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Schwarzmann</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herman_J._Schwarzmann-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Structures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_Exhibition_Building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_Exhibition_Building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Main Exhibition Building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_Exhibition_Building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Agricultural Hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horticultural_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horticultural_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Horticultural Hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horticultural_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machinery_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machinery_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Machinery Hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machinery_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorial_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Memorial Hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorial_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_Pavilion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_Pavilion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Women's Pavilion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_Pavilion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Other buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Exposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Inventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhibits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhibits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Exhibits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhibits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0_(1876)" title="Сусветная выстаўка (1876) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сусветная выстаўка (1876)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%BDstava_1876" title="Světová výstava 1876 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Světová výstava 1876" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Exhibition" title="Centennial Exhibition – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Centennial Exhibition" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Exhibition" title="Centennial Exhibition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Centennial Exhibition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_International_Exhibition" title="Centennial International Exhibition – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Centennial International Exhibition" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposici%C3%B3n_Universal_de_Filadelfia_(1876)" title="Exposición Universal de Filadelfia (1876) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Exposición Universal de Filadelfia (1876)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Centennial Exposition" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfiako_Nazioarteko_Erakusketa_(1876)" title="Filadelfiako Nazioarteko Erakusketa (1876) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filadelfiako Nazioarteko Erakusketa (1876)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87" title="نمایشگاه سده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمایشگاه سده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_universelle_de_1876" title="Exposition universelle de 1876 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Exposition universelle de 1876" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Exhibition" title="Centennial Exhibition – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Centennial Exhibition" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esposizione_centennale_delle_arti,_della_manifattura_e_dei_prodotti_del_suolo_e_delle_miniere_di_Filadelfia_(1876)" title="Esposizione centennale delle arti, della manifattura e dei prodotti del suolo e delle miniere di Filadelfia (1876) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esposizione centennale delle arti, della manifattura e dei prodotti del suolo e delle miniere di Filadelfia (1876)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Centennial Exposition" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%9A%E8%A6%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="フィラデルフィア万国博覧会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィラデルフィア万国博覧会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdensutstillingen_i_Philadelphia_(1876)" title="Verdensutstillingen i Philadelphia (1876) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Verdensutstillingen i Philadelphia (1876)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposicion_universala_de_1876" title="Exposicion universala de 1876 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Exposicion universala de 1876" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Universal_de_1876" title="Exposição Universal de 1876 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exposição Universal de 1876" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_(1876)" title="Всемирная выставка (1876) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Всемирная выставка (1876)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Centennial Exposition" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_1876" title="Всесвітня виставка 1876 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Всесвітня виставка 1876" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Centennial_Exposition&params=39_58_46_N_75_12_33_W_type:event_region:US-PA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°58′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°12′33″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.97944°N 75.20917°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.97944; -75.20917</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">World's fair held in Philadelphia in 1876</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Centennial Exhibition" redirects here. For the 1939–1940 exhibition in Wellington, see <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Centennial_Exhibition" title="New Zealand Centennial Exhibition">New Zealand Centennial Exhibition</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Centennial International Exhibition of 1876</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Centennial_Exhibition,_Opening_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg/220px-Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg/330px-Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg/440px-Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="1558" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An illustration of opening day ceremonies at the Centennial Exposition in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> on May 10, 1876</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #69cfff">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_International_des_Expositions" title="Bureau International des Expositions">BIE</a>-class</th><td class="infobox-data">Universal exposition</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data">Historical Expo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data">Centennial International Exhibition of 1876</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Building(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Memorial Hall (Philadelphia)">Memorial Hall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">115 ha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Invention(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">Typewriter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">sewing machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #69cfff">Participant(s)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data">35</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Business</th><td class="infobox-data">14,420</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #69cfff">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venue</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a> in Philadelphia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Centennial_Exposition&params=39_58_46_N_75_12_33_W_type:event_region:US-PA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°58′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°12′33″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.97944°N 75.20917°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.97944; -75.20917</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #69cfff">Timeline</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bidding</th><td class="infobox-data">December 1866</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awarded</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1870</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opening</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1876-05-10</span>)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1876-11-10</span>)</span><span class="nowrap">May 10 – November 10, 1876</span><br />(6 months)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closure</th><td class="infobox-data">November 10, 1876<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1876-11-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #69cfff">Universal expositions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Weltausstellung_1873_Wien" class="mw-redirect" title="Weltausstellung 1873 Wien">Weltausstellung 1873 Wien</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Next</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1878)" title="Exposition Universelle (1878)">Exposition Universelle (1878)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #69cfff">Specialized expositions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Next</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a> (1926)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Centennial International Exhibition</b>, officially the <b>International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine</b>, was held in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania, from May 10 to November 10, 1876. It was the first official <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">world's fair</a> to be held in the United States and coincided with the centennial anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>'s adoption in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776. </p><p>It was held in <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a> on fairgrounds designed by <a href="/wiki/Herman_J._Schwarzmann" title="Herman J. Schwarzmann">Herman J. Schwarzmann</a>. Nearly 10 million visitors attended the exposition, and 37 countries participated in it. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precursor">Precursor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Precursor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Sanitary_Fair_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Great_Sanitary_Fair_1864.jpg/220px-Great_Sanitary_Fair_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Great_Sanitary_Fair_1864.jpg/330px-Great_Sanitary_Fair_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Great_Sanitary_Fair_1864.jpg/440px-Great_Sanitary_Fair_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>The Great Sanitary Fair in 1864 was the model for the Centennial Exposition; it raised $1,046,859 for medicine and bandages during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Roswell_Hawley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Joseph_Roswell_Hawley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-Joseph_Roswell_Hawley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Joseph_Roswell_Hawley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-Joseph_Roswell_Hawley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Joseph_Roswell_Hawley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-Joseph_Roswell_Hawley_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3428" data-file-height="4420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Roswell_Hawley" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Roswell Hawley">Joseph Roswell Hawley</a>, president of the U.S. Centennial Commission</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centennial_Board_of_Finance_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Centennial_Board_of_Finance_1875.jpg/220px-Centennial_Board_of_Finance_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Centennial_Board_of_Finance_1875.jpg/330px-Centennial_Board_of_Finance_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Centennial_Board_of_Finance_1875.jpg/440px-Centennial_Board_of_Finance_1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3892" /></a><figcaption>A stock certificate for five $10 shares issued by the Centennial Board of Finance</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Central_Fair" title="Great Central Fair">Great Central Fair</a> on <a href="/wiki/Logan_Square,_Philadelphia" title="Logan Square, Philadelphia">Logan Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, in 1864, also known as the Great Sanitary Fair, was one of the many <a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">United States Sanitary Commission</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_Fair" title="Sanitary Fair">Sanitary Fairs</a> held during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. </p><p>The fairs provided a creative and communal means for ordinary citizens to promote the welfare of <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> soldiers and dedicate themselves to the survival of the nation, and the Great Central Fair bolstered <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Philadelphia in the American Civil War">Philadelphia's role as a vital center</a> in the Union war effort. It anticipated the combination of public, private, and commercial investments that were necessary to mount the Centennial Exposition. Both had a similar <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">neo-Gothic</a> appearance, including the waving flags, a huge central hall, the "curiosities" and relics, handmade and industrial exhibits, and also a visit from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. president</a> and his family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning">Planning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of the Centennial Exposition is credited to John L. Campbell, a professor of mathematics, <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>, and astronomy at <a href="/wiki/Wabash_College" title="Wabash College">Wabash College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crawfordsville,_Indiana" title="Crawfordsville, Indiana">Crawfordsville, Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-images7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-images7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1866, Campbell suggested to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Morton_McMichael" title="Morton McMichael">Morton McMichael</a> that the United States Centennial be celebrated with an exposition in Philadelphia. Naysayers argued that the project would not be able to find funding, other nations might not attend, and domestic exhibits might compare poorly to foreign ones.<sup id="cite_ref-history460_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history460-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> became an early supporter of the exposition and asked the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Council" title="Philadelphia City Council">Philadelphia City Council</a> for use of <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a>. With reference to the numerous events of national importance that were held in the past and related to the city of Philadelphia, the City Council resolved in January 1870 to hold the Centennial Exposition in the city in 1876.