&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rft.au=Hyman%2C+Malcolm+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskritlibrary.org%2FSanskrit%2Fpub%2Flies_sl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/help.html">Morphology Help</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palakodety-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palakodety_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalakodetyKhudaBukhshJayachandran2021" class="citation cs2">Palakodety, Shriphani; KhudaBukhsh, Ashiqur R.; Jayachandran, Guha (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5625-5_5">"Low Resource Machine Translation"</a>, <i>Low Resource Social Media Text Mining</i>, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 7–9, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-16-5625-5_5">10.1007/978-981-16-5625-5_5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-5624-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-16-5624-8"><bdi>978-981-16-5624-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244313560">244313560</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Low+Resource+Social+Media+Text+Mining&rft.atitle=Low+Resource+Machine+Translation&rft.pages=7-9&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244313560%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-5625-5_5&rft.isbn=978-981-16-5624-8&rft.aulast=Palakodety&rft.aufirst=Shriphani&rft.au=KhudaBukhsh%2C+Ashiqur+R.&rft.au=Jayachandran%2C+Guha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-5625-5_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiconverter-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-multiconverter_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/table.html">Mapping table with 7 methods</a> of Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system and IAST, Devanagari used by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/index_dit.html">ILTP-DC for Sanskrit</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/index_dit.html">Sanskrit transliteration tool. Convert from one scheme to another</a>. Maintained by the 'Indian language technology proliferation and deployment centre' (ILTP-DC) of the government of India. Works with 7 systems: Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system and IAST, Devanagari.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vvconverter-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vvconverter_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/character-matrix/">Chart: difference between IAST and ISO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/projects/">Aksharamukha transliteration (converter) tool</a>. Akshara Mukha is an Asian script (two way) converter, freeware. It supports 5 major Latin transliteration conventions such as IAST, ISO, Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS & Velthuis. It can inter-convert, for example from Velthuis to ISO. It also converts between 20 different South Asian & East Asian scripts. You can access the project from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/aksharamukha/">here</a>. While using the tool, 'source' can be set to for example: ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto, and 'target' can be set to a particular script like Devanagari-Hindi. (When you are using a north Indian script, tick the box: Remove 'a'). It can work in reverse too, for example from Hindi to Latin by ISO transliteration.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari_transliteration&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Devanagari" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Devanagari">Devanagari</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Learning_Devanagari#Q2659588" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Learning Devanagari">Learning Devanagari</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/transliterate/">Google transliteration tool</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Devanāgarī" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Devanagari_abugida" title="Template:Devanagari abugida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Devanagari_abugida" title="Template talk:Devanagari abugida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Devanagari_abugida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Devanagari abugida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Devanāgarī" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanāgarī</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">Inherent vowel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>and more</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transliteration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="Hunterian transliteration"> Hunterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanisation" title="National Library at Kolkata romanisation"> National Library at Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velthuis" title="Velthuis">Velthuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLP1" title="SLP1">SLP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WX_notation" title="WX notation">WX notation</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Indian_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Indian Script Code for Information Interchange">ISCII</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic consonants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85" class="mw-redirect" title="अ">अ</a></b> <i>a</i></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॲ (page does not exist)">ॲ</a> <i>æ</i></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ऄ">ऄ</a></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86" class="mw-redirect" title="आ">आ</a></b> (का) <i>ā</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="इ">इ</a></b> (कि) <i>i</i></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ई">ई</a></b> (की) <i>ī</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%89" class="mw-redirect" title="उ">उ</a></b> (कु) <i>u</i></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ऊ">ऊ</a></b> (कू) <i>ū</i></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॶ (page does not exist)">ॶ</a> (कॖ)</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॷ (page does not exist)">ॷ</a> (कॗ)</td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ऋ">ऋ</a></b> (कृ) <i>r̥</i></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ॠ">ॠ</a></b> (कॄ) <i>r̥̄</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ऌ">ऌ</a></b> (कॢ) <i>l̥</i></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ॡ">ॡ</a></b> (कॣ) <i>l̥̄</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ए">ए</a></b> (के) <i>ē</i></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ऍ (page does not exist)">ऍ</a> (कॅ) <i>ê</i></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ऎ">ऎ</a> (कॆ) <i>e</i></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ऐ">ऐ</a></b> (कै) <i>ai</i></td><td> (कॕ)</td><td> (कॎ)</td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ओ">ओ</a></b> (को) <i>ō</i></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ऑ">ऑ</a> (कॉ) <i>ô</i></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ऒ">ऒ</a> (कॊ) <i>o</i></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%94" class="mw-redirect" title="औ">औ</a></b> (कौ) <i>au</i></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॳ (page does not exist)">ॳ</a> (कऺ)</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॴ (page does not exist)">ॴ</a> (कऻ)</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॵ (page does not exist)">ॵ</a> (कॏ)</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="क">क</a></b> <i>k</i></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="क़ (page does not exist)">क़</a> <i>q</i></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ख">ख</a></b> <i>kh</i></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ख़ (page does not exist)">ख़</a> <i>k̲h̲</i></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ग">ग</a></b> <i>g</i></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ग़">ग़</a> <i>ġ</i></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ॻ">ॻ</a> <i>gg</i></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%98" class="mw-redirect" title="घ">घ</a></b> <i>gh</i></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ङ">ङ</a></b> <i>ṅ</i></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="च">च</a></b> <i>c</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="छ">छ</a></b> <i>ch</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ज">ज</a></b> <i>j</i></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ज़">ज़</a> <i>z</i></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ॼ">ॼ</a> <i>jj</i></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॹ (page does not exist)">ॹ</a> <i>ž</i></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="झ">झ</a></b> <i>jh</i></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="झ़">झ़</a> <i>zh</i></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ञ">ञ</a></b> <i>ñ</i></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ट">ट</a></b> <i>ṭ</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ठ">ठ</a></b> <i>ṭh</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ड">ड</a></b> <i>ḍ</i></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ड़ (page does not exist)">ड़</a> <i>ṛ</i></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ॾ">ॾ</a> <i>ḍḍ</i></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ॸ">ॸ</a> <i>ḍ</i></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ढ">ढ</a></b> <i>ḍh</i></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ढ़ (page does not exist)">ढ़</a> <i>ṛh</i></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ण">ण</a></b> <i>ṇ</i></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="त">त</a></b> <i>t</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="थ">थ</a></b> <i>th</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="द">द</a></b> <i>d</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ध">ध</a></b> <i>dh</i></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="न">न</a></b> <i>n</i></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ऩ (page does not exist)">ऩ</a> <i>ṉ</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="प">प</a></b> <i>p</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="फ">फ</a></b> <i>ph</i></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="फ़ (page does not exist)">फ़</a> <i>f</i></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ब">ब</a></b> <i>b</i></td><td></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॿ (page does not exist)">ॿ</a> <i>bb</i></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="भ">भ</a></b> <i>bh</i></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="म">म</a></b> <i>m</i></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="य">य</a></b> <i>y</i></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="य़ (page does not exist)">य़</a> <i>ẏ</i></td><td></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॺ (page does not exist)">ॺ</a></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="र">र</a></b> <i>r</i></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ऱ (page does not exist)">ऱ</a> <i>ṟ</i></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ळ">ळ</a> <i>ḷ</i></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ऴ (page does not exist)">ऴ</a> <i>ḻ</i></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ल">ल</a></b> <i>l</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="व">व</a></b> <i>v</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="श">श</a></b> <i>ś</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ष">ष</a></b> <i>ṣ</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="स">स</a></b> <i>s</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ह">ह</a></b> <i>h</i></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॽ (page does not exist)">ॽ</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_conjuncts" title="Devanagari conjuncts">Consonant conjuncts</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a><br />and other symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82" class="mw-redirect" title="अं">अं</a></b> <i>ṁ</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvāra</a></i>)</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga"> अः</a></b> <i>ḥ</i> (<i>visarga</i>)</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu"> अँ</a></b> <i>m̐</i> (<i>candrabindu</i>)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu"> अऀ</a> (inverted <i>candrabindu</i>)</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha"> ऽ</a></b> <i>’</i> (<i>avagraha</i>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta"> क़</a></b> (<i>nuqta</i>)</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama"> क्</a></b> (<i>virāma</i>)</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/Pluti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluti"> ३</a></b> <i>3</i> (<i>pluta</i>)</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B3%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᳵ (page does not exist)">ᳵ</a> <i>ẖ</i> (<i>jihvāmūlīya</i>)</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᳶ (page does not exist)">ᳶ</a> <i>ḫ</i> (<i>upadhmānīya</i>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/Vedic_accent" title="Vedic accent"> अ॑</a></b> <i>`</i> (<i>svarita</i>)</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/Vedic_accent" title="Vedic accent"> अ॒</a></b> (<i>anudātta</i>)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent"> अ॓</a> (grave)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent"> अ॔</a> (acute)</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"> ॐ</a></b> <i>aum̐</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/Danda" title="Danda"> ।</a></b> (<i>daṇḍa</i>)</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/Danda" title="Danda"> ॥</a></b> (double <i>daṇḍa</i>)</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="॰">॰</a></b> (<i>lāghava cihna</i>)</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॱ (page does not exist)">ॱ</a> (high spacing dot)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign"> ₹</a> INR (Indian rupee sign)</td></tr></tbody></table> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_(Unicode_block)" title="Devanagari (Unicode block)">Devanagari (Unicode block)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Extended" title="Devanagari Extended">Devanagari Extended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Extended-A" title="Devanagari Extended-A">Devanagari Extended-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Extensions" title="Vedic Extensions">Vedic Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari Braille</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_numerals" title="Devanagari numerals">Numerals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <b><a href="/wiki/0_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="0 (number)"> ०</a></b> 0</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/1_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1 (number)"> १</a></b> 1</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/2_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 (number)"> २</a></b> 2</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/3_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 (number)"> ३</a></b> 3</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/4_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="4 (number)"> ४</a></b> 4</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/5_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="5 (number)"> ५</a></b> 5</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/6_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="6 (number)"> ६</a></b> 6</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/7_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (number)"> ७</a></b> 7</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/8_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="8 (number)"> ८</a></b> 8</td><td> <b><a href="/wiki/9_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="9 (number)"> ९</a></b> 9</td></tr></tbody></table> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa_numeration" title="Āryabhaṭa numeration">Āryabhaṭa numeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksharapalli" title="Aksharapalli"> Akṣarapallī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutasamkhya_system" title="Bhutasamkhya system"> Bhūtasaṃkhyā system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapayadi_system" title="Katapayadi system"> Kaṭapayādi system</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindi_topics" title="Template:Hindi topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindi_topics" title="Template talk:Hindi topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindi_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindi topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declension_in_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in Hindi">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_pronouns" title="Hindi pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_verbs" title="Hindustani verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_numerals" title="Hindustani numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_kinship_terms" title="Hindustani