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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Nepali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Nepali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle Nepali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Nepali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Nepali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Nepali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern Nepali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Nepali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Official status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bhutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nepali language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">126 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalees" title="Nepalees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nepalees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%94%E1%8D%93%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%9B" title="ኔፓልኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኔፓልኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة النيبالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة النيبالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="নেপালী ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নেপালী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_nepal%C3%A9s" title="Idioma nepalés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma nepalés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Nepali ñe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Nepali ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_dili" title="Nepal dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nepal dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نپال دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نپال دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="নেপালি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেপালি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AE-p%C3%B4-l%C3%B4-g%C3%AD" title="Nî-pô-lô-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nî-pô-lô-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Непал теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Непал теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Непальская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Непальская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нэпальская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэпальская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Непалски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Непалски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali" title="Nepali – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nepali" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="བལ་པོའི་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བལ་པོའི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepaleg" title="Nepaleg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nepaleg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal%C3%A8s" title="Nepalès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nepalès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nep%C3%A1l%C5%A1tina" title="Nepálština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nepálština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepaleg" title="Nepaleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nepaleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalesisk_(sprog)" title="Nepalesisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nepalesisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali" title="Nepali – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nepali" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_keel" title="Nepali keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nepali keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Νεπαλική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεπαλική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_nepal%C3%AD" title="Idioma nepalí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma nepalí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepala_lingvo" title="Nepala lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nepala lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalera" title="Nepalera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nepalera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان نپالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان نپالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_bhasa" title="Nepali bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nepali bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9palais" title="Népalais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Népalais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Neipeailis" title="An Neipeailis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Neipeailis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepaalish" title="Nepaalish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nepaalish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neap%C3%A0lais" title="Neapàlais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Neapàlais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_nepalesa" title="Lingua nepalesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua nepalesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="નેપાળી ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નેપાળી ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal-ng%C3%AE" title="Nepal-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nepal-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%8C%94%EC%96%B4" title="네팔어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네팔어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali" title="Nepali – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nepali" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Նեպալերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեպալերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalski_jezik" title="Nepalski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nepalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_linguo" title="Nepali linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nepali linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="নেপালি ঠার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="নেপালি ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Nepal" title="Bahasa Nepal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Nepal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Непалаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Непалаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalska" title="Nepalska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nepalska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_nepalese" title="Lingua nepalese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua nepalese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נפאלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נפאלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ನೇಪಾಳಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೇಪಾಳಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ნეპალური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეპალური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinepali" title="Kinepali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kinepali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Непали – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Непали" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_nepal%C3%AE" title="Zimanê nepalî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê nepalî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Непал тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Непал тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Nepalensis" title="Lingua Nepalensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Nepalensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nep%C4%81lie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Nepāliešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nepāliešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal%C5%B3_kalba" title="Nepalų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nepalų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_nepaleise" title="Lengua nepaleise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua nepaleise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nep%C3%A1li_nyelv" title="Nepáli nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nepáli nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Непалски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Непалски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_nepaley" title="Fiteny nepaley – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny nepaley" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="നേപ്പാളി ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നേപ്പാളി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ნეპალური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნეპალური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="النيباليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="النيباليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نپالی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نپالی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Nepal" title="Bahasa Nepal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Nepal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalees" title="Nepalees – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nepalees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="खय् भाय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खय् भाय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="ネパール語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネパール語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Непалийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Непалийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepaleesk" title="Nepaleesk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nepaleesk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali" title="Nepali – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nepali" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali" title="Nepali – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nepali" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal%C3%A9s" title="Nepalés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nepalés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ନେପାଳୀ ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନେପାଳୀ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_tili" title="Nepal tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nepal tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨੇਪਾਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੇਪਾਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نیپالی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیپالی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="نيپالي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نيپالي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_nepali" title="Lenga nepali – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga nepali" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_nepalski" title="Język nepalski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język nepalski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_nepali" title="Língua nepali – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua nepali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_tili" title="Nepali tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Nepali tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_nepalez%C4%83" title="Limba nepaleză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba nepaleză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipali_simi" title="Nipali simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nipali simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Непальский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Непальский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_leid" title="Nepal leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nepal leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_nepaleze" title="Gjuha nepaleze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha nepaleze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="නේපාල භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නේපාල භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nepali language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="نيپالي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيپالي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Nepalščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nepalščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C" title="زمانی نیپاڵی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی نیپاڵی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Непалски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Непалски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalski_jezik" title="Nepalski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nepalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_N%C3%A9pali" title="Basa Népali – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Népali" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalin_kieli" title="Nepalin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nepalin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali" title="Nepali – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nepali" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Nepali" title="Wikang Nepali – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Nepali" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="நேபாளி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேபாளி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Непали теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Непали теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="నేపాలీ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నేపాలీ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="ภาษาเนปาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเนปาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Забони непалӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони непалӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ನೇಪಾಳಿ ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನೇಪಾಳಿ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalce" title="Nepalce – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nepalce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Непальська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Непальська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نیپالی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیپالی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="نېپال تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نېپال تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Nepal" title="Vah Nepal – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Nepal" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Nepal" title="Tiếng Nepal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Nepal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="尼泊尔语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼泊尔语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9" title="נעפאליש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נעפאליש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="尼泊爾文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼泊爾文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalki" title="Nepalki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nepalki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="尼泊尔语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼泊尔语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Nepal" title="Bahasa Nepal – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Nepal" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_zyvon" title="Nepali zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Nepali 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Dark_mode_problems plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-mos" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article has problems which may render some text or images unreadable or difficult to read in dark mode. Desktop readers can switch to light mode temporarily using the eyeglasses icon at the top of the page.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit">help fix these problems</a>; see the <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_night_mode_compatibility_on_Wikimedia_wikis" class="extiw" title="mw:Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis">official how-to</a>.