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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جان أنطوان شابتال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جان أنطوان شابتال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Antonius_Chaptal" title="Ioannes Antonius Chaptal – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Antonius Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جان انطوان شابتال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جان انطوان شابتال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шапталь, Жан-Антуан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шапталь, Жан-Антуан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French chemist and physician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jean-Antoine Chaptal</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Andr%C3%A9-Gabriel_Bouchet_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Antoine_Chaptal_(1756-1832),_chimiste_et_homme_politique_-_P762_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Louis-Andr%C3%A9-Gabriel_Bouchet_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Antoine_Chaptal_%281756-1832%29%2C_chimiste_et_homme_politique_-_P762_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg/220px-Louis-Andr%C3%A9-Gabriel_Bouchet_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Antoine_Chaptal_%281756-1832%29%2C_chimiste_et_homme_politique_-_P762_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Louis-Andr%C3%A9-Gabriel_Bouchet_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Antoine_Chaptal_%281756-1832%29%2C_chimiste_et_homme_politique_-_P762_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg/330px-Louis-Andr%C3%A9-Gabriel_Bouchet_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Antoine_Chaptal_%281756-1832%29%2C_chimiste_et_homme_politique_-_P762_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Louis-Andr%C3%A9-Gabriel_Bouchet_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Antoine_Chaptal_%281756-1832%29%2C_chimiste_et_homme_politique_-_P762_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg/440px-Louis-Andr%C3%A9-Gabriel_Bouchet_-_Portrait_de_Jean-Antoine_Chaptal_%281756-1832%29%2C_chimiste_et_homme_politique_-_P762_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="3071" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Andr%C3%A9-Gabriel_Bouchet" title="Louis-André-Gabriel Bouchet">Louis-André-Gabriel Bouchet</a> (1801)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1756-06-05</span>)</span>5 June 1756<sup id="cite_ref-Légiondhonneur_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Légiondhonneur-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Nogaret" title="Nogaret">Nogaret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 July 1832<span style="display:none">(1832-07-29)</span> (aged 76)<sup id="cite_ref-Légiondhonneur_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Légiondhonneur-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jean-Antoine Chaptal, comte de Chanteloup</b> (5 June 1756<sup id="cite_ref-Légiondhonneur_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Légiondhonneur-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 29 July 1832<sup id="cite_ref-Légiondhonneur_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Légiondhonneur-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a French <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agronomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronomist">agronomist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialist">industrialist</a>, statesman, <a href="/wiki/Educator" class="mw-redirect" title="Educator">educator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">philanthropist</a>. </p><p>Chaptal was involved in the early industrialization in France under Napoleon and during the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>. He was a founder and first president in 1801 of the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry and an organizer of <a href="/wiki/Exposition_des_produits_de_l%27industrie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Exposition des produits de l'industrie française">industrial expositions held in Paris in 1801</a> and subsequent years. He compiled a study surveying the condition and needs of French industry in the early 1800s<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Chaptal published practical essays the use of chemistry in a range of applications. As an industrialist, he was a producer of hydrochloric, nitric and sulfuric acids, and was sought after as a technical consultant for the manufacture of gunpowder. Chaptal published works which drew on <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>'s theoretical chemistry to make advances in wine-making.