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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_declaration_independence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/USA_declaration_independence.jpg/220px-USA_declaration_independence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/USA_declaration_independence.jpg/330px-USA_declaration_independence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/USA_declaration_independence.jpg/440px-USA_declaration_independence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7530" data-file-height="9155" /></a><figcaption>The signed copy of the Declaration, engrossed by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Matlack" title="Timothy Matlack">Timothy Matlack</a>, is now badly faded. It is on display in the <a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom rotunda</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence</b> spans from its original drafting in 1776 into the discovery of historical documents in the 21st century. This includes a number of drafts, handwritten copies, and published <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(printing)" title="Broadside (printing)">broadsides</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> states that the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> were now the "<a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>" which "are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States"; and were no longer a part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drafts_and_pre-publication_copies">Drafts and pre-publication copies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Drafts and pre-publication copies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition_Draft">Composition Draft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition Draft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Composition_draft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Composition_draft.jpg/220px-Composition_draft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Composition_draft.jpg/330px-Composition_draft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Composition_draft.jpg/440px-Composition_draft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>The Composition Draft written by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest known draft of the Declaration of Independence is a fragment known as the "Composition Draft".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The draft, written in July 1776, is in the handwriting of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, principal author of the Declaration. It was discovered in 1947 by historian <a href="/wiki/Julian_P._Boyd" title="Julian P. Boyd">Julian P. Boyd</a> in the Jefferson papers at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Boyd was examining primary documents for publication in <i>The Papers of Thomas Jefferson</i> when he found the document, a piece of paper that contains a small part of the text of the Declaration, as well as some unrelated notes made by Jefferson.<sup id="cite_ref-Gawalt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gawalt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to Boyd's discovery, the only known draft of the Declaration had been a document known as the Rough Draft. The discovery confirmed speculation by historians that Jefferson must have written more than one draft of the text.<sup id="cite_ref-Gawalt_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gawalt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Many of the words from the Composition Draft were ultimately deleted by Congress from the final text of the Declaration. <a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a> was a Virginian politician and wrote the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a> in May–June 1776. Mason wrote something very similar to Jefferson's first section of the declaration. Its opening was:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Section 1. That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Phrases from the fragment to survive the editing process include "acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation" and "hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends".<sup id="cite_ref-Gawalt_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gawalt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forensic examination has determined that the paper of the Composition Draft and the paper of the Rough Draft were made by the same manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-Roosa_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Conservator_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservator (museum)">conservators</a> at the Library of Congress undid some previous restoration work on the fragment and placed it in a protective mat. The document is stored in a cold storage vault. When it is exhibited, the fragment is placed in a temperature and humidity controlled display case.<sup id="cite_ref-Roosa_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rough_Draft">Rough Draft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rough Draft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Declaration_of_Independence_draft_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/US_Declaration_of_Independence_draft_1.jpg/220px-US_Declaration_of_Independence_draft_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/US_Declaration_of_Independence_draft_1.jpg/330px-US_Declaration_of_Independence_draft_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/US_Declaration_of_Independence_draft_1.jpg/440px-US_Declaration_of_Independence_draft_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4987" data-file-height="7780" /></a><figcaption>The first page of Jefferson's rough draft.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thomas Jefferson preserved a four-page draft that late in life he called the "original Rough draft".<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd,_Lost_Original,_446_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd,_Lost_Original,_446-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known to historians as the Rough Draft, early students of the Declaration believed that this was a draft written alone by Jefferson and then presented to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> drafting committee. Some scholars now believe that the Rough Draft was not actually an "original Rough draft", but was instead a revised version completed by Jefferson after consultation with the committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd,_Lost_Original,_446_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd,_Lost_Original,_446-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How many drafts Jefferson wrote prior to this one, and how much of the text was contributed by other committee members, is unknown. </p><p>Jefferson showed the Rough Draft to <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, and perhaps other members of the drafting committee. Adams and Franklin made a few more changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd,_Lost_Original,_446_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd,_Lost_Original,_446-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin, for example, may have been responsible for changing Jefferson's original phrase "We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable" to "We hold these truths to be self-evident."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee. Jefferson kept the Rough Draft and made additional notes on it as Congress revised the text. He also made several copies of the Rough Draft without the changes made by Congress, which he sent to friends, including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">George Wythe</a>, after July 4. At some point in the process, Adams also wrote out a copy.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd,_Lost_Original,_446_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd,_Lost_Original,_446-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fair_Copy">Fair Copy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fair Copy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1823, Jefferson wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> in which he recounted the drafting process. After making alterations to his draft as suggested by Franklin and Adams, he recalled that "I then wrote a fair copy, reported it to the Committee, and from them, unaltered, to Congress."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Jefferson's memories were correct, and he indeed wrote out a fair copy which was shown to the drafting committee and then submitted to Congress on June 28, this document has not been found.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "If this manuscript still exists," wrote historian <a href="/wiki/Ted_Widmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ted Widmer">Ted Widmer</a>, "it is the <a href="/wiki/Holy_grail" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy grail">holy grail</a> of American freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fair Copy was presumably marked up by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a>, the secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>, while Congress debated and revised the text.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This document was the one that Congress approved on July 4, making it what Boyd called the first "official" copy of the Declaration. The Fair Copy was sent to <a href="/wiki/John_Dunlap" title="John Dunlap">John Dunlap</a> to be printed under the title "A Declaration by the Representatives of the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">united states of america</span>, in General Congress assembled". Boyd argued that if a document was signed in Congress on July 4, it would have been the Fair Copy, and probably would have been signed only by <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> with his signature being attested by Thomson.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fair Copy may have been destroyed in the printing process,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress's secrecy rule. Author Wilfred J. Ritz speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate, and that all of these copies were then destroyed to preserve secrecy.