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indo-Aryan Language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the modern Indo-Aryan language. For the language known as Nepal Bhasa, see <a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Nepali</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">नेपाली</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg/200px-Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg/300px-Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg/400px-Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="88" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The word "Nepali" written in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ne-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">[ˈnepali]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichard_Burghart1984118–119_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard_Burghart1984118–119-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 19 million (2011–2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 14 million (2021 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Total: 32 million<sup id="cite_ref-e27_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern Zone</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Pahari">Eastern Pahari</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Nepali</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit#Classical_Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Classical Sanskrit</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari Braille</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Signed_Nepali" title="Signed Nepali">Signed Nepali</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> (additional)</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy" title="Nepal Academy">Nepal Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ne">ne</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=322">nep</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nep" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nep">nep</a></code> – inclusive code<br />Individual code:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/npi" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:npi">npi</a></code> – Nepali</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/nep">nep</a></code> Nepali (macrolanguage)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> </th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/npi">npi</a></code> Nepali (individual language)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nepa1254">nepa1254</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=59-AAF-d">59-AAF-d</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepali_language_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nepali_language_map.svg/320px-Nepali_language_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nepali_language_map.svg/480px-Nepali_language_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nepali_language_map.svg/640px-Nepali_language_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="72" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Map showing distribution of Nepali speakers in South Asia. Dark red is areas with a Nepali-speaking majority or plurality, light red is where Nepali speakers are more than 20% of the population</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Nepali</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: <span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">नेपाली</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ne-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">[ˈnepali]</a></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> region of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. It is the official, and most widely spoken, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">language of Nepal</a>, where it also serves as a <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i>. Nepali has <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">official status in the Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland_Territorial_Administration" title="Gorkhaland Territorial Administration">Gorkhaland Territorial Administration</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. It is spoken by about a quarter of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>'s population. Nepali also has a significant number of speakers in the states of <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-langoff_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langoff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> it is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Gurkha" title="Burmese Gurkha">Burmese Gurkhas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nepali_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali diaspora">Nepali diaspora</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and worldwide also use the language.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepali is spoken by approximately 19 million <a href="/wiki/Native_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Native speakers">native speakers</a> and another 14 million as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>. </p><p>Nepali is commonly classified within the Eastern Pahari group of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern zone</a> of Indo-Aryan. The language originated from the <a href="/wiki/Sinja_Valley" title="Sinja Valley">Sinja Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnali_Province" title="Karnali Province">Karnali Province</a> then the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khasa Kingdom</a> around the 10th and 14th centuries. It developed proximity to a number of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, most significantly to other <a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Pahari languages</a>. Nepali was originally spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khas people</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethno-linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-linguistic group">ethno-linguistic group</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan region</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. The earliest inscription in the Nepali language is believed to be an inscription in <a href="/wiki/Dullu" title="Dullu">Dullu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dailekh_District" title="Dailekh District">Dailekh District</a> which was written around the reign of King Bhupal Damupal around the year 981. The <a href="/wiki/Institutionalisation" title="Institutionalisation">institutionalisation</a> of the Nepali language arose during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Kingdom of Gorkha</a> (later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a>) in the 16th century. Over the centuries, different dialects of the Nepali language with distinct influences from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> are believed to have emerged across different regions of the current-day Nepal and Uttarakhand, making Nepali the <i>lingua franca</i>. </p><p>Nepali is a highly <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional language</a> with a relatively free <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a>, although the dominant arrangement is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Subject–object–verb word order">subject–object–verb word order</a> (SOV). There are three major levels or gradations of <a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">honorific</a>: low, medium and high. Low honorific is used where no respect is due, medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality, and high honorific signifies respect. Like all modern Indo-Aryan languages, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali grammar</a> has syncretised heavily, losing much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages. Nepali developed significant <a href="/wiki/Nepali_literature" title="Nepali literature">literature</a> within a short period of a hundred years in the 19th century. Around 1830, several Nepali poets wrote on themes from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> epics <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>, which was followed by <a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Acharya" title="Bhanubhakta Acharya">Bhanubhakta Acharya</a> translating the <a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana" title="Bhanubhakta Ramayana"><i>Ramayana</i> in Nepali</a> which received "great popularity for the colloquial flavour of its language, its religious sincerity, and its realistic natural descriptions".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Nepal" title="Name of Nepal">Name of Nepal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Languages_%26_Nations_of_India%22_and_%22Political_Divisions_of_India%22in_1858,_10_of_%27From_New_York_to_Delhi,_by_way_of_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Australia,_and_China%27_(11053770654)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%22Languages_%26_Nations_of_India%22_and_%22Political_Divisions_of_India%22in_1858%2C_10_of_%27From_New_York_to_Delhi%2C_by_way_of_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Australia%2C_and_China%27_%2811053770654%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%22Languages_%26_Nations_of_India%22_and_%22Political_Divisions_of_India%22in_1858%2C_10_of_%27From_New_York_to_Delhi%2C_by_way_of_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Australia%2C_and_China%27_%2811053770654%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%22Languages_%26_Nations_of_India%22_and_%22Political_Divisions_of_India%22in_1858%2C_10_of_%27From_New_York_to_Delhi%2C_by_way_of_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Australia%2C_and_China%27_%2811053770654%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>A map showing <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Indian subcontinent">languages of the Indian subcontinent</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1858; It refers to the language as "Nepalee".</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>Nepali</i> derived from <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> was officially adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nepal" title="Government of Nepal">Government of Nepal</a> in 1933, when <i>Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti</i> (Gorkha Language Publishing Committee), a <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">government institution</a> established in 1913 (<a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">B.S.</a> 1970) for advancement of Gorkha Bhasa, renamed itself as <i>Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti</i> (Nepali Language Publishing Committee) in 1933 (B.S. 1990), which is currently known as <i><a href="/wiki/Sajha_Publications" title="Sajha Publications">Sajha Prakashan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sajhaprakashan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sajhaprakashan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the term <i>Gorkhali</i> in the former <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> entitled "<a href="/wiki/Shriman_Gambhir" title="Shriman Gambhir">Shriman Gambhir</a>" was changed to <i>Nepali</i> in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term <i>Nepali</i> was used before the official adoption notably by <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Prithvi_Bahadur_Singh" title="Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh">Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh</a>, now considered one of the <a href="/wiki/National_heroes_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="National heroes of Nepal">national heroes of Nepal</a>, who advocated for the embracement of the term.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial name of Nepali language was "<i>Khas Kura</i>" (<span title="Nepali-language text"><span lang="ne">खस कुरा</span></span>), meaning language or speech of the <a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khas people</a>, who are descended from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khasas</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, as the language developed during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khasa Kingdom</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Nepal">western Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinekhabar1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinekhabar1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007543_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007543-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification of Nepal</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a>, Nepali language became known as <i>Gorakhā Bhāṣā</i> (<span title="Nepali-language text"><span lang="ne">गोरखा भाषा</span></span>; <i>language of the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gorkhas</a></i>) as it was spoken by <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gorkhas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rajendramaharjan2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rajendramaharjan2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people living in the <a href="/wiki/Pahad" title="Pahad">Pahad</a> or the hilly region, where it does not generally contain snow, called the language <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ne-Latn">Parvate Kurā</i></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">पर्वते कुरा</span></span>), meaning "the speech of the hills".<sup id="cite_ref-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_and_development">Origin and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg/220px-Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg/330px-Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg/440px-Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>A simplified overview of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> family.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early forms of present-day Nepali developed from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">apabhraṃśa</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernaculars</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Western_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Nepal">western Nepal</a> in the 10th–14th centuries, during the times of the <a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khasa Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">evolved</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the decline of the Khasa Kingdom, it was divided into <a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Baise Rajya</a> (22 principalities) in <a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bheri_River" title="Bheri River">Bheri</a> region and <a href="/wiki/Chaubise_rajya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaubise rajya">Chaubise rajya</a> (24 principalities) in <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Gandaki</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The currently popular variant of Nepali is believed to have originated around 500 years ago with the mass migration of a branch of <a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khas people</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bheri_River" title="Bheri River">Bheri</a>-<a href="/wiki/Seti_River" title="Seti River">Seti</a> eastward to settle in lower valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Gandaki</a> basin.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the times of <a href="/wiki/Senas_of_Makwanpur" title="Senas of Makwanpur">Sena dynasty</a>, who ruled a vast area in <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> and central hills of Nepal, Nepali language became influenced by the Indian languages including <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepali speakers and Senas had a close connect, subsequently, the language became the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the grammar became simplified, vocabulary was expanded, and its phonology was softened, after it was syncretised, Nepali lost much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a> (then known as <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala">Nepal Mandala</a>), Nepali language inscriptions can be seen during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narasimha_Malla" title="Lakshmi Narasimha Malla">Lakshmi Narasimha Malla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pratap_Malla" title="Pratap Malla">Pratap Malla</a>, which indicates the significant increment of Nepali speakers in Kathmandu Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007544_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007544-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Nepali">Middle Nepali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Nepali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg/220px-Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg/330px-Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg/440px-Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Copper Inscription by King of <a href="/wiki/Doti" title="Doti">Doti</a>, <i>Raika</i> Mandhata Shahi, at <a href="/wiki/Saka_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka Era">Saka Era</a> 1612 (1747 <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Samvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikram Samvat">BS</a>) in old Nepali language using <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Institutionalisation" title="Institutionalisation">institutionalisation</a> of the Nepali language is believed to have started with the <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah kings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a>, in the modern day <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_District" title="Gorkha District">Gorkha District</a> of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification of Nepal</a>, the language moved to the court of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> in the 18th century, where it became the state language.