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaptal promoted the procedure of adding sugar to increase the final alcohol content of wines, now referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">chaptalization</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Antoine_Chaptal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Antoine_Chaptal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chaptal was born in Nojaret (Lozère) in southwestern France, the youngest son of small landowners, Antoine Chaptal and Françoise Brunel. Chaptal's record at the area <i>collèges</i> of <a href="/wiki/Mende,_Loz%C3%A8re" title="Mende, Lozère">Mende</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodez" title="Rodez">Rodez</a> encouraged his uncle, Claude Chaptal who was a physician at Montpellier, to finance him through medical school at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">University of Montpellier</a>, 1774–1776. </p><p>After receiving his degree of doctor of medicine, he persuaded his uncle to continue his support for postgraduate study in medicine and chemistry at Paris. There he attended courses on chemistry at the <i>École de Médicine</i> given by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Michel_Bucquet" title="Jean-Baptiste-Michel Bucquet">Jean-Baptiste-Michel Bucquet</a>. He returned to Montpellier in 1780 to a salaried chair in chemistry at the university. Chaptal then wrote <i>Mémoires de chimie</i> (1781) reporting his early studies in chemistry. </p><p>In 1781, he married Anne-Marie Lajard, the daughter of a rich cotton merchant at Montpellier. With his wife's dowry, and capital supplied by his uncle, he then established a chemical factory at Montpellier. The enterprise involved manufacturing sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric and other acids, alum, white lead and soda, among other substances. By 1787 Montpellier became a center of innovation for the production of industrial chemicals in France. </p><p>Chaptal reported regularly on his studies in chemistry applied to industry and agriculture for the <i>Société Royale des Sciences de Montpellier</i>. He communicated with the Controller General's department in Paris in 1782 regarding his projects for bottle-making, dyeing and the manufacture of artificial soda.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His articles were published by the <i>Académie Royale des Sciences</i> and in the <i>Annales de chimie</i>. </p><p>In 1790, Chaptal published the scientific treatise, the <i>Ėléments de chimie</i> (3 vols, <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, 1790). His treatise introduced the term "<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution">Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Antoine_Chaptal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reflecting later in his life on the Revolution in France, Chaptal wrote: "In the widespread confusion and flood of all passions, the wise man will consider carefully the role he must play; it will appear to him equally dangerous in the midst of such agitation to remain either inactive or to participate."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaptal initially, he welcomed the Revolution. But in 1793 he determined to lead opposition in Montpellier against the percieved extremism of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> in Paris. As a consequence, he was arrested, imprisoned, and in danger of being guillotined. Fortunately for Chaptal, his value to the nation as an industrial chemist was deemed sufficient to excuse his politics, in part because the revolutionary armies required gunpowder. </p><p>In the Spring of 1794, by order of <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Carnot</a>, the Minister of War, Chaptal was charged with the management of the major gunpowder factory at <a href="/wiki/Grenelle" title="Grenelle">Grenelle</a> in Paris. Chaptal recounts in his memoirs how, with the help of his fellow scientists—Berthollet, Fourcroy, Guyton and others—he introduced new and more rapid methods for refining saltpeter (at Saint-Germain-des-Prés) and produced increasing amounts of gunpowder at Grenelle.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Thermidor (July 1794), Chaptal spent about four years mainly in Montpellier teaching at the medical school and rebuilding his chemicals industry. He estimated his losses because of the Revolution at 500,000 francs, almost all of his fortune. In 1798 he decided to move to Paris, leaving his business enterprises in Montpellier to his long-time partner, Étienne Bérard. Captal was elected to the <i>Institut</i> (24 May 1798) and became a member of the editorial board of the <i>Annales de chimie</i>. He then began to build up a second large chemicals industry near Paris at Ternes, an enterprise managed after 1808 by his son, Jean-Baptiste Chaptal (1782–1833). </p><p>By 1795, at the newly established <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a></i> in Paris, Chaptal shared the teaching of courses in pure and applied chemistry with <a href="/wiki/Claude-Louis_Berthollet" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude-Louis Berthollet">Claude-Louis Berthollet</a>. In 1798, Chaptal was elected a member of the prestigious Chemistry Section of the <i><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a></i>. He became president of the section in 1802 soon after Napoleon appointed him Minister of Interior (6 November 1800). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consulate,_Empire,_and_Restoration"><span id="Consulate.2C_Empire.2C_and_Restoration"></span>Consulate, Empire, and Restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Antoine_Chaptal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consulate, Empire, and Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire"><i>coup d'état</i> of 18 Brumaire</a> (9 November 1799) lead to the establishment of the Consulate (1799–1804) and opened up a new career for Chaptal. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">Jean-Jacques Cambacérès</a> was one of Chaptal's friends from Montpellier. There was also Claude-Louis Berthollet, by then a close friend of Napoleon, who called Berthollet "my chemist": they were on the <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">Egyptian Expedition</a> together in 1798–1799. Berthollet could vouch for Chaptal's remarkable abilities and dedication to using science for the advancement of agriculture, commerce and industry. Napoleon was "prejudiced in favour of men of science" for positions in his government.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon's first Minister of Interior (1799) was Berthollet's friend, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a>, a scientist and mathematician and a poor administrator. He was replaced after six weeks by Napoleon's younger brother, Lucien Bonaparte. Chaptal was then moved into position, first with appointment to Napoleon's Council of State, then acting Minister of Interior (6 November 1800), and finally confirmed in the position (21 January 1801). Chaptal remained in this office until his resignation on 6 August 1804. </p><p>When Chaptal took over at the Ministry of Interior, ten years of Revolution and war had produced much disruption. Chaptal's work focussed on reconstruction and reorganization across multiple accumulated civic and infrastructure problems. Chaptal worked to design and implement a fundamentally new administrative structure and a new primary and secondary educational system. Chaptal created a Bureau of Statistics for his ministry to gather basic data from each of the departments on population and the condition of agriculture, commerce and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaptal sponsored the formation of Councils of Agriculture, Arts and Commerce in each of France's departments (1801); Chambers of Commerce were reestablished in 23 of the largest cities (1802) and Chambres Consultatives des Arts et Manufactures were organized in 150 of the smaller urban areas (1803). </p><p>Chaptal's believed that government should "protect and encourage industry, open new markets for its products and defend it against undue foreign competition."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaptal was an admirer of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s laissez-faire doctrines, but also believed in state sponsorship of industrialization. He believed that his ministry should play an active role in forging a new industrial order capable of competing with England. In his approach, scientists, entrepreneurs, artisans, workers, farmers and government officials would work together and government would mediate private interests for the public good.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaptal was proud of the 1801 establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27Encouragement_pour_l%27industrie_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Société d'Encouragement pour l'industrie nationale">Société d'Encouragement pour l'industrie nationale</a>, patterned after the successful English society founded in London in 1754, the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaptal was the president of the new French association.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The society was financed by member subscriptions. It offered prizes and published a <i>Bulletin</i> to encourage discoveries useful to industry and new products. Closely related to this initiative, Chaptal resumed François de Neufchâteau's plan for periodic expositions in Paris of the products of industry. The first <a href="/wiki/Exposition_des_produits_de_l%27industrie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Exposition des produits de l'industrie française">Exposition des produits de l'industrie française</a> had been held on the Champs-de-Mars in 1798 (110 exhibits); under Chaptal's guidance, the number of exhibitors increased for the next three expositions held at the Louvre in 1801, 1802 and 1806. Napoleon was in attendance with Chaptal for the distribution of awards at the 1801 exposition (229 exhibits). </p><p>Emmanuel-Anatole Chaptal (1861–1943) wrote that his great-grandfather was "the voice of commerce, agriculture and industry" for Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaptal resigned as Minister of Interior on August 6, 1804. Napoleon awarded Chaptal the Legion of Honor and an important place in the Senate. Chaptal wrote to Napoleon that he wanted to return to his scientific endeavors.