<sup id="cite_ref-From_the_Here_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-From_the_Here-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Broadsides">Broadsides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Broadsides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Declaration was first published as a <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(printing)" title="Broadside (printing)">broadside</a> printed by <a href="/wiki/John_Dunlap" title="John Dunlap">John Dunlap</a> of Philadelphia. One broadside was pasted into <a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Congress's journal</a>, making it what Boyd called the "second official version" of the Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dunlap's broadsides were distributed throughout the thirteen states. Upon receiving these broadsides, many states issued their own broadside editions.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dunlap_broadside">Dunlap broadside</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dunlap broadside"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunlap_broadside_copy_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence,_LOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dunlap_broadside_copy_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence%2C_LOC.jpg/220px-Dunlap_broadside_copy_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence%2C_LOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dunlap_broadside_copy_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence%2C_LOC.jpg/330px-Dunlap_broadside_copy_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence%2C_LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dunlap_broadside_copy_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence%2C_LOC.jpg/440px-Dunlap_broadside_copy_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence%2C_LOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8870" data-file-height="10930" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>'s copy of the Dunlap broadside.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dunlap broadsides are the first published copies of the Declaration of Independence, printed on the night of July 4, 1776. It is unknown exactly how many broadsides were originally printed, but the number is estimated at 200.<sup id="cite_ref-earlyamerica.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyamerica.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a>'s eventually famous signature is not on this document, but his name appears in large type under "Signed by Order and in Behalf of the Congress", with secretary <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a> listed as a witness ("Attest"). </p><p>On July 4, 1776, Congress ordered the same committee charged with writing the document to "superintend and correct the press", that is, supervise the printing. Dunlap, an Irish immigrant then 29 years old, was tasked with the job; he apparently spent much of the night of July 4 setting type, correcting it, and running off the broadside sheets.<sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"There is evidence it was done quickly, and in excitement—watermarks are reversed, some copies look as if they were folded before the ink could dry and bits of punctuation move around from one copy to another", according to Ted Widmer, author of <i>Ark of the Liberties: America and the World</i>. "It is romantic to think that <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, the greatest printer of his day, was there in Dunlap's shop to supervise, and that Jefferson, the nervous author, was also close at hand."<sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> later wrote, "We were all in haste."<sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dunlap broadsides were sent across the new United States over the next two days, including to Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, who directed that the Declaration be read to the troops on July 9. Another copy was sent to England.<sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, 14 copies of the Dunlap broadside were known to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number had increased to 21 by 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 24 known copies of the Dunlap broadside in 1989, when a 25th broadside was discovered behind a painting bought for four dollars at a <a href="/wiki/Flea_market" title="Flea market">flea market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another copy was discovered in 2009 in <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a> in Kew, England. An early assessment concluded that it was part of a group of papers seized from American colonists during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_extant_Dunlap_broadsides">List of extant Dunlap broadsides</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of extant Dunlap broadsides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>#</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Owner</th> <th class="unsortable">Provenance</th> <th class="unsortable">Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinecke Library">Beinecke Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Library" title="Lilly Library">Lilly Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a></td> <td>Previous owner was Henry N. Flynt of <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut" title="Greenwich, Connecticut">Greenwich, Connecticut</a>.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine_Historical_Society" title="Maine Historical Society">Maine Historical Society</a></td> <td>Given to the society in 1893 at the bequest of John S. H. Fogg.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Historical Society">Chicago Historical Society</a></td> <td>Signed by John Steward (1747–1829) of <a href="/wiki/Goshen_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshen (town), New York">Goshen, New York</a>; sold July 2, 1975, at auction, by <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>, London; later sold to the Chicago Historical Society.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Historical Society">Maryland Historical Society</a></td> <td>Fragment of upper left area of the document, including the first 36 lines.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society</a></td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Houghton_Library" title="Houghton Library">Houghton Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td> <td>Donated in 1947 by Carleton R. Richmond.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Williamstown,_Massachusetts" title="Williamstown, Massachusetts">Williamstown, Massachusetts</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a></td> <td>Previously owned by the Wood family; sold at auction, April 22, 1983, by Christie's, New York.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scheide_Library" title="Scheide Library">Scheide Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firestone_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Firestone Library">Firestone Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></td> <td>Currently owned by William R. Scheide; bought by John H. Scheide from A. S. W. Rosenbach.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a><br />(last known location)</td> <td>Private collector</td> <td>Sold by the <a href="/wiki/New-York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Historical Society">New-York Historical Society</a> to a private collector in the United States, sometime between 1993 and 2008.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a></td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Library">Morgan Library</a></td> <td>Once owned by the Chew family; sold April 1, 1982, at auction at Christie's, New York.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire" title="Exeter, New Hampshire">Exeter, New Hampshire</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Independence_Museum" title="American Independence Museum">American Independence Museum</a></td> <td>Copy discovered in 1985 in the <a href="/wiki/Ladd-Gilman_House" title="Ladd-Gilman House">Ladd-Gilman House</a> in Exeter.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></td> <td>Acquired from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> in 1901 in a trade for <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s Passy imprint of <i>The Boston Independent Chronicle</i> "Supplement."</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Historical Society of Pennsylvania">Historical Society of Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>Fragment including the first 32 lines, thought to be likely an uncorrected proof, from the Frank M. Etting collection; Etting asserted it was this document that had been read in public. However, Charles Henry Hart wrote in 1900: "The endorsement is in the handwriting of the late Frank M. Etting, who died insane, one of the most inexact and inaccurate of collectors."</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independence_National_Historical_Park" title="Independence National Historical Park">Independence National Historical Park</a></td> <td>Previously owned by Col. John Nixon, appointed by the sheriff of Philadelphia to read the Declaration of Independence to the public on July 8, 1776, in the State House yard; presented to the park by his heirs in 1951.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Public_Library" title="Dallas Public Library">Dallas Public Library</a></td> <td>"The Leary Copy" discovered in 1968 amid the stock of Leary's Book Store of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a crate that had been unopened since 1911. Ira G. Corn Jr. and Joseph P. Driscoll of Dallas bought the manuscript on May 7, 1969. A group of 17 people later sold it to the Dallas city government.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a></td> <td>1/2. Found in 1955 in an attic in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, where it had been used to wrap other papers. Bought by Charles E. Tuttle Company of <a href="/wiki/Rutland_(city),_Vermont" title="Rutland (city), Vermont">Rutland, Vermont</a>; later sold to David Randall, who sold it in 1956 to the university.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a></td> <td>2/2. "The H. Bradley Martin Copy"; exhibited at the Grolier Club in 1974; sold on January 31, 1990, to Albert H. Small, who gave it to the university.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, Rare Book and Special Collections Division</td> <td>Acquired in 1867 as part of the purchase of documents assembled by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Force" title="Peter Force">Peter Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, Manuscripts Division, Washington Papers</td> <td>Fragment copy with 54 lines; thought to be the copy <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> read to the troops on July 9, 1776, in New York.