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest works in the Middile Nepali is written during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ram_Shah" title="Ram Shah">Ram Shah</a>, King of Gorkha, a book by unknown writer called <i>Ram Shah ko Jivani</i> (A Biography of Ram Shah).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Divyopadesh" title="Divyopadesh">Divyopadesh</a></i>, written toward the end of his life, around 1774–75, contains old Nepali dialect of the era, is considered as the first work of essay of Nepali literature.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_%28cropped%29.png/250px-Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_%28cropped%29.png/375px-Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_%28cropped%29.png/500px-Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="1394" /></a><figcaption>Manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Acharya" title="Bhanubhakta Acharya">Bhanubhakta Acharya</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana" title="Bhanubhakta Ramayana">Bhanubhakta Ramayana</a></i> led to "cultural, emotional and linguistic unification" of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During this time Nepali developed a standardised prose in the <i>Lal mohar</i> (royal charter)—documents related to the Nepalese Kingdom dealing with diplomatic writings, tax, and administrative records.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language of the <i>Lal mohar</i> is nearly modern with some minor differences in grammar and with a pre-modern orthography.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few changes including changing <i>Kari</i> (करि) to <i>Gari</i> (गरि) and merging <i>Hunu</i> (हुनु) with <i>cha</i> (छ) to create <i>huncha</i> (हुन्छ) were done.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent work written during this time was <a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Acharya" title="Bhanubhakta Acharya">Bhanubhakta Acharya</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana" title="Bhanubhakta Ramayana">Bhanubhakta Ramayana</a></i>, a translation of the epic <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> to Nepali for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acharya's work led to which some describe as "cultural, emotional and linguistic unification" of Nepal, comparatively to <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> who unified Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Nepali">Modern Nepali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern Nepali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali Language Movement">Nepali Language Movement</a></div> <p>The modern period of Nepali begins in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time the ruling <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a> made various attempts to make Nepali the language of education, notably, by <a href="/wiki/Dev_Shumsher_Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Dev Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana">Dev Shumsher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shumsher_Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana">Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana</a>, who established <i><a href="/wiki/Gorkhapatra" title="Gorkhapatra">Gorkhapatra</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sajha_Publications" title="Sajha Publications">Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti</a></i> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sajhaprakashan_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sajhaprakashan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, Nepali had limited literature compared to <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali languages</a>, a movement notably in <a href="/wiki/Banaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Banaras">Banaras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> was started to create uniformed Nepali identity, which was later adopted in Nepal following the <a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">1951 Nepalese revolution</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Nepal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Nepal Academy">Royal Nepal Academy</a> was established with the objectives of developing and promoting Nepali literature, culture, art and science.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Panchayat, Nepal adopted a "<i>One King, One Dress, One Language, One Nation</i>" ideology, which promoted Nepali language as basis for Nepali nationalism, this time is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> for the language.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg/220px-Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg/330px-Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg/440px-Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Bhanubhakta Acharya at <a href="/wiki/Chowrasta_(Darjeeling)" title="Chowrasta (Darjeeling)">Chowrasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, Nepali language was recognised by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">West Bengal Government</a> in 1961 as the official language for the <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling district</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali Language Movement">Nepali Language Movement</a> took place in India around 1980s to include Nepali language in the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_winners_for_Nepali" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali">Nepali was officially</a> accepted by <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahitya Academy">Sahitya Academy</a>, an organisation dedicated to the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> was annexed by India, the Sikkim Official Languages Act, 1977, made Nepali as one of the official languages of state.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 August 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> passed a motion to add the Nepali language to the Eighth Schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Official status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nepali written in the Devanagari script is the official language of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 August 1992, Nepali was added to the list of <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">scheduled languages of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepali is the official language of the state of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkhaland">Gorkhaland</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. </p><p>Despite being spoken by about a quarter of the population,<sup id="cite_ref-thehimalayantimes.com2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehimalayantimes.com2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepalese has no official status in Bhutan.<sup id="cite_ref-Far_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Far-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepali_language_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nepali_language_map.svg/300px-Nepali_language_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nepali_language_map.svg/450px-Nepali_language_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nepali_language_map.svg/600px-Nepali_language_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="72" /></a><figcaption>Geographic distribution of the Nepali language as their mother tongue in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Nepal_census" title="2011 Nepal census">2011 national census</a>, 44.6% of the population of Nepal speaks Nepali as its <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 32.8% speak Nepali as a second language.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> reports 12,300,000 speakers within Nepal (from the 2011 census).<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue1_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is spoken by 20,250,952, about 77.20% of the population, as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 106.48918403248px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 6.291466725365px; border-left-color:darkblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:90.482705246602px 42.577929156507px 0 0; border-top-color:lavender"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:lavender"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:36.812455268468px 92.977648588825px 0 0; border-top-color:deepskyblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:deepskyblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 82.727194597248px 100px 0; border-right-color:maroon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:maroon"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Total number of Nepali speakers in India by state (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:maroon; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> (36%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:deepskyblue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> (20%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lavender; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> (12%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkblue; color:white;"> </span> Rest of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a> (8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">UP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> (12%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> Other states (12%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_census_of_India" title="2011 census of India">2011 census of India</a>, there were a total of 2,926,168 Nepali language speakers in India.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><b>Nepali speakers in India by state</b><sup id="cite_ref-India-census_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India-census-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><b>State</b> </th> <th><b>Nepali speakers (2011 census)</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> </td> <td>1,155,375 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> </td> <td>596,210 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> </td> <td>382,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> </td> <td>106,399 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> </td> <td>95,317 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> </td> <td>89,508 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> </td> <td>75,683 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> </td> <td>63,756 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a> </td> <td>54,716 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a> </td> <td>43,481 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delhi_National_Capital_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi National Capital Territory">Delhi National Capital Territory</a> </td> <td>37,468 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> </td> <td>25,142 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> </td> <td>22,138 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> </td> <td>22,061 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> </td> <td>19,914 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td>19,274 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> </td> <td>18,743 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> </td> <td>16,956 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> </td> <td>11,551 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> </td> <td>8,994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> </td> <td>8,724 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </td> <td>8,654 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> </td> <td>7,636 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> </td> <td>7,575 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> </td> <td>6,546 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> </td> <td>5,727 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> </td> <td>3,665 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> </td> <td>3,431 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> </td> <td>2,787 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> </td> <td>2,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a> </td> <td>1,401 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a> </td> <td>1,152 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> </td> <td>949 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> </td> <td>431 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhutan">Bhutan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bhutan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, native Nepali speakers, known as <i>Lhotshampa</i>, are estimated at 35%<sup id="cite_ref-USDOS_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDOS-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the population. This number includes displaced <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_refugees" title="Bhutanese refugees">Bhutanese refugees</a>, with unofficial estimates of the ethnic Bhutanese refugee population as high as 30 to 40%, constituting a majority in the south (about 242,000 people).<sup id="cite_ref-USLCCS_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USLCCS-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nepali is the third-most spoken language in the Australian state of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, where it is spoken by 1.3% of its population,<sup id="cite_ref-census2021_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fifth-most spoken language in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, Australia, spoken by 1.3% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-census2021-2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepali is the most spoken language other than English in <a href="/wiki/Rockdale,_New_South_Wales" title="Rockdale, New South Wales">Rockdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kogarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kogarah">Kogarah</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Granville,_New_South_Wales" title="Granville, New South Wales">Granville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campsie,_New_South_Wales" title="Campsie, New South Wales">Campsie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashfield,_New_South_Wales" title="Ashfield, New South Wales">Ashfield</a> it is the second most commonly spoken language other than English. <a href="/wiki/Allawah" class="mw-redirect" title="Allawah">Allawah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurstville" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurstville">Hurstville</a> have third most Nepali speaking population in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. There are regular Nepali language News papers and Magazines in Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>International geographic distribution </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Speaker population </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </td> <td>300,000-500,000<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>133,068<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2021 census </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> </td> <td>25,472<sup id="cite_ref-scmp.com_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2016 census </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>13,375<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2016 census </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td>7,234<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2023 statistics </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali phonology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> are outlined in the tables below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Nepali vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ĩ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ũ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ẽ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʌ̃</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ã</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nepali distinguishes six oral vowels and five <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal vowels">nasal vowels</a>. /o/ does not have a phonemic nasal counterpart, although it is often in <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a> with [õ]. </p><p>Nepali has ten <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a>: /ui̯/, /iu̯/, /ei̯/, /eu̯/, /oi̯/, /ou̯/, /ʌi̯/, /ʌu̯/, /ai̯/, and /au̯/. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Nepali consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨म⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨न/ञ⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ण⟩</span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ङ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><small>voiceless</small> </th> <th><small>unaspirated</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨प⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨त⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨च⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ट⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨क⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>aspirated</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨फ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨थ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡sʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨छ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ठ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ख⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small>voiced</small> </th> <th><small>unaspirated</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ब⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨द⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ज⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ड⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ग⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>aspirated</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">bʱ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨भ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʱ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ध⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">d͡zʱ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_jh_old.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Devanagari_jh_old.svg/13px-Devanagari_jh_old.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Devanagari_jh_old.svg/20px-Devanagari_jh_old.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Devanagari_jh_old.svg/26px-Devanagari_jh_old.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>/झ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɖʱ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ढ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨घ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨श/ष/स⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ह⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨र⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨व⟩</span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ल⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨य⟩</span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>[j] and [w] are nonsyllabic <a href="/wiki/Allophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophones">allophones</a> of [i] and [u], respectively. Every consonant except [j], [w], and /ɦ/ has a <a href="/wiki/Geminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate">geminate</a> counterpart between vowels. /ɳ/ and /ʃ/ also exist in some loanwords such as /baɳ/ <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">बाण</span></span> "arrow" and /nareʃ/ <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">नरेश</span></span> "king", but these sounds are sometimes replaced with native Nepali phonemes. The <a href="/wiki/Murmured_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Murmured voice">murmured</a> stops may lose their breathy-voice between vowels and word-finally. Non-geminate <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> and murmured stops may also become fricatives, with /pʰ/ as [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>], /bʱ/ as [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>], /kʰ/ as [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>], and /ɡʱ/ as [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]. Examples of this are /sʌpʰa/ 'clean' becoming [sʌɸa] and /ʌɡʱaɖi/ 'before' becoming [ʌɣaɽi].<sup id="cite_ref-:7_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, sounds transcribed with the retroflex symbols ⟨<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>, ʈʰ, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>, ɖʱ, ɽ, ɳ, ɽ̃⟩ are not purely retroflex [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>, ʈʰ, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>, ɖʱ, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a>, ɽ̃] but apical postalveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar plosive">t̠</a>, t̠ʰ, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar plosive">d̠</a>, d̠ʱ, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar flap">ɾ̠</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar nasal">n̠</a>, ɾ̠̃]. Some speakers may use purely retroflex sounds after /u/ and /a/, but other speakers use the apical articulation in all positions.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Final schwas <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">may or may not be preserved</a> in speech. The following rules can be followed to figure out whether or not Nepali words retain the final schwa: </p> <ol><li>Schwa is retained if the final syllable is a conjunct consonant. <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">अन्त</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">anta</i></span>, 'end'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">सम्बन्ध</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">sambandha</i></span>, 'relation'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">श्रेष्ठ</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">śreṣṭha</i></span>, 'greatest'/a last name).<br />Exceptions: conjuncts such as <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">ञ्च</span></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">ञ्ज</span></span> in <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">मञ्च</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">mañc</i></span>, 'stage') <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">गञ्ज</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">gañj</i></span>, 'city') and occasionally the last name <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">पन्त</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">panta</i></span>/<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">pant</i></span>).</li> <li>For any verb form the final schwa is always retained unless the schwa-cancelling halanta is present. <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">हुन्छ</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">huncha</i></span>, 'it happens'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">भएर</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">bhaera</i></span>, 'in happening so; therefore'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">गएछ</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">gaecha</i></span>, 'he apparently went'), but <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">छन्</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">chan</i></span>, 'they are'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">गईन्</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">gain</i></span>, 'she went'). Meanings may change with the wrong orthography: <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">गईन</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">gaina</i></span>, 'she didn't go') vs <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">गईन्</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">gain</i></span>, 'she went').</li> <li>Adverbs, onomatopoeia and postpositions usually maintain the schwa and if they don't, halanta is acquired: <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">अब</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">aba</i></span> 'now'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">तिर</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">tira</i></span>, 'towards'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">आज</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">āja</i></span>, 'today') <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">सिम्सिम</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">simsim</i></span> 'drizzle') vs <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">झन्</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">jhan</i></span>, 'more').</li> <li>Few exceptional nouns retain the schwa such as: <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">दु:ख</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">dukha</i></span>, 'suffering'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">सुख</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">sukha</i></span>, 'pleasure').</li></ol> <p>Note: Schwas are often retained in music and poetry to add extra syllables when needed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali grammar</a></div> <p>Nepali is a highly <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional language</a> with relatively free <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a>, although the dominant arrangement is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a> (subject–object–verb). There are three major levels or gradations of <a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">honorifics</a>: low, medium and high. Low honorific is used where no respect is due, medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality, and high honorific signifies respect. There is also a separate highest level honorific, which was used to refer to members of the royal family, and by the royals among themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007571_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007571-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like all modern Indo-Aryan languages, Nepali grammar has syncretised heavily, losing much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages. Instead, it relies heavily on <a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">periphrasis</a>, a marginal verbal feature of older Indo-Aryan languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007596_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007596-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari script</a></div> <p>Nepali is generally written in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script. In certain regions, the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a> was also used in regions with predominantly Tibetic population, with common Tibetan expressions and pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the section below Nepali is represented in Latin transliteration using the <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a> scheme and <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>. The chief features are: <a href="/wiki/Subscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscript">subscript</a> <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dots</a> for <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonants</a>; <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macrons</a> for etymologically, contrastively <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowels</a>; <i>h</i> denoting <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">Tildes</a> denote <a href="/wiki/Nasalised_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalised vowel">nasalised vowels</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="background:none"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">क</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʌ/</span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257226131">.mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{vertical-align:top;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;padding:0.3em;min-width:3em}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-text{font-size:85%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-nowrap{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char span:nth-of-type(even){margin-left:0.4em;padding-left:0.4em;border-left:1px dotted #666}.mw-parser-output .letters-left .template-letter-char{padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-right .template-letter-char{padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-wide .template-letter-char{padding-right:0.8em;padding-left:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .letters-hi .template-letter-char{padding-top:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-lo .template-letter-char{padding-bottom:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-nadir .template-letter-char{padding-bottom:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .letters-tall .template-letter-char{padding-top:1em;padding-bottom:1em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257210792">.mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#8B0000}.mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:#edF3F3}.mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#F2FBFB}.mw-parser-output .letters-teal .template-letter-char{color:#007a7c}.mw-parser-output .letters-black .template-letter-char{color:#111}.mw-parser-output .letters-blue .template-letter-char{color:#0000A0}.mw-parser-output .letters-green .template-letter-char{color:#006000}.mw-parser-output .letters-violet .template-letter-char{color:#800080}.mw-parser-output .letters-pink .template-letter-char{color:#DB0A5B}.mw-parser-output .letters-orange .template-letter-char{color:#D43900}.mw-parser-output .letters-gold .template-letter-char{color:#AA5D00}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257186708">html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122);color:#F36060}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#F55592}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-black .template-letter-char{color:#ccc}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-teal .template-letter-char{color:#10ACB0}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-blue .template-letter-char{color:#008DEE}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-green .template-letter-char{color:#23AE23}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night.letters-violet .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#A375E8}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-pink .template-letter-char{color:#F55592}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-orange .template-letter-char{color:#EE7347}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-gold .template-letter-char{color:#DE8317}</style> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ख</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰʌ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/xʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ग</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">घ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡʱʌ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɣʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ङ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">च</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡sʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">छ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡sʰʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ज</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡zʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_jh_old.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Devanagari_jh_old.svg/13px-Devanagari_jh_old.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Devanagari_jh_old.svg/20px-Devanagari_jh_old.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Devanagari_jh_old.svg/26px-Devanagari_jh_old.