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1802, Chaptal purchased the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chanteloup" title="Château de Chanteloup">Château de Chanteloup</a> and its extensive grounds in Touraine, near Amboise. He raised merino sheep and experimented there in his later years on a model farm for the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>. At Chanteloup, Chaptal wrote his applied science reports, entertained notables and made himself available for consultations. He had chemical factories there at Ternes and Nanterre. Chaptal was doing well producing a variety of industrial acids, alum and soda. In 1804 Chaptal bought a new home in Paris, the Hôtel de Mailly, at No.70 rue de Grenelle-Saint-Germain. He began to frequent meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Arcueil" title="Society of Arcueil">Society of Arcueil</a>, an association of scientists who gathered at the homes of Berthollet and Laplace in Arcueil. Berthollet was Chaptal's close friend for forty years. The meetings at his home at Arcueil were a way for Chaptal to keep up-to-date with discoveries in pure science. Napoleon named Chaptal Count of the Empire (1808) and Count of Chanteloup (1810). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clevelandart_1964.54.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Clevelandart_1964.54.jpg/220px-Clevelandart_1964.54.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Clevelandart_1964.54.jpg/330px-Clevelandart_1964.54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Clevelandart_1964.54.jpg/440px-Clevelandart_1964.54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2638" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Count Jean-Antoine Chaptal (1824) by Antoine-Jean Gros</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chanteloup_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chanteloup_-_1.jpg/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chanteloup_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chanteloup_-_1.jpg/330px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chanteloup_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chanteloup_-_1.jpg/440px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chanteloup_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chanteloup" title="Château de Chanteloup">Château de Chanteloup</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Chaptal was called to Paris when the French economy experienced a downturn in 1810–1811. Napoleon brought in Chaptal as his key consultant for a special <i>Conseil d'Administration du commerce et des manufactures</i> (6 June 1810). The other members were the Ministers of Interior and Foreign Affairs, plus the Director General of Customs, Jean-Baptiste Collin de Sussy, Napoleon's "<i>douanier par excellence</i>." In addition, two sixty-member advisory councils of leading manufacturers and merchants were organized (7 June 1810) and attached to the Ministry of Interior, then under Count Montalivet: a <i>Conseil général des Manufactures</i> and a <i>Conseil général de Commerce.</i> The advisory councils of manufacturers and merchants had no influence on Napoleon. Chaptal's vision of a new industrial order in France that would bring scientists, business leaders and government officials together had to give way.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaptal was called back during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a> (March–June, 1815) to serve as Napoleon's Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry. Shortly after, Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to St. Helena. Chaptal temporarily returned to his Chanteloup estate when Louis XVIII assumed the throne. Chaptal declined an invitation by the American consul to move to the United States of America. Chaptal's turned over the management of his chemical industries to his son. At Chanteloup, Chaptal focused on leisure, writing and farming. </p><p>Chaptal eventually resumed his position as president of the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry and organizer of industrial expositions (1819, 1823, 1827). In 1817 he published a lengthy memoir on the high price of coal in France that provoked a serious government inquiry into the coal tariff of 1816 and its benefits for the Anzin Coal Company in the Department of Nord.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1818, with the Duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, and Paris bankers Benjamin Delessert, Casimir Perier and others, Chaptal helped to found the first French savings bank, the Caisse d'Épargne et de Prévoyance de Paris. In 1819 he was appointed to the Restoration's Chamber of Peers. </p><p>With Joseph Degérando, Benjamin Delessert and Scipion Perier, Chaptal organized a society to improve primary school instruction (1815). He also helped found two important business schools in Paris, the École Speciale de Commerce (1816) and the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures (1828). As a member of the Chamber of Peers, Chaptal supervised the budget of the Conservatory of Arts and Sciences. Chaptal was a member of national and international scientific societies. </p><p> In 1819 he was named by Louis XVIII to the Restoration's Chamber of Peers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1819, Chaptal reflected on his career:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If I might be permitted to speak for myself, I would say that I have lived in workshops (<i>ateliers</i>) and in the midst of artists for forty years; that I have created important businesses; that the general administration of commerce, agriculture and industry was conferred on me during my ministry; that the sessions of the <i>Académie des Sciences</i>, and those of the <i>Société d'Encouragement</i> which I presided over since its founding, allowed me to see and judge every day the progress and state . . . of production in France and often worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the 1820s Chaptal's son experienced financial ruin.