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id="toc-Napoleon's_rise_and_fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleon's_rise_and_fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Napoleon's rise and fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleon's_rise_and_fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_in_Elba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_in_Elba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Exile in Elba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_in_Elba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congress_of_Vienna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_of_Vienna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Congress of Vienna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_of_Vienna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Return to France</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_France-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Return to France subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Napoleon's_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleon's_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Napoleon's health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleon's_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Constitutional reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_mobilisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_mobilisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military mobilisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_mobilisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_begins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_begins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>War begins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_begins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterloo_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterloo_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Waterloo campaign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Waterloo_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Waterloo campaign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Waterloo_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Start_of_hostilities_(15_June)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Start_of_hostilities_(15_June)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Start of hostilities (15 June)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Start_of_hostilities_(15_June)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battles_of_Quatre_Bras_and_Ligny_(16_June)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles_of_Quatre_Bras_and_Ligny_(16_June)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Battles of Quatre Bras and Ligny (16 June)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battles_of_Quatre_Bras_and_Ligny_(16_June)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interlude_(17_June)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlude_(17_June)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Interlude (17 June)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlude_(17_June)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Waterloo_(18_June)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Waterloo_(18_June)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Battle of Waterloo (18 June)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Waterloo_(18_June)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Invasion of France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdication_of_Napoleon_(22_June)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdication_of_Napoleon_(22_June)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Abdication of Napoleon (22 June)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdication_of_Napoleon_(22_June)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Provisional_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Provisional_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>French Provisional Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Provisional_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalition_forces_enter_Paris_(7_July)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalition_forces_enter_Paris_(7_July)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Coalition forces enter Paris (7 July)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalition_forces_enter_Paris_(7_July)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_of_Louis_XVIII_(8_July)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_of_Louis_XVIII_(8_July)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Restoration of Louis XVIII (8 July)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_of_Louis_XVIII_(8_July)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender_of_Napoleon_(15_July)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender_of_Napoleon_(15_July)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Surrender of Napoleon (15 July)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrender_of_Napoleon_(15_July)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_campaigns_and_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_campaigns_and_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other campaigns and wars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_campaigns_and_wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other campaigns and wars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_campaigns_and_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neapolitan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neapolitan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Neapolitan War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neapolitan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austrian_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austrian_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Austrian campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austrian_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rhine_frontier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhine_frontier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Rhine frontier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhine_frontier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_frontier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_frontier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Italian frontier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_frontier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Russian campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Treaty of Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_French_constitutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_French_constitutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Timeline of French constitutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_French_constitutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Attribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hundred Days</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="المئة يوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المئة يوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cien_D%C3%ADes" title="Cien Díes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cien Díes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCz_g%C3%BCn" title="Yüz gün – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yüz gün" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2_%DA%AF%DB%86%D9%86" title="یوز گۆن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوز گۆن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Сто дзён – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сто дзён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Сто дзён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сто дзён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Стоте дни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стоте дни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant_Devezh" title="Kant Devezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kant Devezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govern_dels_cent_dies" title="Govern dels cent dies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Govern dels cent dies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usa_ka_Gatos_ka_Adlaw" title="Usa ka Gatos ka Adlaw – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Usa ka Gatos ka Adlaw" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto_dn%C5%AF" title="Sto dnů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sto dnů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_hundrede_dage" title="De hundrede dage – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="De hundrede dage" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrschaft_der_Hundert_Tage" title="Herrschaft der Hundert Tage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herrschaft der Hundert Tage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sada_p%C3%A4eva" title="Sada päeva – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sada päeva" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cien_D%C3%ADas" title="Cien Días – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cien Días" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cent-Tagoj" title="Cent-Tagoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cent-Tagoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehun_Egunak" title="Ehun Egunak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ehun Egunak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87" title="جنگ صدروزه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ صدروزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cent-Jours" title="Cent-Jours – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cent-Jours" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_dos_Cen_D%C3%ADas" title="Imperio dos Cen Días – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio dos Cen Días" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C7%EC%B0%A8_%EB%8C%80%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8F%99%EB%A7%B9" title="제7차 대프랑스 동맹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제7차 대프랑스 동맹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seratus_Hari" title="Seratus Hari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seratus Hari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cento_giorni" title="Cento giorni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cento giorni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מאה הימים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאה הימים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94" title="ასი დღე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასი დღე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centum_Napoleonis_dies" title="Centum Napoleonis dies – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Centum Napoleonis dies" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sept%C4%ABt%C4%81s_koal%C4%ABcijas_kar%C5%A1_(1815)" title="Septītās koalīcijas karš (1815) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Septītās koalīcijas karš (1815)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1z_nap" title="Száz nap – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Száz nap" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="നൂറു ദിനങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നൂറു ദിനങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8" title="शंभर दिवस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शंभर दिवस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seratus_Hari" title="Seratus Hari – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seratus Hari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honderd_Dagen_(1815)" title="Honderd Dagen (1815) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Honderd Dagen (1815)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B" title="百日天下 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="百日天下" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciento_juorne" title="Ciento juorne – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ciento juorne" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_hundre_dagene" title="De hundre dagene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De hundre dagene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_la_Setena_Coalicion" title="Guèrra de la Setena Coalicion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra de la Setena Coalicion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%81%DB%90" title="سل ورځې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سل ورځې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_dni_Napoleona" title="100 dni Napoleona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="100 dni Napoleona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_dos_Cem_Dias" title="Governo dos Cem Dias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Governo dos Cem Dias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cele_o_sut%C4%83_de_zile" title="Cele o sută de zile – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cele o sută de zile" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Сто дней – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сто дней" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunder_Days" title="Hunder Days – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hunder Days" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C3%ABqind_Dit%C3%ABt" title="Njëqind Ditët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Njëqind Ditët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hundred Days" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto_dn%C3%AD" title="Sto dní – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sto dní" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%DB%95" title="شەڕی سەد ڕۆژە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی سەد ڕۆژە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto_dana" title="Sto dana – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sto dana" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto_dana" title="Sto dana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sto dana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satap%C3%A4iv%C3%A4inen_keisarikunta" title="Satapäiväinen keisarikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Satapäiväinen keisarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundra_dagarna" title="Hundra dagarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hundra dagarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="สมัยร้อยวัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยร้อยวัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCz_G%C3%BCn" title="Yüz Gün – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yüz Gün" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">1815 period of the Napoleonic Wars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hundred_Days" title="Special:EditPage/Hundred Days">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Napoleon's last period of rule and the Seventh Coalition. For the final Allied offensive on the Western Front during World War I, see <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hundred Days (disambiguation)">Hundred Days (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">War of the Seventh Coalition</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Coalition Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="display:inline-block;"> <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hundred days"><img alt="hundred days" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_battles_of_Napoleon%27s_hundred_days.jpg/300px-The_battles_of_Napoleon%27s_hundred_days.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_battles_of_Napoleon%27s_hundred_days.jpg/450px-The_battles_of_Napoleon%27s_hundred_days.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_battles_of_Napoleon%27s_hundred_days.jpg/600px-The_battles_of_Napoleon%27s_hundred_days.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="1539" usemap="#ImageMap_a51181de5799b1ef" resource="/wiki/File:The_battles_of_Napoleon%27s_hundred_days.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_a51181de5799b1ef"><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" shape="rect" coords="0,0,150,112" alt="Battle of Quatre Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" shape="rect" coords="150,0,300,112" alt="Battle of Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" shape="rect" coords="0,112,300,249" alt="Battle of Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo" /></map><figcaption>hundred days</figcaption></figure> </div><br />Click an image to load the battle.