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<li id="toc-New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_Sons_of_Liberty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_Sons_of_Liberty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Famous Sons of Liberty</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Famous_Sons_of_Liberty-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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<span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبناء الحرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبناء الحرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadl%C4%B1q_o%C4%9Fullar%C4%B1" title="Azadlıq oğulları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Azadlıq oğulları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_(%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Сыны свабоды (Амерыканская рэвалюцыя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сыны свабоды (Амерыканская рэвалюцыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fills_de_la_Llibertat" title="Fills de la Llibertat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fills de la Llibertat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sons of Liberty" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijos_de_la_Libertad" title="Hijos de la Libertad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hijos de la Libertad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoj_de_Libereco" title="Filoj de Libereco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filoj de Libereco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askatasunaren_Semeak" title="Askatasunaren Semeak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Askatasunaren Semeak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="پسران آزادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پسران آزادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fils_de_la_Libert%C3%A9" title="Fils de la Liberté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fils de la Liberté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EC%9D%98_%EC%95%84%EB%93%A4%EB%93%A4" title="자유의 아들들 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자유의 아들들" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sons of Liberty" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sons of Liberty" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בני החירות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בני החירות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabads%C3%A1g_Fiai" title="Szabadság Fiai – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szabadság Fiai" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sons of Liberty" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E3%81%AE%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%90%E9%81%94" title="自由の息子達 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自由の息子達" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sons of Liberty" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synowie_Wolno%C5%9Bci" title="Synowie Wolności – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Synowie Wolności" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filhos_da_Liberdade" title="Filhos da Liberdade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filhos da Liberdade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sons of Liberty" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Сыны свободы (организация) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сыны свободы (организация)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(storia)" title="Sons of Liberty (storia) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sons of Liberty (storia)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sons of Liberty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Синови слободе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синови слободе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinovi_slobode" title="Sinovi slobode – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sinovi slobode" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sons of Liberty" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="บุตรแห่งเสรีภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บุตรแห่งเสรีภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Сини свободи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сини свободи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B9%8B%E5%AD%90" title="自由之子 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自由之子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q31306#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sons of Liberty (disambiguation)">Sons of Liberty (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Sons of Liberty</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Sons_OfLiberty_9Stripes_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/US_Sons_OfLiberty_9Stripes_Flag.svg/200px-US_Sons_OfLiberty_9Stripes_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/US_Sons_OfLiberty_9Stripes_Flag.svg/300px-US_Sons_OfLiberty_9Stripes_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/US_Sons_OfLiberty_9Stripes_Flag.svg/400px-US_Sons_OfLiberty_9Stripes_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Sons_of_Liberty_Flag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Sons of Liberty Flag (page does not exist)">The Rebellious Stripes Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Famous_Sons_of_Liberty">See below</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Dates of operation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1765<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1765</span>)</span>–1776<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1776</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motives</th><td class="infobox-data">Before 1766:<br />Opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a> <br /> After 1766:<br />Independence of the <a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Virginia">Virginia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Initial phase:<br /><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a> <br />"<a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a>"<br /> Later phase:<br /><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major actions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (political)">Public demonstrations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">destruction</a> of Crown goods and property, <a href="/wiki/Boycotts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boycotts">boycotts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tar_and_feathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar and feathering">tar and feathering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamphleteering" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamphleteering">pamphleteering</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable attacks</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspee Affair">Gaspee Affair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a>, attack on <a href="/wiki/John_Malcolm_(Loyalist)" title="John Malcolm (Loyalist)">John Malcolm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Patriots_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriots (American Revolution)">Patriot revolutionaries</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies">Royal Colonial Governments</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Crown Loyalists</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sons_of_Liberty_Broadside,_1765.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sons_of_Liberty_Broadside%2C_1765.jpg/300px-Sons_of_Liberty_Broadside%2C_1765.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sons_of_Liberty_Broadside%2C_1765.jpg/450px-Sons_of_Liberty_Broadside%2C_1765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sons_of_Liberty_Broadside%2C_1765.jpg/600px-Sons_of_Liberty_Broadside%2C_1765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>A 1765 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbill_(printing)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Handbill (printing) (page does not exist)">handbill</a>, announcing an upcoming "Sons of Liberty" public event.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Sons of Liberty</b> was a loosely organized, clandestine, sometimes violent, <a href="/wiki/Political_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Political organization">political organization</a> active in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen American Colonies</a> founded to advance the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">rights of the colonists</a> and to fight taxation by the British government. It played a major role in most colonies in battling the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a> in 1765<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and throughout the entire period of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Historian David C. Rapoport called the activities of the Sons of Liberty "mob terror."<sup id="cite_ref-Rapoport_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapoport-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In popular thought, the Sons of Liberty was a formal underground organization with recognized members and leaders. More likely, the name was an underground term for any men resisting new Crown taxes and laws.<sup id="cite_ref-GregoryFremontBarnes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregoryFremontBarnes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The well-known label allowed organizers to make or create anonymous summons to a <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Liberty_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Pole">Liberty Pole</a>", or other public meeting-place. Furthermore, a unifying name helped to promote inter-colonial efforts against Parliament and the Crown's actions. Their motto became "<a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_Dawe_(attributed),_The_Bostonians_Paying_the_Excise-man,_or_Tarring_and_Feathering_(1774)_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Philip_Dawe_%28attributed%29%2C_The_Bostonians_Paying_the_Excise-man%2C_or_Tarring_and_Feathering_%281774%29_-_02.jpg/250px-Philip_Dawe_%28attributed%29%2C_The_Bostonians_Paying_the_Excise-man%2C_or_Tarring_and_Feathering_%281774%29_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Philip_Dawe_%28attributed%29%2C_The_Bostonians_Paying_the_Excise-man%2C_or_Tarring_and_Feathering_%281774%29_-_02.jpg/375px-Philip_Dawe_%28attributed%29%2C_The_Bostonians_Paying_the_Excise-man%2C_or_Tarring_and_Feathering_%281774%29_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Philip_Dawe_%28attributed%29%2C_The_Bostonians_Paying_the_Excise-man%2C_or_Tarring_and_Feathering_%281774%29_-_02.jpg/500px-Philip_Dawe_%28attributed%29%2C_The_Bostonians_Paying_the_Excise-man%2C_or_Tarring_and_Feathering_%281774%29_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2405" data-file-height="3307" /></a><figcaption><i>The Bostonian Paying the Excise-Man</i>, 1774 British anti-American propaganda cartoon, referring to the tarring and feathering of Boston Commissioner of Customs <a href="/wiki/John_Malcolm_(Loyalist)" title="John Malcolm (Loyalist)">John Malcolm</a> four weeks after the Boston Tea Party. The men also are shown pouring "Tea" down Malcolm's throat; note the noose hanging on the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamp Act">Stamp Act</a> posted upside-down</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1765, the British government needed money to afford the 10,000 officers and soldiers living in the colonies, and intended that the colonists living there should contribute.