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Philadelphia City Council and the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania General Assembly</a> created a committee to study the project and seek support of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a>. Congressman <a href="/wiki/William_D._Kelley" title="William D. Kelley">William D. Kelley</a> spoke for the city and state, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Johnson_Morrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Johnson Morrell">Daniel Johnson Morrell</a> introduced a <a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">bill</a> to create a United States Centennial Commission. The bill, which passed on March 3, 1871, provided that the U.S. government would not be liable for any expenses. </p><p>The United States Centennial Commission organized on March 3, 1872, with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Roswell_Hawley" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Roswell Hawley">Joseph R. Hawley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> as president. The Centennial Commission's commissioners included one representative from each state and territory in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-images7_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-images7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 1, 1872, Congress created a Centennial Board of Finance to help raise money. The board's president was <a href="/wiki/John_Welsh_(diplomat)" title="John Welsh (diplomat)">John Welsh</a>, brother of philanthropist William Welsh, who had raised funds for the Great Sanitary Fair in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-history460_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history460-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board was authorized to sell up to $10 million in stock via $10 shares. The board sold $1,784,320 ($45,381,205 in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) worth of shares by February 22, 1873. Philadelphia contributed $1.5 million and Pennsylvania gave $1 million. On February 11, 1876, Congress appropriated $1.5 million in a loan. </p><p>The board initially thought it was a <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidy</a>. But after the exposition ended, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> sued to have the money returned, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> ultimately forced repayment. John Welsh enlisted help from the women of Philadelphia who had helped him in the Great Sanitary Fair. A Women's Centennial Executive Committee was formed with Elizabeth Duane Gillespie, a great-granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, as president. In its first few months, the group raised $40,000. When the group learned the planning commission was not doing much to display the work of women, it raised an additional $30,000 for a women's exhibition building.<sup id="cite_ref-history461_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history461-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1873, the Centennial Commission named <a href="/wiki/Alfred_T._Goshorn" title="Alfred T. Goshorn">Alfred T. Goshorn</a> as the director general of the Exposition. The Fairmount Park Commission set aside 450 acres (1.8 km<sup>2</sup>) of West Fairmount Park for the exposition, which was dedicated on July 4, 1873,<sup id="cite_ref-history461_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history461-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/George_M._Robeson" title="George M. Robeson">George M. Robeson</a>. The Commission decided to classify the exhibits into seven departments: agriculture, art, education and science, horticulture, machinery, manufactures, and mining and metallurgy. Newspaper publisher <a href="/wiki/John_W._Forney" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Forney">John W. Forney</a> agreed to head and pay for a Philadelphia commission sent to Europe to invite nations to exhibit at the exposition. Despite fears of a European boycott and <a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in United States history">high American tariffs</a> making foreign goods not worthwhile, no European country declined the invitation.<sup id="cite_ref-history462_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history462-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To accommodate out-of-town visitors, temporary <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotels</a> were constructed near the exposition's grounds. A Centennial Lodging-House Agency made a list of rooms in hotels, <a href="/wiki/Boarding_house" title="Boarding house">boarding houses</a>, and private homes and then sold tickets for the available rooms in cities promoting the Centennial or on trains heading for Philadelphia. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_streetcars" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia streetcars">Philadelphia streetcars</a> increased service, and the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a> ran special trains from Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Market Street (Philadelphia)">Market Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Reading_Company" title="Reading Company">Philadelphia and Reading Railroad</a> ran special trains from the <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a> part of Philadelphia. A small hospital was built on the exposition's grounds by the Centennial's Medical Bureau, but despite a <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat wave</a> during the summer, no mass health crises occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-history467_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history467-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia passed an ordinance that authorized Mayor William S. Stokley to appoint 500 men as Centennial Guards for the exposition. Among soldiers and local men hired by the city was <a href="/wiki/Frank_Geyer" title="Frank Geyer">Frank Geyer</a>, best known for investigating one of America's first serial killers, <a href="/wiki/H._H._Holmes" title="H. H. Holmes">H. H. Holmes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Centennial Guards policed exhibits, kept the peace, reunited lost children, and received, recorded, and when possible, returned lost items, the most unusual of which were front hair pieces and false teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guards were required to live onsite and were housed at six police stations strategically located throughout the Exposition. A magistrate's office and courtroom were located at the only two-story police station located on the grounds and was used to conduct prisoner hearings. Officers slept in cramped quarters, which fostered health issues. Eight guards died while working the Exposition, six from <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>, one from <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, and one from organic disease of the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Centennial_National_Bank" title="Centennial National Bank">Centennial National Bank</a> was chartered on January 19, 1876, to be the "financial agent of the board at the Centennial Exhibition, receiving and accounting for daily receipts, changing foreign moneys into current funds, etc.," according to an article three days later in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>. Its main branch, designed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Furness" title="Frank Furness">Frank Furness</a>, was opened that April on the southeast corner of <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Market Street (Philadelphia)">Market Street</a> and 32nd Street. A branch office operated during the exposition on the fairgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-brynmawr2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brynmawr2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Centennial Commission ran out of funds for printing and other expenses. </p><p>Philadelphia city officials appropriated $50,000 to make up for the shortfall.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herman_J._Schwarzmann">Herman J. Schwarzmann</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Herman J. Schwarzmann"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Herman_J._Schwarzmann" title="Herman J. Schwarzmann">Herman J. Schwarzmann</a>, an engineer for the Fairmount Park Commission, was appointed the main designer of the exposition. In 1869, Schwarzmann began working for the Fairmount Park Commission, which administered the site of the 1876 Centennial Exposition. It is one of the great urban parks of the United States; its importance in landscape history was surpassed only by <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>. Schwarzmann was the chief architect for the Centennial Exposition, designing Memorial Hall, Horticultural Hall, other small buildings, and the landscaping around them. His work for the Centennial Exposition was informed by the <a href="/wiki/Weltausstellung_1873_Wien" class="mw-redirect" title="Weltausstellung 1873 Wien">Vienna International Exposition in 1873</a>, which Schwarzmann visited to study the buildings and the grounds layout. The Vienna International Exposition in 1873 was marred by disastrous logistic planning and was taken as a cautionary example. </p><p>At the Vienna Exposition, there was no convenient way for visitors to reach the fairgrounds, and exorbitant rates were charged by carriage drivers. Drawing lessons from this failure, the Philadelphia exposition was ready for its visitors, with direct railroad connections to service passenger trains every 30 minutes, trolley lines, street cars, carriage routes, and even docking facilities on the river. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structures">Structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Exhibition_map-The_Adams_%26_Westlake_non_explosive_oil_stove._No._2_Stove_-_The_Adams_%26_Westlake_Stove_for_1882_is_a_complete_change_from_all_former_patterns._(back).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/International_Exhibition_map-The_Adams_%26_Westlake_non_explosive_oil_stove._No._2_Stove_-_The_Adams_%26_Westlake_Stove_for_1882_is_a_complete_change_from_all_former_patterns._%28back%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/International_Exhibition_map-The_Adams_%26_Westlake_non_explosive_oil_stove._No._2_Stove_-_The_Adams_%26_Westlake_Stove_for_1882_is_a_complete_change_from_all_former_patterns._%28back%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/International_Exhibition_map-The_Adams_%26_Westlake_non_explosive_oil_stove._No._2_Stove_-_The_Adams_%26_Westlake_Stove_for_1882_is_a_complete_change_from_all_former_patterns._%28back%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>Map of the exposition complex in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>More than 200 buildings were constructed within the exposition's grounds, which were surrounded by a fence nearly three miles long.<sup id="cite_ref-history464_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history464-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were five main buildings in the exposition. They were the Main Exhibition Building, Memorial Hall, Machinery Hall, Agricultural Hall, and Horticultural Hall. Apart from these buildings, there were separate buildings for state, federal, foreign, corporate, and public comfort buildings. This strategy of numerous buildings in one exposition set it apart from the previous fairs around the world that had relied exclusively on having one or a few large buildings. </p><p>The Centennial Commission sponsored a <a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">design competition</a> for the principal buildings, conducted in two rounds; winners of the first round had to have details such as construction cost and time prepared for the runoff on September 20, 1873. After the ten design winners were chosen, it was determined that none of them allowed enough time for construction and limited finances.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The architecture of the exposition mainly consisted of two types of building, traditional masonry monuments and buildings with a structural framework of iron and steel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_Exhibition_Building">Main Exhibition Building</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Main Exhibition Building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MainBuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MainBuilding.jpg/220px-MainBuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MainBuilding.jpg/330px-MainBuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MainBuilding.jpg/440px-MainBuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>The main exhibition building; at 21½ acres, it was the largest building in world history at the time.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1876FairMainBldgGrandStandW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1876FairMainBldgGrandStandW.jpg/220px-1876FairMainBldgGrandStandW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1876FairMainBldgGrandStandW.jpg/330px-1876FairMainBldgGrandStandW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1876FairMainBldgGrandStandW.jpg/440px-1876FairMainBldgGrandStandW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the main exhibition building looking west from the grandstand</figcaption></figure> <p>The Centennial Commission turned to third-place winner's architect Henry Pettit and engineer <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Brothers_%26_Company" title="Wilson Brothers & Company">Joseph M. Wilson</a> for design and construction of the Main Exhibition Building. A temporary structure, the Main Building was the largest building in the world by area, enclosing 21.5 acres (87,000 m<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-history462_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history462-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It measured 464 ft (141 m) in width and 1,880 ft (570 m) in length. </p><p>It was constructed using <a href="/wiki/Prefabrication" title="Prefabrication">prefabricated</a> parts, with a wood and iron frame resting on a substructure of 672 stone piers. Wrought iron roof trusses were supported by the columns of the superstructure. </p><p>The building took eighteen months to complete and cost $1,580,000. The building was surrounded by portals on all four sides. The east entrance of the building was used as an access way for carriages, and the south entrance of the building served as a primary entrance to the building for streetcars. The north side related the building to the Art Gallery and the west side served as a passageway to the Machinery and Agricultural Halls. </p><p>In the Main Exhibition Building, columns were placed at a uniform distance of 24 ft (7.3 m). The entire structure consisted of 672 columns, the shortest column 23 ft (7.0 m) in length and the longest 125 ft (38 m) in length. The construction included red and black brick-laid design with stained glass or painted glass decorations. The Interior walls were whitewashed, and woodwork was decorated with shades of green, crimson, blue, and gold. The flooring of the building was made of wooden planks that rested directly on the ground without any air space underneath them. </p><p>The orientation of the building was east–west in direction, making it well lit, and glass was used between the frames to let in light. Skylights were set over the central aisles of the structure. The corridors of the building were separated by fountains that were attractive and also provided cooling. </p><p>The structure of the building featured a central avenue with a series of parallel sheds that were 120 ft (37 m) wide, 1,832 ft (558 m) long, and 75 ft (23 m) high. It was the longest nave ever introduced into an exhibition building up to that time. On both sides of the nave were avenues 100 ft (30 m) in width and 1,832 ft (558 m) in length. Aisles 48 ft (15 m) wide were located between the nave and the side avenues, and smaller aisles 24 ft (7.3 m) in width were on the outer sides of the building. </p><p>The exterior of the building featured four towers, each 75 ft (23 m) high, at each of the building's corners. These towers had small balconies at different heights that served as observation galleries. </p><p>Within the building, exhibits were arranged in a grid, in a dual arrangement of type and national origin. Exhibits from the United States were placed in the center of the building, and foreign exhibits were arranged around the center, based on the nation's distance from the United States. Exhibits inside the Main Exhibition Building dealt with <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, education, and science.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Offices for foreign commissioners were placed in proximity to the products exhibited along in the aisles along the sides of the building. The walkways leading to the exit doors were ten feet wide. </p><p>After the Exposition, the structure was turned into a permanent building for the International Exhibition. During the auction held on December 1, 1876, it was bought for $250,000. It quickly ran into financial difficulties but remained open through 1879 and was finally demolished in 1881. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_Hall">Agricultural Hall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Agricultural Hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third-largest structure at the exposition was Agricultural Hall. Designed by <a href="/wiki/James_H._Windrim" title="James H. Windrim">James H. Windrim</a>, Agricultural Hall was 820 ft (250 m) long and 540 ft (160 m) wide. Made of wood and glass, the building was designed to look like various <a href="/wiki/Barn" title="Barn">barn</a> structures pieced together. The building's exhibits included products and machines used in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and other related businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horticultural_Hall">Horticultural Hall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Horticultural Hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horticultural_Hall,_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Horticultural_Hall%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views_3.jpg/220px-Horticultural_Hall%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Horticultural_Hall%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views_3.jpg/330px-Horticultural_Hall%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Horticultural_Hall%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views_3.jpg/440px-Horticultural_Hall%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2737" data-file-height="1407" /></a><figcaption>A stereoscopic view of Horticultural Hall (1875–76, demolished 1954) in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, now part of the Robert N. Dennis Collection at <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Situated high atop a hill presiding over Fountain Avenue, Horticultural Hall epitomized floral achievement, which attracted professional and amateur gardeners. Unlike the other main buildings, it was meant to be permanent. Horticultural Hall had an iron and glass frame on a brick and marble foundation and was 383 ft (117 m) long, 193 ft (59 m) wide, and 68 ft (21 m) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building was designed in the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish style</a> and intended as a tribute to the <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">Crystal Palace</a> of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a> of 1851. </p><p>Inside, nurserymen, florists, and landscape architects exhibited a variety of tropical plants, garden equipment, and garden plans. In dramatic fashion, the exposition introduced the general public to the notion of landscape design, as exemplified the building itself and the grounds surrounding it. A long, sunken parterre leading to Horticultural Hall became the exposition's iconic floral feature, reproduced on countless postcards and other memorabilia. This sunken garden enabled visitors on the raised walkways to see the patterns and shapes of the flowerbeds. After the Exposition, the building continued to be used for horticultural exhibits until it was severely damaged by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hazel" title="Hurricane Hazel">Hurricane Hazel</a> in 1954 and was subsequently demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-history464_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history464-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a replacement, the <a href="/wiki/The_Horticulture_Center_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Horticulture Center (Philadelphia)">Fairmount Park Horticulture Center</a> was built on the site in 1976 as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">United States Bicentennial</a> exposition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machinery_Hall">Machinery Hall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Machinery Hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machhall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Machhall.jpg/220px-Machhall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Machhall.jpg/330px-Machhall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Machhall.jpg/440px-Machhall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption>Machinery Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>Designed by Joseph M. Wilson and Henry Pettit, Machinery Hall was the second largest structure in the exposition and located west of the Main Exhibition Building. With a superstructure made of wood and glass resting on a foundation of massive masonry, it had a main hall painted light blue, 1,402 ft (427 m) long and 360 ft (110 m) wide, with a wing of 208 ft (63 m) by 210 ft (64 m) attached on the south side of the building. The length of the building was 18 times its height. With eight entrances, it occupied 558,440 sq ft (51,881 m<sup>2</sup>), had 1,900 exhibitors, and took six months to construct. The exhibits focused on machines and evolving industries.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Machinery Hall was the show case for the state of the art industrial technology that was being produced at the time. The United States of America alone took up two-thirds of the exhibit space in the building. </p><p>One of the major attractions on display in the building was the <a href="/wiki/Corliss_steam_engine#Centennial_Engine" title="Corliss steam engine">Corliss Centennial Steam Engine</a> that ran power to all the machinery in the building as well as other parts of the world's fair. The 1,400 horsepower engine was 45 ft (14 m) tall, weighed 650 tons, and had 1 mi (1.6 km) of overhead line belts connecting to the machinery in the building. It symbolized the technology that was transforming the United States into an industrial powerhouse. </p><p>Amenities available to the visitors within the hall were rolling chairs, telegraph offices, and dinner for fifty cents. Machinery Hall had 8,000 operating machines and was filled with a wide assortment of hand tools, machine tools, material handling equipment, and the latest fastener technology. </p><p>Some of the sandstone that was used to build the hall was from <a href="/wiki/Curwensville,_Pennsylvania" title="Curwensville, Pennsylvania">Curwensville, Pennsylvania</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorial_Hall">Memorial Hall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Memorial Hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_Hall_Phila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Memorial_Hall_Phila.jpg/220px-Memorial_Hall_Phila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Memorial_Hall_Phila.jpg/330px-Memorial_Hall_Phila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Memorial_Hall_Phila.jpg/440px-Memorial_Hall_Phila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4646" data-file-height="3236" /></a><figcaption>Memorial Hall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_L.Wilson_and_W.Irving_Adams,_Italian_Dept._Memorial_Hall_Annex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Edward_L.Wilson_and_W.Irving_Adams%2C_Italian_Dept._Memorial_Hall_Annex.jpg/220px-Edward_L.Wilson_and_W.Irving_Adams%2C_Italian_Dept._Memorial_Hall_Annex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Edward_L.Wilson_and_W.Irving_Adams%2C_Italian_Dept._Memorial_Hall_Annex.jpg/330px-Edward_L.Wilson_and_W.Irving_Adams%2C_Italian_Dept._Memorial_Hall_Annex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Edward_L.Wilson_and_W.Irving_Adams%2C_Italian_Dept._Memorial_Hall_Annex.jpg/440px-Edward_L.Wilson_and_W.Irving_Adams%2C_Italian_Dept._Memorial_Hall_Annex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>The Italian Department of Memorial Hall Annex</figcaption></figure> <p>The Art Gallery building (now known as <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Memorial Hall (Philadelphia)">Memorial Hall</a>) is the only large exhibit building still standing on the exposition site. Constructed of brick, glass, iron, and granite in the <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">beaux-arts style</a>, it was the largest art hall in the country when it opened, with a massive 1.5-acre (0.61 ha) footprint and a 150 ft (46 m) dome atop a 59 ft (18 m)-high structure. The central domed area is surrounded by four pavilions on the corners, with open arcades to the east and west of the main entrance. It provided 75,000 sq ft (7,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of wall surface for paintings and 20,000 sq ft (1,900 m<sup>2</sup>) of floor space for sculptures. The exposition received so many art contributions that a separate annex was built to house them all. Another structure was built for the display of <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Memorial Hall was designed by Herman J. Schwarzmann, who basically adopted an art museum plan submitted by Nicholas Félix Escalier to the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prix_de_Rome" title="Prix de Rome">Prix de Rome</a></span></span> competition in 1867–69. Memorial Hall became the prototype, both from a stylistic and organizational standpoint, for other museums such as the <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a> (1892–1893), the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Public_Museum" title="Milwaukee Public Museum">Milwaukee Public Museum</a> (1893–1897), the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a> (1893–1924), and the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit Institute of Art">Detroit Institute of Art</a> (1920–1927). Libraries such as the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Library_of_Philadelphia" title="Free Library of Philadelphia">Free Library of Philadelphia</a> also emulated its form. Finally, Memorial Hall was the architectural inspiration for the German capitol, the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building#History" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag building</a> in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the exposition, Memorial Hall reopened in 1877 as the Pennsylvania Museum of Art and included the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art. In 1928 the museum moved to Fairmount at the head of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, and in 1938 was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>. Memorial Hall continued to house the school, and afterward was taken over by the Fairmount Park Commission in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum school is now the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_(Philadelphia)" title="University of the Arts (Philadelphia)">University of the Arts</a>. Used for a time as a police station, the building now houses the <a href="/wiki/Please_Touch_Museum" title="Please Touch Museum">Please Touch Museum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-history462_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history462-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes a faithful 20x30-foot model of the exposition grounds and 200 buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_Pavilion"><span id="Women.27s_Pavilion"></span>Women's Pavilion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Women's Pavilion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman%27s_pavilion,_by_Centennial_Photographic_Co.RHS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Woman%27s_pavilion%2C_by_Centennial_Photographic_Co.RHS.jpg/220px-Woman%27s_pavilion%2C_by_Centennial_Photographic_Co.RHS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Woman%27s_pavilion%2C_by_Centennial_Photographic_Co.RHS.jpg/330px-Woman%27s_pavilion%2C_by_Centennial_Photographic_Co.RHS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Woman%27s_pavilion%2C_by_Centennial_Photographic_Co.RHS.jpg/440px-Woman%27s_pavilion%2C_by_Centennial_Photographic_Co.RHS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>The Women's Pavilion</figcaption></figure> <p>The Women's Pavilion was the first structure at an international exposition to highlight the work of women, with exhibits created and operated by women. Female organizers drew upon deep-rooted traditions of separatism and sorority in planning, fundraising, and managing a pavilion devoted entirely to the artistic and industrial pursuits of their gender. They had to build their own structure because they lost their spot in one of the larger pavilions (the Main Building) due to an unexpected increase in the participation of foreign countries. Their aim was to employ only women in the construction of the pavilion and even to power it, and they succeeded with the exception of the design by Hermann J. Schwarzmann. Their overarching goal was to advance women's social, economic, and legal standing, abolish restrictions discriminating against their gender, encourage sexual harmony, and gain influence, leverage, and freedom for all women in and outside of the home by increasing women's confidence and ability to choose. </p><p>A project of the Women's Centennial Executive Committee, the Women's Pavilion was commissioned in 1873 by the United States Centennial Board of Finance with the expectation that it would generate enthusiasm for the celebration of the fair and increase subscriptions to exposition stock. Elizabeth Duane Gillespie, president of the Women's Centennial Committee, led the effort to gather 82,000 signatures in two days to raise money for the pavilion. Gillespie also helped convince Congress to grant additional funding. It took only four months to raise the funds for the pavilion. </p><p>Much of the pavilion was devoted to <a href="/wiki/Human_ecology#Connection_to_home_economics" title="Human ecology">human ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_economics" title="Home economics">home economics</a>. On exhibit were over 80 patented inventions, including a reliance stove, a hand attachment for sewing machines, a dishwasher, a fountain griddle-greaser, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Florence_Potts" title="Mary Florence Potts">a heating iron with removable handle</a>, a frame for stretching and drying lace curtains, and a stocking and glove darner. The Centennial women not only showed domestic production but also employed a popular means for justifying female autonomy outside of the home by demonstrating to visitors the many ways women were making a profitable living. Exhibits demonstrated positive achievements and women's influence in domains such as industrial and fine arts (wood-carvings, furniture-making, and ceramics), fancy articles (clothing and woven goods), and philanthropy as well as philosophy, science, medicine, education, and literature. </p><p>Mexico participated in the pavilion's exhibits, indicating the growth of a sector of elite women during the <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> regime of the late nineteenth century, with many individual women sending examples of woven textiles and embroidery.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_buildings">Other buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A573,_Ohio_House,_Fairmount_Park,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania,_United_States,_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/A573%2C_Ohio_House%2C_Fairmount_Park%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_United_States%2C_2017.jpg/220px-A573%2C_Ohio_House%2C_Fairmount_Park%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_United_States%2C_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/A573%2C_Ohio_House%2C_Fairmount_Park%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_United_States%2C_2017.jpg/330px-A573%2C_Ohio_House%2C_Fairmount_Park%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_United_States%2C_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/A573%2C_Ohio_House%2C_Fairmount_Park%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_United_States%2C_2017.jpg/440px-A573%2C_Ohio_House%2C_Fairmount_Park%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_United_States%2C_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ohio_House_(Philadelphia)" title="Ohio House (Philadelphia)">Ohio House</a>, one of four exposition buildings remaining in <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a>; the others are <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Memorial Hall (Philadelphia)">Memorial Hall</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Centennial_comfort_stations" title="Centennial comfort stations">comfort stations</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Eleven nations had their own exhibition buildings, and others contributed small structures, including the Swedish School house referenced below, now in <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>, New York City. The British buildings were extensive and exhibited the evolved bicycle, with tension spokes and a large front wheel. Two English manufacturers, Bayless Thomas and Rudge, displayed their high-wheel bikes (called "ordinary bikes" or "penny farthings") at the exposition. The bicycle displays inspired <a href="/wiki/Albert_Augustus_Pope" title="Albert Augustus Pope">Albert Augustus Pope</a> to begin making high-wheel bikes in the United States. He started the Columbia Bike Company and published a journal called "<a href="/wiki/League_of_American_Wheelmen" class="mw-redirect" title="League of American Wheelmen">LAW</a> Bulletin and Good Roads", which was the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Good_Roads_Movement" title="Good Roads Movement">Good Roads Movement</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The main British building, also known as St. George's Hall or the English Commission Building, survived at its original site as <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a> offices until it was demolished in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>26 of the 37 U.S. states constructed buildings along States Drive in the exhibition grounds. Only three such state houses are still extant: the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_House_(Philadelphia)" title="Ohio House (Philadelphia)">Ohio House</a> at its original location in Fairmount Park,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Maryland House, which was moved to <a href="/wiki/Druid_Hill_Park" title="Druid Hill Park">Druid Hill Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, where it is extant today,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Missouri House, which was moved to <a href="/wiki/Spring_Lake,_New_Jersey" title="Spring Lake, New Jersey">Spring Lake, New Jersey</a>, along with several other exhibition buildings, some of which are still extant in various <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Shore" title="Jersey Shore">Jersey Shore</a> towns.<sup id="cite_ref-prial_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prial-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a> had a cross-shaped building that held exhibits from various government departments. The remaining structures were corporate exhibitions, administration buildings, restaurants, and other buildings designed for public comfort.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exposition">Exposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Exposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centennialhorthall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Centennialhorthall.jpg/220px-Centennialhorthall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Centennialhorthall.jpg/330px-Centennialhorthall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Centennialhorthall.jpg/440px-Centennialhorthall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>The interior of Horticultural Hall in 1876</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Centennial_Tower_Philadelphia_1876.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Centennial_Tower_Philadelphia_1876.jpeg/220px-The_Centennial_Tower_Philadelphia_1876.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Centennial_Tower_Philadelphia_1876.jpeg/330px-The_Centennial_Tower_Philadelphia_1876.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/The_Centennial_Tower_Philadelphia_1876.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>The unbuilt <i>Centennial Tower</i>, a 1,000-foot-tall (300 m) tower conceived in 1874 by engineers Clarke and Reeves</figcaption></figure> <p>The formal name of the exposition was the International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, but the official theme was the celebration of the United States centennial. This was reinforced by promotional tie-ins, such as the publication of <a href="/wiki/Kate_Harrington_(Poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kate Harrington (Poet)">Kate Harrington</a>'s <i>Centennial, and Other Poems</i>, which celebrated the exposition and the centennial. </p><p>At the same time, the exposition was designed to show the world the United States' industrial and innovative prowess.<sup id="cite_ref-images7_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-images7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exposition was originally scheduled to open in April, marking the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>, but construction delays caused the date to be pushed back to May 10. Bells rang all over Philadelphia to signal the exposition's opening. The opening ceremony was attended by <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">President Ulysses Grant</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Julia_Grant" title="Julia Grant">wife</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Emperor Pedro II of Brazil</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Cristina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies">wife</a>. A cantata commissioned for the occasion written by <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Buck" title="Dudley Buck">Dudley Buck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a> was performed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opening ceremony concluded in Machinery Hall, with Grant and Pedro II turning on the <a href="/wiki/Corliss_Steam_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Corliss Steam Engine">Corliss Steam Engine</a> which powered most of the other machines at the exposition. The official number of first day attendees was 186,272 people, with 110,000 entering with free passes. </p><p>In the days following the opening ceremony, attendance dropped dramatically, with only 12,720 people visiting the exposition the next day. The average daily attendance for May was 36,000 and for June 39,000. A severe heat wave began in mid-June and continued into July, hurting attendance. The average temperature was 81 °F (27 °C), and on ten days during the heat wave the temperature reached 100 °F (38 °C). The average daily attendance for July was 35,000, but it rose in August to 42,000 despite the return of high temperatures at the end of the month.<sup id="cite_ref-history466_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history466-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooling temperatures, news reports, and word of mouth began increasing attendance in the final three months of the exposition, with many of the visitors coming from farther distances. In September the average daily attendance rose to 94,000 and in October to 102,000. The highest attendance date of the entire exposition was September 28. The day, which saw about a quarter of a million people attend, was Pennsylvania Day. It celebrated the 100th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution_of_1776" title="Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776">Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776</a>, and exposition events included speeches, receptions, and <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a>. The final month of the exposition, November, had an average daily attendance of 115,000. By the time the exposition ended on November 10, a total of 10,164,489 had visited the fair.<sup id="cite_ref-history467_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history467-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the attendees who were duly impressed by the exposition were <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> sophomore <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and his minister father, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ruggles_Wilson" title="Joseph Ruggles Wilson">Joseph Ruggles Wilson</a>, visiting from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berg_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berg-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although not financially successful for investors, the Centennial Exposition impressed foreigners with the industrial and commercial growth of the country. The level of exports increased, the level of imports decreased, and the trade balance grew in favor of the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventions">Inventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Inventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centennial_Exhibition_monorail_(LOC)_-_crop_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Centennial_Exhibition_monorail_%28LOC%29_-_crop_02.jpg/220px-Centennial_Exhibition_monorail_%28LOC%29_-_crop_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Centennial_Exhibition_monorail_%28LOC%29_-_crop_02.jpg/330px-Centennial_Exhibition_monorail_%28LOC%29_-_crop_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Centennial_Exhibition_monorail_%28LOC%29_-_crop_02.jpg/440px-Centennial_Exhibition_monorail_%28LOC%29_-_crop_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2454" data-file-height="2513" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Monorail" title="Centennial Monorail">Centennial Monorail</a>, a steam locomotive and one of the inventions presented at the exposition</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Monorail" title="Centennial Monorail">Centennial Monorail</a> featured a steam locomotive and passenger car that straddled a single elevated iron rail. Mass-produced products and new inventions were on display within Machinery Hall. Inventions included the <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_pen" title="Electric pen">electric pen</a> along with new types of mass-produced sewing machines, stoves, lanterns, guns, wagons, carriages, and agricultural equipment. </p><p>The exposition also featured many well-known products including <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>'s first telephone, set up at opposite ends of Machinery Hall, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>'s automatic telegraph system, screw-cutting machines that dramatically improved the production of screws and bolts from 8,000 to 100,000 per day, and a universal grinding machine by the <a href="/wiki/Brown_%26_Sharpe" title="Brown & Sharpe">Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company</a>. </p><p>Air-powered tools along with a <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_calculator" title="Mechanical calculator">mechanical calculator</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_B._Grant" title="George B. Grant">George B. Grant</a> were exhibited. <a href="/wiki/John_A._Roebling" title="John A. Roebling">John A. Roebling</a> & Sons Company displayed a slice of their 5 ¾ inch diameter cable to be used for the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a>. New food products such as <a href="/wiki/Popcorn" title="Popcorn">popcorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketchup" title="Ketchup">ketchup</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a>, were also exhibited. </p><p>Consumer products first displayed to the public include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholes_and_Glidden_typewriter" title="Sholes and Glidden typewriter">The Sholes and Glidden typewriter (also known as the Remington No. 1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Ketchup" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Ketchup">Heinz Ketchup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_G._Farmer" title="Moses G. Farmer">Wallace</a>-Farmer Electric Dynamo, precursor to <a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">electric light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hires_Root_Beer" title="Hires Root Beer">Hires Root Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudzu" title="Kudzu">Kudzu</a> erosion control plant species</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibits">Exhibits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Exhibits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collossal_hand_and_torch._Bartholdi%27s_statue_of_%22Liberty.%22,_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Collossal_hand_and_torch._Bartholdi%27s_statue_of_%22Liberty.%22%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/220px-Collossal_hand_and_torch._Bartholdi%27s_statue_of_%22Liberty.%22%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Collossal_hand_and_torch._Bartholdi%27s_statue_of_%22Liberty.%22%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/330px-Collossal_hand_and_torch._Bartholdi%27s_statue_of_%22Liberty.%22%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Collossal_hand_and_torch._Bartholdi%27s_statue_of_%22Liberty.%22%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/440px-Collossal_hand_and_torch._Bartholdi%27s_statue_of_%22Liberty.%22%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2737" data-file-height="1403" /></a><figcaption>The right arm and torch of <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> at the exposition</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krupp_Exhibit_-_1876_Centennial_Exhibition_-_Philadelphia_-_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Krupp_Exhibit_-_1876_Centennial_Exhibition_-_Philadelphia_-_print.jpg/220px-Krupp_Exhibit_-_1876_Centennial_Exhibition_-_Philadelphia_-_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Krupp_Exhibit_-_1876_Centennial_Exhibition_-_Philadelphia_-_print.jpg/330px-Krupp_Exhibit_-_1876_Centennial_Exhibition_-_Philadelphia_-_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Krupp_Exhibit_-_1876_Centennial_Exhibition_-_Philadelphia_-_print.jpg/440px-Krupp_Exhibit_-_1876_Centennial_Exhibition_-_Philadelphia_-_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>'s exhibit of Krupp guns and cannons</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaver_Falls_Cutlery_Works_(940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Beaver_Falls_Cutlery_Works_%28940%29.jpg/220px-Beaver_Falls_Cutlery_Works_%28940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Beaver_Falls_Cutlery_Works_%28940%29.jpg/330px-Beaver_Falls_Cutlery_Works_%28940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Beaver_Falls_Cutlery_Works_%28940%29.jpg/440px-Beaver_Falls_Cutlery_Works_%28940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>"Largest knife and fork in the world"</figcaption></figure> <p>The right arm and torch of the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> were showcased at the exposition. For a fee of 50 cents, visitors could climb the ladder to the balcony, and the money raised this way was used to fund the pedestal for the statue. </p><p>Technologies introduced at the fair include the <a href="/wiki/Corliss_Steam_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Corliss Steam Engine">Corliss Steam Engine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a> displayed the <i><a href="/wiki/John_Bull_(locomotive)" title="John Bull (locomotive)">John Bull</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a> that was originally built in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Waltham_Watch_Company" title="Waltham Watch Company">Waltham Watch Company</a> displayed the first automatic screw-making machinery and won the Gold Medal in the first international <a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> precision competition. Until the start of 2004, many of the exposition's exhibits were displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Industries_Building" title="Arts and Industries Building">Arts and Industries Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, adjacent to the Castle building. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, which had recently been founded after the German victory in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870–71, did not send a very big contribution. Its main contributor were the <a href="/wiki/Krupp_steelworks" title="Krupp steelworks">Krupp steelworks</a>, which sent in 37 civilian (mainly railway) items and 9 artillery items. Its big <a href="/wiki/35.5_cm_MRK_L/22.5" title="35.5 cm MRK L/22.5">35.5 cm</a> gun of 57t was the showpiece of its contribution and drew quite some attention.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was kind of a tradition for Krupp to promote its trade mark by exhibiting its heaviest gun at each world's fair. However, the Philadelphia 57t gun was considerably lighter than the British <a href="/wiki/RML_16-inch_80-ton_gun" title="RML 16-inch 80-ton gun">40 cm gun of 80t</a> which was made at the same time. </p><p>The French contribution centered on art. Its showpiece was the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> high altar that <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sorin" title="Edward Sorin">Edward Sorin</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>, had commissioned from the workshop of Désiré Froc-Robert & Sons in Paris. After the exposition, the altar was installed at the Basilica of the Sacred Heart on Notre Dame's campus where it remains to this day. </p><p>For Mexico, which was emerging from a long period of internal disorder and foreign invasions, the exposition was an opportunity for the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Liberal</a> regime of President <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a> to garner international recognition of his regime and to counter anti-Mexican public opinion in the United States. Prominent Mexican painters including <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Velasco_G%C3%B3mez" title="José María Velasco Gómez">José María Velasco</a>, José Obregón, and Santiago Rebull exhibited there. Velasco's work was greatly admired, gaining him international recognition and enhancing his standing in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Swedish Cottage, representing a rural Swedish schoolhouse of traditional style, was re-erected in <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, after the exposition closed. It is now the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Cottage_Marionette_Theatre" title="Swedish Cottage Marionette Theatre">Swedish Cottage Marionette Theatre</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> exhibit included a pavilion, house, and garden with one of the first "<a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">dwarfed trees</a>" to be displayed outside of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official state pavilion of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> was a reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Mansion" title="Ford Mansion">Ford Mansion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey" title="Morristown, New Jersey">Morristown, New Jersey</a>, which served as General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s headquarters during the winter of 1779–80. Featuring costumed presenters and a "colonial kitchen" complete with a spinning wheel, the reconstructed mansion was accompanied by a polemical narrative about "old-fashioned domesticity". This quaint hearth-and-home interpretation of the colonial past was counterposed to the theme of progress, with the overarching theme of the exposition serving to reinforce a view of American progress as evolving from a small, hardy colonial stock rather than from a continual influx of multi-ethnic waves of immigration. It sparked an era of "Colonial Revival" in American architecture and house furnishings. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Falls_Cutlery_Company" title="Beaver Falls Cutlery Company">Beaver Falls Cutlery Company</a> exhibited the "largest knife and fork in the world" made by Chinese immigrant workers, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Industrious_Beaver_Falls_1993_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Industrious_Beaver_Falls_1993-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Industries_Building" title="Arts and Industries Building">Arts and Industries Building</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, built in 1879–1881 to house exhibits from the Centennial Exposition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Arboretum" title="Centennial Arboretum">Centennial Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_comfort_stations" title="Centennial comfort stations">Centennial comfort stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial Exposition</a>, the 150th anniversary of the United States (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">United States Bicentennial</a>, the 200th anniversary (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">United States Semiquincentennial</a>, the 250th anniversary (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_expositions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of world expositions">List of world expositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world%27s_fairs" title="List of world's fairs">List of world's fairs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-images7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-images7_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-images7_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-images7_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrossTheresa_R._Snyder2005" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Linda P.; Theresa R. Snyder (2005). <i>Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exhibition</i>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7385-3888-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7385-3888-4"><bdi>0-7385-3888-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia%27s+1876+Centennial+Exhibition&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7385-3888-4&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Linda+P.&rft.au=Theresa+R.+Snyder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history460-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history460_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history460_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwrightWeigleyWolf1982" class="citation book cs1">Wainwright, Nicholas; Weigley, Russell; Wolf, Edwin (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig/page/460"><i>Philadelphia: A 300-Year History</i></a>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig/page/460">460</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01610-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01610-2"><bdi>0-393-01610-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia%3A+A+300-Year+History&rft.pages=460&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-393-01610-2&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Weigley%2C+Russell&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphiladelphia300y00weig%2Fpage%2F460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history461-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history461_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history461_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Philadelphia: A 300-Year History</i>, p. 461</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history462-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history462_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history462_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history462_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Philadelphia: A 300-Year History</i>, p. 462</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history467-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history467_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history467_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Philadelphia: A 300-Year History</i>, pp. 467–468</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennsylvania_Board_of_Centennial_Managers1878" class="citation book cs1">Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers (1878). <i>Pennsylvania and the Centennial Exposition: Comprising the Preliminary and Final Reports of the Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers Made to the Legislature at the Sessions of 1877–8</i>. Pennsylvania: Gillan & Nagle. pp. 97–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pennsylvania+and+the+Centennial+Exposition%3A+Comprising+the+Preliminary+and+Final+Reports+of+the+Pennsylvania+Board+of+Centennial+Managers+Made+to+the+Legislature+at+the+Sessions+of+1877%E2%80%938&rft.place=Pennsylvania&rft.pages=97-99&rft.pub=Gillan+%26+Nagle&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Pennsylvania+Board+of+Centennial+Managers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrighton2017" class="citation book cs1">Crighton, JD (2017). <i>Detective in the White City: The Real Story of Frank Geyer</i>. Murrieta, CA: RW Publishing House. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781946100023" title="Special:BookSources/9781946100023"><bdi>9781946100023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Detective+in+the+White+City%3A+The+Real+Story+of+Frank+Geyer&rft.place=Murrieta%2C+CA&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=RW+Publishing+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781946100023&rft.aulast=Crighton&rft.aufirst=JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennsylvania_Board_of_Centennial_Managers1878" class="citation book cs1">Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers (1878). <i>Pennsylvania and the Centennial Exposition: Comprising the Preliminary and Final Reports of the Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers Made to the Legislature at the Sessions of 1877–8</i>. 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Hartford, CT: L. Stebbins. pp. 757–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorial+of+the+International+Exhibition&rft.place=Hartford%2C+CT&rft.pages=757-59&rft.pub=L.+Stebbins&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Burr&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCabe1876" class="citation book cs1">McCabe, James D. (1876). <i>The Illustrated History of the Centennial Exposition Held in Commemoration of the One Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence</i>. Philadelphia, PA: The National Publishing Company. p. 620.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+the+Centennial+Exposition+Held+in+Commemoration+of+the+One+Hundredth+Anniversary+of+American+Independence&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=620&rft.pub=The+National+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=McCabe&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrighton2017" class="citation book cs1">Crighton, JD (2017). <i>Detective in the White City: The Real Story of Frank Geyer</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centennial+National+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brynmawr.edu%2Ficonog%2Fuphp%2FAABN%2Fcentbank%2Fcentbank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennsylvania_Board_of_Centennial_Managers1878" class="citation book cs1">Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers (1878). <i>Pennsylvania and the Centennial Exposition: Comprising the Preliminary and Final Reports of the Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers Made to the Legislature at the Sessions of 1877–8</i>. Pennsylvania: Gillan & Nagle. pp. 93, 244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pennsylvania+and+the+Centennial+Exposition%3A+Comprising+the+Preliminary+and+Final+Reports+of+the+Pennsylvania+Board+of+Centennial+Managers+Made+to+the+Legislature+at+the+Sessions+of+1877%E2%80%938&rft.place=Pennsylvania&rft.pages=93%2C+244&rft.pub=Gillan+%26+Nagle&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Pennsylvania+Board+of+Centennial+Managers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrighton2017" class="citation book cs1">Crighton, JD (2017). <i>Detective in the White City: The Real Story of Frank Geyer</i>. 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Prial (July 15, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/15/archives/buildings-from-1876-centennial-live-on-in-spring-lake-nj-1876.html">"Buildings From 1876 Centennial Live On in Spring Lake, N.J."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330083700/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/15/archives/buildings-from-1876-centennial-live-on-in-spring-lake-nj-1876.html">Archived</a> March 30, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>nytimes.com</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Retrieved March 10, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exhibition</i>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr2008" class="citation book cs1">Orr, N. Lee (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/177069162"><i>Dudley Buck</i></a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03279-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03279-0"><bdi>978-0-252-03279-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/177069162">177069162</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143214/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/177069162">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dudley+Buck&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F177069162&rft.isbn=978-0-252-03279-0&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=N.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F177069162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history466-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history466_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Philadelphia: A 300-Year History</i>, p. 466</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berg-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berg_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2013" class="citation book cs1">Berg, A. Scott (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011902/http://www.us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780399159213,00.html"><i>Wilson</i></a>. New York, NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15921-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15921-3"><bdi>978-0-399-15921-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780399159213,00.html">the original</a> on December 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilson&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-399-15921-3&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=A.+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.us.penguingroup.com%2Fnf%2FBook%2FBookDisplay%2F0%2C%2C9780399159213%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForney,_M._N.1888" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthias_N._Forney" title="Matthias N. Forney">Forney, M. N.</a> (August 1888). "American Locomotives and Cars". <i>Scribner's Magazine</i>. <b>IV</b> (2): 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scribner%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=American+Locomotives+and+Cars&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177&rft.date=1888-08&rft.au=Forney%2C+M.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/embed/caststeelmanufa00cent"><i>Philadelphia Exhibition 1876, Cast-steel Manufactory of Fried. Krupp</i></a>, E.P. Coby & Co., New York, 1876</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Exhibition+1876%2C+Cast-steel+Manufactory+of+Fried.+Krupp&rft.pub=E.P.+Coby+%26+Co.%2C+New+York&rft.date=1876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fembed%2Fcaststeelmanufa00cent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo, <i>Mexico at the World's Fairs: Crafting a Modern Nation</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Perss 1996, 39–41, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Tredici2017" class="citation journal cs1">Del Tredici, Peter (June 8, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12229-017-9184-3">"The Introduction of Japanese Plants Into North America"</a>. <i>The Botanical Review</i>. <b>83</b> (3): 215–252. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BotRv..83..215D">2017BotRv..83..215D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12229-017-9184-3">10.1007/s12229-017-9184-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-8101">0006-8101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255561128">255561128</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202084933/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12229-017-9184-3">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Botanical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Introduction+of+Japanese+Plants+Into+North+America&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215-252&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12229-017-9184-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255561128%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0006-8101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017BotRv..83..215D&rft.aulast=Del+Tredici&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs12229-017-9184-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Industrious_Beaver_Falls_1993-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Industrious_Beaver_Falls_1993_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon1993" class="citation book cs1">Anon (1993). "Gone but not forgotten: the Beaver Falls Cutlery Company". <i>Industrious Beaver Falls</i>. Darlington, Pennsylvania: Beaver County Industrial Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gone+but+not+forgotten%3A+the+Beaver+Falls+Cutlery+Company&rft.btitle=Industrious+Beaver+Falls&rft.place=Darlington%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Beaver+County+Industrial+Museum&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Anon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span> This is based on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon1992" class="citation book cs1">Anon (1992). "The history and lore of Beaver Co.: the Chinese in Beaver Falls 1872". <i>The Beaver Countian Vol III no.1</i>. Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. pp. 1–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+history+and+lore+of+Beaver+Co.%3A+the+Chinese+in+Beaver+Falls+1872&rft.btitle=The+Beaver+Countian+Vol+III+no.1&rft.place=Beaver+Falls%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=1-3&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Anon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossTheresa_R._Snyder2005" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Linda P.; Theresa R. Snyder (2005). <i>Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exhibition</i>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7385-3888-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7385-3888-4"><bdi>0-7385-3888-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia%27s+1876+Centennial+Exhibition&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7385-3888-4&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Linda+P.&rft.au=Theresa+R.+Snyder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1876" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Kate (1876). <i>Centennial and Other Poems</i>. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-548-43372-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-548-43372-0"><bdi>978-0-548-43372-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centennial+and+Other+Poems&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=1876&rft.isbn=978-0-548-43372-0&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngram1876" class="citation book cs1">Ingram, J.S. (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centennialexpos00ingrgoog"><i>The Centennial Exposition</i></a>. Philadelphia: Hubbard Bros. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1186046">1186046</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23285381M">23285381M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Centennial+Exposition&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Hubbard+Bros.