CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hunterian transliteration - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f39e5ab6-f2e0-422a-bb20-af7ed67e88aa","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hunterian_transliteration","wgTitle":"Hunterian transliteration","wgCurRevisionId":1251443070,"wgRevisionId":1251443070,"wgArticleId":31035622,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Urdu-language text","Articles containing Persian-language text","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2022","Articles containing Hindi-language text","Articles with text in Indic languages","Pages with Hindi IPA","Pages with Nepali IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020","Pages with Marathi IPA","Pages with Sanskrit IPA", "Hindustani orthography","Romanization of Brahmic","Hindi","Sanskrit transliteration","Writing systems introduced in the 19th century"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hunterian_transliteration","wgRelevantArticleId":31035622,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition" :"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3631156","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements", "mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hunterian transliteration - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hunterian_transliteration rootpage-Hunterian_transliteration skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hunterian+transliteration" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hunterian+transliteration" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hunterian+transliteration" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hunterian+transliteration" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_languages_and_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_languages_and_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Additional languages and adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_languages_and_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hunterian transliteration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="نسخ هنتري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نسخ هنتري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliterumo_de_Hunter" title="Transliterumo de Hunter – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Transliterumo de Hunter" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="Hunterian transliteration – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hunterian transliteration" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_Hunter" title="Système de Hunter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système de Hunter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="हण्टेरियन लिप्यन्तरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हण्टेरियन लिप्यन्तरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E5%BC%8F" title="ハンター式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンター式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ہنٹرین ٹرانسلٹریشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہنٹرین ٹرانسلٹریشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliterarea_hunterian%C4%83" title="Transliterarea hunteriană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Transliterarea hunteriană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C" title="ہنٹری نقل حرفی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہنٹری نقل حرفی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3631156#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hunterian_transliteration" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hunterian_transliteration" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hunterian_transliteration" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&oldid=1251443070" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hunterian_transliteration&id=1251443070&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHunterian_transliteration"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHunterian_transliteration"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hunterian_transliteration&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3631156" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian transliteration system</div> <p> The <b>Hunterian transliteration</b> system is the "national system of <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>" and the one officially adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref04xufam_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref04xufam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref48luvep_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref48luvep-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref65puqac_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref65puqac-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunterian transliteration was sometimes also called the <i>Jonesian transliteration system</i> because it derived closely from a previous transliteration method developed by <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" title="William Jones (philologist)">William Jones</a> (1746–1794).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref21qerez_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref21qerez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon its establishment, the <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a> (India's National Academy of Letters) also adopted the Hunterian method, with additional adaptations, as its standard method of maintaining its bibliography of Indian-language works.<sup id="cite_ref-ref24debum_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref24debum-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntadapt04.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Huntadapt04.png/220px-Huntadapt04.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Huntadapt04.png/330px-Huntadapt04.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Huntadapt04.png/440px-Huntadapt04.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>'s 1866 <a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a> transliterations</figcaption></figure> <p>The original precursor to the Hunterian system was a transliteration method developed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkins" title="Charles Wilkins">Charles Wilkins</a>, who is sometimes called the "father of <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> typography" because he was also the creator of the first Devanagari typeface.<sup id="cite_ref-ref21qerez_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref21qerez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref70zofim_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref70zofim-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Jones, who also founded the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Society">Asiatic Society</a>, further developed the transliteration method.<sup id="cite_ref-ref21qerez_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref21qerez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was given a more complete form in the late nineteenth century by <a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Hunter" title="William Wilson Hunter">William Wilson Hunter</a>, then Surveyor General of India.