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a></td> <td>Inserted into the Continental Congress manuscript journal, previously attached with a seal.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>Roving copy</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear">Norman Lear</a></td> <td>Found in the back of a picture frame bought at a yard sale for $4.00 at an <a href="/wiki/Adamstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Adamstown, Pennsylvania">Adamstown, Pennsylvania</a> flea market; now owned by a consortium which includes Norman Lear; sold in 2000 for $8.14 million; previously sold for $2.42 million on June 4, 1991.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, Colonial Office Papers</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">General William Howe</a> and Vice Admiral Richard Howe from the flagship <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Eagle_(1774)" title="HMS Eagle (1774)">Eagle</a></i>, off Staten Island, sent this copy with a letter dated August 11, 1776, which states, "A printed copy of this Declaration of Independency came accidentally to our hands a few days after the dispatch of the Mercury packet, and we have the honor to enclose it."</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, Admiralty Papers</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Vice Admiral Richard Howe</a> sent this copy from the flagship <i>Eagle</i>, then "off <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>" with a letter dated July 28, 1776.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25copies_18-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25copies-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, Colonial Office Papers</td> <td>Discovered in box of documents in 2009. Exact provenance is currently unknown.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goddard_broadside">Goddard broadside</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Goddard broadside"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddard_broadside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Goddard_broadside.jpg/220px-Goddard_broadside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Goddard_broadside.jpg/330px-Goddard_broadside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Goddard_broadside.jpg/440px-Goddard_broadside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3676" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption>The Goddard broadside.</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1777, Congress commissioned <a href="/wiki/Mary_Katherine_Goddard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Katherine Goddard">Mary Katherine Goddard</a> to print a new broadside that, unlike the Dunlap broadside, lists the signers of the Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-archives_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dube_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dube-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the publication of the Goddard broadside, the public learned for the first time who had signed the Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-Dube_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dube-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the eventual signers of the Declaration, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a>, is not listed on the Goddard broadside, suggesting that he had not yet added his name to the signed document at that time. </p><p>In 1949, nine Goddard broadsides were known to still exist. The reported locations of those copies at that time were these:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_State_Library" title="Connecticut State Library">Connecticut State Library</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>)</li> <li>Library of the late <a href="/wiki/John_W._Garrett" title="John W. Garrett">John W. Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Hall_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Hall of Records">Maryland Hall of Records</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Historical Society">Maryland Historical Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Archives" title="Massachusetts Archives">Massachusetts Archives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorchester, Massachusetts">Dorchester, Massachusetts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia" title="Library Company of Philadelphia">Library Company of Philadelphia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>)</li> <li>Rhode Island State Archives (<a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_broadsides">Other broadsides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other broadsides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgetown_broadside.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Georgetown_broadside.jpeg/220px-Georgetown_broadside.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Georgetown_broadside.jpeg/330px-Georgetown_broadside.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Georgetown_broadside.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>A rare four-column broadside at <a href="/wiki/Lauinger_Library" title="Lauinger Library">Lauinger Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the broadsides authorized by Congress, many states and private printers also issued broadsides of the Declaration, using the Dunlap broadside as a source. In 1949, an article in the <i>Harvard Library Review</i> surveyed all the broadsides known to exist at that time and found 19 editions or variations of editions, including the Dunlap and Goddard printings. The author was able to locate 71 copies of these various editions.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of copies have been discovered since that time. In 1971, a copy of a rare four-column broadside probably printed in <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem, Massachusetts</a> was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lauinger_Library" title="Lauinger Library">Lauinger Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, there were media reports that a copy of the Declaration was located in <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, having been discovered sometime during the 1990s in a book bought from the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy's</a> library.<sup id="cite_ref-toi_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type of copy was not specified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parchment_copies">Parchment copies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parchment copies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Matlack_Declaration">The Matlack Declaration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Matlack Declaration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> copy. This copy was probably handwritten by clerk <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Matlack" title="Timothy Matlack">Timothy Matlack</a>, and given the title of "The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was specified by the Congressional resolution passed on July 19, 1776: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Resolved, That the Declaration passed on the 4th, be fairly engrossed on parchment, with the title and stile of "The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America," and that the same, when engrossed, be signed by every member of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Throughout the Revolutionary War, the engrossed copy was moved with the Continental Congress,<sup id="cite_ref-Gustafson_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gustafson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which relocated several times to avoid the British army. In 1789, after creation of a new government under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, the engrossed Declaration was transferred to the custody of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">secretary of state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gustafson_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gustafson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document was <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pleasonton#Saving_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Stephen Pleasonton">evacuated to Virginia</a> when the British <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">attacked Washington, D.C.</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gustafson_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gustafson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration-1941_master-mss-mff-001-001077-0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Declaration-1941_master-mss-mff-001-001077-0001.jpg/300px-Declaration-1941_master-mss-mff-001-001077-0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Declaration-1941_master-mss-mff-001-001077-0001.jpg/450px-Declaration-1941_master-mss-mff-001-001077-0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Declaration-1941_master-mss-mff-001-001077-0001.jpg/600px-Declaration-1941_master-mss-mff-001-001077-0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="3534" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Verner_W._Clapp#Preservation_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence_during_World_War_II" title="Verner W. Clapp">The deteriorating Declaration of Independence</a> in May, 1942, while being protected at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bullion_Depository" title="United States Bullion Depository">Fort Knox</a> during World War II</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1951PreservationOfDeclarationOfIndependenceByNBS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/1951PreservationOfDeclarationOfIndependenceByNBS.jpg/220px-1951PreservationOfDeclarationOfIndependenceByNBS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/1951PreservationOfDeclarationOfIndependenceByNBS.jpg/330px-1951PreservationOfDeclarationOfIndependenceByNBS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/1951PreservationOfDeclarationOfIndependenceByNBS.jpg/440px-1951PreservationOfDeclarationOfIndependenceByNBS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Standards">National Bureau of Standards</a> preserving the engrossed copy of the Declaration of Independence in 1951.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArchivesRotunda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/ArchivesRotunda.jpg/275px-ArchivesRotunda.