&rft.date=1876&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1186046&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23285381M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcentennialexpos00ingrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwrightRussell_WeigleyEdwin_Wolf1982" class="citation book cs1">Wainwright, Nicholas; Russell Weigley; Edwin Wolf (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig"><i>Philadelphia: A 300-Year History</i></a>. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01610-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01610-2"><bdi>0-393-01610-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia%3A+A+300-Year+History&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-393-01610-2&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Russell+Weigley&rft.au=Edwin+Wolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphiladelphia300y00weig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Strahan, Edward, ed. <i>A Century After, Picturesque Glimpses of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania</i>. Philadelphia: Allen, Lane & Scott and J. W. Lauderbach 1875.</li> <li>"Centennial Exhibition: Exhibition Facts." <i>Centennial Exhibition: Exhibition Facts</i>. N.p., 2001. Web. 06 Dec. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151116042008/http://libwww.library.phila.gov/CenCol/exhibitionfax.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20151116042008/http://libwww.library.phila.gov/CenCol/exhibitionfax.htm</a></li> <li>Weber, Austin. "Then & Now: The 1876 Centennial Exposition." <i>Assembly</i>. Design, CMS, Hosting & Web Development, 1 Sept. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.assemblymag.com/articles/83790-then-now-the-1876-centennial-exposition">http://www.assemblymag.com/articles/83790-then-now-the-1876-centennial-exposition</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordato1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Cordato, Mary F. (January 1, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/43884/43605">"Toward A New Century: Women and The Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, 1876"</a>. <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i>. Vol. 107, no. 1. pp. 113–135<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=Toward+A+New+Century%3A+Women+and+The+Philadelphia+Centennial+Exhibition%2C+1876&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-135&rft.date=1983-01-01&rft.aulast=Cordato&rft.aufirst=Mary+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.psu.edu%2Fpmhb%2Farticle%2Fview%2F43884%2F43605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"Centennial Exhibition: Tours." <i>Centennial Exhibition: Tours</i>. Free Library of Philadelphia, 2001. Web. 06 Dec. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://libwww.freelibrary.org/CenCol/tours.htm">https://libwww.freelibrary.org/CenCol/tours.htm</a></li> <li>Calney, Mark. "The Centennial Exhibition—The State Buildings." <i>Sci Am Scientific American</i> 34.21 (1876): 322–24. <i>The International Centennial Exhibition of 1876; or Why the British Started a World War</i>. Mark Calney 2010, 7 May 2006. Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064854/http://larouchejapan.com/japanese/drupal-6.14/sites/default/files/text/1876-Centennial-Exhibition.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064854/http://larouchejapan.com/japanese/drupal-6.14/sites/default/files/text/1876-Centennial-Exhibition.pdf</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2010" class="citation web cs1">Allen, Scott (August 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mentalfloss.com/article/25483/party-its-1876-12-items-centennial-exposition">"Party Like It's 1876! 12 Items From the Centennial Exposition"</a>. <i>Mental Floss</i>. Mental Floss, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mental+Floss&rft.atitle=Party+Like+It%27s+1876%21+12+Items+From+the+Centennial+Exposition&rft.date=2010-08-16&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F25483%2Fparty-its-1876-12-items-centennial-exposition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://park.org/Pavilions/WorldExpositions/philadelphia.text.html">"The Centennial Exhibition of 1876"</a>. <i>The Internet 1996 World Exposition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Internet+1996+World+Exposition&rft.atitle=The+Centennial+Exhibition+of+1876&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpark.org%2FPavilions%2FWorldExpositions%2Fphiladelphia.text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1969" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Dennis T. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.hagley.org/08029634_centennial"><i>Centennial Exhibition of 1876</i></a>. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centennial+Exhibition+of+1876&rft.place=Harrisburg&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+Historical+and+Museum+Commission&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Dennis+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.hagley.org%2F08029634_centennial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hunt, John Dixon <i>A World of Gardens</i>. London: Reaktion Books, 2012.</li> <li>Bruno Giberti, <i>Designing the Centennial: A History of the 1876 International Exhibition in Philadelphia</i>, University Press of Kentucky, 2002.</li> <li>International Exhibition. 1876, Official Catalogue, John R Nagle and company.</li> <li>Tenorio-Trillo, Mauricio, <i>Mexico at the World's Fairs: Crafting a Nation</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1996</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrighton2017" class="citation book cs1">Crighton, JD (2017). <i>Detective in the White City: The Real Story of Frank Geyer</i>. RW Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-946100-02-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-946100-02-3"><bdi>978-1-946100-02-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Detective+in+the+White+City%3A+The+Real+Story+of+Frank+Geyer&rft.pub=RW+Publishing+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-946100-02-3&rft.aulast=Crighton&rft.aufirst=JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentennial+Exposition" class="Z3988"></span> (Frank Geyer was hired to work as a centennial guard for the Centennial Exposition. He later became famous for his investigation of <a href="/wiki/H._H._Holmes" title="H. H. Holmes">H. H. Holmes</a>, one of America's first serial killers).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centennial_Exposition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Centennial_Exposition" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Centennial Exposition">Centennial Exposition</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/1876-philadelphia">Expo 1876 Philadelphia</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bie-paris.org">Bureau International des Expositions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libwww.freelibrary.org/digital/feature/centennial/">United States Centennial Exhibition</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freelibrary.org">Free Library of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/centennialexposi00ingr/page/n8"><i>Centennial Exposition Described and Illustrated</i></a> by J. S. Ingram; published by Hubbard Bros., Philadelphia, 1876 (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaid.winterthur.org/html/HTML_Finding_Aids/COL0259.htm">Centennial International Exhibition</a> – collection at <a href="/wiki/Winterthur_Museum,_Garden_and_Library" title="Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library">Winterthur Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsp.org/files/findingaid1544centennial.pdf">Centennial Exhibition Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Historical Society of Pennsylvania">Historical Society of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watkinsr.id.au/favre.html">Philadelphia Exhibition 1876 Report to the Federal High Council</a> – <a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">horological</a> report by Ed. Favre-Perret at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watkinsr.id.au">Richard Watkins Horological Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watkinsr.id.au/david.html">American and Swiss Watchmaking in 1876</a> by Jacques David at Richard Watkins Horological Books</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic American Buildings Survey">Historic American Buildings Survey</a> (HABS) documentation, filed under Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA: <ul><li>HABS No. PA-1080, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/pa0943/">International Exhibition of 1876, St. George's House, States Drive</a>", 7 photos, 4 data pages, supplemental material</li> <li>HABS No. PA-1480, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/pa0894/">Sons of Temperance Fountain, Independence Square (moved from Centennial Exhibition grounds at Belmont and Fountain Avenues)</a>", 2 photos, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page</li> <li>HABS No. PA-1652, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/pa1146/">Centennial Guard Box, Traffic Triangle, Benjamin Franklin Parkway vicinity</a>", 1 photo, 1 photo caption page, supplemental material</li> <li>HABS No. PA-1659, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/pa0944/">International Exposition of 1876, Memorial Hall, Belmont Avenue</a>", 35 photos, 4 color transparencies, 3 data pages, 6 photo caption pages</li> <li>HABS No. PA-1660, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/pa0945/">International Exhibition of 1876, Ohio Building</a>", 5 photos, 2 color transparencies, 3 photo caption pages</li> <li>HABS No. PA-6183, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/pa3426/">Fairmount Park, Along Schuylkill River</a>", 16 measured drawings, 44 data pages</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/2003_255.xml">Centennial Exhibition Photograph and Ephemera Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814205351/https://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead%2F2003_255.xml">Archived</a> August 14, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hagley_Museum_and_Library" title="Hagley Museum and Library">Hagley Museum and Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103005517/http://digitallibrary.hsp.org/index.php/Search/Index?search=centennial+exhibition">Historical Society of Pennsylvania's collection of paintings</a> (Internet Archive) by <a href="/wiki/David_J._Kennedy_(painter)" title="David J. Kennedy (painter)">David J. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208101854/http://columbianexpo.50megs.com/1876/index.html">A collection of stereoviews</a> (Internet Archive)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studylove.org/worldsfairs18.html#1876">1876 Philadelphia</a> – approximately 160 links</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/LOCOLOCO/centen/centen.htm">General LeRoy Stone's Centennial Monorail</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.douglas-self.com/">The Self Site</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:List_of_world_exhibitions" title="Template:List of world exhibitions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_world_exhibitions" title="Template talk:List of world exhibitions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_world_exhibitions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of world exhibitions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_exhibitions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_expositions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of world expositions">World exhibitions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_International_des_Expositions" title="Bureau International des Expositions">Bureau International des Expositions</a> (BIE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retroactively<br />recognized<br />expositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Exhibition" title="Great Exhibition">London 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1855)" title="Exposition Universelle (1855)">Paris 1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_International_Exhibition" title="1862 International Exhibition">London 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1867)" title="Exposition Universelle (1867)">Paris 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Vienna_World%27s_Fair" title="1873 Vienna World's Fair">Vienna 1873</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philadelphia 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1878)" title="Exposition Universelle (1878)">Paris 1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_International_Exhibition" title="Melbourne International Exhibition">Melbourne 1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Barcelona_Universal_Exposition" title="1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition">Barcelona 1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1889)" title="Exposition Universelle (1889)">Paris 1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">Chicago 1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_International_Exposition_(1897)" title="Brussels International Exposition (1897)">Brussels 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">Paris 1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">St. Louis 1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_International_Exposition_(1905)" title="Liège International Exposition (1905)">Liège 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_International" title="Milan International">Milan 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_International_Exposition_(1910)" title="Brussels International Exposition (1910)">Brussels 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin_International" title="Turin International">Turin 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent_International_Exposition_(1913)" title="Ghent International Exposition (1913)">Ghent 1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Pacific_International_Exposition" title="Panama–Pacific International Exposition">San Francisco 1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Barcelona_International_Exposition" title="1929 Barcelona International Exposition">Barcelona 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-American_Exposition_of_1929" title="Ibero-American Exposition of 1929">Seville 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_Progress" title="Century of Progress">Chicago 1933</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">BIE-recognized<br />Universal<br />expositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_International_Exposition_(1935)" title="Brussels International Exposition (1935)">Brussels 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne" title="Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne">Paris 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">New York 1939–1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_internationale_du_bicentenaire_de_Port-au-Prince" title="Exposition internationale du bicentenaire de Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_58" title="Expo 58">Brussels 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_21_Exposition" title="Century 21 Exposition">Seattle 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_67" title="Expo 67">Montreal 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_%2770" title="Expo '70">Osaka 1970</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Chicago_1992_World%27s_Fair" title="Chicago 1992 World's Fair">Chicago 1992</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seville_Expo_%2792" title="Seville Expo '92">Seville 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2000" title="Expo 2000">Hannover 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2005" title="Expo 2005">Aichi 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">Shanghai 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2015" title="Expo 2015">Milan 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2020" title="Expo 2020">Dubai 2020</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expo_2025" title="Expo 2025">Osaka 2025</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expo_2030" title="Expo 2030">Riyadh 2030</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">BIE-recognized<br />specialized<br />expositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ILIS_1936" title="ILIS 1936">Stockholm 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International_Aeronautic_Exhibition" title="Second International Aeronautic Exhibition">Helsinki 1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_internationale_de_l%27eau" title="Exposition internationale de l'eau">Liège 1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Exhibition_on_Urbanism_and_Housing" title="International Exhibition on Urbanism and Housing">Paris 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Sport_Exhibition_(1949)" title="Universal Sport Exhibition (1949)">Stockholm 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Exhibition_of_Rural_Habitat" title="The International Exhibition of Rural Habitat">Lyon 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Textile_Exhibition" title="The International Textile Exhibition">Lille 