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British passed a series of taxes aimed at the colonists, and many of the colonists refused to pay certain taxes; they argued that they should not be held accountable for taxes which were decided upon without any form of their consent through a representative. This became commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/No_Taxation_without_Representation" class="mw-redirect" title="No Taxation without Representation">No Taxation without Representation</a>." Parliament insisted on its right to rule the colonies despite the fact that the colonists had no representative in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most incendiary tax was the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act of 1765</a>, which caused a firestorm of opposition through legislative resolutions (starting in the colony of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a>), public demonstrations,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> threats, and occasional hurtful losses.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name is presumed to have been inspired by the phrase's use in a pro-American, anti-taxation speech in the House of Commons on February 6, 1765, by Irish MP <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barr%C3%A9" title="Isaac Barré">Isaac Barré</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A precursor of the Sons of Liberty in Boston was the <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a>, which burned effigies of Stamp Act commissioner <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Oliver" title="Andrew Oliver">Andrew Oliver</a> in Boston on August 14, 1765. When he did not resign, the group escalated to burning down his office building. Even after he resigned, they almost destroyed the whole house of his close associate Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Thomas Hutchinson</a>. It is believed that the Sons of Liberty did this to excite the lower classes and get them actively involved in rebelling against the authorities. Their actions made many of the stamp distributors resign in fear. </p><p>The organization spread after independent starts in several different colonies under various names.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Sons of Liberty was used beginning in November in New York and Connecticut. By November 6, a committee was set up in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to correspond with other colonies, and by November 11 a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Windham,_Connecticut" title="Windham, Connecticut">Windham, Connecticut</a> laid out organizational plans. In December an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut, and the name of Sons of Liberty was first used in Boston. January bore witness to a correspondence link between Boston and New York City, and by March, <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a> had initiated connections with New York, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>. March also marked the emergence of Sons of Liberty organizations in New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. </p><p>To celebrate the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766, the Sons of Liberty in <a href="/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts" title="Dedham, Massachusetts">Dedham, Massachusetts</a>, erected the <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Liberty" title="Pillar of Liberty">Pillar of Liberty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-images_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-images-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sons of Liberty popularized the use of <a href="/wiki/Tarring_and_feathering" title="Tarring and feathering">tar and feathering</a> to punish and humiliate offending government officials starting in 1767. This method was also used against British Loyalists during the American Revolution. This punishment had long been used by sailors to punish their mates.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 14, 1769, the Boston Sons of Liberty held a public rally in celebration of the 4th Anniversary of their founding. At 11 in the morning they gathered at the Liberty Tree in Boston where they gave speeches and made toasts; they then paraded to the Liberty Tree Tavern in nearby Dorchester, where they held a celebratory dinner of 300 members of the organization in a tent set up next to the tavern, where "Music played, and at proper Intervals Cannon were fired. [...] About Five o'Clock the Company left [the tavern] in a Procession that extended near a Mile and a half, and before Dark entered the City, went round the State House and retired each to his own House."<sup id="cite_ref-Untitled_news_item,_column_1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Untitled_news_item,_column_1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time in the history of their organization, they still considered themselves to be loyal subjects of the monarchy of Great Britain; when it came time at both events to give a round of toasts, the first toasts were to "The King, the Queen and the Royal Family";<sup id="cite_ref-Untitled_news_item,_column_1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Untitled_news_item,_column_1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only much later during the course of the Revolution did they begin to stridently oppose giving any support to the monarchy. </p><p>The Bostonian branch of the Sons of Liberty were responsible for organizing and executing the famous <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> of 1773 in response to the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a>. </p><p>Early in the American Revolution, the former Sons of Liberty generally joined more formal groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committees of safety (American Revolution)">Committee of Safety</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York">New York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The association of the Sons of Liberty was organized in 1765, soon after the passage of the Stamp Act, and extended throughout the colonies, from Massachusetts to South Carolina. It appears that New York was the central post from which communications were dispatched, to and from the east and to the south as far as Maryland..."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the exact name "Sons of Liberty" may not have been taken up as their official moniker by the leaders of the New York opposition to the Stamp Act in 1765 - they were popularly known there around that time as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Liberty_Boys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Liberty Boys (page does not exist)">The Liberty Boys</a>" - it appears that they were known to other "Sons of Liberty" organizations in other states by that name not long after that time. There is a letter written by the "Sons of Liberty" in Baltimore, Maryland, "to the Sons of Liberty in New York", dated 6 March 1766 in which the Baltimore "Sons" thanked their New York brethren for having forced <a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Hood" title="Zachariah Hood">Zachariah Hood</a>, who had been appointed stamp-master for Maryland, into resigning his commission. Hood had arrived in New York on a ship from London, and as soon as his mission became known to The Liberty Boys of New York, they arranged for a meeting with him at which they reasoned with him in their own inimitable way and thus secured his "resignation."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A list of New York members of the Sons of Liberty compiled by the Sons in Maryland, written on 1 March 1766, lists the following correspondents in the colony of New York: "New York [city] — <a href="/wiki/John_Lamb_(general)" title="John Lamb (general)">John Lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Sears" title="Isaac Sears">Isaac Sears</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wiley_(American_revolutionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wiley (American revolutionary) (page does not exist)">William Wiley</a>, Edward Laight, Thomas Robinson, Flores Bancker, Charles Nicoll, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Allicoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Allicoke">Joseph Allicoke</a>, and Gershom Mott. <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Van_Rensselaer" title="Jeremiah Van Rensselaer">Jer. Van Rensselaer</a>, Maynard Roseboom, Rob. Henry, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(American_revolutionary)" title="Thomas Young (American revolutionary)">Thos. Young</a>, Albany. <a href="/wiki/John_S._Hobart" class="mw-redirect" title="John S. Hobart">John S. Hobart</a>, Gilbert Potter, Thomas Brush, Cornelius Conklin, and Nathaniel Williams, Huntington, Long Island. George Townsend, Barack Sneething, Benjamin Townsend, George Weeks, Michael Weeks, and Rowland Chambers, Oyster Bay, Long Island."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1773, a new group calling itself the Sons of Liberty issued and distributed a declaration in New York City called the <i>Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York</i>, which formally stated that they were opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a> and that anyone who assisted in the execution of the act was <i>"an enemy to the liberties of America"</i> and that <i>"whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions, we will not deal with, or employ, or have any connection with him."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>After the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Sears" title="Isaac Sears">Isaac Sears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marinus_Willet" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinus Willet">Marinus Willet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Lamb_(general)" title="John Lamb (general)">John Lamb</a> revived in New York City the Sons of Liberty. In March 1784, they rallied an enormous crowd that called for the expulsion of any remaining Loyalists from the state starting May 1. The Sons of Liberty were able to gain enough seats in the New York assembly elections of December 1784 to have passed a set of punitive laws against Loyalists. In violation of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a>, they called for the confiscation of the property of Loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> defended the Loyalists, citing the supremacy of the treaty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flags">Flags</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An original flag flown from the Liberty Tree is in the collection of Revolutionary Spaces in Boston at the Old State House. The flag is wool with nine vertical stripes, four white and five red. The owner of the flag post-Revolution, Samuel "Rat-Trap" Adams, claimed that the flag was used by the Sons of Liberty, although there is no contemporary documentation of a non-British striped flag used by the Sons of Liberty. <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">A flag having 13 horizontal red and white stripes</a> was used by the Continental Navy and by American merchant ships during the war, although the two styles of flag do not appear to be related.