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To cover his son's debts due to business speculations, Chaptal sold Chanteloup and his home in Paris. During his last years he resided in an apartment in Paris at No.8 rue Grenelle. In this decade, Chaptal wrote his study of the application of scientific principles to the cultivation of land, the <i>Chimie appliquée à l'agriculture</i> (1823) </p><p>He lived long enough to witness the Revolution of 1830 that brought <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a> to the throne. He was 76 years old when he died in 1832. His name is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Tower" title="List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower">72 names of famous French scientists engraved on the Eiffel Tower in Paris</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_Publications">Selected Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Antoine_Chaptal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selected Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Antoine_Chaptal_by_Philippe-Laurent_Roland-2002_1_1-IMG_7136-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal_by_Philippe-Laurent_Roland-2002_1_1-IMG_7136-black.jpg/220px-Jean-Antoine_Chaptal_by_Philippe-Laurent_Roland-2002_1_1-IMG_7136-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal_by_Philippe-Laurent_Roland-2002_1_1-IMG_7136-black.jpg/330px-Jean-Antoine_Chaptal_by_Philippe-Laurent_Roland-2002_1_1-IMG_7136-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal_by_Philippe-Laurent_Roland-2002_1_1-IMG_7136-black.jpg/440px-Jean-Antoine_Chaptal_by_Philippe-Laurent_Roland-2002_1_1-IMG_7136-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Chaptal, by <a href="/wiki/Philippe-Laurent_Roland" title="Philippe-Laurent Roland">Philippe-Laurent Roland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Mémoires de chimie</i> (Montpellier, 1781).</li> <li>"Observations sur l'acide muriatique oxigéné," <i>Mémoires de l'Académie Royales des Sciences</i> (Paris, 1784).</li> <li>"Sur les moyens de fabriquer de la bonne poterie à Montpellier," <i>Annales de chimie</i>, 2 (1789).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35483378w">Éléments de chimie</a></i> (3 vols, Montpellier, 1790).</li> <li>"Instructions sur un nouveau procédé pour la raffinage du salpétre," <i>Journal de physique</i>, 45 (1794).</li> <li><i>Traité du salpétre et des goudrons</i> (1796).</li> <li><i>Tableau des principaux sels terreux</i> (1798).</li> <li>"Observations chimiques sur la couleur jaune qu'on extrait des végétaux," <i>Mémoires de l'Institut</i>, 2 (1798).</li> <li>"Sur les vins," <i>Annual de chimie</i>, 35 (1800).</li> <li>"Essai sur le perfectionnement des arts chimiques en France," <i>Journal de Physique</i>, 50 (1800).</li> <li><i>Essai sur le blanchiment</i> (1801).</li> <li><i>L'Art de faire, gouverner et de perfectionner le vin</i> (Paris, 1801).</li> <li><i>Traité théorique et pratique sur la culture de la vigne, avec l'art de faire le vin, les eaux-de-vie, esprit de vin, vinaigres simples et composés</i> (2 vols, Paris, 1801).</li> <li>"Vues générales sur l'action des terres sans la végétation," <i>Mémoires de la Société d'Agriculture de la Seine</i>, 4 (1802).</li> <li><i>La Chimie appliquée aux arts</i> (4 vols, Paris, 1806).</li> <li><i>Art de la teinture du coton en rouge</i> (Paris, 1807).</li> <li><i>Art des principes chimiques du teinturier dégraisseur</i> (Paris, 1808).</li> <li>"Mémoire sur le sucre de betterave," <i>Annales de chimie</i>, 95 (1815).</li> <li><i>Chimie appliquée à l'agriculture</i> (2 vols, Paris, 1823).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Antoine_Chaptal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jean-Antoine Chaptal">Jean-Antoine Chaptal</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Germain_Labarraque" title="Antoine Germain Labarraque">Antoine Germain Labarraque</a> (1777–1850). Student of Chaptal who established the routine use of solutions of chlorine as a disinfectant and deodouriser.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Antoine_Chaptal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Légiondhonneur-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Légiondhonneur_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Légiondhonneur_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Légiondhonneur_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Légiondhonneur_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/LH/LH038/PG/FRDAFAN83_OL0485063v002.htm">"Chaptal, cte de Chanteloup; Jean Antoine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> in <a href="/wiki/Base_L%C3%A9onore" title="Base Léonore">Base Léonore</a></i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legion+of+Honour+in+Base+L%C3%A9onore&rft.atitle=Chaptal%2C+cte+de+Chanteloup%3B+Jean+Antoine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.culture.gouv.fr%2FLH%2FLH038%2FPG%2FFRDAFAN83_OL0485063v002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Antoine+Chaptal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaptal, Jean-Antoine. 