1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert_(exhibition)" title="Conquest of the Desert (exhibition)">Jerusalem 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA_53" title="EA 53">Rome 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Exhibition_of_Navigation" title="The International Exhibition of Navigation">Naples 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Expo_of_Sport_(1955)" title="The International Expo of Sport (1955)">Turin 1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsingborg_Exhibition_1955" title="Helsingborg Exhibition 1955">Helsingborg 1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_of_citriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhibition of citriculture">Beit Dagan 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbau" title="Interbau">Berlin 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_61" title="Expo 61">Turin 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVA_65" title="IVA 65">Munich 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HemisFair_%2768" title="HemisFair '68">San Antonio 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_71" title="Expo 71">Budapest 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_%2774" title="Expo '74">Spokane 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_%2775" title="Expo '75">Okinawa 1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_81" title="Expo 81">Plovdiv 1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_World%27s_Fair" title="1982 World's Fair">Knoxville 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Louisiana_World_Exposition" title="1984 Louisiana World Exposition">New Orleans 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_85_(Plovdiv,_Bulgaria)" title="Expo 85 (Plovdiv, Bulgaria)">Plovdiv 1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_85_(Tsukuba,_Japan)" title="Expo 85 (Tsukuba, Japan)">Tsukuba 1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_86" title="Expo 86">Vancouver 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Expo_88" title="World Expo 88">Brisbane 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_91" title="Expo 91">Plovdiv 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_Expo_%2792" title="Genoa Expo '92">Genoa 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_%2793" title="Expo '93">Taejŏn 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_%2798" title="Expo '98">Lisbon 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2008" title="Expo 2008">Zaragoza 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2012" title="Expo 2012">Yeosu 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2017" title="Expo 2017">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Expo_2023" title="Expo 2023">Buenos Aires 2023</a></s><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expo_2027" title="Expo 2027">Belgrade 2027</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">BIE-recognized<br />horticultural<br />exhibitions (AIPH)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriade_1960" title="Floriade 1960">Rotterdam 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_floral_de_Paris" title="Parc floral de Paris">Paris 1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriade_1972" title="Floriade 1972">Amsterdam 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationale_Gartenbauausstellung_73" title="Internationale Gartenbauausstellung 73">Hamburg 1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Internationale_Gartenschau_74" title="Wiener Internationale Gartenschau 74">Vienna 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floralies_Internationales_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Floralies Internationales de Montréal">Montreal 1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriade_1982" title="Floriade 1982">Amsterdam 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Garden_Expo_83" title="International Garden Expo 83">Munich 1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Garden_Festival" title="International Garden Festival">Liverpool 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_%2790" title="Expo '90">Osaka 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriade_1992" title="Floriade 1992">Zoetermeer 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Horticultural_Exposition" title="1993 World Horticultural Exposition">Stuttgart 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_World_Horticultural_Exposition" title="1999 World Horticultural Exposition">Kunming 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriade_2002" title="Floriade 2002">Haarlemmermeer 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_World_Horticultural_Exposition" title="2003 World Horticultural Exposition">Rostock 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Flora_Ratchaphruek_2006" title="Royal Flora Ratchaphruek 2006">Chiang Mai 2006–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriade_2012" title="Floriade 2012">Venlo 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2016" title="Expo 2016">Antalya 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2019" title="Expo 2019">Beijing 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriade_2022" title="Floriade 2022">Almere 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Horticultural_Expo_2023_Doha_Qatar" title="International Horticultural Expo 2023 Doha Qatar">Doha 2023</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Horticultural_Exhibition_2027&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Horticultural Exhibition 2027 (page does not exist)">Yokohama 2027</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not BIE-<br />recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Exhibition" title="Sierra Leone Exhibition">Freetown 1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_International_Exhibition" title="South African International Exhibition">Cape Town 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_and_International_Exhibition" title="South African and International Exhibition">Kimberley 1892–1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Exhibition,_South_Africa" title="Empire Exhibition, South Africa">Johannesburg 1936–1937</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_International_Exhibition" title="Calcutta International Exhibition">Calcutta 1883–1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Exhibition" title="Hanoi Exhibition">Hanoi 1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_industrial_exposition" title="Nanyang industrial exposition">Nanking 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Exhibition_of_Semarang" title="Colonial Exhibition of Semarang">Semarang 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westlake_exposition" title="Westlake exposition">Hangzhou 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Taiwan_Exposition:_In_Commemoration_of_the_First_Forty_Years_of_Colonial_Rule" title="The Taiwan Exposition: In Commemoration of the First Forty Years of Colonial Rule">Taihoku (Taipei) 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Pan-Pacific_Peace_Exposition" title="Nagoya Pan-Pacific Peace Exposition">Nagoya 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_Pilipino" title="Expo Pilipino">Clark 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_China_International_Horticultural_Exposition" title="Shenyang China International Horticultural Exposition">Shenyang 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Flora_Ratchaphruek_2011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Flora Ratchaphruek 2011 (page does not exist)">Chiang Mai 2011–2012</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udon_Thani_International_Horticultural_Expo_2026&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udon Thani International Horticultural Expo 2026 (page does not exist)">Udon Thani 2026</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Exhibition_(1760)" title="First Exhibition (1760)">London 1760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Industrial_Exhibition_(1853)" title="Great Industrial Exhibition (1853)">Dublin 1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Treasures_Exhibition,_Manchester_1857" title="Art Treasures Exhibition, Manchester 1857">Manchester 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_International_Exhibition" title="1865 International Exhibition">Porto 1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Industrial_Exposition_of_Stockholm_(1866)" title="General Industrial Exposition of Stockholm (1866)">Stockholm 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_International_Exhibitions_(London_1871%E2%80%9374)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual International Exhibitions (London 1871–74)">London 1871–1874</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposition_universelle_de_1872&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exposition universelle de 1872 (page does not exist)">Lyon 1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Vienna_World%27s_Fair" title="1873 Vienna World's Fair">Vienna 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colonial_and_Export_Exhibition" title="International Colonial and Export Exhibition">Amsterdam 1883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Exhibition_of_Navigation,_Commerce_and_Industry" title="International Exhibition of Navigation, Commerce and Industry">Liverpool 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_and_Indian_Exhibition" title="Colonial and Indian Exhibition">London 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Exhibition_of_1888" title="Nordic Exhibition of 1888">Copenhagen 1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Exhibition_of_Science,_Art_and_Industry" title="International Exhibition of Science, Art and Industry">Glasgow 1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Exhibition" title="International Electrotechnical Exhibition">Frankfurt 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Land_Centennial_Exhibition_(1891)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Land Centennial Exhibition (1891)">Prague 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_internationale_et_coloniale_(1894)" title="Exposition internationale et coloniale (1894)">Lyon 1894</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Insular_e_Colonial_Portuguesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exposição Insular e Colonial Portuguesa (page does not exist)">Oporto 1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Industrial_Exposition_of_Berlin" title="Great Industrial Exposition of Berlin">Berlin 1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Art_and_Industrial_Exposition_of_Stockholm" title="General Art and Industrial Exposition of Stockholm">Stockholm 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_International_Exhibition_(1901)" title="Glasgow International Exhibition (1901)">Glasgow 1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_International_Exhibition" title="Cork International Exhibition">Cork 1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval,_Shipping_and_Fisheries_Exhibition" title="Naval, Shipping and Fisheries Exhibition">London 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Austrian_Exhibition" title="Imperial Austrian Exhibition">London 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_exhibition" title="Colonial exhibition">Marseille 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_International_Exhibition" title="Irish International Exhibition">Dublin 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Exhibition" title="Franco-British Exhibition">London 1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-French_Exposition_of_1908" title="Hispano-French Exposition of 1908">Zaragoza 1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93British_Exhibition" title="Japan–British Exhibition">London 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Hygiene_Exhibition" title="International Hygiene Exhibition">Dresden 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Empire" title="Festival of Empire">London 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin-British_Exhibition" title="Latin-British Exhibition">London 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_internationale_urbaine_de_Lyon" title="Exposition internationale urbaine de Lyon">Lyon 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werkbund_Exhibition_(1914)" title="Werkbund Exhibition (1914)">Cologne 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-American Exhibition">London 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Jubilee_Exhibition" title="1914 Jubilee Exhibition">Kristiania 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exhibition" title="Baltic Exhibition">Malmö 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Exhibition_of_Rubber_and_Other_Tropical_Products&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Exhibition of Rubber and Other Tropical Products (page does not exist)">London 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposition_nationale_coloniale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exposition nationale coloniale (page does not exist)">Marseille 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothenburg_Exhibition_(1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothenburg Exhibition (1923)">Gothenburg 1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Exhibition" title="British Empire Exhibition">British Empire Exhibition 1924–1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_internationale_coloniale,_maritime_et_d%27art_flamand" title="Exposition internationale coloniale, maritime et d'art flamand">Antwerp 1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Exhibition_(1930)" title="Stockholm Exhibition (1930)">Stockholm 1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Colonial_Exposition" title="Paris Colonial Exposition">Paris 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Colonial_Portuguesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exposição Colonial Portuguesa (page does not exist)">Porto 1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Exhibition,_Scotland" title="Empire Exhibition, Scotland">Glasgow 1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Exhibition" title="Norwegian Exhibition">Stockholm 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_Fair" title="American Institute Fair">New York City 1826–1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_of_the_Industry_of_All_Nations" title="Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations">Bryant Park, New York City 1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cotton_Exposition" title="International Cotton Exposition">Atlanta 1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Exposition" title="Southern Exposition">Louisville 1883–1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Cotton_Centennial" title="World Cotton Centennial">New Orleans 1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Exposition" title="Piedmont Exposition">Atlanta 1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Midwinter_International_Exposition_of_1894" title="California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894">San Francisco 1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_States_and_International_Exposition" title="Cotton States and International Exposition">Atlanta 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Centennial_and_International_Exposition" title="Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition">Nashville 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Exposition" title="Trans-Mississippi Exposition">Omaha 1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Exposition" title="Pan-American Exposition">Buffalo 1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Inter-State_and_West_Indian_Exposition" title="South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition">Charleston 1901–1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Centennial_Exposition" title="Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition">Portland, Oregon 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Exposition" title="Jamestown Exposition">Jamestown 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska%E2%80%93Yukon%E2%80%93Pacific_Exposition" title="Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition">Seattle 1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservation_Exposition" title="National Conservation Exposition">Knoxville 1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93California_Exposition" title="Panama–California Exposition">San Diego 1915–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_International_Exposition_of_Science,_Arts_and_Industries" title="Bronx International Exposition of Science, Arts and Industries">Bronx 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Philadelphia 1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Pacific_International_Exposition" title="California Pacific International Exposition">San Diego 1935–1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Centennial_Exposition" title="Texas Centennial Exposition">Dallas 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Exposition" title="Great Lakes Exposition">Cleveland 1936–1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Texas_%26_Pan-American_Exposition" title="Greater