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>/झ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡zʱʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ञ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ट</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ठ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈʰʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ड</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ढ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖʱʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ण</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʌ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɳʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">त</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">थ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">द</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ध</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʱʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">न</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">प</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">फ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰʌ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɸʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ब</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">भ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʱʌ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/βʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">म</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">य</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">र</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ल</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">व</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">श</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ष</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sʌ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/kʰʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">स</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ह</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="background:none"> <caption>Ligatures </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">क + ष</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">क्ष</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡sʰjʌ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ksʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">त + र</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">त्र</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/trʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ज + ञ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ज्ञ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡjʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style=""> <caption>Diacritics combined with the letter ब </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10">Vowels </th> <th colspan="4">Consonants </th></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">अ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">a</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">आ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ā</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">इ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">i</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ई</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ī</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">उ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">u</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ऊ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ū</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ए</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">e</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ऐ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ai</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i̯/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ओ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">o</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">औ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">au</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u̯/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ऋ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ṛ</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r̩/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">अं</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ṃ</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/◌̃/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">अः</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ḥ</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">अँ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ã</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ̃/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ा</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ि</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ी</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ु</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ू</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌े</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ै</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ो</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ौ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ृ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ं</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ः</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ँ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ब</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब +◌ा</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बा</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ि</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बि</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ी</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बी</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ु</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बु</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ू</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बू</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌े</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बे</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ै</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बै</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ो</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बो</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ौ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बौ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ृ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बृ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ं</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बं</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ः</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बः</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ँ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बँ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepali_literature" title="Nepali literature">Nepali literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhanubhakta_Acharya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bhanubhakta_Acharya.jpg/220px-Bhanubhakta_Acharya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Bhanubhakta_Acharya.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Acharya" title="Bhanubhakta Acharya">Bhanubhakta Acharya</a>, <i>Aadi Kavi</i> in Nepali-language literature</figcaption></figure> <p>Nepali developed significant literature within a short period of a hundred years in the 19th century. This literary explosion was fuelled by <a href="/wiki/Adhyatma_Ramayana" title="Adhyatma Ramayana">Adhyatma Ramayana</a>; Sundarananda Bara (1833); Birsikka, an anonymous collection of folk tales; and a version of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient Indian</a> epic <i><a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana" title="Bhanubhakta Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Acharya" title="Bhanubhakta Acharya">Bhanubhakta Acharya</a> (d. 1868). The contribution of trio-laureates <a href="/wiki/Lekhnath_Paudyal" title="Lekhnath Paudyal">Lekhnath Paudyal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laxmi_Prasad_Devkota" title="Laxmi Prasad Devkota">Laxmi Prasad Devkota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balkrishna_Sama" title="Balkrishna Sama">Balkrishna Sama</a> took Nepali to the level of other world languages. The contribution of expatriate writers outside Nepal, especially in <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> in India, is also notable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dialects of Nepali include Acchami, Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali, Bheri, Dadeldhuri, Dailekhi, Darchulali, Darchuli, Gandakeli, Humli, Purbeli, and Soradi.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue1_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dialects can be distinct from Standard Nepali. Mutual intelligibility between Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali (Bajura), Humli and Acchami is low.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue1_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dialect of the Nepali language spoken in <a href="/wiki/Karnali_Province" title="Karnali Province">Karnali Province</a> is not mutually intelligible with Standard Nepali. The language is known by its old name as <i><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Khas Bhasa</a></i> in Karnali.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinekhabar1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinekhabar1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a sample text in Nepali, of Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, with a transliteration (IAST) and transcription (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Nepali in Devanagari Script</dt> <dd>धारा १. सबै व्यक्तिहरू जन्मजात स्वतन्त्र हुन् ती सबैको समान अधिकार र महत्व छ। निजहरूमा विचार शक्ति र सद्विचार भएकोले निजहरूले आपसमा भातृत्वको भावनाबाट व्यवहार गर्नु पर्छ।</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Transliteration (<a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a>)</dt> <dd>Dhārā 1. Sabai vyaktiharū janmajāt svatantra hun tī sabaiko samān adhikār ra mahatva cha. Nijharūmā vicār śakti ra sadvicār bhaekole nijharūle āpasmā bhatṛtvako bhāvanabāṭa vyavahār garnu parcha.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Transcription (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>)</dt></dl> <dl><dd>[dʱaɾa ek sʌbʌi̯ bektiɦʌɾu d͡zʌnmʌd͡zat sotʌntɾʌ ɦun ti sʌbʌi̯ko sʌman ʌd(ʱ)ikaɾ rʌ mʌːtːo t͡sʰʌ nid͡zɦʌɾuma bit͡saɾ sʌkti ɾʌ sʌdbit͡sar bʱʌekole nid͡zɦʌɾule apʌsma bʱatɾitːoko bʱawʌnabaʈʌ bebaːr ɡʌɾnu pʌɾt͡sʰʌ]</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Gloss (word-to-word)</dt></dl> <dl><dd>Article 1. All human-beings from-birth independent are their all equal right and importance is. In themselves, intellect and conscience {endowed therefore} they {one another} brotherhood's spirit {treatment with} do must.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Translation (grammatical)</dt></dl> <dl><dd>Article 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language_movement" title="Nepali language movement">Nepali language movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard_Burghart1984118–119-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichard_Burghart1984118–119_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichard_Burghart1984">Richard Burghart 1984</a>, pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e27-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nep">Nepali</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/npi">Nepali</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723141410/https://www.lexico.com/definition/nepali">"Nepali | Definition of Nepali by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Nepali"</a>. <i>Lexico Dictionaries | English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/nepali">the original</a> on 23 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=Nepali+%7C+Definition+of+Nepali+by+Oxford+Dictionary+on+Lexico.com+also+meaning+of+Nepali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fnepali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langoff-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-langoff_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">"52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nclm.nic.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs" title="Ministry of Minority Affairs">Ministry of Minority Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4214-.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Himal+Southasian&rft.atitle=The+kings+song&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalmag.com%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F4214-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasistha" class="citation web cs1">Vasistha, Kedar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gorkhapatraonline.com/arts/2021-05-07-36969">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'गोर्खा पत्रिकाहरू'को पदचाप"</a>. <i>Gorakhapatra Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109071349/https://gorkhapatraonline.com/arts/2021-05-07-36969">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gorakhapatra+Online&rft.atitle=%27%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%27%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA&rft.aulast=Vasistha&rft.aufirst=Kedar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgorkhapatraonline.com%2Farts%2F2021-05-07-36969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span> जङ्गबहादुरलाई पनि घिसार्ने गरिएको पाइन्छ तर उनको पालामा गोर्खा भाषा वा नेपाली भाषा नभनी पाष्या बोली वा पर्वते भाषाको प्रचलन रहेको देखिन्छ । तर उक्त सनद जारी भएको एक वर्षपछिको जङ्गबहादुरको एक पत्रमा उनले गोर्खा वा गोर्खाली वा नेपाली भाषाका नमुना भनी नभनी पाष्या (पाखे) बोली भनेका छन् ।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onlinekhabar1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onlinekhabar1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onlinekhabar1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.onlinekhabar.com/features-of-nepali-nepals-lingua-franca-that-you-are-unaware-of.html">"5 features of Nepali, Nepal's lingua franca, that you are unaware of"</a>. Online Khabar. Online Khabar. 3 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030103855/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/features-of-nepali-nepals-lingua-franca-that-you-are-unaware-of.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=5+features+of+Nepali%2C+Nepal%27s+lingua+franca%2C+that+you+are+unaware+of&rft.date=2020-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.onlinekhabar.com%2Ffeatures-of-nepali-nepals-lingua-franca-that-you-are-unaware-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007543-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007543_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJainCardona2007">Jain & Cardona 2007</a>, p. 543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rajendramaharjan2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rajendramaharjan2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaharjan" class="citation web cs1">Maharjan, Rajendra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html">"एकल राष्ट्र–राज्यको धङधङी"</a>. <i>EKantipur</i>. Kantipur Publication Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115001/https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EKantipur&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%80&rft.aulast=Maharjan&rft.aufirst=Rajendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fekantipur.com%2Fopinion%2F2021%2F06%2F15%2F162372365631162234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span>आजभन्दा करिब नौ दशकअघि मात्रै देशको नाम 'नेपाल' का रूपमा स्विकारिएको हो भने, पहिले खस–पर्वते–गोर्खाली भनिने भाषालाई 'नेपाली' नामकरण गरिएको हो ।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaniya" class="citation book cs1">Baniya, Karnabahadur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nutaj/article/download/23470/19875/72601"><i>सेनकालीन पाल्पाको संस्कृति : एक ऐतिहासिक विवेचना</i></a>. Palpa: Tribhuvan Multiple Campus. pp. 3–4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109072853/https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nutaj/article/download/23470/19875/72601">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%3A+%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE&rft.place=Palpa&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Tribhuvan+Multiple+Campus&rft.aulast=Baniya&rft.aufirst=Karnabahadur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepjol.info%2Findex.php%2Fnutaj%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F23470%2F19875%2F72601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). <i>Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.</i> New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0963-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0963-7">81-208-0963-7</a>. Page 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrestha" class="citation book cs1">Shrestha, Shiva Raj. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_143_03.pdf"><i>Khaptad Region in Mythology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109071349/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_143_03.