1819 <i>De l'industrie française</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaptal, Jean-Antoine. 1801. <i>L'Art de faire, de gouverner et de perfectionner les vins</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaptal, Jean-Antoine. 1806. <i>La Chimie appliquée aux arts</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaptal, Jean-Antoine. 1801. <i>L'Art de faire, de gouverner et de perfectionner les vins</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaptal, Jean-Antoine. 1806. <i>La Chimie appliquée aux arts</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold T. Parker, An Administrative Bureau during the Old Regime: The Bureau of Commerce and Its Relations to French Industry from May 1781 to November 1783 (1993), pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaptal, J. A. and Nicholson, William trans. (1800) <i>Elements of Chemistry</i>, 3rd ed. London, England: C.C. and J. Robinson, vol. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/elementsofchemis01chap#page/n47/mode/2up">pp. xxxv–xxxvi:</a> "In order to correct the Nomenclature on this head [i.e., in this regard], nothing more is necessary than to substitute to [i.e., for] this word a denomination which is derived from the general system made use of; and I have presumed to propose that of Nitrogene Gas. In the first place, it is deduced from the characteristic and exclusive property of this gas, which forms the radical of the nitric acid. By this means we shall preserve to the combinations [i.e., compounds] of this substance the received [i.e., prevailing] denominations, such as those of the Nitric Acid, Nitrates, Nitrites, &c."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Antoine Chaptal, Mes souvenirs sur Napoléon (1893), p.19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaptal, Mes Souvenirs sur Napoléon, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crosland, The Society of Arcueil, p.49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.T.Parker, "Statistics," in Historical Dictionary of Napoleonic France.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaptal, Mes Souvenirs sur Napoléon, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Horn, The Path Not Taken, Chap 6, pp. 194ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crosland, The Society of Arcueil, pp. 26, 36, 179–180; Horn, The Path Not Taken, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the philosophy of economic administration that motivated these men, see Harold T. Parker,"Two Administrative Bureaus under the Directory and Napoleon," French Historical Studies, IV (Fall 1965).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaptal, Mes souvenirs sur Napoléon, p.72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaptal, Mes souvenirs sur Napoléon, pp. 56–59; Pigeire, Vie de Chaptal, pp. 285–287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Odette Viennet, Napoléon et l'industrie française: la crise de 1810–1811 (Paris, 1947); R.J. Barker, "The Conseil général des Manufactures under Napoleon (1810–1814)," French Historical Studies, 6 (Fall 1969); Bertrand de Jouvenal, Napoléon et l'économie dirigée. Le blocus continental (1943); Horn, The Path Not Taken, p.211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Antoine Chaptal, Observations sur les commerce des houilles ou charbons de terre Belge en France, sur la cherté de ce combustible et sur les moyens d'en faire diminuer le prix (Paris, 1817), 79 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Jean Pigeire, La vie et l'oeuvre de Chaptal (1756–1832) (Paris, 1932); Maurice Crosland, The Society of Arcueil: A View of French Science at the Time of Napoleon (London, 1967); Maurice Crosland, "Jean Antoine Chaptal," in Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol 3 (2008); Jeff Horn & Margaret Jacob, "Jean-Antoine Chaptal and the Cultural Roots of French Industrialization," <i>Technology and Culture</i>,Vol 39, No.4 (1998); Jeff Horn, The Path Not Taken: French Industrialization in the Age of Revolution, 1750–1830 (2006); Harold T. Parker, "Jean-Antoine Chaptal," in Owen Connelly (ed), Historical Dictionary of Napoleonic France, 1799–1815 (1985); Pierre Flourens, "Éloge historique de Jean-Antoine Chaptal," Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, vol 15 (1838).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaptal, De L'Industrie française (1819), as quoted by Pigeire, Vie de Chaptal, p.345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Pigeire, Vie de Chaptal, pp. 369–381.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Antoine_Chaptal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bergeron, L. <i>France under Napoleon</i> (Princeton, 1981).</li> <li>Chaptal, Jean-Antoine. <i>Mes Souvenirs sur Napoléon</i> (Paris, 1893). Mémoires personnels rédigés par lui-même de 1756 à 1804. Continués, d'après ses notes, par son arrière-petit-fils jusqu'en 1832.</li> <li>Costaz, Claude-Anthelme . Essai sur l'administration de l'agriculture, du commerce, des manufactures et des subsistances, suivi de l'historique des moyens qui ont amené le grand essor pris par les arts depuis 1793 jusqu'en 1815 (Paris, 1818).