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_Sons_of_Liberty">Famous Sons of Liberty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Famous Sons of Liberty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sons_of_Liberty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sons_of_Liberty.jpg/300px-Sons_of_Liberty.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sons_of_Liberty.jpg/450px-Sons_of_Liberty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sons_of_Liberty.jpg/600px-Sons_of_Liberty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption><b>1st row:</b> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Otis,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Otis, Jr.">James Otis, Jr.</a> <b>2nd row:</b> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Swan_(financier)" title="James Swan (financier)">James Swan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McDougall" title="Alexander McDougall">Alexander McDougall</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a> <b>3rd row:</b> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren" title="Joseph Warren">Joseph Warren</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marinus_Willett" title="Marinus Willett">Marinus Willett</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott" title="Oliver Wolcott">Oliver Wolcott</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gadsden" title="Christopher Gadsden">Christopher Gadsden</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haym_Salomon" title="Haym Salomon">Haym Salomon</a> <br /><b>Not pictured</b>: <a href="/wiki/Hercules_Mulligan" title="Hercules Mulligan">Hercules Mulligan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Melvill_(American_patriot)" title="Thomas Melvill (American patriot)">Thomas Melvill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Sears" title="Isaac Sears">Isaac Sears</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boston">Boston</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Boston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> – political writer, <a href="/wiki/Tax_collector" title="Tax collector">tax collector</a>, cousin of <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, fire warden. Founded the Sons of Liberty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Church_(physician)" title="Benjamin Church (physician)">Benjamin Church</a> – first Surgeon-General of the United States Army and known traitor. Banished from Massachusetts in 1778.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Edes" title="Benjamin Edes">Benjamin Edes</a> – <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a>/publisher <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Gazette" title="Boston Gazette">Boston Gazette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Kent" title="Benjamin Kent">Benjamin Kent</a> – Attorney General</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> – merchant, <a href="/wiki/Smuggler" class="mw-redirect" title="Smuggler">smuggler</a>, fire warden<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Otis,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Otis, Jr.">James Otis</a> – lawyer, Massachusetts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a> – <a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">silversmith</a>, fire warden<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Swan_(financier)" title="James Swan (financier)">James Swan</a> – financier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Thomas_(publisher)" title="Isaiah Thomas (publisher)">Isaiah Thomas</a> – printer, Boston then Worcester, first to read Declaration of Independence in Massachusetts<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren" title="Joseph Warren">Joseph Warren</a> – doctor, soldier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(American_revolutionary)" title="Thomas Young (American revolutionary)">Thomas Young</a> – doctor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_2">New York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Allicocke" title="Joseph Allicocke">Joseph Allicocke</a> – One of the leaders of the Sons, and possibly of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lamb_(general)" title="John Lamb (general)">John Lamb</a> – trader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_McDougall" title="Alexander McDougall">Alexander McDougall</a> – captain of <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_Mulligan" title="Hercules Mulligan">Hercules Mulligan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Haberdasher" title="Haberdasher">haberdasher</a>, spy under <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, friend of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Sears" title="Isaac Sears">Isaac Sears</a> – captain of privateers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haym_Salomon" title="Haym Salomon">Haym Salomon</a> – financial broker, New York and Philadelphia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_Willett" title="Marinus Willett">Marinus Willett</a> – militia officer, cabinet maker, student<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Colonel_Isaac_Barr%C3%A9_-_Gilbert_Stuart_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Colonel_Isaac_Barr%C3%A9_-_Gilbert_Stuart_-_overall.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Colonel_Isaac_Barr%C3%A9_-_Gilbert_Stuart_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Colonel_Isaac_Barr%C3%A9_-_Gilbert_Stuart_-_overall.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Colonel_Isaac_Barr%C3%A9_-_Gilbert_Stuart_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Colonel_Isaac_Barr%C3%A9_-_Gilbert_Stuart_-_overall.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Colonel_Isaac_Barr%C3%A9_-_Gilbert_Stuart_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Isaac_Barr%C3%A9" title="Portrait of Isaac Barré">Portrait of Isaac Barré</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a>. Barré's use of the term "Sons of Liberty" during his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a> popularized it.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> – businessman, later General in the Continental Army and then the British Army<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Bigelow_(soldier)" title="Timothy Bigelow (soldier)">Timothy Bigelow</a> – <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="John Brown (Rhode Island politician)">John Brown</a> – business leader of <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Samuel Chase</a> – signer of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crane_(soldier)" title="John Crane (soldier)">John Crane</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpenter">carpenter</a>, colonel in command of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Continental_Artillery_Regiment" title="3rd Continental Artillery Regiment">3rd Continental Artillery Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Massachusetts" title="Braintree, Massachusetts">Braintree, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery" title="William Ellery">William Ellery</a> – signer of the Declaration of Independence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gadsden" title="Christopher Gadsden">Christopher Gadsden</a> – merchant, <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Goddard_(publisher)" title="William Goddard (publisher)">William Goddard</a> (1740-1817) – publisher, co-founder of the US Post Office with Benjamin Franklin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a> – lawyer, Virginia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Huntington" title="Jedediah Huntington">Jedediah Huntington</a> – General in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Samuel Huntington</a> – signer of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paca" title="William Paca">William Paca</a> – signer of the Declaration of Independence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale" title="Charles Willson Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a> – portrait painter and saddle maker, <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Phripp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Phripp (page does not exist)">Matthew Phripp</a> – merchant, chairman of the Norfolk committee of safety, prominent <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a>, and colonel of the militia. <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a> – physician, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a> – tutor, secretary, Philadelphia<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_(Connecticut_politician)" title="William Williams (Connecticut politician)">William Williams</a> – signer of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_societies">Later societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At various times, small secret organizations took the name "Sons of Liberty". They generally left very few records. In the early 19th century, there was an organization in <a href="/wiki/Bennington,_Vermont" title="Bennington, Vermont">Bennington, Vermont</a> named the Sons of Liberty; this organisation included local notables such as military officer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scott_(military_officer)" title="Martin Scott (military officer)">Martin Scott</a> and Hiram Harwood.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Improved_Order_of_Red_Men" title="Improved Order of Red Men">Improved Order of Red Men</a>, established in 1834, claimed to be descended from the original Sons of Liberty, noting that the Sons participated in the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> dressed as their idea of "Indians". </p><p>The name was also used during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Copperheads_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copperheads (politics)">Copperhead</a> group, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Golden_Circle" title="Knights of the Golden Circle">Knights of the Golden Circle</a>, reorganized in 1863 as the "Order of American Knights". In 1864, it became the <b>Order of the Sons of Liberty</b>, with the Ohio politician <a href="/wiki/Clement_L._Vallandigham" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement L. Vallandigham">Clement L. Vallandigham</a>, most prominent of the Copperheads, as its supreme commander. In most areas, only a minority of its membership was radical enough to discourage enlistments, resist the draft, and shield deserters. The group held numerous peace meetings. A few agitators, some of them encouraged by Southern money, talked of a revolt in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Northwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Northwest">Old Northwest</a>, with the goal of ending the war.