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/ArchivesRotunda.jpg/413px-ArchivesRotunda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/ArchivesRotunda.jpg/550px-ArchivesRotunda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>The National Archives' <a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a> where, in-between two <a href="/wiki/Barry_Faulkner" title="Barry Faulkner">Barry Faulkner</a> murals, the original <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, and other American founding documents are publicly exhibited.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the War of 1812, the symbolic stature of the Declaration steadily increased even though the engrossed copy's ink was noticeably fading.<sup id="cite_ref-earlyamerica.com_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyamerica.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1820, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> commissioned printer William J. Stone to create an <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> essentially identical to the engrossed copy.<sup id="cite_ref-Gustafson_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gustafson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone's engraving was made using a wet-ink transfer process, where the surface of the document was moistened, and some of the original ink transferred to the surface of a copper plate, which was then etched so that copies could be run off the plate on a press. When Stone finished his engraving in 1823, Congress ordered 200 copies to be printed on parchment.<sup id="cite_ref-Gustafson_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gustafson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of poor conservation of the engrossed copy through the 19th century, Stone's engraving, rather than the original, has become the basis of most modern reproductions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 48 of the documents produced by Stone are known to still exist as of 2021; one was sold at auction for $4,420,000 on July 1, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1841 to 1876, the engrossed copy was publicly displayed on a wall opposite a large window at the Patent Office building in Washington, D.C. Exposed to sunlight and variable temperature and humidity, the document faded badly. In 1876, it was sent to Independence Hall in Philadelphia for exhibit during the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial Exposition</a>, which was held in honor of the Declaration's 100th anniversary, and then returned to Washington the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-Gustafson_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gustafson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1892, preparations were made for the engrossed copy to be exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> in Chicago, but the poor condition of the document led to the cancellation of those plans and the removal of the document from public exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-Gustafson_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gustafson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document was sealed between two plates of glass and placed in storage. For nearly 30 years, it was exhibited only on rare occasions at the discretion of the Secretary of State.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1921, custody of the Declaration, along with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, was transferred from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Funds were appropriated to preserve the documents in a public exhibit that opened in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in 1941, the documents were moved for safekeeping to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bullion_Depository" title="United States Bullion Depository">United States Bullion Depository</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Knox" title="Fort Knox">Fort Knox</a> in Kentucky, where they were kept until 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many years, officials at the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a> believed that they, rather than the Library of Congress, should have custody of the Declaration and the Constitution. The transfer finally took place in 1952, and the documents, along with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>, are now on permanent display at the National Archives in the "Rotunda for the <a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom</a>". Although encased in <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, by the early 1980s the documents were threatened by further deterioration. In 2001, using the latest in preservation technology, conservators treated the documents and transferred them to encasements made of <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, filled with inert <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> gas.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were put on display again with the opening of the remodeled National Archives Rotunda in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Sussex_Declaration">The Sussex Declaration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Sussex Declaration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_independence_chichester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Declaration_of_independence_chichester.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_independence_chichester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Declaration_of_independence_chichester.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_independence_chichester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Declaration_of_independence_chichester.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_independence_chichester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9312" data-file-height="7336" /></a><figcaption>The Sussex Declaration in Chichester</figcaption></figure> <p>On April 21, 2017, the Declaration Resources Project at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> announced that a second parchment manuscript copy had been discovered at <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex_Record_Office" title="West Sussex Record Office">West Sussex Record Office</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Named the "Sussex Declaration" by its finders, Danielle Allen and Emily Sneff, it differs from the National Archives copy (which the finders refer to as the "Matlack Declaration") in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States. How it came to be in England is not yet known, but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a>, who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sussex_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sussex-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sussex Declaration was probably brought to Sussex, England by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_3rd_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond">Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond</a>, known as the 'radical duke'.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The finders identify the Sussex Declaration as a transcription of the Matlack Declaration, probably made between 1783 and 1790 and likely in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> or possibly <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. They propose that the Sussex Declaration "descended from the Matlack Declaration, and it (or a copy) served, before disappearing from view, as a source text for both the 1818 Tyler engraving and the 1836 Bridgham engraving".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Evening_Post" title="The Pennsylvania Evening Post">The Pennsylvania Evening Post</a></i>, the first newspaper to print the Declaration, on July 6, 1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a>, used by the delegates to sign the Declaration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Printing of the United States Constitution">Printing of the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_books_and_manuscripts" title="List of most expensive books and manuscripts">List of most expensive books and manuscripts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd, <i>Papers of Jefferson</i>, 1:421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gawalt-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gawalt_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gawalt_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gawalt_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGerald_Gawalt1999" class="citation web cs1">Gerald Gawalt (July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9907/jeffdec.html">"Jefferson and the Declaration: Updated Work Studies Evolution of Historic Text"</a>. <i>Information Bulletin</i>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Information+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Jefferson+and+the+Declaration%3A+Updated+Work+Studies+Evolution+of+Historic+Text&rft.date=1999-07&rft.au=Gerald+Gawalt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Floc%2Flcib%2F9907%2Fjeffdec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.constitutionreader.com/files/pdf/constitution/ch19.pdf">"Virginia Declaration of Rights"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704190228/http://cdn.constitutionreader.com/files/pdf/constitution/ch19.pdf">Archived</a> 4 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roosa-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roosa_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roosa_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Roosa1999" class="citation web cs1">Mark Roosa (July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9907/jeffpres.html">"Preservation Corner: Piecing Together Fragments of History"</a>. <i>Information Bulletin</i>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Multitude+of+Amendments%2C+Alterations+and+Additions%3A+The+Writing+and+Publicizing+of+the+Declaration+of+Independence%2C+the+Articles+of+Confederation%2C+and+the+Constitution+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Appendix+D&rft.date=1996-05&rft.au=Ann+Marie+Dube&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fdube%2Finde8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2010" class="citation news cs1">Heller, Chris (6 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808095249/http://blog.georgetownvoice.com/2010/07/06/georgetown-lauinger-declaration-of-independence-broadside/">"Lauinger Library owns a very expensive document"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Georgetown_Voice" title="The Georgetown Voice">The Georgetown Voice</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.georgetownvoice.com/2010/07/06/georgetown-lauinger-declaration-of-independence-broadside/">the original</a> on 8 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lauinger+Library+owns+a+very+expensive+document&rft.date=2010-07-06&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.georgetownvoice.com%2F2010%2F07%2F06%2Fgeorgetown-lauinger-declaration-of-independence-broadside%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toi-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-toi_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105110137/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-01/india/28142332_1_himachal-tourism-copy-himachal-pradesh">"Copy of US Declaration found in Shimla"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 1 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-01/india/28142332_1_himachal-tourism-copy-himachal-pradesh">the original</a> on 5 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Copy+of+US+Declaration+found+in+Shimla&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2010-04-01%2Findia%2F28142332_1_himachal-tourism-copy-himachal-pradesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbedi" class="citation web cs1">bedi, rahul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227210809/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/2/15315/steady-decline-from-simla-to-shimla-and-now-to-shyamala">"Steady Decline: From Simla To Shimla, And Now To Shyamala!"