<sup id="cite_ref-ref26vazop_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref26vazop-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it was proposed, it immediately met with opposition from supporters of the phonetic Dowler system, which climaxed in a dramatic showdown in an India Council meeting on 28 May 1872 where the new Hunterian method carried the day. The Hunterian method was inherently simpler and extensible to several Indic scripts because it systematized <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">grapheme</a> transliteration, and it came to prevail and gain government and academic acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-ref26vazop_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref26vazop-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents of the grapheme transliteration model continued to mount unsuccessful attempts at reversing government policy until the turn of the century, with one critic calling appealing to "the Indian Government to give up the whole attempt at scientific (i.e. Hunterian) transliteration, and decide once and for all in favour of a return to the old phonetic spelling."<sup id="cite_ref-ref31xuvad_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref31xuvad-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_languages_and_adaptations">Additional languages and adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Additional languages and adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over time, the Hunterian method extended in reach to cover several Indic scripts, including <a href="/wiki/Burmese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese script">Burmese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref49pihug_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref49pihug-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref82hecix_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref82hecix-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hunterian system was used to establish writing systems that used the Latin alphabet for some Indian languages that were previously not associated with a written script, such as <a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a>. In the case of Mizo, the Hunterian-based writing system "has proved hugely successful."<sup id="cite_ref-ref39jamep_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref39jamep-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provisions for <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages</a> were also made where applicable, e.g. the Hindi कानपुर is transliterated as <i>kānpur</i> (and not <i>kānapura</i>) but the Sanskrit क्रम is transliterated as <i>krama</i> (and not <i>kram</i>). The system has undergone some evolution over time. For instance, long vowels were marked with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> in the original version, but this was later replaced in the 1954 Government of India update with a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rotcsa_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotcsa-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, जान ('life') was previously romanized as <i>ján</i> but began to be romanized as <i>jān</i>. Additional diacritics have been proposed for various purposes, such as disambiguating <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> letters which map to a single Devanagari grapheme (e.g. <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi" dir="rtl">ث ,س</span></span> and <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi" dir="rtl">ص</span></span> which all map to <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">स</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ref78jiriv_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref78jiriv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some languages of the region are <a href="/wiki/Tonal_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal languages">tonal</a>, such as Mizo and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, and accent marks over vowels have been repurposed to indicate tone for some of them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntadapt03.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Huntadapt03.png/150px-Huntadapt03.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Huntadapt03.png/225px-Huntadapt03.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Huntadapt03.png/300px-Huntadapt03.png 2x" data-file-width="3270" data-file-height="4716" /></a><figcaption>An 1848 adaptation of the Jonesian/Hunterian system with both Devanagari and Perso-Arabic characters</figcaption></figure> <p>Main <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> vowels with their various representations:<sup id="cite_ref-ref04xufam_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref04xufam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-soi1896jsh_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soi1896jsh-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr class="Unicode"> <th><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> <sup id="cite_ref-nastaliq_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nastaliq-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/IPA_for_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA for Hindi">IPA</a> </th> <th>Hunterian </th> <th>Proposed diacritic forms </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">अ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ا</span></span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ə]</a></span></td> <td><span title="Hunterian transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">a</i></span></td> <td>a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">आ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">آ</span></span></span></td> <td>aː</td> <td>a</td> <td>ā</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">इ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اِ</span></span></span></td> <td>ɪ</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ई</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ی</span></span></span></td> <td>iː</td> <td>i</td> <td>ī</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">उ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اُ</span></span></span></td> <td>ʊ</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ऊ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">او</span></span></span></td> <td>uː</td> <td>u</td> <td>ū</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ऋ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">رِ</span></span></span></td> <td>ɾɪ, ɻ̍</td> <td>ri</td> <td>ṛĭ<sup id="cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref50gamug-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ॠ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">رِ</span></span></span></td> <td>ɾiː, ɻ̍ː</td> <td>ri</td> <td>ṟĭ<sup id="cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref50gamug-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ए</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اے</span></span></span></td> <td>eː</td> <td>e</td> <td>ē</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ऐ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اے</span></span></span></td> <td>ɛː, ai, æ</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ai</td> <td>Rarely <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[æ]</a></span> in Standard Hindi, but diphthongal pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ai]</a></span> (like the 'i' in b<b>i</b>ke) in Bihari/Eastern Hindi<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref11derom_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref11derom-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ओ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">او</span></span></span></td> <td>oː</td> <td>o</td> <td>ō</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">औ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">او</span></span></span></td> <td>ɔː, au</td> <td>au</td> <td>au</td> <td>Pronounced as the diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[au]</a></span> (like 'ou' in h<b>ou</b>se) in Bihari/Eastern Hindi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">अं</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ں</span></span></span>, <span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ن</span></span></span>, <span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">م</span></span></span></td> <td>ŋ, m</td> <td>n, m</td> <td>ṅ, ṁ</td> <td>Differentiation between dental and labial anusvara </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">अः</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ح</span></span></span></td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>ḥ<sup id="cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref50gamug-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ऍ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اے</span></span></span></td> <td>æ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>No Hunterian symbol defined; almost never written phonetically in Hindi except for loanwords; more rigorous usage in Nepali </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ऑ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">او</span></span></span></td> <td>ɒ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>No Hunterian symbol defined; sound occurs in words like <span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">गौना</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ne-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">[gɒnaː]</a></span>; 'engagement'), but never written phonetically except for loanwords </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntadapt01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Huntadapt01.png/100px-Huntadapt01.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Huntadapt01.png/150px-Huntadapt01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Huntadapt01.png/200px-Huntadapt01.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>An 1879 Hunterian adaptation that uses italics</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntadapt02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Huntadapt02.png/100px-Huntadapt02.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Huntadapt02.png 1.5x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>An 1895 Hunterian adaptation that uses diacritics</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntadapt05.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Huntadapt05.png/100px-Huntadapt05.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Huntadapt05.png/150px-Huntadapt05.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Huntadapt05.png/200px-Huntadapt05.png 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Many devices have been used to represent <a href="/wiki/Halant" class="mw-redirect" title="Halant">halants</a> including small slashes</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Hunterian system, implicit <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwas</a> are denoted by the transliterated schwa vowel in Devanagari, <i>a</i> (अ), and excluded as necessary under <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">schwa deletion rules</a>. Aspirations are represented by <i>h</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref04xufam_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref04xufam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-soi1896jsh_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soi1896jsh-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retroflex graphemes are often represented by a diacritic dot under the Latin consonant that represents the equivalent dental graphemes in proposals<sup id="cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref50gamug-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (some of which predate even the Hunterian method),<sup id="cite_ref-ref99xaxuz_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref99xaxuz-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref36foxoj_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref36foxoj-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this has not officially been accepted by the Indian government. <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">Halants</a> are indicated by either leaving out a vowel after the transliterated consonant<sup id="cite_ref-tohmnhdfr_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tohmnhdfr-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, in new proposals (not formally approved by the Indian government), with a period after the applicable consonant (e.g. जल्दी – <i>jal.di</i>). Initially, italics were sometimes used to differentiate consonants such as ख ("kh") and ख़ ("<i>kh</i>"),<sup id="cite_ref-ref80jocaq_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref80jocaq-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later macrons and diacritics began to be used more extensively. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> <sup id="cite_ref-nastaliq_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nastaliq-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/IPA_for_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA for Hindi">IPA</a> </th> <th>Hunterian </th> <th>Proposed diacritic forms<br /><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="where are these from? (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">क</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ک</span></span></span></td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ख</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کھ</span></span></span></td> <td>kʰ</td> <td>kh</td> <td>kh</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ग</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گ</span></span></span></td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">घ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گھ</span></span></span></td> <td>ɡʱ</td> <td>gh</td> <td>gh</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ङ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ن</span></span></span></td> <td>ŋ</td> <td>n</td> <td>ṅ<sup id="cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref50gamug-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">च</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">چ</span></span></span></td> <td>tʃ</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">छ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">چھ</span></span></span></td> <td>tʃʰ</td> <td>chh</td> <td>cẖ, čh<sup