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1864, both the KGC and the Order of the Sons of Liberty were prosecuted for treason by federal authorities, especially in Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, a radical wing of the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist movement</a>, calling itself the "Sons of Liberty", launched a boycott of British films in the U.S.; this was in response to British policies in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a>, precursor to the Sons of Liberty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot (American Revolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)"><i>Sons of Liberty</i> (miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree_(Charleston)" title="Liberty Tree (Charleston)">Liberty Tree (Charleston)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Phillips Resch, ed., culture, and the homefront<i> (MacMillan Reference Library, 2005) 1: 174–75</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rapoport-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rapoport_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRapoport2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rapoport, David C. (2008). "Before the Bombs There Were the Mobs: American Experiences with Terror". <i>Terrorism and Political Violence</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546550701856045">10.1080/09546550701856045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=Before+the+Bombs+There+Were+the+Mobs%3A+American+Experiences+with+Terror&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=168&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546550701856045&rft.aulast=Rapoport&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GregoryFremontBarnes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GregoryFremontBarnes_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Fremont-Barnes, <i>Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies</i> (2007) 1:688</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Lambert2005" class="citation book cs1">Frank Lambert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1O8bFseJBfkC&pg=PA173"><i>James Habersham: loyalty, politics, and commerce in colonial Georgia</i></a>. U. of Georgia Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2539-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2539-2"><bdi>978-0-8203-2539-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Habersham%3A+loyalty%2C+politics%2C+and+commerce+in+colonial+Georgia&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=U.+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2539-2&rft.au=Frank+Lambert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1O8bFseJBfkC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Miller, <i>Origins of the American Revolution</i> (Boston, 1943) p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Miller, <i>Origins of the American Revolution</i> (Boston, 1943)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as by the local judges and Frederick, Maryland. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_John_Chew_Williams1979" class="citation book cs1">Thomas John Chew Williams (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h6w1YPiY0nYC&pg=PA79"><i>History of Frederick County, Maryland</i></a>. Genealogical Publishing Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">78–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806379739" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806379739"><bdi>978-0806379739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Frederick+County%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0806379739&rft.au=Thomas+John+Chew+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh6w1YPiY0nYC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>Origins of the American Revolution</i> pp. 121, 129–130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShain2014" class="citation book cs1">Shain, Barry Alan (2014-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6naaAwAAQBAJ&q=Sons+of+Liberty+name+speech+Parliament+by+Isaac+Barr%C3%A9+February+1765"><i>The Declaration of Independence in Historical Context: American State Papers, Petitions, Proclamations, and Letters of the Delegates to the First National Congresses</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15874-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15874-8"><bdi>978-0-300-15874-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Declaration+of+Independence+in+Historical+Context%3A+American+State+Papers%2C+Petitions%2C+Proclamations%2C+and+Letters+of+the+Delegates+to+the+First+National+Congresses&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014-06-10&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15874-8&rft.aulast=Shain&rft.aufirst=Barry+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6naaAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSons%2Bof%2BLiberty%2Bname%2Bspeech%2BParliament%2Bby%2BIsaac%2BBarr%25C3%25A9%2BFebruary%2B1765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlexnerSoukhanov1997" class="citation book cs1">Flexner, Stuart Berg; Soukhanov, Anne H. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FlANAQAAMAAJ&q=Sons+of+Liberty+name+speech+Parliament+by+Isaac+Barr%C3%A9+February+1765"><i>Speaking Freely: A Guided Tour of American English from Plymouth Rock to Silicon Valley</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510692-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510692-3"><bdi>978-0-19-510692-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+Freely%3A+A+Guided+Tour+of+American+English+from+Plymouth+Rock+to+Silicon+Valley&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510692-3&rft.aulast=Flexner&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Berg&rft.au=Soukhanov%2C+Anne+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFlANAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DSons%2Bof%2BLiberty%2Bname%2Bspeech%2BParliament%2Bby%2BIsaac%2BBarr%25C3%25A9%2BFebruary%2B1765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier1991" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Pauline (1991). <i>From Resistance To Revolution: Colonial Radicals & The Development Of American Opposition To Britain</i>. United Kingdom: WW Norton. pp. <span class="nowrap">78–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393308259" title="Special:BookSources/9780393308259"><bdi>9780393308259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Resistance+To+Revolution%3A+Colonial+Radicals+%26+The+Development+Of+American+Opposition+To+Britain&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.pub=WW+Norton&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780393308259&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-images-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-images_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDedham_Historical_Society2001" class="citation book cs1">Dedham Historical Society (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cRpMDQffkGsC"><i>Images of America: Dedham</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0944-0"><bdi>978-0-7385-0944-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+America%3A+Dedham&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-0944-0&rft.au=Dedham+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcRpMDQffkGsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin H. Irvin, "Tar, feathers, and the enemies of American liberties, 1768–1776." <i>New England Quarterly</i> (2003): 197–238. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1559903">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Untitled_news_item,_column_1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Untitled_news_item,_column_1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Untitled_news_item,_column_1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masshist.org/dorr/volume/2/sequence/674">"Untitled news item, column 1"</a>. <i>The Boston Evening-Post</i>. Massachusetts Historical Society. 21 August 1769<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Evening-Post&rft.atitle=Untitled+news+item%2C+column+1&rft.date=1769-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masshist.org%2Fdorr%2Fvolume%2F2%2Fsequence%2F674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeake1850" class="citation book cs1">Leake, Isaac (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoiroflifetime01leak/page/2/mode/2up"><i>Memoir of the life and times of General John Lamb</i></a>. Internet Archive: J. Munsell. p. 2 et seq. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048816315">1048816315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+the+life+and+times+of+General+John+Lamb&rft.place=Internet+Archive&rft.pages=2+et+seq&rft.pub=J.+Munsell&rft.date=1850&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048816315&rft.aulast=Leake&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoiroflifetime01leak%2Fpage%2F2%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson1859" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Henry (3 May 1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sonsoflibertyinn00daws_0/mode/1up"><i>The Sons of Liberty in New York</i></a>. Internet Archive: New York State Historical Society. p. 72 et. seq. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1157513559">1157513559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sons+of+Liberty+in+New+York&rft.place=Internet+Archive&rft.pages=72+et.+seq&rft.pub=New+York+State+Historical+Society&rft.date=1859-05-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1157513559&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsonsoflibertyinn00daws_0%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeake1850" class="citation book cs1">Leake, Isaac (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoiroflifetime01leak/page/4/mode/2up"><i>Memoir of the life and times of General John Lamb</i></a>. Internet Archive: J. Munsell. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048816315">1048816315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+the+life+and+times+of+General+John+Lamb&rft.place=Internet+Archive&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=J.+Munsell&rft.date=1850&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048816315&rft.aulast=Leake&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoiroflifetime01leak%2Fpage%2F4%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._H._Breen2004" class="citation book cs1">T. H. Breen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Skum_IkNN5gC&pg=PT446"><i>The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence</i></a>. Oxford UP. p. 446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199840113" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199840113"><bdi>978-0199840113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marketplace+of+Revolution%3A+How+Consumer+Politics+Shaped+American+Independence&rft.pages=446&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0199840113&rft.au=T.+H.+Breen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSkum_IkNN5gC%26pg%3DPT446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schecter, p. 382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507102502/https://bostonhistory.squarespace.com/kingstreet/2014/08/not-that-samuel-adams-chasing.html">"Not That Samuel Adams"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Old_State_House_(Boston)" title="Old State House (Boston)">Old State House</a></i>. 