<br />Left to right, top to bottom:<br />Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>20 March – 8 July 1815<sup id="cite_ref-HundredDays_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HundredDays-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(110 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Coalition victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Second Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li>End of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li>Second exile of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> (to the island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">second Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li>Beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands"><img alt="United Kingdom of the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/23px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/35px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/45px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick"><img alt="Duchy of Brunswick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark#19th_century" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a> <small>(no combat)</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschroer200682,_83_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschroer200682,_83-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"><img alt="Liechtenstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_%281719%E2%80%931852%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Nassau"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg/23px-Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg/35px-Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg/45px-Merchant_Flag_and_War_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281814-1816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Sicily"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/23px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/35px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/45px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Switzerland</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_with_Great_Coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Württemberg"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/23px-Wurttflag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/35px-Wurttflag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Wurttflag.png/45px-Wurttflag.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples"><img alt="Kingdom of Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Robert Jenkinson, Earl of Liverpool</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Picton" title="Thomas Picton">Thomas Picton</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Lowe" title="Hudson Lowe">Hudson Lowe</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Charles of Austria">Archduke Charles of Austria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Karl von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Bianchi,_Duke_of_Casalanza" title="Frederick Bianchi, Duke of Casalanza">Frederick Bianchi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Maria_Philipp_Frimont" title="Johann Maria Philipp Frimont">Johann Frimont</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands"><img alt="United Kingdom of the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William of Orange</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands"><img alt="United Kingdom of the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prince Frederick of the Netherlands">Frederick of Orange</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Franz_von_Bachmann" title="Niklaus Franz von Bachmann">Niklaus Franz von Bachmann</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederik_of_Hesse" title="Prince Frederik of Hesse">Frederik of Hesse</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_Marquis_de_Grouchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, Marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier">Édouard Mortier</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rapp" title="Jean Rapp">Jean Rapp</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Clauzel" title="Bertrand Clauzel">Bertrand Clauzel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mathieu_Isidore_Decaen" title="Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen">Charles Decaen</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Maximilien_Lamarque" title="Jean Maximilien Lamarque">Jean Maximilien Lamarque</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Philibert_Duhesme" title="Guillaume Philibert Duhesme">Guillaume Duhesme</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples"><img alt="Kingdom of Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Naples_%281811%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 800,000–1,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler19661015_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler19661015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 280,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler19661015_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler19661015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> See <a href="/wiki/Military_mobilisation_during_the_Hundred_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Military mobilisation during the Hundred Days">military mobilisation during the Hundred Days</a> for more information.</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Waterloo" title="Template:Campaignbox Waterloo"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Waterloo" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Waterloo"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Waterloo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Waterloo"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hundred_Days" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hundred Days</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign" title="Waterloo campaign">Waterloo campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Gilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Gilly">Gilly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Genappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Genappe">1st Genappe</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Genappe_(18_June_1815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Genappe (18 June 1815)">2nd Genappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Namur" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Namur">Namur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Cambrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Cambrai">Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts_(1815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Villers-Cotterêts (1815)">Villers-Cotterêts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aubervilliers_(1815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Aubervilliers (1815)">Aubervilliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Denis_(1815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saint-Denis (1815)">Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A8vres" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sèvres">Sèvres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Minor_campaigns_of_1815" title="Minor campaigns of 1815">Minor campaigns</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduction_of_the_French_fortresses_in_1815" title="Reduction of the French fortresses in 1815">Reduction of the French fortresses</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Caribbean</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Chronology</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign:_start_of_hostilities_(15_June)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo campaign: start of hostilities (15 June)">15 June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign:_Quatre_Bras_to_Waterloo" title="Waterloo campaign: Quatre Bras to Waterloo">16–17 June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign:_Ligny_through_Wavre_to_Waterloo" title="Waterloo campaign: Ligny through Wavre to Waterloo">17–18 June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign:_Waterloo_to_Paris_(18%E2%80%9324_June)" title="Waterloo campaign: Waterloo to Paris (18–24 June)">18–24 June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign:_Waterloo_to_Paris_(25_June_%E2%80%93_1_July)" title="Waterloo campaign: Waterloo to Paris (25 June – 1 July)">25 June – 1 July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign:_Waterloo_to_Paris_(2%E2%80%937_July)" title="Waterloo campaign: Waterloo to Paris (2–7 July)">2–7 July</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neapolitan_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Neapolitan_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Neapolitan War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Neapolitan_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Neapolitan War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Neapolitan_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Neapolitan War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neapolitan_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">Neapolitan War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ferrara_(1815)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Ferrara (1815) (page does not exist)">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Massa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Massa">Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino"><b>Tolentino</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li></ul> <p><b>Aftermath</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rieti" title="Battle of Rieti">Rieti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-French_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Anglo-French wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-French wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#War_against_Philip_of_France" title="Richard I of England">1193–1196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#War_against_Philip_of_France" title="Richard I of England">1197–1199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England#Accession_to_the_throne,_1199" title="John, King of England">1199–1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy_by_Philip_II_of_France" title="Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France">1202–1204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1213%E2%80%931214)" title="Anglo-French War (1213–1214)">1213–1214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">1215–1217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle_(1224)" title="Siege of La Rochelle (1224)">1224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_France_(1230)" title="English invasion of France (1230)">1230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintonge_War" title="Saintonge War">1242–1243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_War" title="Gascon War">1294–1303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Saint-Sardos" title="War of Saint-Sardos">1324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">1337–1453</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360" title="Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360">1337–1360</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1369%E2%80%931389" title="Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389">1369–1389</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1415%E2%80%931453" title="Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453">1415–1453</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931495" title="Italian War of 1494–1495">1496–1498</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">1512–1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">1522–1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">1542–1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">1557–1559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_France_(1562-1563)" class="mw-redirect" title="English expedition to France (1562-1563)">1562–1563</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">1627–1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">1666–1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">1689–1815</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">1689–1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">1702–1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">1744–1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">1746–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">1754–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">1778–1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">1793–1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">1803–1814</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1815</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franco-Spanish_wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Franco-Spanish wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Franco-Spanish wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Franco-Spanish wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franco-Spanish_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Franco-Spanish wars</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931498" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1494–1498">1495–1498</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars_of_1499%E2%80%931504" title="Italian Wars of 1499–1504">1502–1504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">1512–1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">1521–1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">1526–1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%931538" title="Italian War of 1536–1538">1536–1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">1542–1544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">1551–1559</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">1580–1583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">1595–1598</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Genoa" title="Relief of Genoa">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Mantuan_Succession" title="War of the Mantuan Succession">1628–1631</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">1635–1659</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reapers%27_War" title="Reapers' War">1640–1659</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">1641–1659</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fronde" title="The Fronde">1648–1653</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">1667–1668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">1673–1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Reunions" title="War of the Reunions">1683–1684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">1688–1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">1718–1720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees" title="War of the Pyrenees">1793–1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">1808–1814</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1815</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis" title="Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis">1823</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Hundred Days</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">les Cent-Jours</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[le<span class="wrap"> </span>sɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒuʁ]</a></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-HundredDays_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HundredDays-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <b>War of the Seventh Coalition</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Guerre de la Septième Coalition</i>), marked the period between <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s return from eleven months of exile on the island of <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> on<span class="nowrap"> </span>20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> on 8 July 1815 (a period of 110 days).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period saw the War of the Seventh Coalition, and includes the <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign">Waterloo Campaign</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1911"Waterloo_Campaign"_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1911"Waterloo_Campaign"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">Neapolitan War</a> as well as several other <a href="/wiki/Minor_campaigns_of_1815" title="Minor campaigns of 1815">minor campaigns</a>. The phrase <i>les Cent Jours</i> (the hundred days) was first used by the <a href="/wiki/Prefect_(France)" title="Prefect (France)">prefect</a> of Paris, <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_de_Chabrol" title="Gaspard de Chabrol">Gaspard, comte de Chabrol</a>, in his speech welcoming the king back to Paris on 8 July.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon returned while the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> was sitting. On the 13th of March, seven days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw, and on the 25th of March, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, the four Great Powers and key members of the Seventh Coalition, bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams199659_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams199659-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This set the stage for the last conflict in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the defeat of Napoleon at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, the second restoration of the French kingdom, and the permanent exile of Napoleon to the distant island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, where he died in May 1821. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleon's_rise_and_fall"><span id="Napoleon.27s_rise_and_fall"></span>Napoleon's rise and fall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Napoleon's rise and fall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> pitted France against various coalitions of other European nations nearly continuously from 1792 onward. The overthrow and subsequent public execution of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> in France had greatly disturbed other European leaders, who vowed to crush the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">French Republic</a>. Rather than leading to France's defeat, the wars allowed the revolutionary regime to expand beyond its borders and create <a href="/wiki/French_client_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="French client republic">client republics</a>. The success of the French forces made a hero out of their best commander, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. In 1799, Napoleon staged <a href="/wiki/18_Brumaire" class="mw-redirect" title="18 Brumaire">a successful coup d'état</a> and became First Consul of the new <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">French Consulate</a>. Five years later, he crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The rise of Napoleon troubled the other European powers as much as the earlier revolutionary regime had. Despite the formation of new coalitions against him, Napoleon's forces continued to conquer much of Europe. The tide of war began to turn after a disastrous <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> in 1812 that resulted in the loss of much of Napoleon's army. The following year, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a>, Coalition forces defeated the French in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following its victory at Leipzig, the Coalition vowed to press on to Paris and depose Napoleon. In the last week of February 1814, Prussian <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher</a> advanced on Paris. After multiple attacks, manoeuvring, and reinforcements on both sides,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUffindell2003198,_200_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUffindell2003198,_200-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blücher won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Battle of Laon</a> in early March 1814; this victory prevented the coalition army from being pushed north out of France. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Battle of Reims</a> went to Napoleon, but this victory was followed by successive defeats from <a href="/wiki/1814_campaign_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="1814 campaign in France">increasingly overwhelming odds</a>. Coalition forces entered Paris after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Montmartre">Battle of Montmartre</a> on 30 March 1814. </p><p>On 6 April 1814, Napoleon abdicated his throne, leading to the accession of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> a month later. The defeated Napoleon was exiled to the island of <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, while the victorious Coalition sought to redraw the map of Europe at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_in_Elba">Exile in Elba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exile in Elba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba3.jpg/220px-Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba3.jpg/330px-Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba3.jpg/440px-Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3545" data-file-height="2910" /></a><figcaption><i>The journey of a modern hero, to the island of Elba.</i> Print shows Napoleon seated backwards on a donkey on the road "to Elba" from <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau" title="Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a>; he holds a broken sword in one hand and the donkey's tail in the other while two drummers follow him playing a farewell(?) march.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elba_Squadron_of_1er_r%C3%A9giment_de_chevau-l%C3%A9gers_lanciers_polonais_de_la_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Elba_Squadron_of_1er_r%C3%A9giment_de_chevau-l%C3%A9gers_lanciers_polonais_de_la_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale.PNG/170px-Elba_Squadron_of_1er_r%C3%A9giment_de_chevau-l%C3%A9gers_lanciers_polonais_de_la_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Elba_Squadron_of_1er_r%C3%A9giment_de_chevau-l%C3%A9gers_lanciers_polonais_de_la_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale.PNG/255px-Elba_Squadron_of_1er_r%C3%A9giment_de_chevau-l%C3%A9gers_lanciers_polonais_de_la_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Elba_Squadron_of_1er_r%C3%A9giment_de_chevau-l%C3%A9gers_lanciers_polonais_de_la_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale.PNG/340px-Elba_Squadron_of_1er_r%C3%A9giment_de_chevau-l%C3%A9gers_lanciers_polonais_de_la_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2103" data-file-height="2659" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon with the Elba Squadron of volunteers from the <a href="/wiki/1er_r%C3%A9giment_de_chevau-l%C3%A9gers_lanciers_polonais_de_la_Garde_imp%C3%A9riale" class="mw-redirect" title="1er régiment de chevau-légers lanciers polonais de la Garde impériale">1st Polish Light Cavalry</a> of his Imperial Guard</figcaption></figure> <p>Napoleon spent only 9 months and 21 days in an uneasy forced retirement on Elba (1814–1815), watching events in France with great interest as the Congress of Vienna gradually gathered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he foresaw, the shrinkage of the great <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Empire</a> into the realm of old France caused intense dissatisfaction among the French, a feeling fed by stories of the tactless way in which the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> princes treated veterans of the <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a></i> and the returning royalist nobility treated the people at large. Equally threatening was the general situation in Europe, which had been stressed and exhausted during the previous decades of near constant warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conflicting demands of major powers were for a time so exorbitant as to bring the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Powers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> to the verge of war with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams199644,_45_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams199644,_45-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus every scrap of news reaching remote Elba looked favourable to Napoleon to retake power as he correctly reasoned the news of his return would cause a popular rising as he approached. He also reasoned that the return of French prisoners from Russia, Germany, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> and Spain would furnish him instantly with a trained, veteran and patriotic army far larger than that which had won renown in the years before 1814. So threatening were the symptoms, that the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">royalists</a> at Paris and the <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiaries</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> talked of deporting him to the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, while others hinted at assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams199643_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams199643-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress_of_Vienna">Congress of Vienna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Congress of Vienna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> (November 1814 – June 1815) the various participating nations had very different and conflicting goals. Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> of Russia had expected to absorb much of Poland and to leave a Polish <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer</a> against further invasion from Europe. The renewed Prussian state demanded all of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>. Austria wanted to allow neither of these things, while it expected to regain control of northern Italy. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a>, of the United Kingdom, supported France (represented by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a>) and Austria and was at variance with his own Parliament. This almost caused a war to break out, when the Tsar pointed out to Castlereagh that Russia had 450,000 men near Poland and Saxony and he was welcome to try to remove them. Indeed, Alexander stated "I shall be the King of Poland and the King of Prussia will be the King of Saxony".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams199645_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams199645-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castlereagh approached King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William III">Frederick William III</a> of Prussia to offer him British and Austrian support for Prussia's annexation of Saxony in return for Prussia's support of an independent Poland. The Prussian king repeated this offer in public, offending Alexander so deeply that he challenged <a href="/wiki/Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Metternich">Metternich</a> of Austria to a duel. Only the intervention of the Austrian crown stopped it. A breach among the four <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a> was avoided when members of Britain's Parliament sent word to the Russian ambassador that Castlereagh had exceeded his authority, and Britain would not support an independent Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams199648_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams199648-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The affair left Prussia deeply suspicious of any British involvement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_France">Return to France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaume_-_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier_quittant_l%27%C3%AEle_d%27Elbe_-_1836.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Beaume_-_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier_quittant_l%27%C3%AEle_d%27Elbe_-_1836.jpg/220px-Beaume_-_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier_quittant_l%27%C3%AEle_d%27Elbe_-_1836.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Beaume_-_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier_quittant_l%27%C3%AEle_d%27Elbe_-_1836.jpg/330px-Beaume_-_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier_quittant_l%27%C3%AEle_d%27Elbe_-_1836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Beaume_-_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier_quittant_l%27%C3%AEle_d%27Elbe_-_1836.jpg/440px-Beaume_-_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier_quittant_l%27%C3%AEle_d%27Elbe_-_1836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon leaving <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beaume" title="Joseph Beaume">Joseph Beaume</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retour_de_lIle_dElbe-Garneray-IMG_2247.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Retour_de_lIle_dElbe-Garneray-IMG_2247.jpg/220px-Retour_de_lIle_dElbe-Garneray-IMG_2247.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Retour_de_lIle_dElbe-Garneray-IMG_2247.jpg/330px-Retour_de_lIle_dElbe-Garneray-IMG_2247.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Retour_de_lIle_dElbe-Garneray-IMG_2247.jpg/440px-Retour_de_lIle_dElbe-Garneray-IMG_2247.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4444" data-file-height="3349" /></a><figcaption>The brig <i>Inconstant</i>, under Captain Taillade and ferrying Napoleon to France, crosses the path of the brig <i>Zéphir</i>, under Captain Andrieux. <i>Inconstant</i> flies the tricolour of the Empire, while <i>Zéphir</i> flies the white ensign of the House of Bourbon.</figcaption></figure> <p>While the Allies were distracted, Napoleon solved his problem in characteristic fashion. On 26 February 1815, when the British and French guard ships were absent, his tiny fleet, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/French_brig_Inconstant_(1811)" title="French brig Inconstant (1811)">brig <i>Inconstant</i></a>, four small transports, and two <a href="/wiki/Felucca" title="Felucca">feluccas</a>, slipped away from <a href="/wiki/Portoferraio" title="Portoferraio">Portoferraio</a> with some 1,000 men and landed at <a href="/wiki/Golfe-Juan" title="Golfe-Juan">Golfe-Juan</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antibes" title="Antibes">Antibes</a>, on 1 March 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-WSoc_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSoc-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except in royalist <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, he was warmly received.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He avoided much of Provence by taking a route through the Alps, marked today as the <i><a href="/wiki/Route_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Route Napoléon">Route Napoléon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Firing no shot in his defence, his troop numbers swelled until they became an army. On 5 March, the nominally royalist 5th Infantry Regiment at <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> went over to Napoleon <i>en masse</i>. The next day they were joined by the 7th Infantry Regiment under its colonel, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_la_B%C3%A9doy%C3%A8re" title="Charles de la Bédoyère">Charles de la Bédoyère</a>, who would be executed for treason by the Bourbons after the campaign ended. An anecdote illustrates Napoleon's charisma: when royalist troops were deployed to stop the march of Napoleon's force before Grenoble at <a href="/wiki/Laffrey" title="Laffrey">Laffrey</a>, Napoleon stepped out in front of them, ripped open his coat and said "If any of you will shoot his Emperor, here I am." The men joined his cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams199642_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams199642-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Marshal Ney</a>, now one of Louis XVIII's commanders, had said that Napoleon ought to be brought to Paris in an iron cage, but, on 14 March, in <a href="/wiki/Lons-le-Saulnier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lons-le-Saulnier">Lons-le-Saulnier</a> (Jura) Ney joined Napoleon with a small army of 6,000 men. On 15 March <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">King of Naples</a>, declared war on <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> in an attempt to save his throne, starting the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">Neapolitan War</a>. Four days later, after proceeding through the countryside promising constitutional reform and direct elections to an assembly, to the acclaim of gathered crowds, Napoleon entered the capital, from where Louis XVIII had recently fled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Ney was arrested on 3 August 1815, tried on 16 November and executed on 7 December 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>The royalists did not pose a major threat: the <a href="/wiki/Louis-Antoine,_Duke_of_Angouleme" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angouleme">duc d'Angoulême</a> raised a small force in the south, but at <a href="/wiki/Valence,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Valence, Drôme">Valence</a> it did not provide resistance against Imperialists under <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel,_marquis_de_Grouchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel, marquis de Grouchy">Grouchy</a>'s command;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the duke, on 9 April 1815, signed a convention whereby the royalists received a free pardon from the Emperor. The royalists of the <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a> moved later and caused more difficulty for the Imperialists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleon's_health"><span id="Napoleon.27s_health"></span>Napoleon's health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Napoleon's health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidence as to Napoleon's health is somewhat conflicting: <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Carnot</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Denis_Pasquier" title="Étienne-Denis Pasquier">Pasquier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Marie_Chamans,_Comte_de_Lavalette" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Marie Chamans, Comte de Lavalette">Lavalette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Thi%C3%A9bault" title="Paul Thiébault">Thiébault</a> and others thought him prematurely aged and enfeebled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Elba Sir <a href="/wiki/Neil_Campbell_(British_Army_officer)" title="Neil Campbell (British Army officer)">Neil Campbell</a> had noted that he had become inactive and <a href="/wiki/Obese" class="mw-redirect" title="Obese">corpulent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also at Elba he had begun to suffer intermittently from <a href="/wiki/Retention_of_urine" class="mw-redirect" title="Retention of urine">retention of urine</a>, but to no serious extent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For much of his public life, Napoleon had been troubled by <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhoids">hemorrhoids</a>, which made sitting on a horse for long periods of time difficult and painful. This condition had disastrous results at Waterloo; during the battle, his inability to sit on his horse for other than very short periods of time interfered with his ability to survey his troops in combat and thus exercise command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbert1998143,_144_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert1998143,_144-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others reported no marked change in him. <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Count_Mollien" title="Nicolas François, Count Mollien">Mollien</a>, who knew the emperor well, attributed the lassitude which now and then came over him to a feeling of perplexity caused by his changed circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_reform">Constitutional reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Constitutional reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1815" title="Charter of 1815">Charter of 1815</a></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, on 13 March 1815, Napoleon issued an edict dissolving the existing chambers and ordering the convocation of a national mass meeting, or <a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mai" title="Champ de Mai">Champ de Mai</a>, for the purpose of modifying the constitution of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamm1984132–134_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamm1984132–134-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reportedly told <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Benjamin Constant</a>, "I am growing old. The repose of a constitutional king may suit me. It will more surely suit my son".