kinship terms">Kinship terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hindi">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology" title="Hindustani etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages#Western_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansiboli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sansiboli">Sansi Boli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages#Eastern_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_politics" title="Language politics">Language politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Karnataka" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka">Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_West_Bengal" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal">Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_imposition" title="Hindi imposition">Hindi imposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_boycott_of_Hindi_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindutva boycott of Hindi films">Hindutva boycott of Hindi films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Official_Language" title="Department of Official Language">Department of Official Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Hindi_Secretariat" title="World Hindi Secretariat">World Hindi Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Hindi_Conference" title="World Hindi Conference">World Hindi Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature#Awards" title="Indian literature">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award" title="Sahitya Akademi Award">Sahitya Akademi Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi-language_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindi-language authors">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi-language_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindi-language poets">Poets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sanskrit" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sanskrit_language_topics" title="Template:Sanskrit language topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sanskrit_language_topics" title="Template talk:Sanskrit language topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sanskrit_language_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sanskrit language topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sanskrit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence zone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">Mandala political model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mode of spread</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritisation (sociology)">Sanskritisation (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritisation (language)">Sanskritisation (language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritism" title="Sanskritism">Sanskritism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_pronouns_and_determiners" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit pronouns and determiners">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_compound" title="Sanskrit compound">Compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_verbs" title="Sanskrit verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Prosody</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Later development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagari script">Nagari script</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Spread of usage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangla alphabet">Bangla script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyat" title="Suyat">Suyat family of scripts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Buddhist literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_drama" title="Indian classical drama">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_Indian_texts" title="List of historic Indian texts">Historic Sanskrit texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_in_Hindu_mythology" title="List of legendary creatures in Hindu mythology">Legendary creatures in Sanskrit Hindu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit_poets" title="List of Sanskrit poets">Sanskrit poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_university_and_college_mottos#India" title="List of university and college mottos">Sanskrit mottos of universities in India</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Loanwords <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Sanskrit_origin" title="List of English words of Sanskrit origin">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit_and_Persian_roots_in_Hindi" title="List of Sanskrit and Persian roots in Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit_loanwords_in_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sanskrit loanwords in Indonesian">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Sanskrit" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_inscriptions_in_the_Malay_world" title="Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world">Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_revival" title="Sanskrit revival">Sanskrit revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_studies" title="Sanskrit studies">Sanskrit studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_revival#Revival_outside_India" title="Sanskrit revival">Sanskrit academic institutes outside India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit_universities_in_India" title="List of Sanskrit universities in India">Sanskrit universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Wikipedia" title="Sanskrit Wikipedia">Sanskrit Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Sanskrit_Day" title="World Sanskrit Day">World Sanskrit Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Sanskrit_Conference" title="World Sanskrit Conference">World Sanskrit Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marathi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marathi_language_topics" title="Template:Marathi 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href="/wiki/Samyukta_Maharashtra_Samiti" title="Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti">Samyukta Maharashtra Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra State</a></li> <li><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mr:">Marathi Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi dialects">Marathi dialects</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Marathic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathic languages">Marathic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maharastri_Prakrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharastri Prakrit">Maharastri Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Marathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Marathi">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Marathi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai Marathi language">East Indian (Mumbai dialect)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvani_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvani Konkani">Malvani Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvedi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samvedi language">Samvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Marathi_dialect" title="Thanjavur Marathi dialect">Thanjavur Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a> (Varhadi-Nagpuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathi scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Balbodh style</a> of <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi Cinema">Marathi Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_theatre" title="Marathi theatre">Marathi theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi people</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Marathi_people" title="List of Marathi people">List</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature#Awards" title="Indian literature">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_winners_for_Marathi" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Marathi">Sahitya Akademi Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marathi_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Marathi writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marathi-language_poets" title="List of Marathi-language poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Marathi_Feature_Film" title="National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film">National Film Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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