</a>. <i>www.thecitizen.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/2/15315/steady-decline-from-simla-to-shimla-and-now-to-shyamala">the original</a> on 27 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecitizen.in&rft.atitle=Steady+Decline%3A+From+Simla+To+Shimla%2C+And+Now+To+Shyamala%21&rft.aulast=bedi&rft.aufirst=rahul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecitizen.in%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fnewsdetail%2Findex%2F2%2F15315%2Fsteady-decline-from-simla-to-shimla-and-now-to-shyamala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This copy of the Declaration renders the "u" in United States in small case, "united States", one of several variations in capitalization and punctuation that historians Boyd and Becker believed to be of no significance; Boyd, <i>Evolution</i>, 25–26. In his notes and Rough Draft, Jefferson capitalized variously as "United states" (Boyd, <i>Papers of Jefferson</i>, 1:315) and "United States" (ibid., 1:427).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID%20@lit(jc00538)):">"Journals of the Continental Congress --FRIDAY, JULY 19, 1776"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journals+of+the+Continental+Congress+--FRIDAY%2C+JULY+19%2C+1776&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Fammem%2Fhlaw%3A%40field%28DOCID%2520%40lit%28jc00538%29%29%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gustafson-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gustafson_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gustafson_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gustafson_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gustafson_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gustafson_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gustafson_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gustafson_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gustafson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/winter/travels-charters.html">"Travels of the Charters of Freedom"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/declaration.html">National Archives</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.stv.tv/scotland/copy-of-us-declaration-of-independence-found-in-scottish-attic">"Copy of US Declaration of Independence found in Scottish attic"</a>. <i>STV News</i>. 1 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=STV+News&rft.atitle=Copy+of+US+Declaration+of+Independence+found+in+Scottish+attic&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.stv.tv%2Fscotland%2Fcopy-of-us-declaration-of-independence-found-in-scottish-attic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malone, <i>Story of the Declaration</i>, 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F30E14F7355812738DDDAF0894DC405B848EF1D3">"Charter of Liberties Finds a Home"</a>. <i>The New York Times Magazine</i>. 6 April 1924. p. SM7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=Charter+of+Liberties+Finds+a+Home&rft.pages=SM7&rft.date=1924-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Farchive%2Fpdf%3Fres%3DF30E14F7355812738DDDAF0894DC405B848EF1D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malone, <i>Story of the Declaration</i>, 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/press/press-kits/charters.html#pressrelaese1">"National Archives Press Release"</a>. Archives.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Archives+Press+Release&rft.pub=Archives.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpress%2Fpress-kits%2Fcharters.html%23pressrelaese1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters_preservation_01.html">"A New Era Begins for the Charters of Freedom"</a>. Archives.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Era+Begins+for+the+Charters+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Archives.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcharters%2Fcharters_preservation_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2017" class="citation news cs1">Wang, Amy B. (24 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/04/24/a-rare-copy-of-the-declaration-of-independence-has-been-found-in-england/">"A rare copy of the Declaration of Independence has been found — in England"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+rare+copy+of+the+Declaration+of+Independence+has+been+found+%E2%80%94+in+England&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Amy+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpost-nation%2Fwp%2F2017%2F04%2F24%2Fa-rare-copy-of-the-declaration-of-independence-has-been-found-in-england%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuhas2017" class="citation news cs1">Yuhas, Alan (22 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/21/declaration-of-independence-sussex-england-rare">"Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rare+parchment+copy+of+US+Declaration+of+Independence+found+in+England&rft.date=2017-04-22&rft.aulast=Yuhas&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2017%2Fapr%2F21%2Fdeclaration-of-independence-sussex-england-rare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sussex-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sussex_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/resources/sussex-dec">"The Sussex Declaration"</a>. <i>Declaration Resources Project</i>. Harvard University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Declaration+Resources+Project&rft.atitle=The+Sussex+Declaration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeclaration.fas.harvard.edu%2Fresources%2Fsussex-dec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chichester.co.uk/news/rare-parchment-american-declaration-independence-found-chichester-records-office-858171">"Rare Parchment American Declaration of Independence Found in Chichester Records Office"</a>. 24 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sussex+Declaration%3A+Dating+the+Parchment+Manuscript+of+the+Declaration+of+Independence+Held+at+the+West+Sussex+Record+Office+%28Chichester%2C+UK%29+%28Under+final+revision+and+preparation+for+publication+at+Papers+of+the+Bibliographic+Society+of+America%29&rft.date=2017-04-20&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft.au=Sneff%2C+Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeclaration.fas.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fdeclaration%2Ffiles%2Fallen_and_sneff_sussex_declaration_material_evidence_4.20.17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Becker" title="Carl L. Becker">Becker, Carl</a> (1970) [Originally published 1922]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/declarationofind00carl"><i>The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas</i></a></span>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VC5nCgcUmjsC">The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (Revised ed.). New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-70060-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-70060-0"><bdi>0-394-70060-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Declaration+of+Independence%3A+A+Study+in+the+History+of+Political+Ideas&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-394-70060-0&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeclarationofind00carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|others=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_P._Boyd" title="Julian P. Boyd">Boyd, Julian P.</a> (1999) [Originally published 1945]. Gawalt, Gerard W. (ed.). <i>The Declaration of Independence: The Evolution of the Text</i> (Revised ed.). University Press of New England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0980-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0980-4"><bdi>0-8444-0980-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Declaration+of+Independence%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+Text&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8444-0980-4&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Julian+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_P._Boyd" title="Julian P. Boyd">Boyd, Julian P.</a> (1950). Boyd, Julian P. (ed.). <i>The Papers of Thomas Jefferson</i>. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Julian+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_P._Boyd" title="Julian P. Boyd">Boyd, Julian P.</a> (October 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001101019/http://dpubs.libraries.psu.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&page=record&handle=psu.pmhb/1172588460"><i>The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original</i></a>. Vol. 100. pp. 438–467. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dpubs.libraries.psu.