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That work was carried out by Benjamin Constant in concert with the Emperor. The resulting <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Acte additionel</i></span> (supplementary to the <i>constitutions</i> of the Empire) bestowed on France a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Chambre_des_pairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambre des pairs">Chamber of Peers</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(France)" title="Chamber of Representatives (France)">Chamber of Representatives</a> elected by the "electoral colleges" of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a>, in reference to Louis XVIII's constitutional charter, the new constitution – dubbed <i>La Benjamine</i> – was merely a "slightly improved" version of the charter associated with Louis XVIII's administration;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209_15-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, later historians, including Agatha Ramm, have pointed out that this constitution permitted the extension of the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">franchise</a> and explicitly guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Press_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Press freedom">press freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamm1984132–134_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamm1984132–134-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Republican manner, the Constitution was put to the people of France in a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a>, but whether due to lack of enthusiasm, or because the nation was suddenly thrown into military preparation, only 1,532,527 votes were cast, less than half of the vote in the plebiscites of the <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulat</a>; however, the benefit of a "large majority" meant that Napoleon felt he had constitutional sanction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209_15-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamm1984132–134_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamm1984132–134-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon was with difficulty dissuaded from quashing the 3 June election of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis,_comte_Lanjuinais" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Denis, comte Lanjuinais">Jean Denis, comte Lanjuinais</a>, the staunch liberal who had so often opposed the Emperor, as president of the Chamber of Representatives. In his last communication to them, Napoleon warned them not to imitate the Greeks of the late <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, who engaged in subtle discussions while the <a href="/wiki/Battering_ram" title="Battering ram">ram</a> was battering at their gates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209_15-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_mobilisation">Military mobilisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military mobilisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_mobilisation_during_the_Hundred_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Military mobilisation during the Hundred Days">Military mobilisation during the Hundred Days</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strategic_Situation_of_Western_Europe_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Strategic_Situation_of_Western_Europe_1815.jpg/400px-Strategic_Situation_of_Western_Europe_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Strategic_Situation_of_Western_Europe_1815.jpg/600px-Strategic_Situation_of_Western_Europe_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Strategic_Situation_of_Western_Europe_1815.jpg/800px-Strategic_Situation_of_Western_Europe_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Strategic situation in Western Europe in 1815: 250,000 Frenchmen faced a coalition of about 850,000 soldiers on four <a href="/wiki/Front_(military)" title="Front (military)">fronts</a>. In addition, Napoleon had to leave 20,000 men in Western France to reduce a royalist insurrection.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Hundred Days the Coalition nations as well as Napoleon mobilised for war. Upon re-assumption of the throne, Napoleon found that Louis XVIII had left him with few resources. There were 56,000 soldiers, of which 46,000 were ready to campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesney186834_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney186834-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of May the total armed forces available to Napoleon had reached 198,000 with 66,000 more in depots training up but not yet ready for deployment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesney186835_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney186835-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of May Napoleon had formed <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Arm%C3%A9e_du_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Armée du Nord">L'Armée du Nord</a></i> (the "Army of the North") which, led by himself, would participate in the <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign">Waterloo Campaign</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For the defence of France, Napoleon deployed his remaining forces within France with the intention of delaying his foreign enemies while he suppressed his domestic ones. By June he had organised his forces thus: </p> <ul><li>V Corps, – <i>L'Armée du Rhin</i> – commanded by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rapp" title="Jean Rapp">Rapp</a>, cantoned near <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981180_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1981180-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>VII Corps – <i>L'<a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_des_Alpes" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée des Alpes">Armée des Alpes</a></i> – commanded by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gabriel_Suchet" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Gabriel Suchet">Suchet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cantoned at Lyon;</li> <li>I Corps of Observation – <i>L'Armée du Jura</i> – commanded by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Jacques_Lecourbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Jacques Lecourbe">Lecourbe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981180_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1981180-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cantoned at Belfort;</li> <li>II Corps of Observation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalfont1979205_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalfont1979205-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <i>L'<a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_du_Var" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée du Var">Armée du Var</a></i> – commanded by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Marie_Anne_Brune" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Marie Anne Brune">Brune</a>, based at Toulon;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895775,_779_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895775,_779-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>III Corps of Observation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalfont1979205_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalfont1979205-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Army of the Pyrenees orientales<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler198130_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler198130-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – commanded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mathieu_Isidore_Decaen" title="Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen">Decaen</a>, based at Toulouse;</li> <li>IV Corps of Observation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalfont1979205_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalfont1979205-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Army of the Pyrenees occidentales<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler198130_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler198130-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – commanded by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Clauzel" title="Bertrand Clauzel">Clauzel</a>, based at Bordeaux;</li> <li>Army of the West,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalfont1979205_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalfont1979205-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <i>Armée de l'Ouest</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler198130_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler198130-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also known as the Army of the Vendee and the Army of the Loire) – commanded by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Maximilien_Lamarque" title="Jean Maximilien Lamarque">Lamarque</a>, was formed to suppress the Royalist insurrection in the <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a> region of France which remained loyal to King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a> during the Hundred Days.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The opposing Coalition forces were the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hundred_Days" title="Special:EditPage/Hundred Days">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a> gathered Austrian and allied German states, while the <a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince of Schwarzenberg</a> formed another Austrian army. King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a> summoned British officers to lead his troops against France. Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> mustered an army of 250,000 troops and sent these rolling toward the Rhine. Prussia mustered two armies. One under Blücher took post alongside Wellington's British army and its allies. The other was the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="North German Corps">North German Corps</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Graf_Kleist_von_Nollendorf" title="Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf">Kleist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesney186836_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney186836-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Assessed as an immediate threat by Napoleon: <ul><li>Anglo-allied, commanded by Wellington, cantoned south-west of Brussels, headquartered at Brussels.</li> <li>Prussian Army commanded by Blücher, cantoned south-east of Brussels, headquartered at Namur.</li></ul></li> <li>Close to the borders of France but assessed to be less of a threat by Napoleon: <ul><li>The German Corps (North German Federal Army) which was part of Blücher's army, but was acting independently south of the main Prussian army. Blücher summoned it to join the main army once Napoleon's intentions became known.</li> <li>The Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine, commanded by Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg</a>.</li> <li>The Swiss Army, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Franz_von_Bachmann" title="Niklaus Franz von Bachmann">Niklaus Franz von Bachmann</a>.</li> <li>The Austrian Army of Upper Italy – Austro-Sardinian Army – commanded by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Maria_Philipp_Frimont" title="Johann Maria Philipp Frimont">Johann Maria Philipp Frimont</a>.</li> <li>The Austrian Army of Naples, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Bianchi,_Duke_of_Casalanza" title="Frederick Bianchi, Duke of Casalanza">Frederick Bianchi, Duke of Casalanza</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Other coalition forces which were either converging on France, mobilised to defend the homelands, or in the process of mobilisation included: <ul><li>A Russian Army, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a>, marching towards France</li> <li>A Reserve Russian Army to support Barclay de Tolly if required.</li> <li>A Reserve Prussian Army stationed at home in order to defend its borders.</li> <li>An Anglo-Sicilian Army under General Sir <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Lowe" title="Hudson Lowe">Hudson Lowe</a>, which was to be landed by the Royal Navy on the southern French coast.</li> <li>Two Spanish Armies were assembling and planning to invade over the Pyrenees.</li> <li>A Netherlands Corps, under <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prince Frederick of the Netherlands">Prince Frederick of the Netherlands</a>, was not present at Waterloo but as a corps in Wellington's army it did take part in minor military actions during the Coalition's invasion of France.</li> <li>A Danish contingent known as the Royal Danish Auxiliary Corps (commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederik_of_Hesse" title="Prince Frederik of Hesse">Prince Frederik of Hesse</a>) and a Hanseatic contingent (from the free cities of Bremen, Lübeck and Hamburg) later commanded by the British Colonel Sir Neil Campbell, were on their way to join Wellington;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlotho181834,_35_(Appendix)_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlotho181834,_35_(Appendix)-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both however, joined the army in July having missed the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschroer200682,_83_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschroer200682,_83-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESørensen1871360–367_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESørensen1871360–367-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A Portuguese contingent, which due to the speed of events never assembled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_begins">War begins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: War begins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congress_of_Vienna.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Congress_of_Vienna.PNG/220px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Congress_of_Vienna.PNG/330px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Congress_of_Vienna.PNG/440px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Plenipotentiaries at the Congress of Vienna</figcaption></figure> <p>At the Congress of Vienna, the Great Powers of Europe (Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia) and their allies <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_at_the_Congress_of_Vienna" class="extiw" title="s:Declaration at the Congress of Vienna">declared Napoleon an outlaw</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1818433_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1818433-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with the signing of this declaration on 13 March 1815, so began the War of the Seventh Coalition. The hopes of peace that Napoleon had entertained were gone – war was now inevitable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A further treaty (the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(Seventh_Coalition)" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Vienna (Seventh Coalition)">Treaty of Alliance against Napoleon</a>) was ratified on 25 March, in which each of the Great European Powers agreed to pledge 150,000 men for the coming conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero20062_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero20062-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a number was not possible for Great Britain, as her standing army was smaller than those of her three peers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover1973178_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover1973178-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, her forces were scattered around the globe, with many units still in Canada, where the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> had recently ended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChartrand19989,_10_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChartrand19989,_10-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this in mind, she made up her numerical deficiencies by paying subsidies to the other Powers and to the other states of Europe who would contribute contingents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover1973178_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover1973178-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some time after the allies had begun mobilising, it was agreed that the planned invasion of France was to commence on 1 July 1815,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoussaye2005327_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoussaye2005327-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> much later than both Blücher and Wellington would have liked, as both their armies were ready in June, ahead of the Austrians and Russians; the latter were still some distance away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoussaye200553_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoussaye200553-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advantage of this later invasion date was that it allowed all the invading Coalition armies a chance to be ready at the same time. They could deploy their combined, numerically superior forces against Napoleon's smaller, thinly spread forces, thus ensuring his defeat and avoiding a possible defeat within the borders of France. Yet this postponed invasion date allowed Napoleon more time to strengthen his forces and defences, which would make defeating him harder and more costly in lives, time and money.