id="cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref50gamug-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ज</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ج</span></span></span></td> <td>dʒ</td> <td>j</td> <td>j</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">झ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جھ</span></span></span></td> <td>dʒʱ</td> <td>jh</td> <td>jh</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ञ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ن</span></span></span></td> <td>ɲ</td> <td>n</td> <td>ñ<sup id="cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref50gamug-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ट</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹ</span></span></span></td> <td>ʈ</td> <td>t</td> <td>ṭ<sup id="cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref50gamug-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ठ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ٹھ</span></span></span></td> <td>ʈʰ</td> <td>th</td> <td>ṭh<sup id="cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref50gamug-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ड</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڈ</span></span></span></td> <td>ɖ</td> <td>d</td> <td>ḍ<sup id="cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref50gamug-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ढ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڈھ</span></span></span></td> <td>ɖʱ</td> <td>dh</td> <td>ḍh<sup id="cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref50gamug-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ण</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ن</span></span></span></td> <td>ɳ</td> <td>n</td> <td>ṇ<sup id="cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref50gamug-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">त</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ت</span></span></span></td> <td>t̪</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">थ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">تھ</span></span></span></td> <td>t̪ʰ</td> <td>th</td> <td>th</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">द</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">د</span></span></span></td> <td>d̪</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ध</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">دھ</span></span></span></td> <td>d̪ʱ</td> <td>dh</td> <td>dh</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">न</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ن</span></span></span></td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">प</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پ</span></span></span></td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">फ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پھ</span></span></span></td> <td>pʰ</td> <td>ph</td> <td>ph</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ब</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ب</span></span></span></td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">भ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بھ</span></span></span></td> <td>bʱ</td> <td>bh</td> <td>bh</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">म</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">م</span></span></span></td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">य</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ی</span></span></span></td> <td>j</td> <td>y</td> <td>y</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">र</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ر</span></span></span></td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ल</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ل</span></span></span></td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">व</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">و</span></span></span></td> <td>v, ʋ, w</td> <td>v, w</td> <td>v</td> <td>In Marathi, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">[w]</a></span>, except <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">[v]</a></span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">[i]</a></span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[v]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ʋ]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[w]</a></span> allophony in Hindi </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">श</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ش</span></span></span></td> <td>ʃ</td> <td>sh</td> <td>sh</td> <td>In Nepali, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ne-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">[s]</a></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ne-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">[sh]</a></span> can be used </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ष</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ش</span></span></span></td> <td>ʃ, ʂ</td> <td>sh</td> <td>ṣh<sup id="cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref50gamug-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Commonly pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ʃ]</a></span> in Hindi; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ʂ]</a></span> in Sanskrit and in Hindi before retroflex consonants </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">स</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">س</span></span></span></td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ह</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ح</span></span></span></td> <td>ɦ</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">क़</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ق</span></span></span></td> <td>q</td> <td>q</td> <td>q</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ख़</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">خ</span></span></span></td> <td>x</td> <td>kh</td> <td>ḳh, k͟h<sup id="cite_ref-ref78jiriv_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref78jiriv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ग़</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">غ</span></span></span></td> <td>ɣ</td> <td>gh</td> <td>g͟h<sup id="cite_ref-ref78jiriv_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref78jiriv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ड़</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڑ</span></span></span></td> <td>ɽ</td> <td>r</td> <td>ṛ<sup id="cite_ref-ref78jiriv_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref78jiriv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ढ़</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ڑھ</span></span></span></td> <td>ɽʱ</td> <td>rh</td> <td>ṛh<sup id="cite_ref-ref78jiriv_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref78jiriv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">फ़</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ف</span></span></span></td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ज़</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ز</span></span></span></td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">झ़</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ژ</span></span></span></td> <td>ʒ</td> <td>zh</td> <td>zh</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">क्ष</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">کش</span></span></span></td> <td>kʃ, kʂ</td> <td>ksh</td> <td>kṣh<sup id="cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref50gamug-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">त्र</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">تر</span></span></span></td> <td>t̪r</td> <td>tr</td> <td>tr</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">ज्ञ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گیہ</span></span></span></td> <td>gj, dʑɲ</td> <td>gy, jn</td> <td>gy, jñ</td> <td>Commonly pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[gj]</a></span> in Hindi and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[dʑɲ]</a></span> in Sanskrit and occasionally in Hindi. Transliterated as <span title="Hunterian transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gy</i></span> for Hindi and <span title="Hunterian transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jn</i></span> for Sanskrit. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Deva">श्र</span></span></td> <td><span title="Indic languages collective text"><span lang="inc-Aran" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">شر</span></span></span></td> <td>ʃr</td> <td>shr</td> <td>shr</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Example</b>: मैं अपने संबंधी से कारख़ाने में मिला और उसने मुझे चाय पिलाई। वह बारिश के कारण फ़सलों को हुए नुक़सान की वजह से चिंतित था। मैंने उसे अपनी ख़बर सुनाई। क्योंकि मुझे निकलना था, इसीलिए कुछ देर बाद मैंने क्षमा माँगी और वहाँ से रवाना हुआ। </p><p>With diacritics: <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">mãĩ apne sambandhī se kārk͟hāne mẽ milā aur usne mujhe chāy pilāī. vo bāriś ke kāraṇ faslõ ko hue nuqsān kī vajah se cintit thā. maĩne use apnī k͟habar sunāī. kyõki mujhe nikalnā thā, isilie kuchh der bād mãĩne kṣhamā māṅgī aur vahā̃ se ravānā huā.</i></span> </p><p>Without any diacritics: <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">main apne sambandhi se karkhane men mila aur usne mujhe chay pilayi. wo barish ke karan faslon ko hue nuqsan ki vajah se chintit tha. maine use apni khabar sunayi. kyonki mujhe nikalna tha, isilie kuchh der bad maine kshama mangi aur vahan se ravana hua.</i></span> </p><p>Notes: संबंधी can interchangeably be written in two different ways: संबंधी and सम्बन्धी. चिंतित can also be written as चिंतित and चिन्तित. </p><p><b>Example</b>: इस साल ग्रीष्मकालीन वर्षा ज़्यादा होने से अमरूद और बेर की क़िल्लत देखी गई। मज़े की बात यह है कि सेब और ख़ुबानी की क़ीमतें कम हैं क्योंकि उत्तराखंड में गोदाम भरें हैं. </p><p>With diacritics: <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">is sāl grīṣmkālīn varṣā zyādā hone se amrūd aur ber kī qillat dekhī gaī. maze kī bāt ye hai ki seb aur k͟hubānī kī qīmtẽ kam hãĩ kyõki uttarākhaṇḍ mẽ godām bharẽ haĩ.</i></span> </p><p>Without any diacritics: <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">is sal grishmkalin varsha zyada hone se amrud aur ber ki qillat dekhi gayi. maze ki bat ye hai ki seb aur khubani ki qimten kam hain kyonki uttarakhand men godam bharen hain.</i></span> </p><p>Notes: उत्तराखंड can interchangeably be written in two different ways: उत्तराखंड and उत्तराखण्ड. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hunterian system has faced criticism over the years for not producing phonetically accurate results and being "unashamedly geared towards an English-language receiver audience."<sup id="cite_ref-rotcsa_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotcsa-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the lack of differentiation between <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> consonants (e.g. द and ड are both represented by <i>d</i>) has come in for repeated criticism and inspired several proposed modifications of Hunterian, including using a diacritic below retroflexes (e.g. making द=<i>d</i> and ड=<i>ḍ</i>, which is more readable but requires diacritic printing) or capitalizing them (e.g. making द=<i>d</i> and ड=<i>D</i>, which requires no diacritic printing but is less readable because it mixes small and capital letters in words).<sup id="cite_ref-ref06revip_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref06revip-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Hunter" title="William Wilson Hunter">William Wilson Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Devanagari transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language#Writing_system" title="Mizo language">Mizo language writing system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nastaliq-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nastaliq_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nastaliq_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This will only display in the <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> script if you have a suitable Urdu font installed. If this <span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl">نستعلیق</span></span> and this <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">نستعلیق</span></span> looks like any of <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl">نستعلیق</span></span></span> or <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">نستعلیق</span></span></span>, then you are probably seeing it written in the <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> script.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ref04xufam-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref04xufam_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref04xufam_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref04xufam_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names,_United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2007" class="citation cs2">United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mh8u32ANQxAC"><i>Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names</i></a>, United Nations Publications, 2007, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-161500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-161500-5"><bdi>978-92-1-161500-5</bdi></a>, <q>... ISO 15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanization in India ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+reference+manual+for+the+standardization+of+geographical+names&rft.pub=United+Nations+Publications%2C+2007&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-1-161500-5&rft.au=United+Nations+Group+of+Experts+on+Geographical+Names%2C+United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmh8u32ANQxAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref48luvep-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref48luvep_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs1955" class="citation cs2">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (1955), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKsvAAAAYAAJ"><i>United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Volume 2</i></a>, United Nations, 1955, <q>... In India the Hunterian system is used, whereby every sound in the local language is uniformly represented by a certain letter in the Roman alphabet ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Regional+Cartographic+Conference+for+Asia+and+the+Far+East%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=United+Nations%2C+1955&rft.date=1955&rft.au=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKsvAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref65puqac-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref65puqac_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Library_(India)1960" class="citation cs2">National Library (India) (1960), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8VYEAQAAIAAJ"><i>Indian scientific & technical publications, exhibition 1960: a bibliography</i></a>, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, 1960, <q>... The Hunterian system of transliteration, which has international acceptance, has been used ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+scientific+%26+technical+publications%2C+exhibition+1960%3A+a+bibliography&rft.pub=Council+of+Scientific+%26+Industrial+Research%2C+Government+of+India%2C+1960&rft.date=1960&rft.au=National+Library+%28India%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8VYEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1786" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, William (1786). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/asiaticresearche01asia#page/n19/mode/2up">"A Dissertation on the Orthography of Asiatick Words in Roman Letters"</a>. <i>Asiatick Researches</i>. <b>1</b>: 1–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asiatick+Researches&rft.atitle=A+Dissertation+on+the+Orthography+of+Asiatick+Words+in+Roman+Letters&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-56&rft.date=1786&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fasiaticresearche01asia%23page%2Fn19%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref21qerez-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref21qerez_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref21qerez_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref21qerez_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UkcAAAAAYAAJ"><i>Notes and queries</i></a>, Oxford University Press, 1883, 1883, <q>... What is now culled the Jonesian or Hunterian system is due primarily to Sir Charles Wilkins ... The original Jonesian system had its merits; but the ignorance of phonology which prevailed in those days prevents it from being accepted as a scientific instrument for the reproduction of sounds outside the limited range ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+and+queries&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+1883&rft.date=1883&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUkcAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref24debum-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref24debum_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._S._Rao2004" class="citation cs2">D. S. Rao (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=12pjAAAAMAAJ"><i>Five decades: the National Academy of Letters, India: a short history of Sahitya Akademi</i></a>, Sahitya Akademi, 2004, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126020607" title="Special:BookSources/9788126020607"><bdi>9788126020607</bdi></a>, <q>... The Bibliography was to be in Roman script with annotations in English, so that it could serve as a tool of reference both in India and abroad. The Hunterian system of transliteration was to be adopted with suitable modifications. Every language section was to be divided into 8 major categories: 1. General works, eg important bibliographies, general encyclopaedias, dictionaries; 2. Philosophy and Religion, containing works of literary significance ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+decades%3A+the+National+Academy+of+Letters%2C+India%3A+a+short+history+of+Sahitya+Akademi&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi%2C+2004&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788126020607&rft.au=D.+S.+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D12pjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref70zofim-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref70zofim_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBapurao_S._Naik1971" class="citation cs2">Bapurao S. Naik (1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZfgAAAAMAAJ"><i>Typography of Devanagari, Volume 1</i></a>, Directorate of Languages, Government of Maharashtra, India, 1971, <q>... Sir Charles Wilkins:The Father of Devanagari Typography. Charles Wilkins (born in 1749-50) arrived in India in 1770 and joined the service of the East India Company ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Typography+of+Devanagari%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Languages%2C+Government+of+Maharashtra%2C+India%2C+1971&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Bapurao+S.+Naik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZfgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref26vazop-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref26vazop_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref26vazop_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Henry_Skrine1901" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Henry_Skrine" title="Francis Henry Skrine">Francis Henry Skrine</a> (1901), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a1O21Ciyid0C"><i>Life of Sir William Wilson Hunter, K.C.S.I., M.A., LL.D., a vice-president of the Royal Asiatic society, etc</i></a>, Longmans, Green, and co., 1901, <q>... phonetic or 'Sir Roger Dowler method' ... The Secretary of State and the great majority of his councillors gave an unqualified support to the Hunterian system ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Sir+William+Wilson+Hunter%2C+K.C.S.I.%2C+M.A.%2C+LL.D.%2C+a+vice-president+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+society%2C+etc&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+co.%2C+1901&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Francis+Henry+Skrine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da1O21Ciyid0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref31xuvad-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref31xuvad_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwoeAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Fortnightly, Volume 68</i></a>, Chapman and Hall, 1897, 1897, <q>... the Indian Government to give up the whole attempt at scientific (i.e. Hunterian) transliteration, and decide once and for all in favour of a return to the old phonetic spelling ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fortnightly%2C+Volume+68&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall%2C+1897&rft.date=1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwoeAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref49pihug-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref49pihug_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMînn_Latt_Yêkháun1966" class="citation cs2">Mînn Latt Yêkháun (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iy5kAAAAMAAJ"><i>Modernization of Burmese</i></a>, Oriental Institute in Academia, Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1966, <q>... There does exist a system df transcribing Burmese words in roman letters, one that is called the 'Government', or the 'Hunterian' method ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernization+of+Burmese&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute+in+Academia%2C+Publishing+House+of+the+Czechoslovak+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+1966&rft.date=1966&rft.au=M%C3%AEnn+Latt+Y%C3%AAkh%C3%A1un&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIy5kAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref82hecix-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref82hecix_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunwar_Krishan_Rampal1993" class="citation cs2">Kunwar Krishan Rampal (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aurHGtGvKGIC"><i>Mapping and compilation</i></a>, Concept Publishing Company, 1993, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-414-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-414-3"><bdi>978-81-7022-414-3</bdi></a>, <q>... The Hunterian system has rules for transliteration into English the names form Hindi, Urdu, Arabic, Burmese, Chinese and Tibetan origin. These rules are described in Chapter VI, Survey of India, Handbook of Topographical Mapping ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+and+compilation&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company%2C+1993&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-414-3&rft.au=Kunwar+Krishan+Rampal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaurHGtGvKGIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref39jamep-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref39jamep_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRam_Narayan_Prasad,_Prithwipati_Chakraborty2006" class="citation cs2">Ram Narayan Prasad, Prithwipati Chakraborty (January 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O-llviDkGAAC"><i>Administration of justice in Mizoram</i></a>, Mittal Publications, 2006, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-059-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-059-8"><bdi>978-81-8324-059-8</bdi></a>, <q>... The first Christian Missionaries who came to Mizoram, namely the Revd. James Herbert Lorrain and the Revd. Frederick William Savidge, devised an alphabet using Roman lettering and based on the Hunterian system. It was later modified slightly, but in principle it has remained the same and has proved highly successful ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administration+of+justice+in+Mizoram&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications%2C+2006&rft.date=2006-01&rft.isbn=978-81-8324-059-8&rft.au=Ram+Narayan+Prasad%2C+Prithwipati+Chakraborty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO-llviDkGAAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rotcsa-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rotcsa_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rotcsa_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/wgr06_5.htm"><i>The Romanization of Toponyms in the Countries of South Asia</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>, <q>... In the late 19th century sources, the system marks long vowels with an acute accent, and renders the letters k and q both as k. However, when the system was again published in 1954, alterations had been made. Long vowels were now marked with a macron and the q-k distinction was maintained ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanization+of+Toponyms+in+the+Countries+of+South+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fwgrs%2Fwgr06_5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref78jiriv-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref78jiriv_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref78jiriv_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref78jiriv_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref78jiriv_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref78jiriv_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan_Forbes1848" class="citation cs2">Duncan Forbes (1848), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7klIAAAAYAAJ"><i>A dictionary, Hindustani and English: to which is added a reversed part, English and Hindustani</i></a>, W.H. Allen, 1848, <q>... ب ब b ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary%2C+Hindustani+and+English%3A+to+which+is+added+a+reversed+part%2C+English+and+Hindustani&rft.pub=W.H.+Allen%2C+1848&rft.date=1848&rft.au=Duncan+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7klIAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soi1896jsh-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soi1896jsh_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soi1896jsh_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLt._Col._St._George_Corbet_Gore" class="citation cs2">Lt. Col. St. George Corbet Gore, <i>Handbook of Professional Instructions for the Topographical Branch</i>, Survey of India Department, 1896, <q>... क k ख kh ग g घ gh ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Professional+Instructions+for+the+Topographical+Branch&rft.pub=Survey+of+India+Department%2C+1896&rft.au=Lt.+Col.+St.+George+Corbet+Gore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref50gamug-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref50gamug_17-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Burgess1895" class="citation cs2">James Burgess (1895), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MBYuAAAAYAAJ"><i>The transliteration of oriental alphabets</i></a>, E.J. Brill, 1895, <q>... the use of c alone for this sound ... though it may be easy for specialists to attach an arbitrary sound to a letter, the public can hardly be expected ... Every map and geographical text book has adopted 'ch', as does the roll of every Indian regiment and every revenue record ... chh is the analogous aspirate of this, unless we adopt for it čh ... Table: The Principal Indian Alphabets ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+transliteration+of+oriental+alphabets&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill%2C+1895&rft.date=1895&rft.au=James+Burgess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMBYuAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManjari1999" class="citation book cs1">Manjari, Ohala (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_hin_phon-3"><i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet: Hindi</i></a>. International Phonetic Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet%3A+Hindi&rft.pub=International+Phonetic+Association&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Manjari&rft.aufirst=Ohala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_hin_phon-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref11derom-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref11derom_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Cardona2007" class="citation cs2">George Cardona (26 July 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC"><i>The Indo-Aryan languages</i></a>, Psychology Press, 2003, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1130-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1130-7"><bdi>978-0-7007-1130-7</bdi></a>, <q>... Table 7.1 Vowel Phonemes ... ai (ऐ) [æ] low front unrounded; diphthongal pronunciations in eastern and nonstandard dialects ... ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+languages&rft.pub=Psychology+Press%2C+2003&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1130-7&rft.au=George+Cardona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPR2OlbTbdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref99xaxuz-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref99xaxuz_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalcutta_School-Book_Society1861" class="citation cs2">Calcutta School-Book Society (1861), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V1UWAAAAYAAJ"><i>Romanized school dictionary: English and Urdu</i></a>, Calcutta School-Book Society Press, 1861, <q>... Anglo-Urdu Alphabet ... ḍ bad ... ḳh loch ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanized+school+dictionary%3A+English+and+Urdu&rft.pub=Calcutta+School-Book+Society+Press%2C+1861&rft.date=1861&rft.au=Calcutta+School-Book+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV1UWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref36foxoj-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref36foxoj_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_Muller1866" class="citation cs2">Max Muller (1866), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KqYIAAAAQAAJ"><i>A Sanskrit grammar for beginners</i></a>, Longmans, Green & Co., 1866, <q>... ड ḍ ढ ḍh ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit+grammar+for+beginners&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.%2C+1866&rft.date=1866&rft.au=Max+Muller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKqYIAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tohmnhdfr-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tohmnhdfr_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Hindi-Marathi-Nepali.pdf"><i>Transliteration of Hindi, Marathi & Nepali</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <q>... ◌् halanta vowelless vowelless ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transliteration+of+Hindi%2C+Marathi+%26+Nepali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransliteration.eki.ee%2Fpdf%2FHindi-Marathi-Nepali.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref80jocaq-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref80jocaq_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Geographical_Society_(Great_Britain)1879" class="citation cs2">Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain) (1879), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GAjohZMHlcC&pg=PA194"><i>The journal of the Royal Geographic Society of London, Volume 49</i></a>, J. Murray, 1879, <q>... the italic sign to mark certain peculiarities in the consonants ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+journal+of+the+Royal+Geographic+Society+of+London%2C+Volume+49&rft.pub=J.+Murray%2C+1879&rft.date=1879&rft.au=Royal+Geographical+Society+%28Great+Britain%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GAjohZMHlcC%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref06revip-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref06revip_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitution_of_Surveyors_(India)1991" class="citation cs2">Institution of Surveyors (India) (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_BVAAAAMAAJ"><i>Indian surveyor, Volumes 33-34</i></a>, Institution of Surveyors., 1991, <q>... Suggested by Mr. GS Oberoi, Director, Survey of India, in lieu of the existing table 'Hunterian System of Transliteration' which does not distinguish between द and ड, र and ड़, त and ट ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+surveyor%2C+Volumes+33-34&rft.pub=Institution+of+Surveyors.%2C+1991&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Institution+of+Surveyors+%28India%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_BVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunterian+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&oldid=1251443070">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&oldid=1251443070</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindustani_orthography" title="Category:Hindustani orthography">Hindustani orthography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanization_of_Brahmic" title="Category:Romanization of Brahmic">Romanization of Brahmic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindi" title="Category:Hindi">Hindi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sanskrit_transliteration" title="Category:Sanskrit transliteration">Sanskrit transliteration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writing_systems_introduced_in_the_19th_century" title="Category:Writing systems introduced in the 19th century">Writing systems introduced in the 19th century</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Urdu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Urdu-language text">Articles containing Urdu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hindi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hindi-language text">Articles containing Hindi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_text_in_Indic_languages" title="Category:Articles with text in Indic languages">Articles with text in Indic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Hindi_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Hindi IPA">Pages with Hindi IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Nepali_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Nepali IPA">Pages with Nepali IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Marathi_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Marathi IPA">Pages with Marathi IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Sanskrit_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Sanskrit IPA">Pages with Sanskrit IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 October 2024, at 04:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunterian_transliteration&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-59bnt","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.880","walltime":"0.991","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4954,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":205420,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3566,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":91466,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 873.394 1 -total"," 46.43% 405.494 132 Template:Lang"," 26.27% 229.448 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.67% 171.807 21 Template:Citation"," 8.35% 72.902 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.76% 59.024 17 Template:IPA"," 5.59% 48.830 2 Template:Pagetype"," 2.75% 24.039 1 Template:NoteFoot"," 2.46% 21.488 65 Template:Nastaliq"," 2.27% 19.814 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.566","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13691432,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5nd9x","timestamp":"20241122153545","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hunterian transliteration","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hunterian_transliteration","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3631156","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3631156","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-02-28T15:34:25Z","dateModified":"2024-10-16T04:40:43Z","headline":"Indian transliteration system"}</script> </body> </html>