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&page=record&handle=psu.pmhb/1172588460">the original</a> on 1 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Declaration+of+Independence%3A+The+Mystery+of+the+Lost+Original&rft.pages=438-467&rft.date=1976-10&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Julian+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdpubs.libraries.psu.edu%2FDPubS%3Fservice%3DUI%26version%3D1.0%26verb%3DDisplay%26page%3Drecord%26handle%3Dpsu.pmhb%2F1172588460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|magazine=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazelton1970" class="citation book cs1">Hazelton, John H. (1970) [Originally published 1906]. <i>The Declaration of Independence: Its History</i>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVaEEz4TVi0C">Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-71987-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-71987-8"><bdi>0-306-71987-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Declaration+of+Independence%3A+Its+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-306-71987-8&rft.aulast=Hazelton&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|others=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Maier" title="Pauline Maier">Maier, Pauline</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanscriptur00maie"><i>American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence</i></a></span>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-45492-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-45492-6"><bdi>0-679-45492-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Scripture%3A+Making+the+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-679-45492-6&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanscriptur00maie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dumas_Malone" title="Dumas Malone">Malone, Dumas</a> (1975). <i>The Story of the Declaration of Independence</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Dumas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Heather A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2007_summer_fall/preserving-documents.html"><i>Safety and Happiness; The Paradox of the Declaration of Independence</i></a>. Vol. VII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safety+and+Happiness%3B+The+Paradox+of+the+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Heather+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlyamerica.com%2Freview%2F2007_summer_fall%2Fpreserving-documents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Goff, Frederick R. <i>The John Dunlap Broadside: the first printing of the Declaration of Independence</i>. Washington: Library of Congress, 1976.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Draft_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Draft of the United States Declaration of Independence">Draft of the United States Declaration of Independence</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/declara/declara4.html">"Declaring Independence: Drafting the Documents"</a> from the Library of Congress</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/">"Declaration Resources Project"</a>. Harvard University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+Resources+Project&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeclaration.fas.harvard.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysical+history+of+the+United+States+Declaration+of+Independence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/details/C11510949?uri=C11510949">Three copies of the Dunlap Broadside are held by the UK National Archives.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.duke.edu/eng169s2/group1/lex3/firstpge.htm">The Declaration of Independence Home Page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707135730/http://web.duke.edu/eng169s2/group1/lex3/firstpge.htm">Archived</a> 7 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from Duke University features the evolution of the text through the drafts</li> <li>PBS/NOVA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/charters/">The Preservation and History of the Declaration</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Template:United States Declaration of Independence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Template talk:United States Declaration of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Declaration of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Physical history of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary author</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">Signatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> (Massachusetts)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bartlett" title="Josiah Bartlett">Josiah Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whipple" title="William Whipple">William Whipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Thornton" title="Matthew Thornton">Matthew Thornton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Treat_Paine" title="Robert Treat Paine">Robert Treat Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhode Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Stephen Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery" title="William Ellery">William Ellery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Samuel Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_(Connecticut_politician)" title="William Williams (Connecticut politician)">William Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott" title="Oliver Wolcott">Oliver Wolcott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Floyd" title="William Floyd">William Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Livingston" title="Philip Livingston">Philip Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lewis" title="Francis Lewis">Francis Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Morris" title="Lewis Morris">Lewis Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stockton_(Continental_Congressman)" title="Richard Stockton (Continental Congressman)">Richard Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson" title="Francis Hopkinson">Francis Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hart_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="John Hart (New Jersey politician)">John Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Clark" title="Abraham Clark">Abraham Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(American_politician)" title="John Morton (American politician)">John Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Smith (Pennsylvania politician)">James Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Taylor_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)">George Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ross_(American_politician)" title="George Ross (American politician)">George Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Caesar Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Samuel Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paca" title="William Paca">William Paca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stone" title="Thomas Stone">Thomas Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Charles Carroll of Carrollton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">George Wythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">Benjamin Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Jr." title="Thomas Nelson Jr.">Thomas Nelson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lightfoot_Lee" title="Francis Lightfoot Lee">Francis Lightfoot Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Braxton" title="Carter Braxton">Carter Braxton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hooper" title="William Hooper">William Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hewes" title="Joseph Hewes">Joseph Hewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Penn_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="John Penn (North Carolina politician)">John Penn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Edward Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heyward_Jr." title="Thomas Heyward Jr.">Thomas Heyward Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_Jr." title="Thomas Lynch Jr.">Thomas Lynch Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Middleton" title="Arthur Middleton">Arthur Middleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Button_Gwinnett" title="Button Gwinnett">Button Gwinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Hall" title="Lyman Hall">Lyman Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Walton" title="George Walton">George Walton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delegates voting<br />for Independence<br />(did not sign)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>New York</b>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Robert R. Livingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wisner" title="Henry Wisner">Henry Wisner</a><br /> <b>Maryland</b>: <a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Continental_Congress)" title="John Rogers (Continental Congress)">John Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tilghman" title="Matthew Tilghman">Matthew Tilghman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievances_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Grievances of the United States Declaration of Independence">27 grievances</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Document's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Matlack" title="Timothy Matlack">Timothy Matlack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display<br />and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li>Anniversaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a> (Washington, D.C.