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Napoleon now had to decide whether to fight a defensive or offensive campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler198125_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler198125-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defence would entail repeating the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_in_north-east_France_(1814)" title="Campaign in north-east France (1814)">1814 campaign in France</a>, but with much larger numbers of troops at his disposal. France's chief cities (Paris and Lyon) would be fortified and two great French armies, the larger before Paris and the smaller before Lyon, would protect them; <i><a href="/wiki/Francs-tireurs" title="Francs-tireurs">francs-tireurs</a></i> would be encouraged, giving the Coalition armies their own taste of guerrilla warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoussaye200554–56_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoussaye200554–56-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon chose to attack, which entailed a pre-emptive strike at his enemies before they were all fully assembled and able to co-operate. By destroying some of the major Coalition armies, Napoleon believed he would then be able to bring the governments of the Seventh Coalition to the peace table<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoussaye200554–56_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoussaye200554–56-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to discuss terms favourable to himself: namely, peace for France, with himself remaining in power as its head. If peace were rejected by the Coalition powers, despite any pre-emptive military success he might have achieved using the offensive military option available to him, then the war would continue and he could turn his attention to defeating the rest of the Coalition armies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Napoleon's decision to attack in Belgium was supported by several considerations. First, he had learned that the British and Prussian armies were widely dispersed and might be <a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">defeated in detail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler19661016_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler19661016-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the British troops in Belgium were largely second-line troops; most of the veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> had been sent to America to fight the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler19661093_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler19661093-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And, politically, a French victory might trigger a friendly revolution in French-speaking Brussels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler19661016_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler19661016-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waterloo_campaign">Waterloo campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Waterloo campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign" title="Waterloo campaign">Waterloo campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Hundred_Days" title="List of battles of the Hundred Days">List of battles of the Hundred Days</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_of_Belgium_engraved_by_J._Kirkwood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Part of Belgium engraved by J. Kirkwood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Part_of_Belgium_engraved_by_J._Kirkwood.jpg/300px-Part_of_Belgium_engraved_by_J._Kirkwood.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Part_of_Belgium_engraved_by_J._Kirkwood.jpg/450px-Part_of_Belgium_engraved_by_J._Kirkwood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Part_of_Belgium_engraved_by_J._Kirkwood.jpg/600px-Part_of_Belgium_engraved_by_J._Kirkwood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3174" data-file-height="2029" /></a><figcaption> A portion of Belgium with some places marked in colour to indicate the initial deployments of the armies just before the commencement of hostilities on 15 June 1815, with British forces in red, Prussians in green, and French in blue</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign">Waterloo Campaign</a> (15 June – 8 July 1815) was fought between the French <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_North_(France)" title="Army of the North (France)">Army of the North</a> and two Seventh Coalition armies: an Anglo-allied army and a Prussian army. Initially the French army was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, but he left for Paris after the French defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>. Command then rested on Marshals <a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Grouchy</a>, who were in turn replaced by <a href="/wiki/Marshal_Davout" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal Davout">Marshal Davout</a>, who took command at the request of the <a href="/wiki/French_Provisional_Government_of_1815" title="French Provisional Government of 1815">French Provisional Government</a>. The Anglo-allied army was commanded by the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> and the Prussian army by <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Prince Blücher</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Start_of_hostilities_(15_June)"><span id="Start_of_hostilities_.2815_June.29"></span>Start of hostilities (15 June)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Start of hostilities (15 June)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign:_Start_of_hostilities_(15_June)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign: Start of hostilities (15 June)">Waterloo Campaign: Start of hostilities (15 June)</a></div> <p>Hostilities started on 15 June when the French drove in the Prussian outposts and crossed the <a href="/wiki/Sambre" title="Sambre">Sambre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> and secured Napoleon's favoured "central position"—at the junction between the cantonment areas of Wellington's army (to the west) and Blücher's army to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848111–128_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848111–128-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battles_of_Quatre_Bras_and_Ligny_(16_June)"><span id="Battles_of_Quatre_Bras_and_Ligny_.2816_June.29"></span>Battles of Quatre Bras and Ligny (16 June)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Battles of Quatre Bras and Ligny (16 June)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Battle of Quatre Bras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Battle of Ligny</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg/300px-Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg/450px-Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg/600px-Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1706" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Waterloo campaign</figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 June, the French prevailed, with <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Marshal Ney</a> commanding the left wing of the French army holding Wellington at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Battle of Quatre Bras</a> and Napoleon defeating Blücher at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Battle of Ligny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848129–258_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848129–258-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interlude_(17_June)"><span id="Interlude_.2817_June.29"></span>Interlude (17 June)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interlude (17 June)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign#Interlude_(17_June)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign">Waterloo Campaign § Interlude (17 June)</a></div> <p>On 17 June, Napoleon left Grouchy with the right wing of the French army to pursue the Prussians, while he took the reserves and command of the left wing of the army to pursue Wellington towards Brussels. On the night of 17 June, the Anglo-allied army turned and prepared for battle on a gentle escarpment, about 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the village of <a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Belgium" title="Waterloo, Belgium">Waterloo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848159–323_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848159–323-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Waterloo_(18_June)"><span id="Battle_of_Waterloo_.2818_June.29"></span>Battle of Waterloo (18 June)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of Waterloo (18 June)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a></div> <p>The next day, the Battle of Waterloo proved to be the decisive battle of the campaign. The Anglo-allied army stood fast against repeated French attacks, until with the aid of several Prussian corps that arrived on the east of the battlefield in the early evening, they managed to rout the French Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848324–596_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848324–596-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grouchy, with the right wing of the army, engaged a Prussian rearguard at the simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Battle of Wavre</a>, and although he won a tactical victory, his failure to prevent the Prussians marching to Waterloo meant that his actions contributed to the French defeat at Waterloo. The next day (19 June), Grouchy left Wavre and started a long retreat back to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848625_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848625-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_France">Invasion of France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Invasion of France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign#Invasion_of_France_and_the_occupation_of_Paris_(18_June_–_7_July)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign">Waterloo Campaign § Invasion of France and the occupation of Paris (18 June – 7 July)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Invasion_of_France_in_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Invasion_of_France_in_1815.jpg/220px-Invasion_of_France_in_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Invasion_of_France_in_1815.jpg/330px-Invasion_of_France_in_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Invasion_of_France_in_1815.jpg/440px-Invasion_of_France_in_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Invasion of France by the Seventh Coalition armies in 1815</figcaption></figure> <p>After the defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon chose not to remain with the army and attempt to rally it, but return to Paris to try to secure political support for further action. This he failed to do. The two Coalition armies hotly pursued the French army to the gates of Paris, during which time the French, on occasion, turned and fought some delaying actions, in which thousands of men were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848597–754_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848597–754-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abdication_of_Napoleon_(22_June)"><span id="Abdication_of_Napoleon_.2822_June.29"></span>Abdication of Napoleon (22 June)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Abdication of Napoleon (22 June)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Napoleon,_1815" title="Abdication of Napoleon, 1815">Abdication of Napoleon, 1815</a></div> <p>On arriving at Paris, three days after Waterloo, Napoleon still clung to the hope of concerted national resistance, but the temper of the chambers and of the public generally forbade any such attempt. Napoleon and his brother <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a> were almost alone in believing that, by dissolving the chambers and declaring Napoleon dictator, they could save France from the armies of the powers now converging on Paris. Even <a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Davout</a>, minister of war, advised Napoleon that the destiny of France rested solely with the chambers. Clearly, it was time to safeguard what remained, and that could best be done under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a>'s shield of legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209–210_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209–210-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès</a> was the minister of justice during this time and was a close confidant of Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon himself at last recognised the truth. When Lucien pressed him to "dare", he replied, "Alas, I have dared only too much already". On 22 June 1815 he abdicated in favour of his son, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a>, well knowing that it was a formality, as his four-year-old son was in Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911210_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911210-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Provisional_Government">French Provisional Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: French Provisional Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_Provisional_Government_of_1815" title="French Provisional Government of 1815">French Provisional Government of 1815</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign:_peace_negotiations" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign: peace negotiations">Waterloo Campaign: peace negotiations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_de_Malmaison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chateau_de_Malmaison.jpg/220px-Chateau_de_Malmaison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chateau_de_Malmaison.jpg/330px-Chateau_de_Malmaison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chateau_de_Malmaison.jpg/440px-Chateau_de_Malmaison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Château de Malmaison</figcaption></figure> <p>With the abdication of Napoleon, a provisional government with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Joseph Fouché">Joseph Fouché</a> as President of the Executive Commission was formed, under the nominal authority of Napoleon II. </p><p>Initially, the remnants of the French Army of the North (the left wing and the reserves) that was routed at Waterloo were commanded by Marshal Soult, while Grouchy kept command of the right wing that had fought at Wavre. However, on 25 June, Soult was relieved of his command by the Provisional Government and was replaced by Grouchy, who in turn was placed under the command of Marshal Davout.