Texas & Pan-American Exposition">Dallas 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_International_Exposition" title="Golden Gate International Exposition">San Francisco 1939–1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Negro_Exposition" title="American Negro Exposition">Chicago 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">New York City 1964–1965</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intercolonial_Exhibition_of_Australasia_(1866)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercolonial Exhibition of Australasia (1866)">Melbourne 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Intercolonial_Exhibition" title="Sydney Intercolonial Exhibition">Sydney 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Intercolonial_Exhibition" title="Victorian Intercolonial Exhibition">Melbourne 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercolonial_Exhibition_(1876)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercolonial Exhibition (1876)">Brisbane 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_International_Exhibition" title="Sydney International Exhibition">Sydney 1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Jubilee_International_Exhibition" title="Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition">Adelaide 1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Centennial_Exhibition" title="Melbourne Centennial Exhibition">Melbourne 1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_and_South_Seas_Exhibition_(1889)" title="New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition (1889)">Dunedin 1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Exhibition_(1906)" title="International Exhibition (1906)">Christchurch 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Exhibition" title="Auckland Exhibition">Auckland 1913–1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_and_South_Seas_International_Exhibition" title="New Zealand and South Seas International Exhibition">Dunedin 1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Centennial_Exhibition" title="New Zealand Centennial Exhibition">Wellington 1939–1940</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lima_International_Exhibition" title="Lima International Exhibition">Lima 1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_International_Exhibition" title="Chilean International Exhibition">Santiago 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ecuadorian_Exposition" title="National Ecuadorian Exposition">Quito 1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposici%C3%B3n_Internacional_del_Centenario" title="Exposición Internacional del Centenario">Buenos Aires 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Centenary_International_Exposition" title="Independence Centenary International Exposition">Rio de Janeiro 1922</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup> Postponed to 2021 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup> Cancelled</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Template:United States Declaration of Independence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Template talk:United States Declaration of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Declaration of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">Physical history of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary author</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">Signatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> (Massachusetts)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bartlett" title="Josiah Bartlett">Josiah Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whipple" title="William Whipple">William Whipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Thornton" title="Matthew Thornton">Matthew Thornton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Treat_Paine" title="Robert Treat Paine">Robert Treat Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhode Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Stephen Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery" title="William Ellery">William Ellery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Samuel Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_(Connecticut_politician)" title="William Williams (Connecticut politician)">William Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott" title="Oliver Wolcott">Oliver Wolcott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Floyd" title="William Floyd">William Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Livingston" title="Philip Livingston">Philip Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lewis" title="Francis Lewis">Francis Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Morris" title="Lewis Morris">Lewis Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stockton_(Continental_Congressman)" title="Richard Stockton (Continental Congressman)">Richard Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson" title="Francis Hopkinson">Francis Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hart_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="John Hart (New Jersey politician)">John Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Clark" title="Abraham Clark">Abraham Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(American_politician)" title="John Morton (American politician)">John Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Smith (Pennsylvania politician)">James Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Taylor_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)">George Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ross_(American_politician)" title="George Ross (American politician)">George Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Caesar Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Samuel Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paca" title="William Paca">William Paca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stone" title="Thomas Stone">Thomas Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Charles Carroll of Carrollton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">George Wythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">Benjamin Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Jr." title="Thomas Nelson Jr.">Thomas Nelson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lightfoot_Lee" title="Francis Lightfoot Lee">Francis Lightfoot Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Braxton" title="Carter Braxton">Carter Braxton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hooper" title="William Hooper">William Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hewes" title="Joseph Hewes">Joseph Hewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Penn_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="John Penn (North Carolina politician)">John Penn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Edward Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heyward_Jr." title="Thomas Heyward Jr.">Thomas Heyward Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_Jr." title="Thomas Lynch Jr.">Thomas Lynch Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Middleton" title="Arthur Middleton">Arthur Middleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Button_Gwinnett" title="Button Gwinnett">Button Gwinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Hall" title="Lyman Hall">Lyman Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Walton" title="George Walton">George Walton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delegates voting<br />for Independence<br />(did not sign)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>New York</b>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Robert R. Livingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wisner" title="Henry Wisner">Henry Wisner</a><br /> <b>Maryland</b>: <a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Continental_Congress)" title="John Rogers (Continental Congress)">John Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tilghman" title="Matthew Tilghman">Matthew Tilghman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievances_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Grievances of the United States Declaration of Independence">27 grievances</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">Document's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Matlack" title="Timothy Matlack">Timothy Matlack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display<br />and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li>Anniversaries <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a> (Washington, D.C.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signers_Monument" title="Signers Monument">Signers Monument (Georgia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Voting_Independence" title="Congress Voting Independence">Pine portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)">Trumbull portrait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolutionary_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Statue_of_Liberty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Statue_of_Liberty" title="Template:Statue of Liberty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Statue_of_Liberty" title="Template talk:Statue of Liberty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Statue_of_Liberty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Statue of Liberty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Statue_of_Liberty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Liberty Enlightening the World</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Ren%C3%A9_de_Laboulaye" title="Édouard René de Laboulaye">Édouard René de Laboulaye</a>, originator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Auguste_Bartholdi" title="Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi">Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi</a>, sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel" title="Gustave Eiffel">Gustave Eiffel</a>, builder <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(company)" title="Eiffel (company)">company</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Secr%C3%A9tan" title="Eugène Secrétan">Eugène Secrétan</a>, donated copper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Morris_Hunt" title="Richard Morris Hunt">Richard Morris Hunt</a>, pedestal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</a>, pedestal funding</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EdwardMoran-UnveilingTheStatueofLiberty1886Large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/EdwardMoran-UnveilingTheStatueofLiberty1886Large.jpg/114px-EdwardMoran-UnveilingTheStatueofLiberty1886Large.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/EdwardMoran-UnveilingTheStatueofLiberty1886Large.jpg/171px-EdwardMoran-UnveilingTheStatueofLiberty1886Large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/EdwardMoran-UnveilingTheStatueofLiberty1886Large.jpg/228px-EdwardMoran-UnveilingTheStatueofLiberty1886Large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Koechlin" title="Maurice Koechlin">Maurice Koechlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gi%C3%A6ver" title="Joachim Giæver">Joachim Giæver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Island" title="Liberty Island">Liberty Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_National_Monument" title="Statue of Liberty National Monument">Statue of Liberty National Monument</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Original torch: <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_Museum" title="Statue of Liberty Museum">Statue of Liberty Museum</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Original statue: <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" title="Musée des Arts et Métiers">Musée des Arts et Métiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former<br />locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Right arm and torch: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Centennial Exposition</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_and_Madison_Square_Park" title="Madison Square and Madison Square Park">Madison Square Park</a> (1876–1882)</li></ul> <ul><li>Head: <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1878)" title="Exposition Universelle (1878)">Paris World's Fair</a> (1878)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Replicas of the Statue of Liberty">Replicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States: <a href="/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_and_Casino" title="New York-New York Hotel and Casino">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strengthen_the_Arm_of_Liberty" title="Strengthen the Arm of Liberty">Strengthen the Arm of Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strengthen_the_Arm_of_Liberty_Monument_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Monument (Austin, Texas)">Austin, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strengthen_the_Arm_of_Liberty_Monument_(Fayetteville,_Arkansas)" title="Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Monument (Fayetteville, Arkansas)">Fayetteville, Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_(Oklahoma_City)" title="Statue of Liberty (Oklahoma City)">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strengthen_the_Arm_of_Liberty_Monument_(Overland_Park,_Kansas)" title="Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Monument (Overland Park, Kansas)">Overland Park, Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strengthen_the_Arm_of_Liberty_Monument_(Pine_Bluff,_Arkansas)" title="Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Monument (Pine Bluff, Arkansas)">Pine Bluff, Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_(Seattle)" title="Statue of Liberty (Seattle)">Seattle</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>France: <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_aux_Cygnes#Statue_of_Liberty_replica" title="Île aux Cygnes">Île aux Cygnes, Paris</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flame_of_Liberty" title="Flame of Liberty">Flame of Liberty</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty,_Leicester" title="Statue of Liberty, Leicester">Leicester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_in_popular_culture" title="Statue of Liberty in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_New_Colossus" title="The New Colossus">The New Colossus</a>" (1883 sonnet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Working_on_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Working on the Statue of Liberty">Working on the Statue of Liberty</a></i> (1946 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Liberty" title="Miss Liberty">Miss Liberty</a></i> (1949 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Statue_of_Liberty_(film)" title="The Statue of Liberty (film)">The Statue of Liberty</a></i> (1985 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_play" title="Statue of Liberty play">Statue of Liberty play</a> (American football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Weekend" title="Liberty Weekend">Liberty Weekend</a>, 1986 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fanfare" title="Liberty Fanfare">Liberty Fanfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Liberty" title="Medal of Liberty">Medal of Liberty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Issue" title="Liberty Issue">Liberty Issue</a> (1954–1965 stamps)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_Forever_stamp" title="Statue of Liberty Forever stamp">Statue of Liberty Forever stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_commemorative_coins" title="Statue of Liberty commemorative coins">Statue of Liberty commemorative coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Platinum_Eagle" title="American Platinum Eagle">American Platinum Eagle coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_dollar_coins" title="Presidential dollar coins">Presidential dollar coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Innovation_dollars" title="American Innovation dollars">American Innovation dollars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">United States ten-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/77th_Sustainment_Brigade" title="77th Sustainment Brigade">Statue of Liberty Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty">1984–1986 conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_Museum" title="Statue of Liberty Museum">Statue of Liberty Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Egypt_Carrying_the_Light_to_Asia" title="Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia">Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(personification)" title="Liberty (personification)">personification of Liberty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Tom_explosion" title="Black Tom explosion">Black Tom explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Bartholdi" title="Musée Bartholdi">Musée Bartholdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984109#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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