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signers_Monument" title="Signers Monument">Signers Monument (Georgia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Voting_Independence" title="Congress Voting Independence">Pine portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)">Trumbull portrait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thomas_Jefferson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Template:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Template talk:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Jefferson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">3rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1801–1809)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1797–1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">1st</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1790–1793)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">U.S. Minister to France</a> (1785–1789)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1783–1784)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> (1779–1781)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1775–1776)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding<br />documents of<br />the United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Summary_View_of_the_Rights_of_British_America" title="A Summary View of the Rights of British America">A Summary View of the Rights of British America</a></i> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (1776) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">physical history</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed#In_the_United_States_of_America" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">Land Ordinance of 1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution#Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Co-author, <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> (1789)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Liberty" title="Empire of Liberty">Empire of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbar_and_Hunter_Expedition" title="Dunbar and Hunter Expedition">Dunbar and Hunter Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Expedition_(1806)" title="Red River Expedition (1806)">Red River Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Expedition" title="Pike Expedition">Pike Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Road#Cumberland_Road" title="National Road">Cumberland Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair"><i>Chesapeake</i>–<i>Leopard</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Intercourse_Act_(1809)" title="Non-Intercourse Act (1809)">Non-Intercourse Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Native American policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">Burr conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Military_Academy" title="History of the United States Military Academy">West Point Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Speeches" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">State of the Union Addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1801_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1801 State of the Union Address">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1802 State of the Union Address">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1805_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1805 State of the Union Address">1805</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Administration" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Thomas Jefferson">Federal judicial appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br />accomplishments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Early life and career of Thomas Jefferson">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Founder, University of Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Virginia" title="History of the University of Virginia">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_for_Establishing_Uniformity_in_the_Coinage,_Weights,_and_Measures_of_the_United_States" title="Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States"><i>Coinage, Weights, and Measures</i> report</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">A Manual of Parliamentary Practice</a></i> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_disk" title="Jefferson disk">Jefferson disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_chair" title="Swivel chair">Swivel chair</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalonyx" title="Megalonyx">Megalonyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_architecture" title="Jeffersonian architecture">Jeffersonian<br />architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barboursville_(James_Barbour)" title="Barboursville (James Barbour)">Barboursville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington_(Albemarle_County,_Virginia)" title="Farmington (Albemarle County, Virginia)">Farmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Monticello" title="Gardens of Monticello">gardens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Forest" title="Poplar Forest">Poplar Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia#The_Grounds" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia)" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia)">The Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lawn" title="The Lawn">The Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Hall" title="Jefferson Hall">Jefferson Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House Colonnades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="The Papers of Thomas Jefferson">The Papers of Thomas Jefferson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a></i> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_concerted_operation_among_the_powers_at_war_with_the_Pyratical_states_of_Barbary" title="Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary">Pyratical states of Barbary proposals</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandums_taken_on_a_journey_from_Paris_into_the_southern_parts_of_France_and_Northern_Italy,_in_the_year_1787" title="Memorandums taken on a journey from Paris into the southern parts of France and Northern Italy, in the year 1787">European journey memorandums</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Indian removal letters</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Bible" title="Jefferson Bible">The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth</a></i> (c. 1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society#Collections" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Jefferson manuscript collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson#American_Philosophical_Society" title="Thomas Jefferson">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Historical reputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_education" title="Thomas Jefferson and education">Jefferson and education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Religious views of Thomas Jefferson">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress#History" title="Library of Congress">Jefferson and the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Pier" title="Jefferson Pier">Jefferson Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_the_Mockingbird" title="Dick the Mockingbird">Pet mockingbird</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Hemings_controversy" title="Jefferson–Hemings controversy">Jefferson–Hemings controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Hemings" title="Betty Hemings">Betty Hemings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States#Jefferson,_Madison,_and_the_"wall_of_separation"" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufton_Farm" title="Tufton Farm">Tufton Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_(Williamsburg,_Virginia)" title="Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)">Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_republic" title="Ward republic">Ward republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidential elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_River" title="Jefferson River">Jefferson River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Territory" title="Jefferson Territory">Jefferson Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lecture" title="Jefferson Lecture">Jefferson Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park" title="Gateway Arch National Park">Jefferson National Expansion Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Star_for_Foreign_Service" title="Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service">Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of statues of Thomas Jefferson">Statues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(Bitter)" title="Thomas Jefferson (Bitter)">Karl Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Monument_(Louisville,_Kentucky)" title="Jefferson Monument (Louisville, Kentucky)">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(University_of_Virginia)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (University of Virginia)">University of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(David_d%27Angers)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)">David d'Angers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Literary_and_Debating_Society" title="Jefferson Literary and Debating Society">Jefferson Literary and Debating Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Foundation" title="Thomas Jefferson Foundation">Thomas Jefferson Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_National_Accelerator_Facility" title="Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility">Jefferson Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello_Association" title="Monticello Association">Monticello Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_%26_Jefferson_College" title="Washington & Jefferson College">Jefferson College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">Washington and Jefferson National Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_named_Mount_Jefferson" title="List of peaks named Mount Jefferson">Peaks and mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Rock" title="Jefferson Rock">Jefferson Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">Other placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Jackson_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson–Jackson Day">Jefferson–Jackson Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_nickel" title="Jefferson nickel">Jefferson nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_two-dollar_bill" title="United States two-dollar bill">Two-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_gold_dollar" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar">Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_250th_Anniversary_silver_dollar" title="Thomas Jefferson 250th Anniversary silver dollar">250th Anniversary silver dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson">Cultural<br />depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(play)" title="The Patriots (play)">The Patriots</a></i> (1946 play)</li> <li><i>1776</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)">1969 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_in_Paris" title="Jefferson in Paris">Jefferson in Paris</a></i> (1995 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(film)" title="Thomas Jefferson (film)">Thomas Jefferson</a></i> (1997 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">John Adams</a></i> (2008 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Garden" title="Jefferson's Garden">Jefferson's Garden</a></i> (2015 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)"><i>Hamilton</i></a> (2015 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Rodenstock" title="Hardy Rodenstock">Wine bottles controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Sally_Hemings" title="Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings">Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson" title="Martha