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of North Bengal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8&rft.inst=University+of+North+Bengal&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Yanjan&rft.aufirst=Yash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.nbu.ac.in%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F1723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/nepali-poet-bhanubhakta-acharyas-209th-birth-anniversary-a-peek-into-the-adikavis-life20220713120813/">"Nepali poet Bhanubhakta Acharya's 209th birth anniversary, a peek into the 'Adikavi's' life"</a>. <i>ANI News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANI+News&rft.atitle=Nepali+poet+Bhanubhakta+Acharya%27s+209th+birth+anniversary%2C+a+peek+into+the+%27Adikavi%27s%27+life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aninews.in%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fgeneral-news%2Fnepali-poet-bhanubhakta-acharyas-209th-birth-anniversary-a-peek-into-the-adikavis-life20220713120813%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya2002" class="citation book cs1">Acharya, Madhu Raman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FubZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Nepal Culture Shift!: Reinventing Culture in the Himalayan Kingdom</i></a>. Adroit Publishers. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87392-26-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87392-26-2"><bdi>978-81-87392-26-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal+Culture+Shift%21%3A+Reinventing+Culture+in+the+Himalayan+Kingdom&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Adroit+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-87392-26-2&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=Madhu+Raman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFubZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorhonenRuotsalaUusitalo2003" class="citation book cs1">Korhonen, Teppo; Ruotsala, Helena; Uusitalo, Eeva (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RiISAQAAIAAJ"><i>Making and Breaking of Borders: Ethnological Interpretations, Presentations, Representations</i></a>. Finnish Literature Society. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-746-467-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-746-467-3"><bdi>978-951-746-467-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+and+Breaking+of+Borders%3A+Ethnological+Interpretations%2C+Presentations%2C+Representations&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Finnish+Literature+Society&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-951-746-467-3&rft.aulast=Korhonen&rft.aufirst=Teppo&rft.au=Ruotsala%2C+Helena&rft.au=Uusitalo%2C+Eeva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRiISAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradhan2020" class="citation book cs1">Pradhan, Uma (3 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2BzhDwAAQBAJ"><i>Simultaneous Identities: Language, Education, and Nationalism in Nepal: Language, Education, and Nationalism in Nepal</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48992-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48992-8"><bdi>978-1-108-48992-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simultaneous+Identities%3A+Language%2C+Education%2C+and+Nationalism+in+Nepal%3A+Language%2C+Education%2C+and+Nationalism+in+Nepal&rft.pages=40-60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-12-03&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48992-8&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Uma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2BzhDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelpton2005" class="citation book cs1">Whelpton, John (17 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC"><i>A History of Nepal</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 160–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80470-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nepal&rft.pages=160-170&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-02-17&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80470-7&rft.aulast=Whelpton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKoNT6tjk9mQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/growing-calls-for-restoring-hindu-state-in-nepal/">"In Nepal, Calls Grow for the Restoration of a Hindu State"</a>. <i>The Diplomat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Nature. pp. 30–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-68810-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-68810-3"><bdi>978-3-030-68810-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Contact+in+Nepal%3A+A+Study+on+Language+Use+and+Attitudes&rft.pages=30-40&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2021-03-27&rft.isbn=978-3-030-68810-3&rft.aulast=Gautam&rft.aufirst=Bhim+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRomEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradhan1997" class="citation book cs1">Pradhan, Indramani (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRsb6uTKuQYC"><i>Parasmani Pradhan</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0366-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0366-2"><bdi>978-81-260-0366-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parasmani+Pradhan&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0366-2&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Indramani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkRsb6uTKuQYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddyGuiteSubedi2023" class="citation book cs1">Reddy, Sunita; Guite, Nemthianngai; Subedi, Bamdev (19 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lPyuEAAAQBAJ"><i>Ethnomedicine and Tribal Healing Practices in India: Challenges and Possibilities of Recognition and Integration</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lisindia.ciil.org&rft.atitle=Nepali+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flisindia.ciil.org%2FNepali%2FNepali_hist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/nep.pdf">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Nepali language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ohchr.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517005406/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/nep.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohchr.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+in+Nepali+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FDocuments%2FUDHR_Translations%2Fnep.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historically spoken just by the Karnali Khas people, now spoken as the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> in Nepal.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Burghart1984" class="citation journal cs1">Richard Burghart (1984). "The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal". <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 101–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2056748">10.2307/2056748</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2056748">2056748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154584368">154584368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+the+Concept+of+Nation-State+in+Nepal&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-125&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154584368%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2056748%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2056748&rft.au=Richard+Burghart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainCardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&q=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135797119" title="Special:BookSources/9781135797119"><bdi>9781135797119</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123456/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Indo_Aryan_Languages/iUHfBQAAQBAJ?hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft.isbn=9781135797119&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Danesh&rft.au=Cardona%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUHfBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BIndo-Aryan%2BLanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2013" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, Brian Houghton (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DuUxTMez9n4C&q=hodgson+essays+on+the+languages"><i>Essays on the Languages, Literature, and Religion of Nepál and Tibet</i></a> (Reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108056083" title="Special:BookSources/9781108056083"><bdi>9781108056083</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123456/https://books.google.com/books?id=DuUxTMez9n4C&q=hodgson+essays+on+the+languages">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+Languages%2C+Literature%2C+and+Religion+of+Nep%C3%A1l+and+Tibet&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781108056083&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Brian+Houghton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDuUxTMez9n4C%26q%3Dhodgson%2Bessays%2Bon%2Bthe%2Blanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">पोखरेल</span></span>, <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">मा</span></span>. <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">प्र</span></span>. (2000), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">ध्वनिविज्ञान र नेपाली भाषाको ध्वनि परिचय</span></span>, <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">नेपाल राजकीय प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठान</span></span>, <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">काठमाडौँ</span></span>।</li> <li>Schmidt, R. L. (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/schmidt/"><i>A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126134212/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/schmidt/">Archived</a> 26 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lilley_Turner" title="Ralph Lilley Turner">Turner, R. L.</a> (1931) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/turner/"><i>A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913064420/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/turner/">Archived</a> 13 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Clements, G.N. & Khatiwada, R. (2007). "Phonetic realization of contrastively aspirated affricates in Nepali." In <i>Proceedings of ICPhS XVI</i> (Saarbrücken, 6–10 August 2007), 629- 632. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1650/1650.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306173708/http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1650/1650.pdf">Archived</a> 6 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hutt, M. & Subedi, A. (2003) <i>Teach Yourself Nepali.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatiwada2009" class="citation journal cs1">Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100309990181">"Nepali"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 373–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100309990181">10.1017/S0025100309990181</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Nepali&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=373-380&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100309990181&rft.aulast=Khatiwada&rft.aufirst=Rajesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100309990181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Manders, C. J. (2007) <i><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">नेपाली व्याकरणमा आधार</span></span> A Foundation in Nepali Grammar.</i></li> <li>Dashrath Kharel, "Nepali linguistics spoken in Darjeeling-Sikkim"</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ne:"> Nepali edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nepali_phrasebook#Q33823" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Nepali phrasebook">Nepali</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Nepali_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Nepali language">Category:Nepali language</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Nepali_lemmas" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Nepali lemmas">List of Nepali words</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/nepali.htm">Omniglot – Nepali Language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barala.com.np/nepali-unicode.php">Barala – Easy Nepali Typing</a></li> <li><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश</span></span> | Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh (Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary) | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepalacademy.org.np/">"Nepal Academy"</a></li> <li><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश</span></span> | Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh – Nepali Dictionary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mankoaawaz.com/2014/08/download-nepali-dictionary-pdf.html">"Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh Latest Edition"</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/19px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/29px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/38px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-linguistics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/17px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/26px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/34px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/21px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/42px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myanmar" title="Portal:Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/24px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/31px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Nepal</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nepali_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nepali_language" title="Template:Nepali language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nepali_language" title="Template talk:Nepali language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nepali_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nepali language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nepali_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepali language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declension_in_Nepali" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in Nepali">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_numerals" title="Devanagari numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_kinship_terms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepali kinship terms (page does not exist)">Kinship terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nepali language">History</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_etymology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepali etymology (page does not exist)">Etymology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Pahari">Eastern Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpa_language_(Indo-Aryan)" title="Palpa language (Indo-Aryan)">Palpa language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Nepali" title="Signed Nepali">Signed Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali English">Nepali English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_manual_alphabet" title="Nepali manual alphabet">Nepali manual alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_politics" title="Language politics">Language politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language_movement" title="Nepali language movement">Nepali language movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventy-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">Amendment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_movement" title="Nepal Bhasa movement">Nepal Bhasa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland_movement" title="Gorkhaland movement">Gorkhaland movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Literary movements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aswikrit_Sahitya_Andolan" title="Aswikrit Sahitya Andolan">Aswikrit Sahitya Andolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralpha" title="Ralpha">Ralpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srijanshil_Arajakta" title="Srijanshil Arajakta">Srijanshil Arajakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesro_Aayam" title="Tesro Aayam">Tesro Aayam</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy" title="Nepal Academy">Nepal Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sahitya_Sammelan,_Darjeeling" title="Nepali Sahitya Sammelan, Darjeeling">Nepali Sahitya Sammelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sahitya_Parishad_Sikkim" title="Nepali Sahitya Parishad Sikkim">Nepali Sahitya Parishad Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajha_Publications" title="Sajha Publications">Sajha Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Puraskar_Pustakalaya" title="Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya">Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarohan_Gurukul" title="Aarohan Gurukul">Aarohan Gurukul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_literature" title="Nepali literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Nepal#Nepali_literature" title="Literature of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Nepali_literature" title="Bhutanese Nepali literature">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature#Nepali_literature" title="Indian