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848687,_717_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848687,_717-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the same day, 25 June, Napoleon received from Fouché, the president of the newly appointed provisional government (and Napoleon's former police chief), an intimation that he must leave Paris. He retired to <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Malmaison</a>, the former home of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine</a>, where she had died shortly after his first abdication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911210_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911210-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 June, the near approach of the Prussians, who had orders to seize Napoleon, dead or alive, caused him to retire westwards toward <a href="/wiki/Rochefort,_Charente-Maritime" title="Rochefort, Charente-Maritime">Rochefort</a>, whence he hoped to reach the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911210_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911210-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of blockading <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> warships under Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hotham" title="Henry Hotham">Henry Hotham</a>, with orders to prevent his escape, forestalled this plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordingly20137_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordingly20137-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coalition_forces_enter_Paris_(7_July)"><span id="Coalition_forces_enter_Paris_.287_July.29"></span>Coalition forces enter Paris (7 July)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Coalition forces enter Paris (7 July)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign:_Waterloo_to_Paris_(2%E2%80%937_July)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign: Waterloo to Paris (2–7 July)">Waterloo Campaign: Waterloo to Paris (2–7 July)</a></div> <p>French troops <a href="/wiki/Concentrate_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentrate (military)">concentrated</a> in Paris had as many soldiers as the invaders and more cannons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There were two major skirmishes and a few minor ones near Paris during the first few days of July. In the first major skirmish, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Battle of Rocquencourt</a>, on 1 July, French dragoons, supported by infantry and commanded by General <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9mi_Joseph_Isidore_Exelmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans">Exelmans</a>, destroyed a Prussian brigade of hussars under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Eston_von_Sohr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eston von Sohr">von Sohr</a> (who was severely wounded and taken prisoner during the skirmish), before retreating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848741–745_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848741–745-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second skirmish, on 3 July, General <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Vandamme" title="Dominique Vandamme">Dominique Vandamme</a> (under Davout's command) was decisively defeated by General <a href="/wiki/Hans_Ernst_Karl,_Graf_von_Zieten" title="Hans Ernst Karl, Graf von Zieten">von Zieten</a> (under Blücher's command) at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Battle of Issy</a>, forcing the French to retreat into Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848752–757_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848752–757-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With this defeat, all hope of holding Paris faded and the French Provisional Government authorised delegates to accept capitulation terms, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_St._Cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention of St. Cloud">Convention of St. Cloud</a> (the surrender of Paris) and the end of hostilities between France and the armies of Blücher and Wellington.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848754–756_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848754–756-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 July, under the terms of the Convention of St. Cloud, the French army, commanded by Marshal Davout, left Paris and proceeded to cross the river <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>. The Anglo-allied troops occupied <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine" title="Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine">Saint Ouen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clichy,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine">Clichy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly</a>. On 5 July, the Anglo-allied army took possession of <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848757_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848757-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 July, the Anglo-allied troops occupied the <a href="/wiki/City_gates_of_Paris" title="City gates of Paris">Barriers of Paris</a>, on the right of the Seine, while the Prussians occupied those upon the left bank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848757_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848757-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 July, the two Coalition armies, with von Zieten's Prussian I Corps as the vanguard,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipscombe201432_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipscombe201432-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entered Paris. The <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Peers_(France)" title="Chamber of Peers (France)">Chamber of Peers</a>, having received from the Provisional Government a notification of the course of events, terminated its sittings; the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(France)" title="Chamber of Representatives (France)">Chamber of Representatives</a> protested, but in vain. Their President (Lanjuinais) resigned his chair, and on the following day, the doors were closed and the approaches guarded by Coalition troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848757_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848757-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaln1825482–483_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaln1825482–483-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration_of_Louis_XVIII_(8_July)"><span id="Restoration_of_Louis_XVIII_.288_July.29"></span>Restoration of Louis XVIII (8 July)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Restoration of Louis XVIII (8 July)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 8 July, the French King, Louis XVIII, made his public entry into Paris, amidst the acclamations of the people, and <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_(1815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon Restoration (1815)">again occupied the throne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848757_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848757-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Louis XVIII's entry into Paris, Count Chabrol, prefect of the department of the Seine, accompanied by the municipal body, addressed the King, in the name of his companions, in a speech that began "Sire,—One hundred days have passed away since your majesty, forced to tear yourself from your dearest affections, left your capital amidst tears and public consternation. ...".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGifford18171511_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGifford18171511-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surrender_of_Napoleon_(15_July)"><span id="Surrender_of_Napoleon_.2815_July.29"></span>Surrender of Napoleon (15 July)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Surrender of Napoleon (15 July)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon_on_Board_the_Bellerophon_-_Sir_William_Quiller_Orchardson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of men in military uniform and formal clothes stand to the left, looking towards a single man in a greatcoat and bicorne hat stood by the rail of a ship looking out to sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Napoleon_on_Board_the_Bellerophon_-_Sir_William_Quiller_Orchardson.jpg/300px-Napoleon_on_Board_the_Bellerophon_-_Sir_William_Quiller_Orchardson.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Napoleon_on_Board_the_Bellerophon_-_Sir_William_Quiller_Orchardson.jpg/450px-Napoleon_on_Board_the_Bellerophon_-_Sir_William_Quiller_Orchardson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Napoleon_on_Board_the_Bellerophon_-_Sir_William_Quiller_Orchardson.jpg/600px-Napoleon_on_Board_the_Bellerophon_-_Sir_William_Quiller_Orchardson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i>Napoleon on Board the Bellerophon</i>, exhibited in 1880 by <a href="/wiki/William_Quiller_Orchardson" title="William Quiller Orchardson">Sir William Quiller Orchardson</a>. Orchardson depicts the morning of 23 July 1815, as Napoleon watches the French shoreline recede.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unable to remain in France or escape from it, Napoleon surrendered to Captain <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lewis_Maitland_(Royal_Navy_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Lewis Maitland (Royal Navy officer)">Frederick Maitland</a> of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bellerophon_(1786)" title="HMS Bellerophon (1786)">HMS <i>Bellerophon</i></a> in the early morning of 15 July 1815 and was transported to England. Napoleon was taken to the island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> where he died as a prisoner in May 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughton1893354_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughton1893354-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911210_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911210-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_campaigns_and_wars">Other campaigns and wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other campaigns and wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minor_campaigns_of_1815" title="Minor campaigns of 1815">Minor campaigns of 1815</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Hundred_Days" title="List of battles of the Hundred Days">List of battles of the Hundred Days</a></div> <p>While Napoleon had assessed that the Coalition forces in and around Brussels on the borders of north-east France posed the greatest threat, because <a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Tolly's</a> Russian army of 150,000 were still not in the theatre, Spain was slow to mobilise, Prince <a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Schwarzenberg's</a> Austrian army of 210,000 were slow to cross the Rhine, and another Austrian force menacing the south-eastern frontier of France was still not a direct threat, Napoleon still had to place some badly needed forces in positions where they could defend France against other Coalition forces whatever the outcome of the Waterloo campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1911371_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1911371-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981180_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1981180-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neapolitan_War">Neapolitan War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Neapolitan War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">Neapolitan War</a> between the Napoleonic <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> started on 15 March 1815 when Marshal <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a> declared war on Austria, and ended on 20 May 1815 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Treaty of Casalanza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon had made his brother-in-law, Joachim Murat, King of Naples on 1 August 1808. After Napoleon's defeat in 1813, Murat reached an agreement with Austria to save his own throne. However, he realized that the European Powers, meeting as the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, planned to remove him and return Naples to its Bourbon rulers. So, after issuing the so-called <a href="/wiki/Rimini_Proclamation" title="Rimini Proclamation">Rimini Proclamation</a> urging Italian patriots to fight for independence, Murat moved north to fight against the Austrians, who were the greatest threat to his rule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The war was triggered by a pro-Napoleon uprising in Naples, after which Murat declared war on Austria on 15 March 1815, five days before Napoleon's return to Paris. The Austrians were prepared for war. Their suspicions were aroused weeks earlier, when Murat applied for permission to march through Austrian territory to attack the south of France. Austria had reinforced her armies in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graf_von_Bellegarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Graf von Bellegarde">Bellegarde</a> prior to war being declared.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The war ended after a decisive Austrian victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Battle of Tolentino</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a> was reinstated as King of Naples. Ferdinand then sent Neapolitan troops under General Onasco to help the Austrian army in Italy attack southern France. In the long term, the intervention by Austria caused resentment in Italy, which further spurred on the drive towards <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Colletta1858_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colletta1858-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Authors2013_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Authors2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, which were known to contain many royalist sympathisers, did not rise in open revolt, but <a href="/wiki/La_Vend%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="La Vendée">La Vendée</a> did. The Vendée Royalists successfully took <a href="/wiki/Bressuire" title="Bressuire">Bressuire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cholet" title="Cholet">Cholet</a>, before they were defeated by General <a href="/wiki/Jean_Maximilien_Lamarque" title="Jean Maximilien Lamarque">Lamarque</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Battle of Rocheserviere</a> on 20 June. They signed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Cholet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Cholet (page does not exist)">Treaty of Cholet</a> six days later on 26 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGildea2008112,_113_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGildea2008112,_113-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austrian_campaign">Austrian campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Austrian campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rhine_frontier">Rhine frontier</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rhine frontier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early June, General <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rapp" title="Jean Rapp">Rapp</a>'s Army of the Rhine of about 23,000 men, with a leavening of experienced troops, advanced towards <a href="/wiki/Germersheim" title="Germersheim">Germersheim</a> to block Schwarzenberg's expected advance, but on hearing the news of the French defeat at Waterloo, Rapp withdrew towards Strasbourg turning on 28 June to check the 40,000 men of General <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="William I of Württemberg">Württemberg's</a> Austrian III Corps at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">Battle of La Suffel</a>—the last pitched battle of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and a French victory. The next day Rapp continued to retreat to Strasbourg and also sent a garrison to defend <a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a>. He and his men took no further active part in the campaign and eventually submitted to the Bourbons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981180_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1981180-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895772_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895772-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the north of Württenberg's III Corps, General <a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_von_Wrede" title="Karl Philipp von Wrede">Wrede</a>'s Austrian (Bavarian) IV Corps also crossed the French frontier, and then swung south and captured <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>, against some local popular resistance on 27 June. Attached to his command was a Russian detachment, under the command of General Count <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Lambert_(soldier)" title="Charles de Lambert (soldier)">Lambert</a>, that was charged with keeping Wrede's lines of communication open. In early July, Schwarzenberg, having received a request from Wellington and Blücher, ordered Wrede to act as the Austrian vanguard and advance on Paris, and by 5 July, the main body of Wrede's IV Corps had reached <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne" title="Châlons-en-Champagne">Châlons</a>. On 6 July, the advance guard made contact with the Prussians, and on 7 July Wrede received intelligence of the Paris Convention and a request to move to the Loire. By 10 July, Wrede's headquarters were at <a href="/wiki/La_Fert%C3%A9-sous-Jouarre" title="La Ferté-sous-Jouarre">Ferté-sous-Jouarre</a> and his corps positioned between the Seine and the Marne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895768–771_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895768–771-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further south, General <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Karl,_Graf_von_Colloredo-Mansfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieronymus Karl, Graf von Colloredo-Mansfeld">Colloredo's</a> Austrian I Corps was hindered by General <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Lecourbe's</a> <i>Armée du Jura</i>, which was largely made up of National Guardsmen and other reserves. Lecourbe