13 August 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bostonhistory.squarespace.com/kingstreet/2014/08/not-that-samuel-adams-chasing.html">the original</a> on May 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Old+State+House&rft.atitle=Not+That+Samuel+Adams&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbostonhistory.squarespace.com%2Fkingstreet%2F2014%2F08%2Fnot-that-samuel-adams-chasing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsoffvexillologie2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ansoff, Peter; vexillologie, North American Vexillological Association / Association nord-américaine de (1 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdcnet.org/pdc/bvdb.nsf/purchase?openform&fp=raven&id=raven_2004_0011_0001_0060">"The First Navy Jack"</a>. <i>Raven: A Journal of Vexillology</i>. <b>11</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fraven2004111">10.5840/raven2004111</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Raven%3A+A+Journal+of+Vexillology&rft.atitle=The+First+Navy+Jack&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2004-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fraven2004111&rft.aulast=Ansoff&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=vexillologie%2C+North+American+Vexillological+Association+%2F+Association+nord-am%C3%A9ricaine+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdcnet.org%2Fpdc%2Fbvdb.nsf%2Fpurchase%3Fopenform%26fp%3Draven%26id%3Draven_2004_0011_0001_0060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIra_Stoll2008" class="citation book cs1">Ira Stoll (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/samueladamslife00stol"><i>Samuel Adams: A Life</i></a></span>. Free Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/samueladamslife00stol/page/76">76</a>–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416594567" title="Special:BookSources/978-1416594567"><bdi>978-1416594567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+Adams%3A+A+Life&rft.pages=76-77&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1416594567&rft.au=Ira+Stoll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsamueladamslife00stol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_H._Fischer1995" class="citation book cs1">David H. Fischer (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulreveresride00fisc"><i>Paul Revere's ride</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulreveresride00fisc/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195098310" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195098310"><bdi>978-0195098310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Revere%27s+ride&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0195098310&rft.au=David+H.+Fischer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaulreveresride00fisc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Della_Valle2009" class="citation book cs1">Paul Della Valle (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hyAJpdtGwXkC&pg=PA57"><i>Massachusetts Troublemakers: Rebels, Reformers, and Radicals from the Bay State</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0762757954" title="Special:BookSources/978-0762757954"><bdi>978-0762757954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massachusetts+Troublemakers%3A+Rebels%2C+Reformers%2C+and+Radicals+from+the+Bay+State&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0762757954&rft.au=Paul+Della+Valle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhyAJpdtGwXkC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald A. Grinde Jr, "Joseph Allicocke: African-American Leader of the Sons of Liberty." <i>Afro-Americans in New York Life and History</i> 14#.2 (1990): 61–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Elbridge_Wager1891" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Elbridge Wager (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colmarinuswille00wage"><i>Col. Marinus Willett, the Hero of Mohawk Valley</i></a>. Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colmarinuswille00wage/page/10">10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Col.+Marinus+Willett%2C+the+Hero+of+Mohawk+Valley&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Society&rft.date=1891&rft.au=Daniel+Elbridge+Wager&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolmarinuswille00wage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_R._Plamer2010" class="citation book cs1">Dave R. Plamer (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zANrP6rOOJkC&pg=PA3"><i>George Washington and Benedict Arnold: A Tale of Two Patriots</i></a>. Regnery Publishing. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1596981645" title="Special:BookSources/978-1596981645"><bdi>978-1596981645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+and+Benedict+Arnold%3A+A+Tale+of+Two+Patriots&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1596981645&rft.au=Dave+R.+Plamer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzANrP6rOOJkC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/huntington.html">"Signers of the Declaration of Independence: Samuel Huntington"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Signers+of+the+Declaration+of+Independence%3A+Samuel+Huntington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fdeclaration%2Fsigners%2Fhuntington.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Bellet_Plamer1976" class="citation book cs1">Louis Bellet Plamer (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wEL-bI-QNmYC&q=matthew+phripp+mason&pg=PA618"><i>Prominent Virginia Families</i></a>. Genealogical Publishing Com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806307220" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806307220"><bdi>978-0806307220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prominent+Virginia+Families&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Com&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0806307220&rft.au=Louis+Bellet+Plamer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwEL-bI-QNmYC%26q%3Dmatthew%2Bphripp%2Bmason%26pg%3DPA618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Alexander2010" class="citation book cs1">Chris Alexander (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJS2FkRdPOsC&pg=PA146"><i>Two Truths Two Justices</i></a>. Xulon Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612154527" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612154527"><bdi>978-1612154527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Truths+Two+Justices&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1612154527&rft.au=Chris+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJS2FkRdPOsC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShalhope2003" class="citation book cs1">Shalhope, Robert (2003). <i>A Tale of New England</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-7127-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-7127-1"><bdi>0-8018-7127-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tale+of+New+England&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8018-7127-1&rft.aulast=Shalhope&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, p. 341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hesseline, William B. (1948) <i>Lincoln and the War Governors</i>. p.312. New York: Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/445066">445066</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeehn,_David_C.2013" class="citation book cs1">Keehn, David C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yZWIaUunq60C&pg=PA173"><i>Knights of the Golden Circle: Secret Empire, Southern Secession, Civil War</i></a>. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807150047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807150047"><bdi>978-0807150047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knights+of+the+Golden+Circle%3A+Secret+Empire%2C+Southern+Secession%2C+Civil+War&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+Louisiana&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0807150047&rft.au=Keehn%2C+David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyZWIaUunq60C%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerry_Segrave2004" class="citation book cs1">Kerry Segrave (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVVp0omSDBIC&pg=PA86"><i>Foreign Films in America: A History</i></a>. McFarland. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8162-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8162-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-8162-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Films+in+America%3A+A+History&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8162-0&rft.au=Kerry+Segrave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLVVp0omSDBIC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <dl><dd><b>18th century Sons</b></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1901" class="citation cs2">Becker, Carl (1901), "Growth of Revolutionary Parties and Methods in New York Province 1765–1774", <i>American Historical Review</i>, <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">56–</span>76, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1832532">10.2307/1832532</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832532">1832532</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Growth+of+Revolutionary+Parties+and+Methods+in+New+York+Province+1765%E2%80%931774&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=1901&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1832532%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1832532&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Carson, Clayborne, Jake Miller, and James Miller. "Sons of Liberty." in <i>Civil Disobedience: An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States</i> (2015): 276+</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampagne1967" class="citation cs2">Champagne, Roger J. (1967), "Liberty Boys and Mechanics of New York City, 1764–1774", <i>Labor History</i>, <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>135, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00236566708584011">10.1080/00236566708584011</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-656X">0023-656X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labor+History&rft.atitle=Liberty+Boys+and+Mechanics+of+New+York+City%2C+1764%E2%80%931774&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00236566708584011&rft.issn=0023-656X&rft.aulast=Champagne&rft.aufirst=Roger+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampagne1964" class="citation cs2">Champagne, Roger J. (1964), "New York's Radicals and the Coming of Independence", <i>Journal of American History</i>, <b>51</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>40, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1917932">10.2307/1917932</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723">0021-8723</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1917932">1917932</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=New+York%27s+Radicals+and+the+Coming+of+Independence&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1964&rft.issn=0021-8723&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1917932%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1917932&rft.aulast=Champagne&rft.aufirst=Roger+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dawson, Henry Barton. <i>The Sons of Liberty in New York</i> (1859) 118 pages; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sonslibertyinne00socigoog">online edition</a></li> <li>Foner, Philip Sheldon. <i>Labor and the American Revolution</i> (1976) Westport, CN: Greenwood. 258 pages</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffer2006" class="citation cs2">Hoffer, Peter Charles (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenfiresurbani00hoff"><i>Seven Fires: The Urban Infernos The Reshaped America</i></a>, New York: Public Affairs, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-355-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-355-2"><bdi>1-58648-355-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Fires%3A+The+Urban+Infernos+The+Reshaped+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-58648-355-2&rft.aulast=Hoffer&rft.aufirst=Peter+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsevenfiresurbani00hoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvin2003" class="citation cs2">Irvin, Benjamin H. (2003), "Tar, Feathers, and the Enemies of American Liberties, 1768–1776", <i>New England Quarterly</i>, <b>76</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">197–</span>238, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1559903">10.2307/1559903</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4866">0028-4866</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1559903">1559903</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Tar%2C+Feathers%2C+and+the+Enemies+of+American+Liberties%2C+1768%E2%80%931776&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0028-4866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1559903%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1559903&rft.aulast=Irvin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Labaree, Benjamin Woods. <i>The Boston Tea Party</i> (1964).