Jefferson">Martha Jefferson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Martha Jefferson Randolph">Martha Jefferson Randolph</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jefferson_Eppes" title="Mary Jefferson Eppes">Mary Jefferson Eppes</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hemings" title="Harriet Hemings">Harriet Hemings</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Hemings" title="Madison Hemings">Madison Hemings</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eston_Hemings" title="Eston Hemings">Eston Hemings</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Thomas Jefferson Randolph">Thomas J. Randolph</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Randolph" title="George W. Randolph">George W. Randolph</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Randolph_Coolidge" title="Ellen Randolph Coolidge">Ellen Randolph Coolidge</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Cornelia Jefferson Randolph">Cornelia Jefferson Randolph</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Eppes" title="Francis W. Eppes">Francis Eppes</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Jefferson" title="John Wayles Jefferson">John Wayles Jefferson</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_N._Randolph" title="Sarah N. Randolph">Sarah N. Randolph</a> (great-granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Jefferson_Coolidge" title="T. Jefferson Coolidge">T. Jefferson Coolidge</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Madison_Roberts" title="Frederick Madison Roberts">Frederick Madison Roberts</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jefferson" title="Peter Jefferson">Peter Jefferson</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Randolph_Jefferson" title="Jane Randolph Jefferson">Jane Randolph Jefferson</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Jefferson_Lewis" title="Lucy Jefferson Lewis">Lucy Jefferson Lewis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Jefferson" title="Randolph Jefferson">Randolph Jefferson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carr_(Virginia_politician)" title="Peter Carr (Virginia politician)">Peter Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Carr_(politician)" title="Samuel Carr (politician)">Samuel Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabney_Carr" title="Dabney Carr">Dabney Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabney_S._Carr" title="Dabney S. Carr">Dabney S. Carr</a> (grand-nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isham_Randolph_of_Dungeness" title="Isham Randolph of Dungeness">Isham Randolph</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Randolph" title="William Randolph">William Randolph</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Soane" title="Henry Soane">Henry Soane</a> (2nd great-grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">← John Adams</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>← John Adams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Category:Thomas Jefferson">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Hancock" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Hancock" title="Template:John Hancock"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Hancock" title="Template talk:John Hancock"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Hancock" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Hancock"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Hancock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnHancocksSignature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/JohnHancocksSignature.svg/111px-JohnHancocksSignature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/JohnHancocksSignature.svg/167px-JohnHancocksSignature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/JohnHancocksSignature.svg/222px-JohnHancocksSignature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts, 1780–1785, 1787–1793</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress, 1775–1777, 1785-1786</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Board_of_Selectmen" title="Boston Board of Selectmen">Boston Board of Selectmen, 1766–1775</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">United States<br />Founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Liberty_(1768)" title="HMS Liberty (1768)">HMS <i>Liberty</i> confiscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Co-inspired, Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays#Massacre_Day" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">1774 Massacre Day speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress" title="Massachusetts Provincial Congress">President, Massachusetts Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Safety_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Safety (American Revolution)">Chairman, Massachusetts Committee of Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Presided over, signed, United States Declaration of Independence</a> <a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">(signing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dunlap_broadside">Dunlap broadside)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Signed, Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Compromise" title="Massachusetts Compromise">1788 Massachusetts Compromise</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock#Early_life" title="John Hancock">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock%E2%80%93Clarke_House" title="Hancock–Clarke House">Hancock–Clarke House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_Manor" title="Hancock Manor">Hancock Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)">Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Cadets" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Cadets">Boston Cadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">Co-founder, American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1788%E2%80%9389" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1788–89">United States presidential election, 1788–89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary_Burying_Ground" title="Granary Burying Ground">Granary Burying Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)">1776</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)">1969 musical</a>, <a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 animated series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)"><i>John Adams</i> (2008 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)"><i>Sons of Liberty</i> (2015 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Hancock_(1775)" title="USS Hancock (1775)">USS <i>Hancock</i>, 1775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Hancock_(1776)" title="USS Hancock (1776)">USS <i>Hancock</i>, 1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_Hancock_(1850)" title="USS John Hancock (1850)">USS <i>John Hancock</i> (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Hancock_(CV-19)" title="USS Hancock (CV-19)">USS <i>Hancock</i> (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_Hancock_(DD-981)" title="USS John Hancock (DD-981)">USS <i>John Hancock</i> (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/875_North_Michigan_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="875 North Michigan Avenue">John Hancock Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock_Tower" title="John Hancock Tower">John Hancock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Quincy" title="Dorothy Quincy">Dorothy Quincy (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock_Jr." title="John Hancock Jr.">John Hancock Jr. (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hancock_(merchant)" title="Thomas Hancock (merchant)">Thomas Hancock (uncle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock_Sr." title="John Hancock Sr.">John Hancock Sr. (grandfather)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Quincy_(1703%E2%80%931788)" title="Edmund Quincy (1703–1788)">Edmund Quincy (father-in-law)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Charles_Thomson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_Thomson" title="Template:Charles Thomson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_Thomson" title="Template talk:Charles Thomson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_Thomson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles Thomson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_Thomson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding of the<br />United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty (Philadelphia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Secretary, Continental Congress, 1774-1789</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dunlap_broadside">Dunlap broadside, Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal of the United States</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuit_c%C5%93ptis" title="Annuit cœptis">Annuit cœptis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novus_ordo_seclorum" title="Novus ordo seclorum">Novus ordo seclorum</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Great_Seal_Charles_Thomson_Preliminary_Design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/US_Great_Seal_Charles_Thomson_Preliminary_Design.jpg/129px-US_Great_Seal_Charles_Thomson_Preliminary_Design.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/US_Great_Seal_Charles_Thomson_Preliminary_Design.jpg/194px-US_Great_Seal_Charles_Thomson_Preliminary_Design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/US_Great_Seal_Charles_Thomson_Preliminary_Design.jpg/258px-US_Great_Seal_Charles_Thomson_Preliminary_Design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="2170" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Easton" title="Treaty of Easton">Secretary, Treaty of Easton, 1758</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_Translation" title="Thomson's Translation">Thomson's Bible translation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harriton_House" title="Harriton House">Harriton House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)">1776</a></i> (1969 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1776</a></i> (1972 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Seal of the president of the United States">Seal of the president of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&oldid=1254039909">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&oldid=1254039909</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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