fought four delaying actions between 30 June and 8 July at <a href="/wiki/Foussemagne" title="Foussemagne">Foussemagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourogne" title="Bourogne">Bourogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A8vremont" title="Chèvremont">Chèvremont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavilliers" title="Bavilliers">Bavilliers</a> before agreeing to an armistice on 11 July. Archduke <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ferdinand_Karl_Joseph_of_Austria-Este" title="Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este">Ferdinand's</a> Reserve Corps, together with <a href="/wiki/Prince_Friedrich_Franz_Xaver_of_Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Prince Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hohenzollern-Hechingen</a>'s II Corps, laid siege to the fortresses of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüningen">Hüningen</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a>, with two Swiss brigades<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapuisat1921Edouard_Table_III_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuisat1921Edouard_Table_III-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> from the Swiss Army of General <a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Franz_von_Bachmann" title="Niklaus Franz von Bachmann">Niklaus Franz von Bachmann</a>, aiding with the siege of Huningen. Like other Austrian forces, these too were pestered by <i>francs-tireurs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895773,_774_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895773,_774-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_frontier">Italian frontier</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Italian frontier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like Rapp further north, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gabriel_Suchet" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Gabriel Suchet">Suchet</a>, with the <i>Armée des Alpes</i>, took the initiative and on 14 June invaded <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a>. Facing him was General <a href="/wiki/Johann_Maria_Philipp_Frimont" title="Johann Maria Philipp Frimont">Frimont</a>, with an Austro-Sardinian army of 75,000 men based in Italy. However, on hearing of the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo, Suchet negotiated an armistice and fell back to <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyons</a>, where on 12 July he surrendered the city to Frimont's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895775–779_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895775–779-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coast of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> was defended by French forces under Marshal <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Marie_Anne_Brune" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Marie Anne Brune">Brune</a>, who fell back slowly into the fortress city of <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, after retreating from Marseilles before the Austrian Army of Naples under the command of General Bianchi, the Anglo-Sicilian forces of Sir <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Lowe" title="Hudson Lowe">Hudson Lowe</a>, supported by the British Mediterranean fleet of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Exmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Exmouth">Lord Exmouth</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinian</a> forces of the Sardinian General d'Osasco, the forces of the latter being drawn from the garrison of Nice. Brune did not surrender the city and its naval arsenal until 31 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895779_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895779-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_campaign">Russian campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Russian campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main body of the Russian Army, commanded by Field Marshal Count <a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Tolly</a> and amounting to 167,950 men, crossed the Rhine at <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> on 25 June—after Napoleon had abdicated for the second time—and although there was light resistance around Mannheim, it was over by the time the vanguard had advanced as far as <a href="/wiki/Landau" title="Landau">Landau</a>. The greater portion of Tolly's army reached Paris and its vicinity by the middle of July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895774_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895774-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaty_of_Paris">Treaty of Paris</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Treaty of Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleonic_Wars_War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Napoleonic_Wars_War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition.png/340px-Napoleonic_Wars_War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Napoleonic_Wars_War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition.png/510px-Napoleonic_Wars_War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Napoleonic_Wars_War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition.png/680px-Napoleonic_Wars_War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>All the participants of the War of the Seventh Coalition. <span style="color:Blue;">Blue</span>: The Coalition and their colonies and allies. <span style="color:Green;">Green</span>: The <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>, its protectorates, colonies and allies.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Treaty of Paris (1815)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a> was the last field engagement of the Hundred Days. There was a <a href="/wiki/Reduction_of_the_French_fortresses_in_1815" title="Reduction of the French fortresses in 1815">campaign against fortresses</a> still commanded by <a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartist</a> governors that ended with the capitulation of <a href="/wiki/Longwy" title="Longwy">Longwy</a> on 13 September 1815. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed on 20 November 1815, bringing the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> to a formal end.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under the 1815 Paris treaty, the previous year's <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a> and the Final Act of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, of 9 June 1815, were confirmed. France was reduced to its 1790 boundaries; it lost the territorial gains of the Revolutionary armies in 1790–1792, which the previous Paris treaty had allowed France to keep. France was now also ordered to pay 700 million francs in <a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">indemnities</a>, in five yearly installments,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to maintain at its own expense a Coalition army of occupation of 150,000 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the eastern border territories of France, from the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> to the border with Switzerland, for a maximum of five years.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two-fold purpose of the military occupation was made clear by the convention annexed to the treaty, outlining the incremental terms by which France would issue negotiable bonds covering the indemnity: in addition to safeguarding the neighbouring states from a revival of revolution in France, it guaranteed fulfilment of the treaty's financial clauses.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the same day, in a separate document, Great Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia renewed the <a href="/wiki/Quadruple_Alliance_(1815)" title="Quadruple Alliance (1815)">Quadruple Alliance</a>. The princes and free towns who were not signatories were invited to accede to its terms,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby the treaty became a part of the public law according to which Europe, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established "relations from which a system of real and permanent <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a> in Europe is to be derived".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_French_constitutions">Timeline of French constitutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Timeline of French constitutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronologie_constitutions_fran%C3%A7aises.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chronologie_constitutions_fran%C3%A7aises.svg/1000px-Chronologie_constitutions_fran%C3%A7aises.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1000" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chronologie_constitutions_fran%C3%A7aises.svg/1500px-Chronologie_constitutions_fran%C3%A7aises.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chronologie_constitutions_fran%C3%A7aises.svg/2000px-Chronologie_constitutions_fran%C3%A7aises.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4843" data-file-height="932" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malplaquet_proclamation" title="Malplaquet proclamation">Malplaquet proclamation</a> issued to French by Wellington on 22 June 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Lists of battles of the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars">Lists of battles of the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Hundred_Days" title="List of battles of the Hundred Days">List of battles of the Hundred Days</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Execution_of_Marshal_Ney" title="The Execution of Marshal Ney">The Execution of Marshal Ney</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Histories differ over the start and end dates of the <i>Hundred Days</i>; another popular period is from 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>March, when Napoleon I landed in France, to his defeat at Waterloo on 18<span class="nowrap"> </span>June.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Winkler_Prins" title="Winkler Prins">Winkler Prins</a></i> (2002) counted 100 days from Napoleon's entry in Paris on 20 March to the Cambray Proclamation of 28 June 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis XVIII fled Paris on 19<span class="nowrap"> </span>March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownsend1862355_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownsend1862355-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he entered Paris on 8 July, Count Chabrol, prefect of the department of the Seine, accompanied by the municipal body, addressed Louis XVIII in the name of his companions, in a speech that began "Sire,—One hundred days have passed away since your majesty, forced to tear yourself from your dearest affections, left your capital amidst tears and public consternation. ...".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGifford18171511_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGifford18171511-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)/Definitive_Treaty#ART.IV" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Paris (1815)/Definitive Treaty">Article 4</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)#Definitive_Treaty" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Definitive Treaty</a> of 20 November 1815. The 1814 treaty had required only that France honour some public and private debts incurred by the Napoleonic regime (<a href="#CITEREFNicolle1953">Nicolle 1953</a>, pp. 343–354), see <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)#ART_XVIII" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Paris (1814)">Articles 18, 19 and 20</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">1814 Paris Peace Treaty</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The army of occupation and the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>'s moderating transformation from soldier to statesman are discussed by Thomas Dwight Veve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeve1992ix,_4,_114,_120_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeve1992ix,_4,_114,_120-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A point made by Nicolle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle1953344_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle1953344-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turkey, which had been excluded from the Congress of Vienna by the express wish of Russia (<a href="#CITEREFStrupp1960–1962">Strupp 1960–1962</a>, "Wiener Kongress").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The quote is from Article I of the <i>Additional, Separate, and Secret Articles to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">[Paris Peace Treaty]</a> of 30th May, 1814</i> (<a href="#CITEREFHertslet1875">Hertslet 1875</a>, p. 18); it is quoted to support the sentence by <a href="#CITEREFWood1943">Wood 1943</a>, p. 263 and note 6 (Wood's main subject is the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris (1856)</a>, terminating the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1981181_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1981">Chandler 1981</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschroer200682,_83-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschroer200682,_83_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschroer200682,_83_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofschroer2006">Hofschroer 2006</a>, pp. 82, 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Hervé de Weck: <i>Franche-Comté expedition</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D24654.php"><span title="Franche-Comté expedition in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F24654.php"><span title="Franche-Comté expedition in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I24654.php"><span title="Franche-Comté expedition in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>, 8 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HundredDays-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HundredDays_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HundredDays_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) 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href="#CITEREFSiborne1848">Siborne 1848</a>, pp. 129–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848159–323-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848159–323_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1848">Siborne 1848</a>, pp. 159–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848324–596-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848324–596_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1848">Siborne 1848</a>, pp. 324–596.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848625-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848625_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1848">Siborne 1848</a>, p. 625.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848597–754-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848597–754_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1848">Siborne 1848</a>, pp. 597–754.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911209–210-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911209–210_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRose1911">Rose 1911</a>, pp. 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuel1891" class="citation book cs1">Muel, Leon (1891). <i>Gouvernements, ministères et constitutions de la France depuis cent ans</i>. Marchal et Billard. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1249015024" title="Special:BookSources/978-1249015024"><bdi>978-1249015024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gouvernements%2C+minist%C3%A8res+et+constitutions+de+la+France+depuis+cent+ans&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Marchal+et+Billard&rft.date=1891&rft.isbn=978-1249015024&rft.aulast=Muel&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911210-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911210_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911210_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911210_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911210_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRose1911">Rose 1911</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848687,_717-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848687,_717_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1848">Siborne 1848</a>, pp. 687, 717.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECordingly20137-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordingly20137_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCordingly2013">Cordingly 2013</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848741–745-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848741–745_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1848">Siborne 1848</a>, pp. 741–745.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848752–757-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848752–757_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1848">Siborne 1848</a>, pp. 752–757.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848754–756-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848754–756_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1848">Siborne 1848</a>, pp. 754–756.