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier1972" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Maier" title="Pauline Maier">Maier, Pauline</a> (1972), <i>From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765–1776</i>, New York: W.W. Norton</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Resistance+to+Revolution%3A+Colonial+Radicals+and+the+Development+of+American+Opposition+to+Britain%2C+1765%E2%80%931776&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Maier, Pauline. "Reason and Revolution: The Radicalism of Dr. Thomas Young," <i>American Quarterly</i> Vol. 28, No. 2, (Summer 1976), pp. 229–249 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2712351">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlekauff2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Middlekauff" title="Robert Middlekauff">Middlekauff, Robert</a> (2005), <i>The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/019531588X" title="Special:BookSources/019531588X"><bdi>019531588X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Cause%3A+The+American+Revolution%2C+1763%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=019531588X&rft.aulast=Middlekauff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1943" class="citation cs2">Miller, John C. (1943), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091023114525/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=493183"><i>Origins of the American Revolution</i></a>, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=493183">the original</a> on 2009-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-14</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D493183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorais1939" class="citation cs2">Morais, Herbert M. (1939), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091023115030/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=29142025">"The Sons of Liberty in New York"</a>, in Morris, Richard B. (ed.), <i>The Era of the American Revolution</i>, pp. <span class="nowrap">269–</span>289, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=29142025">the original</a> on 2009-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-14</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sons+of+Liberty+in+New+York&rft.btitle=The+Era+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E289&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Morais&rft.aufirst=Herbert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26d%3D29142025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span>, a Marxist interpretation</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2005" class="citation cs2">Nash, Gary B. (2005), <i>The Unknown Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America</i>, London: Viking, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03420-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03420-7"><bdi>0-670-03420-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Revolution%3A+The+Unruly+Birth+of+Democracy+and+the+Struggle+to+Create+America&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-670-03420-7&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchecter2002" class="citation cs2">Schecter, Barnet (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlefornewyork00sche"><i>The Battle of New York</i></a>, New York: Walker, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1374-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1374-2"><bdi>0-8027-1374-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8027-1374-2&rft.aulast=Schecter&rft.aufirst=Barnet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlefornewyork00sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2000" class="citation cs2">Unger, Harlow (2000), <i>John Hancock: Merchant King and American Patriot</i>, Edison, NJ: Castle Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7858-2026-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7858-2026-4"><bdi>0-7858-2026-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Hancock%3A+Merchant+King+and+American+Patriot&rft.place=Edison%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Castle+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7858-2026-4&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Harlow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Walsh, Richard. <i>Charleston's Sons of Liberty: A Study of the Artisans, 1763–1789</i> (1968)</li> <li>Warner, William B. <i>Protocols of Liberty: Communication Innovation and the American Revolution</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2013)</li></ul> </div> <dl><dd><b>Later groups</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1983" class="citation cs2">Baker, Jean (1983), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/affairsofpartypo0000bake"><i>Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century</i></a></span>, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1513-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-1513-6"><bdi>0-8014-1513-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Affairs+of+Party%3A+The+Political+Culture+of+Northern+Democrats+in+the+Mid-Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-8014-1513-6&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faffairsofpartypo0000bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASons+of+Liberty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Churchill, Robert. "Liberty, conscription, and a party divided-The Sons of Liberty conspiracy, 1863–1864." <i>Prologue-Quarterly of the National Archives</i> 30#4 (1998): 294–303.</li> <li>Rodgers, Thomas E. "Copperheads or a Respectable Minority: Current Approaches to the Study of Civil War-Era Democrats." <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i> 109#2 (2013): 114–146. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5378/indimagahist.109.2.0114">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/sons.htm"><i>The Sons of Liberty</i>, ushistory.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h635.html"><i>The Sons of Liberty</i>, u-s-history.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/solconst.html#students">Albany Sons of Liberty Constitution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308084802/http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/solconst.html#students">Archived</a> 2016-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/assoc_sons_ny_1773.asp">Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York, December 15, 1773</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:New_York_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:New York in the American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:New York in the American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York in the American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_in_the_American_Revolution2678" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)#Revolution" title="History of New York (state)">New York in the American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1765</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_pole" title="Liberty pole">First Liberty poles erected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1770</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golden_Hill" title="Battle of Golden Hill">Battle of Golden Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1775</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Canada (1775)">Invasion of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1776</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Ship_Martyrs%27_Monument" title="Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument">New York Prison Ships begin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="American Turtle">Submarine attack in New York Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Kip%27s_Bay" title="Landing at Kip's Bay">Landing at Kip's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Battle of Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_York_(1776)" title="Great Fire of New York (1776)">Great Fire of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Hale" title="Nathan Hale">Execution of Nathan Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Battle of Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pell%27s_Point" title="Battle of Pell's Point">Battle of Pell's Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains" title="Battle of White Plains">Battle of White Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Battle of Fort Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1777</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meigs_Raid" title="Meigs Raid">Meigs Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Anne" title="Battle of Fort Anne">Battle of Fort Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix" title="Siege of Fort Stanwix">Siege of Fort Stanwix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oriskany" title="Battle of Oriskany">Battle of Oriskany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Battle of Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Setauket" title="Battle of Setauket">Battle of Setauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Staten_Island" title="Battle of Staten Island">Battle of Staten Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga#First_Saratoga:_Battle_of_Freeman's_Farm_(Sept._19)" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battle of Freeman's Farm (1st Saratoga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Clinton_and_Montgomery" title="Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery">Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga#Second_Saratoga:_Battle_of_Bemis_Heights_(Oct._7)" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battle of Bemis Heights (2nd Saratoga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1778</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culper_Ring" title="Culper Ring">Setauket Spy Ring launched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cobleskill" title="Battle of Cobleskill">Battle of Cobleskill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy#History" title="United States Military Academy">West Point established</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_German_Flatts_(1778)" title="Attack on German Flatts (1778)">Attack on German Flatts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Unadilla_and_Onaquaga" title="Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga">Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton%27s_Raid" title="Carleton's Raid">Carleton's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Valley_massacre" title="Cherry Valley massacre">Cherry Valley massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1779</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Battle of Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minisink" title="Battle