literature">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nepalese_literary_awards" title="Category:Nepalese literary awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award" title="Sahitya Akademi Award">Sahitya Akademi Award</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_winners_for_Nepali" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali">Recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Translation_Prize_winners_for_Nepali" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Nepali">Translation Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuva_Puraskar_winners_for_Nepali" title="List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Nepali">Yuva Puraskar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Puraskar" title="Madan Puraskar">Madan Puraskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadamba_Shree_Puraskar" title="Jagadamba Shree Puraskar">Jagadamba Shree Puraskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal" title="Cinema of Nepal">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepali-language_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nepali-language authors">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepali-language_poets" title="List of Nepali-language poets">Poets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Wikipedia" title="Nepali Wikipedia">Nepali Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhanu_Jayanti" title="Bhanu Jayanti">Bhanu Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Literature_Festival" title="Nepal Literature Festival">Nepal Literature Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Nepali_language" title="Category:Nepali language">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nepali_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nepali language">Media</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Nepali_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Nepali language">Wiktionary</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Nepal" title="Template:Languages of Nepal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Nepal" title="Template talk:Languages of Nepal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Nepal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Nepal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Languages of Nepal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/34px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Nepal portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahing_language" title="Bahing language">Bahing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantawa_language" title="Bantawa language">Bantawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belhare_language" title="Belhare language">Belhare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamling_language" title="Chamling language">Chamling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumi_language" title="Dumi language">Dumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampang_language" title="Sampang language">Sampang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulung_language" title="Thulung language">Thulung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_language" title="Vayu language">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waling_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Waling language">Waling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakkha_language" title="Yakkha language">Yakkha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chantyal_language" title="Chantyal language">Chantyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manang_language" title="Manang language">Manang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jirel_language" title="Jirel language">Jirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagate_language" title="Kagate language">Kagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugom_dialect" title="Mugom dialect">Mugomt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naapa_language" title="Naapa language">Naapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubri_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubri (language)">Nubri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_language" title="Yolmo language">Yolmo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baram_language" title="Baram language">Baram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaike_language" title="Kaike language">Kaike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji_language" title="Raji language">Raji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raute_language" title="Raute language">Raute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangmi_language" title="Thangmi language">Thangmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Angika language">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doteli_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Doteli language">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maunabudhuk%E2%80%93Bodhe_Sign_Language" title="Maunabudhuk–Bodhe Sign Language">Maunabudhuk–Bodhe Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhwar_language" title="Majhwar language">Majhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Bhutan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Template:Languages of Bhutan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Template talk:Languages of Bhutan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Bhutan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Bhutan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Languages of Bhutan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bodish" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Ngalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_dialect" title="Laya dialect">Laya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokkat_language" title="Brokkat language">Brokkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokpa_language" title="Brokpa language">Brokpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocangaca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocangaca language">Chocangacakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakha_language" title="Lakha language">Lakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumthang_language" title="Bumthang language">Bumthang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kheng_language" title="Kheng language">Kheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt%C3%B6p_language" title="Kurtöp language">Kurtöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupbi_language" title="Nupbi language">Nupbikha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali_language" title="Chali language">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakpa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakpa language">Dakpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_language" title="Dzala language">Dzala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyen_language" title="Nyen language">Nyenkha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla (Sharchop)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a> <ul><li>including <a href="/wiki/Chamling_language" title="Chamling language">Chamling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">'Ole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Sign_Language" title="Bhutanese Sign Language">Bhutanese Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_India" title="Template talk:Languages of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Union-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th schedule</a> to the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamatapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Major<br />unofficial<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#More_than_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Over 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#100,000_to_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">100,000 – 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sema_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_India" title="Multilingualism in India">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Scheduled languages in states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Northeast_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Northeast_India" title="Template:Languages of Northeast India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Northeast_India" title="Template talk:Languages of Northeast India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Northeast_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Northeast India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Northeast_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India#Languages" title="Northeast India">Languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Arunachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal<br />Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deori_language" title="Deori language">Deori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocte_language" title="Nocte language">Nocte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singpho_dialect" title="Singpho dialect">Singpho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangsa_language" title="Tangsa language">Tangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutsa_language" title="Tutsa language">Tutsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatani_language" title="Apatani language">Apatani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bori_language" title="Bori language">Bori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallong_language" title="Gallong language">Gallong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangam_language" title="Tangam language">Tangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yano_language" title="Yano language">Yano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puimei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puimei language">Puimei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Assam">Assam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amri_language" title="Amri language">Amri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawm_language" title="Bawm language">Bawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biate_language" title="Biate language">Biate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiru_language" title="Chiru language">Chiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangte_language" title="Gangte language">Gangte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmar_language" title="Hmar language">Hmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrangkhol_language" title="Hrangkhol language">Hrangkhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paite_language" title="Paite language">Paite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranglong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranglong language">Ranglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saihriem_language" title="Saihriem language">Saihriem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakachep_language" title="Sakachep language">Sakachep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaiphei_language" title="Vaiphei language">Vaiphei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barman_language" title="Barman language">Barman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deori_language" title="Deori language">Deori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachari_language" title="Kachari language">Kachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_language" title="Koch language">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moran_language" title="Moran language">Moran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocte_language" title="Nocte language">Nocte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singpho_dialect" title="Singpho dialect">Singpho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangsa_language" title="Tangsa language">Tangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwa_language_(India)" title="Tiwa language (India)">Tiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turung_language" title="Turung language">Turung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutsa_language" title="Tutsa language">Tutsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangni-Tagin_language" title="Bangni-Tagin language">Bangni-Tagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokar_language" title="Bokar language">Bokar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Miri_dialect" title="Hill Miri dialect">Hill Miri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_dialect" title="Na dialect">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inpui_language" title="Inpui language">Inpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoirao_language" title="Khoirao language">Khoirao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maram_language" title="Maram language">Maram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongmei_language" title="Rongmei language">Rongmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeme_language" title="Zeme language">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_language" title="Ahom language">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamyang_language" title="Khamyang language">Khamyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiton_language" title="Aiton language">Tai Aiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Phake_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Phake language">Tai Phake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Manipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Manipur">Manipur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal language">Anal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biate_language" title="Biate language">Biate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiru_language" title="Chiru language">Chiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chothe_language" title="Chothe language">Chothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangte_language" title="Gangte language">Gangte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrangkhol_language" title="Hrangkhol language">Hrangkhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_language_(India)" title="Kom language (India)">Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamkang_language" title="Lamkang language">Lamkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyon_language" title="Moyon language">Moyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paite_language" title="Paite language">Paite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purum_language" title="Purum language">Purum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralte_language" title="Ralte language">Ralte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simte_language" title="Simte language">Simte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaiphei_language" title="Vaiphei language">Vaiphei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_language" title="Zou language">Zou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmar_language" title="Hmar language">Hmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsang_language" title="Monsang language">Monsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakachep_language" title="Sakachep language">Sakachep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbung_language" title="Sorbung language">Sorbung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarao_language" title="Tarao language">Tarao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inpui_language" title="Inpui language">Inpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoirao_language" title="Khoirao language">Khoirao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maram_language" title="Maram language">Maram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puimei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puimei language">Puimei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongmei_language" title="Rongmei language">Rongmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeme_language" title="Zeme language">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairel_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairel language">Chairel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maring_language_(India)" title="Maring language (India)">Maring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uipo_language" title="Uipo language">Uipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopvoma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopvoma language">Sopvoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Meghalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amri_language" title="Amri language">Amri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biate_language" title="Biate language">Biate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangte_language" title="Gangte