</li> <li>Crosland, M.P. <i>The Society of Arcueil: A View of French Science at the Time of Napoleon</i> (London, 1967).</li> <li>Crosland, M.P. (ed.), Science in France in the Revolutionary Era (1969)</li> <li>Degérando, Joseph. "Notice sur Chaptal," <i>Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale</i> (Meeting, 22 August 1832).</li> <li>Flourens, Pierre. "Éloge historique de Jean-Antoine Chaptal," Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, vol 15 (1838).</li> <li>Godechot, Jacques. Les institutions de la France sous la Révolution et l'Empire (1951).</li> <li>Gough, J.B. "Winecraft and Chemistry in 18th Century France: Chaptal and the Invention of Chaptalization," <i>Technology and Culture</i>,39, No.1 (Jan 1998).</li> <li>Horn, Jeff. The Path Not Taken: French Industrialization in the Age of Revolution, 1750–1830 (2006)</li> <li>Horn, Jeff. & Margaret C. Jacob. "Jean-Antoine Chaptal and the Cultural Roots of French Industrialization," <i>Technology and Culture</i>,39, No.4 (Oct 1998).</li> <li>Parker, H.T. "French Administrators and French Scientists during the Old Regime and the Early Years of the Revolution," in R. Herr & H.T.Parker (eds), <i>Ideas in History</i> (Chicago, 1965).</li> <li>Parker, H.T. "Two Administrative Bureaus under the Directory and Napoleon," <i>French Historical Studies</i>,4 (1965).</li> <li>Paul, Harry W. "Jean-Antoine Chaptal," <i>Science, Vine and Wine in Modern France</i> (London, 2002), Chap.5.</li> <li>Péronnet, Michel.(ed.), Chaptal (1988).</li> <li>Pigeire, Jean. La vie et l'oeuvre de Chaptal (1756–1832) (Paris, 1932).</li> <li>Tresse, R. "J.A. Chaptal et l'enseignement technique de 1800 à 1819," <i>Revue d'histoire des sciences</i>,10 (1957).</li> <li>Smith, John G. The Origins and Early Development of the Heavy Chemical Industry in France (Oxford, 1979).</li> <li>Williams, L.P. "Science, Education and Napoleon I," <i>Isis</i>,47 (1956).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a> </b><br />1800–1804 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Nomp%C3%A8re_de_Champagny" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Nompère de Champagny">Jean-Baptiste Nompère de Champagny</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div 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href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Joseph_Abrial" title="André Joseph Abrial">André Joseph Abrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Ambroise_R%C3%A9gnier" title="Claude Ambroise Régnier">Claude Ambroise Régnier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Police</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Joseph Fouché">Joseph Fouché</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-Antoine Chaptal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy and Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Bourdon_de_Vatry" title="Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry">Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent_Forfait" title="Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait">Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Decr%C3%A8s" title="Denis Decrès">Denis Decrès</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treasury</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barb%C3%A9-Marbois" title="François Barbé-Marbois">François Barbé-Marbois</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Aim%C3%A9_Dejean" title="Jean François Aimé Dejean">Jean François Aimé Dejean</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Preceded by <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a></li> <li>Followed by <a href="/wiki/First_Cabinet_of_Napoleon_I" title="First Cabinet of Napoleon I">First Cabinet of Napoleon I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_cabinet_of_Napoleon_(18_May_1804_to_1_April_1814)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_cabinet_of_Napoleon" title="Template:First cabinet of Napoleon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_cabinet_of_Napoleon" title="Template talk:First cabinet of Napoleon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_cabinet_of_Napoleon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First cabinet of Napoleon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_cabinet_of_Napoleon_(18_May_1804_to_1_April_1814)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Cabinet_of_Napoleon_I" title="First Cabinet of Napoleon I">First cabinet of Napoleon</a> (18 May 1804 to 1 April 1814)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Head of state: <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Hugues-Bernard Maret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Antoine_No%C3%ABl_Bruno,_comte_Daru" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno, comte Daru">Pierre Daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Hugues-Bernard Maret</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Emperor_Napoleon_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Emperor_Napoleon_I.jpg/100px-The_Emperor_Napoleon_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Emperor_Napoleon_I.jpg/150px-The_Emperor_Napoleon_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Emperor_Napoleon_I.jpg/200px-The_Emperor_Napoleon_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3463" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span><br />Napoleon</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Nomp%C3%A8re_de_Champagny" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny">Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Hugues-Bernard Maret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Augustin_Louis_de_Caulaincourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt">Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-Antoine Chaptal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Nomp%C3%A8re_de_Champagny" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny">Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Cr%C3%A9tet" title="Emmanuel Crétet">Emmanuel Crétet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Joseph Fouché">Joseph Fouché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre,_Count_of_Montalivet" title="Jean-Pierre, Count of Montalivet">Jean-Pierre de Montalivet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Ambroise_R%C3%A9gnier" title="Claude Ambroise Régnier">Claude Ambroise Régnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Louis-Mathieu Molé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Jacques_Guillaume_Clarke" title="Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke">Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Aim%C3%A9_Dejean" title="Jean François Aimé Dejean">Jean François Aimé Dejean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-G%C3%A9rard_Lacu%C3%A9e,_count_of_Cessac" title="Jean-Gérard Lacuée, count of Cessac">Jean-Girard Lacuée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Antoine_No%C3%ABl_Bruno,_comte_Daru" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno, comte Daru">Pierre Daru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treasury</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barb%C3%A9-Marbois" title="François Barbé-Marbois">François Barbé-Marbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Count_Mollien" title="Nicolas François, Count Mollien">Nicolas François, Count Mollien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy and Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Decr%C3%A8s" title="Denis Decrès">Denis Decrès</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Police</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Joseph Fouché">Joseph Fouché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Jean_Marie_Ren%C3%A9_Savary" title="Anne Jean Marie René Savary">Anne Jean Marie René Savary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne-Marie_Portalis" title="Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis">Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Julien-Jean_Bigot_de_Pr%C3%A9ameneu" title="Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu">Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing and Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Collin_de_Sussy" title="Jean-Baptiste Collin de Sussy">Jean-Baptiste Collin de Sussy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Preceded by <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">French Consulate</a> • Followed by <a href="/wiki/French_provisional_government_of_1814" class="mw-redirect" title="French provisional government of 1814">French provisional government of 1814</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708011#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708011#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708011#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109084800">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64003380">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/107681/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm99PgdRR63BcbVd9Vgrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11891779X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83007694">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11896089k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11896089k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35789981">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2008479842&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1243608">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1550672">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071377107">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/4087202">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000232475&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=199747">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl037jz60ch2cz7">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810680681805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/7919">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259771105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515569506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14101719">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05454490?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1088909">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11891779X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11891779X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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