of Minisink">Battle of Minisink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newtown" title="Battle of Newtown">Battle of Newtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_and_Parker_ambush" title="Boyd and Parker ambush">Boyd and Parker ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1780</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Young%27s_House" title="Battle of Young's House">Battle of Young's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Churchill" title="Elijah Churchill">First Purple Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_Andr%C3%A9" title="John André">André</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot%27s_Park" title="Patriot's Park">conspiracy exposed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klock%27s_Field" title="Battle of Klock's Field">Battle of Klock's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_St._George" title="Battle of Fort St. George">Battle of Fort St. George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1781</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Culloden_(1776)" title="HMS Culloden (1776)">HMS <i>Culloden</i> runs aground at Montauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Washington calls off invasion of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Slongo" title="Battle of Fort Slongo">Battle of Fort Slongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Johnstown" title="Battle of Johnstown">Battle of Johnstown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1782</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Headquarters_State_Historic_Site" title="Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site">Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_letter" title="Newburgh letter">Newburgh letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1783</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">British evacuate New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraunces_Tavern" title="Fraunces Tavern">Washington's Farewell to His Officers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolutionary_War165" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oriskany" title="Battle of Oriskany">Oriskany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Samuel_Adams581" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Samuel_Adams" title="Template:Samuel Adams"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Samuel_Adams" title="Template talk:Samuel Adams"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Samuel_Adams" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Samuel Adams"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Samuel_Adams581" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">4th Governor of Massachusetts, 1794–1797</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress, 1775–1781</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress, 1774</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1766–1774</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">United States<br />founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent_Advertiser" title="The Independent Advertiser">The Independent Advertiser</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Caucus" title="Boston Caucus">Boston Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams#Sugar_Act" title="Samuel Adams">1764 Sugar Act response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act#Effect_on_the_American_colonies" title="Sugar Act">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Occurrences" title="Journal of Occurrences">Probable author, 1768–1769 "Journal of Occurrences"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Seider" title="Christopher Seider">Arranged Christopher Seider funeral, 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Pamphlet" title="Boston Pamphlet">Co-author, 1772 <i>Boston Pamphlet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_correspondence#Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of correspondence">Boston, 1772</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Co-inspired and publicized, Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Signed, 1774 Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress" title="Massachusetts Provincial Congress">Massachusetts Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_the_inhabitants_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters to the inhabitants of Canada">Co-author, 1775 "Letter to the inhabitants of Canada"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Signed, United States Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Signed, Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Compromise" title="Massachusetts Compromise">1788 Massachusetts Compromise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams#Early_life" title="Samuel Adams">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)">Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1789#Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1789">1789 U.S. House election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams_and_Paul_Revere_time_capsule" title="Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule">Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary_Burying_Ground" title="Granary Burying Ground">Granary Burying Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">American republicanism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Gazette" title="Boston Gazette">Boston Gazette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faneuil_Hall" title="Faneuil Hall">Faneuil Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_South_Meeting_House" title="Old South Meeting House">Old South Meeting House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Samuel_Adams" title="Statue of Samuel Adams"><i>Samuel Adams</i> (Whitney)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams,_Massachusetts" title="Adams, Massachusetts">Adams, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 animated series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)"><i>John Adams</i> (2008 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)"><i>Sons of Liberty</i> (2015 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolutionary:_Samuel_Adams" title="The Revolutionary: Samuel Adams"><i>The Revolutionary: Samuel Adams</i> (2022 book)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adams_political_family" title="Adams political family">Adams family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams_Sr." title="Samuel Adams Sr.">Samuel Adams Sr. (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams (second cousin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Hancock541" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Hancock" title="Template:John Hancock"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Hancock" title="Template talk:John Hancock"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Hancock" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Hancock"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Hancock541" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnHancocksSignature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/JohnHancocksSignature.svg/111px-JohnHancocksSignature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/JohnHancocksSignature.svg/167px-JohnHancocksSignature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/JohnHancocksSignature.svg/222px-JohnHancocksSignature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts, 1780–1785, 1787–1793</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress, 1775–1777, 1785-1786</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Board_of_Selectmen" title="Boston Board of Selectmen">Boston Board of Selectmen, 1766–1775</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">United States<br />founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Liberty_(1768)" title="HMS Liberty (1768)">HMS <i>Liberty</i> confiscation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Co-inspired, Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays#Massacre_Day" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">1774 Massacre Day speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress" title="Massachusetts Provincial Congress">President, Massachusetts Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Safety_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Safety (American Revolution)">Chairman, Massachusetts Committee of Safety</a></li> <li>Presided over, signed, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> <a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">(signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence#Dunlap_broadside" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">Dunlap broadside)</a></li> <li>Signer, <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Compromise" title="Massachusetts Compromise">1788 Massachusetts Compromise</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock#Early_life" title="John Hancock">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock%E2%80%93Clarke_House" title="Hancock–Clarke House">Hancock–Clarke House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_Manor" title="Hancock Manor">Hancock Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)">Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Cadets" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Cadets">Boston Cadets</a></li> <li>Co-founder, <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788–89 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary_Burying_Ground" title="Granary Burying Ground">Granary Burying Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)">1776</a></i> (1969 musical, <a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids">Liberty's Kids</a></i> (2002 animated series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">John Adams</a></i> (2008 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)">Sons of Liberty</a></i> (2015 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Hancock_(1775)" title="USS Hancock (1775)">USS <i>Hancock</i></a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Hancock_(1776)" title="USS Hancock (1776)">USS <i>Hancock</i></a> (1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_Hancock_(1850)" title="USS John Hancock (1850)">USS <i>John Hancock</i></a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Hancock_(CV-19)" title="USS Hancock (CV-19)">USS <i>Hancock</i></a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_Hancock_(DD-981)" title="USS John Hancock (DD-981)">USS <i>John Hancock</i></a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock_Center" title="John Hancock Center">John Hancock Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock_Tower" title="John Hancock Tower">John Hancock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Quincy" title="Dorothy Quincy">Dorothy Quincy</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock_Jr." title="John Hancock Jr.">John Hancock Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hancock_(merchant)" title="Thomas Hancock (merchant)">Thomas Hancock</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock_Sr." title="John Hancock Sr.">John Hancock Sr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Quincy_(1703%E2%80%931788)" title="Edmund Quincy (1703–1788)">Edmund Quincy</a> (father-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patrick_Henry362" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patrick_Henry" title="Template:Patrick Henry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patrick_Henry" title="Template talk:Patrick Henry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patrick_Henry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patrick Henry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patrick_Henry362" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1st and 6th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> (1776-1779, 1784-1786)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> (1774–1775)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding of the<br />United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parson%27s_Cause" title="Parson's Cause">Parson's Cause</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sons of Liberty (Philadelphia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Resolves" title="Virginia Resolves">Virginia Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition_to_the_King" title="Petition to the King">Petition to the King</a> (1774, co-wrote, signed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a> (1774, signed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Virginia_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Virginia Convention">Second Virginia Convention</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_me_liberty_or_give_me_death!" title="Give me liberty or give me death!">Give me Liberty or give me Death!