language">Gangte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakachep_language" title="Sakachep language">Khelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaiphei_language" title="Vaiphei language">Vaiphei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyngngam_language" title="Lyngngam language">Lyngngam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnar_language" title="Pnar language">Pnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_language" title="War language">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atong_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Atong language (Sino-Tibetan)">Atong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_language" title="Koch language">Koch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mizoram" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biate_language" title="Biate language">Biate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falam_language" title="Falam language">Falam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakha_Chin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakha Chin language">Hakha Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmar_language" title="Hmar language">Hmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakachep_language" title="Sakachep language">Khelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_language" title="Mara language">Mara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga_La_language" title="Nga La language">Nga La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranglong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranglong language">Ranglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paite_language" title="Paite language">Paite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralte_language" title="Ralte language">Ralte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedim_language" title="Tedim language">Tedim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyphe_language" title="Zyphe language">Zyphe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nagaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Nagaland">Nagaland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-<br />Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami-<br />Pochuri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokri_language" title="Chokri language">Chokri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhami_language" title="Kuzhami language">Kuzhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyon_language" title="Moyon language">Moyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntenyi_language" title="Ntenyi language">Ntenyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pochuri_language" title="Pochuri language">Pochuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rengma_language" title="Rengma language">Rengma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumi language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopvoma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopvoma language">Sopvoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_language" title="Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Mongsen Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangtam_language" title="Sangtam language">Sangtam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wui_language" title="Wui language">Wui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yimkhiungr%C3%BC_language" title="Yimkhiungrü language">Yimchungrü</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_language" title="Chang language">Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamniungan_language" title="Khiamniungan language">Khiamniungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocte_language" title="Nocte language">Nocte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inpui_language" title="Inpui language">Inpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamkang_language" title="Lamkang language">Lamkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mzieme_language" title="Mzieme language">Mzieme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongmei_language" title="Rongmei language">Rongmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeme_language" title="Zeme language">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiru_language" title="Chiru language">Chiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chothe_language" title="Chothe language">Chothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakachep_language" title="Sakachep language">Khelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makury_language" title="Makury language">Makury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sikkim" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakkha_language" title="Yakkha language">Yakkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_language" title="Yolmo language">Yolmo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tripura" title="Languages of Tripura">Tripura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawm_language" title="Bawm language">Bawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlong_language" title="Darlong language">Darlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_language" title="Koch language">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paite_language" title="Paite language">Paite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralte_language" title="Ralte language">Ralte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranglong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranglong language">Ranglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaiphei_language" title="Vaiphei language">Vaiphei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeme_language" title="Zeme language">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kashmiri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda–<br />Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–<br />Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins<br />and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Darjeeling_related_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Darjeeling" title="Template:Darjeeling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Darjeeling" title="Template talk:Darjeeling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Darjeeling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Darjeeling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Darjeeling_related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikkim" title="History of Sikkim">History of Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">History of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_National_Liberation_Front" title="Gorkha National Liberation Front">Gorkha National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkhaland">Gorkhaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Gorkha_Hill_Council" title="Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council">Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Municipality" title="Darjeeling Municipality">Darjeeling Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)">Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jore_Pokhri_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Jore Pokhri Wildlife Sanctuary">Jore Pokhri Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapahar" title="Katapahar">Katapahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalapahar" title="Jalapahar">Jalapahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatory_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Observatory Hill, Darjeeling">Observatory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar_subdivision" title="Darjeeling Sadar subdivision">Darjeeling Sadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahananda_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary">Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmaja_Naidu_Himalayan_Zoological_Park" title="Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park">Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manebhanjyang,_Darjeeling" title="Manebhanjyang, Darjeeling">Manebhanjyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalut" title="Phalut">Phalut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Garden,_Darjeeling" title="Rock Garden, Darjeeling">Rock Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senchal_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary">Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singalila_National_Park" title="Singalila National Park">Singalila National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Darjeeling" title="Demographics of Darjeeling">Demographics of Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakal_Temple,_Darjeeling" title="Mahakal Temple, Darjeeling">Mahakal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowrasta_(Darjeeling)" title="Chowrasta (Darjeeling)">Chowrasta (Darjeeling)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Bengal" title="University of North Bengal">University of North Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon_School,_Darjeeling" title="Mount Hermon School, Darjeeling">Mount Hermon School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling">St. Joseph's School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreto_Convent,_Darjeeling" title="Loreto Convent, Darjeeling">Loreto Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Paul's School, Darjeeling">St. Paul's School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethals_Memorial_School" title="Goethals Memorial School">Goethals Memorial School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Boys%27_School_(Kurseong)" title="Victoria Boys' School (Kurseong)">Victoria Boys' School (Kurseong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southfield_College" title="Southfield College">Southfield (formerly Loreto) College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Government_College" title="Darjeeling Government College">Darjeeling Government College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_College,_Darjeeling" title="St Joseph's College, Darjeeling">St. Joseph's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Mountaineering_Institute" title="Himalayan Mountaineering Institute">Himalayan Mountaineering Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="North Bengal Medical College and Hospital">North Bengal Medical College and Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy and Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattabong_Tea_Garden" title="Pattabong Tea Garden">Pattabong Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_Tea_Estate" title="Happy Valley Tea Estate">Happy Valley Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal#Economy" title="West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Darjeeling" title="Transport in Darjeeling">Transport in Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katihar%E2%80%93Siliguri_line" title="Katihar–Siliguri line">Katihar–Siliguri line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdogra_Airport" title="Bagdogra Airport">Bagdogra Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Ropeway" title="Darjeeling Ropeway">Darjeeling Ropeway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_people" title="Tamang people">Tamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_people" title="Rai people">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutia" title="Bhutia">Bhutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo/Yamloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miji_people" title="Miji people">Miji/Damai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami_(caste)" title="Kami (caste)">Kamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gorkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wai-Wai_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wai-Wai (food)">Wai-wai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhurpi" title="Chhurpi">Chhurpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thukpa" title="Thukpa">Thukpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momo_(food)" title="Momo (food)">Momo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaang" title="Chhaang">Chhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil Dance">Devil Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendong_Lho_Rumfaat" title="Tendong Lho Rumfaat">Tendong Lho Rumfaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen" title="Chotrul Duchen">Chotrul Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Refugee_Self_Help_Centre" title="Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre">Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghum_Monastery" title="Ghum Monastery">Ghum Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutia_Busty_Monastery" title="Bhutia Busty Monastery">Bhutia Busty Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mag-Dhog_Yolmowa_Monastery" title="Mag-Dhog Yolmowa Monastery">Mag-Dhog Yolmowa Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pagoda,_Darjeeling" title="Peace Pagoda, Darjeeling">Peace Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakal_Temple,_Darjeeling" title="Mahakal Temple, Darjeeling">Mahakal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowrasta_(Darjeeling)" title="Chowrasta (Darjeeling)">Chowrasta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_development_blocks_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Community development blocks in India">Community development<br />blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar_subdivision" title="Darjeeling Sadar subdivision">Darjeeling Sadar subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Pulbazar_(community_development_block)" title="Darjeeling Pulbazar (community development block)">Darjeeling Pulbazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorebunglow_Sukhiapokhri_(community_development_block)" title="Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri (community development block)">Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangli_Rangliot_(community_development_block)" title="Rangli Rangliot (community development block)">Rangli Rangliot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurseong_subdivision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurseong subdivision (page does not exist)">Kurseong subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirik_(community_development_block)" title="Mirik (community development block)">Mirik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong_(community_development_block)" title="Kurseong (community development block)">Kurseong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_subdivision" title="Siliguri subdivision">Siliguri subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matigara_(community_development_block)" title="Matigara (community development block)">Matigara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalbari_(community_development_block)" title="Naxalbari (community development block)">Naxalbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phansidewa" title="Phansidewa">Phansidewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharibari_(community_development_block)" title="Kharibari (community development block)">Kharibari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vidhan Sabha constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalimpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darjeeling (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurseong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigara-Naxalbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Matigara-Naxalbari">Matigara-Naxalbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siliguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phansidewa_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phansidewa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Phansidewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Template</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Darjeeling_District" title="Template:Darjeeling District">Cities and towns in Darjeeling district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Darjeeling" title="Category:Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Darjeeling_district" title="Category:Cities and towns in Darjeeling district">Cities and towns in Darjeeling district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Himalayas" title="Category:Himalayas">Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hill_stations_in_India" title="Category:Hill stations in India">Hill stations in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Darjeeling_district" title="Category:People from Darjeeling district">People from Darjeeling district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Darjeeling_district" title="Category:Villages in Darjeeling district">Villages in Darjeeling district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33823#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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