</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Incident" title="Gunpowder Incident">Gunpowder Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Federalists">Anti-Federalists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">papers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1776 Virginia gubernatorial election">1776 Virginia gubernatorial election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Patrick_Henry" title="Birthplace of Patrick Henry">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Slash" title="Pine Slash">Pine Slash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Tavern" title="Hanover Tavern">Hanover Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotchtown_(plantation)" title="Scotchtown (plantation)">Scotchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_(Williamsburg,_Virginia)" title="Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)">Governor's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leatherwood_Plantation" title="Leatherwood Plantation">Leatherwood Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_(Chesterfield_County,_Virginia)" title="Salisbury (Chesterfield County, Virginia)">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hill_Patrick_Henry_National_Memorial" title="Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial">Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial</a> (home and burial site)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Henry_(West_Virginia)" title="Fort Henry (West Virginia)">Fort Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Patrick_Henry" title="Camp Patrick Henry">Camp Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry_Building" title="Patrick Henry Building">Patrick Henry Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_and_Henry_University" title="Emory and Henry University">Emory and Henry University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry_College" title="Patrick Henry College">Patrick Henry College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry_High_School_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Patrick Henry High School (disambiguation)">Patrick Henry High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_News/Williamsburg_International_Airport" title="Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport">Patrick Henry International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry_(packet)" title="Patrick Henry (packet)"><i>Patrick Henry</i> (packet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Patrick_Henry" title="CSS Patrick Henry">CSS <i>Patrick Henry</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Patrick_Henry" title="SS Patrick Henry">SS <i>Patrick Henry</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Patrick_Henry" title="USS Patrick Henry">USS <i>Patrick Henry</i> (SSBN-599)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Give_Me_Liberty_(1936_film)" title="Give Me Liberty (1936 film)">Give Me Liberty</a></i> (1936 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Glory_(film)" title="Old Glory (film)">Old Glory</a></i> (1939 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids">Liberty's Kids</a></i> (2002 animated series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Shelton_Henry" title="Sarah Shelton Henry">Sarah Shelton Henry</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dandridge_Henry" title="Dorothea Dandridge Henry">Dorothea Dandridge Henry</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winston_Syme_Henry" title="Sarah Winston Syme Henry">Sarah Winston Syme Henry</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_(brother_of_Patrick_Henry)" title="William Henry (brother of Patrick Henry)">William Henry</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Henry_Christian" title="Annie Henry Christian">Annie Henry Christian</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Henry_Campbell_Russell" title="Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell">Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Roane" title="William H. Roane">William H. Roane</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_Henry" title="William Wirt Henry">William Wirt Henry</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Plains" title="Rural Plains">Rural Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="St. John's Episcopal Church (Richmond, Virginia)">St. John's Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paul_Revere61" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paul_Revere" title="Template:Paul Revere"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paul_Revere" title="Template talk:Paul Revere"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paul_Revere" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paul Revere"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paul_Revere61" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_House" title="Paul Revere House">Paul Revere House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere_bells" title="Revere bells">Revere bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere_Copper_Company" title="Revere Copper Company">Revere Copper Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams_and_Paul_Revere_time_capsule" title="Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule">Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary_Burying_Ground" title="Granary Burying Ground">Granary Burying Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Midnight_Ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Revere's Midnight Ride">Paul Revere's Midnight Ride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_Capture_Site" title="Paul Revere Capture Site">capture site</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Expedition" title="Penobscot Expedition">Penobscot Expedition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sons of Liberty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Paul_Revere_(APA-248)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Paul Revere (APA-248)">USS <i>Paul Revere</i> (APA-248)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_Mall" title="Paul Revere Mall">Paul Revere Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_Park" title="Paul Revere Park">Paul Revere Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere, Massachusetts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Ride" title="Paul Revere's Ride">Paul Revere's Ride</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_British_Are_Coming_(song)" title="The British Are Coming (song)">The British Are Coming</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Midnight_Ride_of_Paul_Revere_(painting)" title="The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere (painting)">The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Paul_Revere" title="Equestrian statue of Paul Revere">Equestrian statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)"><i>Sons of Liberty</i> miniseries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Muppets_Present...Great_Moments_in_American_History" title="The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History">The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren_Revere_(businessman)" title="Joseph Warren Revere (businessman)">Joseph Warren Revere</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren_Revere_(general)" title="Joseph Warren Revere (general)">Joseph Warren Revere</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos_Rivoire" title="Apollos Rivoire">Apollos Rivoire</a> (father)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Charles_Thomson135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_Thomson" title="Template:Charles Thomson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_Thomson" title="Template talk:Charles Thomson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_Thomson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles Thomson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_Thomson135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding of the<br />United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sons of Liberty (Philadelphia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Secretary, Continental Congress, 1774-1789</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence#Dunlap_broadside" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">Dunlap broadside, Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal of the United States</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuit_c%C5%93ptis" title="Annuit cœptis">Annuit cœptis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novus_ordo_seclorum" title="Novus ordo seclorum">Novus ordo seclorum</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Great_Seal_Charles_Thomson_Preliminary_Design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/US_Great_Seal_Charles_Thomson_Preliminary_Design.jpg/129px-US_Great_Seal_Charles_Thomson_Preliminary_Design.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/US_Great_Seal_Charles_Thomson_Preliminary_Design.jpg/194px-US_Great_Seal_Charles_Thomson_Preliminary_Design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/US_Great_Seal_Charles_Thomson_Preliminary_Design.jpg/258px-US_Great_Seal_Charles_Thomson_Preliminary_Design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="2170" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Easton" title="Treaty of Easton">Secretary, Treaty of Easton, 1758</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_Translation" title="Thomson's Translation">Thomson's Bible translation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harriton_House" title="Harriton House">Harriton House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)">1776</a></i> (1969 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1776</a></i> (1972 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Seal of the president of the United States">Seal of the president of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31306#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata597" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31306#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata597" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31306#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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