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848757-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848757_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848757_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848757_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848757_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1848">Siborne 1848</a>, p. 757.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipscombe201432-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipscombe201432_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipscombe2014">Lipscombe 2014</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaln1825482–483-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaln1825482–483_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaln1825">Waln 1825</a>, pp. 482–483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughton1893354-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughton1893354_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaughton1893">Laughton 1893</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1911371-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1911371_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck1911">Beck 1911</a>, p. 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomenico_Spadoni" class="citation web cs1">Domenico Spadoni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/convenzione-di-casalanza_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/">"CASALANZA, Convenzione di"</a>. Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CASALANZA%2C+Convenzione+di&rft.pub=Archive&rft.au=Domenico+Spadoni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fconvenzione-di-casalanza_%2528Enciclopedia-Italiana%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colletta1858-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colletta1858_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietro_Colletta1858" class="citation book cs1">Pietro Colletta (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historykingdomn04collgoog"><i>History of the kingdom of Naples: 1734–1825, chapter III</i></a>. T. Constable and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+kingdom+of+Naples%3A+1734%E2%80%931825%2C+chapter+III&rft.pub=T.+Constable+and+Co.&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Pietro+Colletta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorykingdomn04collgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/s25id13212090/page/n13/mode/2up">"The annual register, or, a view of the history, politicks, and literature for the year. Volume 57 (A new edition), 1815 – chapter VII"</a>. Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+annual+register%2C+or%2C+a+view+of+the+history%2C+politicks%2C+and+literature+for+the+year.+Volume+57+%28A+new+edition%29%2C+1815+%E2%80%93+chapter+VII&rft.pub=Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fs25id13212090%2Fpage%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_VIxy78vQzMMC"><i>A Glance at Revolutionized Italy a Visit to Messina and a Tour Through the Kingdom of Naples ... in the Summer of 1848 by Charles Mac Farlane</i></a>. Smith, Elder and C. 1849. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_VIxy78vQzMMC/page/n48">33</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glance+at+Revolutionized+Italy+a+Visit+to+Messina+and+a+Tour+Through+the+Kingdom+of+Naples+...+in+the+Summer+of+1848+by+Charles+Mac+Farlane&rft.pages=33-&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+and+C.&rft.date=1849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_VIxy78vQzMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Authors2013-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Authors2013_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMultiple_Authors2013" class="citation book cs1">Multiple Authors (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfCxAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT190"><i>Revolutionary Wars 1775–c. 1815</i></a>. Amber Books Ltd. pp. 190–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78274-123-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78274-123-7"><bdi>978-1-78274-123-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Wars+1775%E2%80%93c.+1815&rft.pages=190-&rft.pub=Amber+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78274-123-7&rft.au=Multiple+Authors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtfCxAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGildea2008112,_113-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGildea2008112,_113_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGildea2008">Gildea 2008</a>, pp. 112, 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895772-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895772_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1895">Siborne 1895</a>, p. 772.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895768–771-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895768–771_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1895">Siborne 1895</a>, pp. 768–771.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapuisat1921Edouard_Table_III-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapuisat1921Edouard_Table_III_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapuisat1921">Chapuisat 1921</a>, Edouard Table III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895773,_774-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895773,_774_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1895">Siborne 1895</a>, pp. 773, 774.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895775–779-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895775–779_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1895">Siborne 1895</a>, pp. 775–779.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895779-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895779_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1895">Siborne 1895</a>, p. 779.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895774-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895774_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1895">Siborne 1895</a>, p. 774.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)/Definitive_Treaty#ART.V" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Paris (1815)/Definitive Treaty">Article 5</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)#Definitive_Treaty" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Definitive Treaty</a> of 20 November 1815.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeve1992ix,_4,_114,_120-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeve1992ix,_4,_114,_120_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeve1992">Veve 1992</a>, pp. ix, 4, 114, 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle1953344-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle1953344_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicolle1953">Nicolle 1953</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Final Act of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Final_Act_of_the_Congress_of_Vienna/General_Treaty#ART.CXIX" class="extiw" title="s:Final Act of the Congress of Vienna/General Treaty">Article 119</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2011" class="citation web cs1">Adams, Keith (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507002618/http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/275635/driven_citroen_sm.html">"Driven: Citroen SM"</a>. <i>Classic and Performance Cars—Octane</i>. Dennis Publishing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/275635/driven_citroen_sm.html">the original</a> on 7 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classic+and+Performance+Cars%E2%80%94Octane&rft.atitle=Driven%3A+Citroen+SM&rft.date=2011-11&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicandperformancecar.com%2Ffeatures%2Foctane_features%2F275635%2Fdriven_citroen_sm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaines1818" class="citation book cs1">Baines, Edward (1818). <i>History of the Wars of the French Revolution, from the breaking out of the wars in 1792, to, the restoration of general peace in 1815</i>. Vol. 2. Longman, Rees, Orme and Brown. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMxLAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA433">433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Wars+of+the+French+Revolution%2C+from+the+breaking+out+of+the+wars+in+1792%2C+to%2C+the+restoration+of+general+peace+in+1815&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Rees%2C+Orme+and+Brown&rft.date=1818&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbero2006" class="citation book cs1">Barbero, Alessandro (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battle00ales"><i>The Battle: a new history of Waterloo</i></a></span>. Walker & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1453-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1453-4"><bdi>978-0-8027-1453-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle%3A+a+new+history+of+Waterloo&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1453-4&rft.aulast=Barbero&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattle00ales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_G._Chandler" title="David G. Chandler">Chandler, David</a> (1966). <i>The Campaigns of Napoleon</i>. New York: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+Napoleon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_G._Chandler" title="David G. Chandler">Chandler, David</a> (1981) [1980]. <i>Waterloo: The Hundred Days</i>. Osprey Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterloo%3A+The+Hundred+Days&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalfont1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alun_Gwynne_Jones,_Baron_Chalfont" title="Alun Gwynne Jones, Baron Chalfont">Chalfont, Lord</a>; et al. (1979). <i>Waterloo: Battle of Three Armies</i>. 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Kjøbenhavn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kampen+om+Norge+i+Aarene+1813+og+1814&rft.place=Kj%C3%B8benhavn&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=S%C3%B8rensen&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrupp1960–1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strupp, K.; et al. (1960–1962). "Wiener Kongress". <i>Wörterbuch des Völkerrechts</i> (in German). Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wiener+Kongress&rft.btitle=W%C3%B6rterbuch+des+V%C3%B6lkerrechts&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=1960%2F1962&rft.aulast=Strupp&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2012)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend1862" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, George Henry (1862). <i>The Manual of Dates: A Dictionary of Reference to All the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records</i>. Routledge, Warne, & Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualofdatesdic00town/page/355">355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manual+of+Dates%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Reference+to+All+the+Most+Important+Events+in+the+History+of+Mankind+to+be+Found+in+Authentic+Records&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Warne%2C+%26+Routledge&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUffindell2003" class="citation book cs1">Uffindell, Andrew (2003). <i>Great Generals of the Napoleonic Wars</i>. Staplehurst: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8622-7177-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8622-7177-7"><bdi>978-1-8622-7177-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Generals+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.place=Staplehurst&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-8622-7177-7&rft.aulast=Uffindell&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeve1992" class="citation book cs1">Veve, Thomas Dwight (1992). <i>The Duke of Wellington and the British Army of Occupation in France, 1815–1818</i> (illustrated ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N4nZFpNNQjAC&q=statesman&pg=PA131">ix, 4, 114, 120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3132-7941-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3132-7941-6"><bdi>978-0-3132-7941-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duke+of+Wellington+and+the+British+Army+of+Occupation+in+France%2C+1815%E2%80%931818&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=ix%2C+4%2C+114%2C+120&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-3132-7941-6&rft.aulast=Veve&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Dwight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaln1825" class="citation book cs1">Waln, Robert (1825). <i>Life of the Marquis de La Fayette: Major General in the Service of the United States of America, in the War of the Revolution..</i>. J.P. Ayres. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifemarquisdela00walngoog/page/n494">482</a>–483.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+the+Marquis+de+La+Fayette%3A+Major+General+in+the+Service+of+the+United+States+of+America%2C+in+the+War+of+the+Revolution...&rft.pages=482-483&rft.pub=J.P.+Ayres&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Waln&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1943" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Hugh McKinnon (April 1943). "The Treaty of Paris and Turkey's Status in International Law". <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 262–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2192416">10.2307/2192416</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192416">2192416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Treaty+of+Paris+and+Turkey%27s+Status+in+International+Law&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=262-274&rft.date=1943-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2192416&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2192416%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Hugh+McKinnon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attribution">Attribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Attribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Beck, Archibald Frank (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Waterloo_Campaign,_1815" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Waterloo Campaign, 1815">Waterloo Campaign, 1815</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 371–381.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waterloo+Campaign%2C+1815&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=371-381&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rose, John Holland (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Napoleon_I." class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Napoleon I.">Napoleon I.</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 190–211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Napoleon+I.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=190-211&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=John+Holland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Days&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:_Hundred_Days" class="extiw" title="s:Portal: Hundred Days"> Hundred Days</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:_Waterloo_Campaign" class="extiw" title="s:Portal: Waterloo Campaign"> Waterloo Campaign</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbot1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Stevens_Cabot_Abbott" title="John Stevens Cabot Abbott">Abbot, John S. C.</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajhw.co.uk/books/book71/book71c1/book71c1.html#Page_319">"Chapter XI: Life in Exile, 1815–1832"</a>. <i>Makers of History: Joseph Bonaparte</i>. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Brothers">Harper & Brothers</a>. pp. 320–324. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/263037133">263037133</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2904732W">2904732W</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XI%3A+Life+in+Exile%2C+1815%E2%80%931832&rft.btitle=Makers+of+History%3A+Joseph+Bonaparte&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=320-324&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F263037133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL2904732W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Abbot&rft.aufirst=John+S.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajhw.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fbook71%2Fbook71c1%2Fbook71c1.html%23Page_319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1991" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, R. S. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w0LOgDGF20wC"><i>Bonapartism and revolutionary tradition in France: the fédérés of 1815</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36112-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36112-5"><bdi>978-0-521-36112-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonapartism+and+revolutionary+tradition+in+France%3A+the+f%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9s+of+1815&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36112-5&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw0LOgDGF20wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden1983" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, Scott (1983). <i>Armies at Waterloo: a detailed analysis of the armies that fought history's greatest battle</i>. Arlington, Tex: Empire Games Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913037-02-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913037-02-7"><bdi>978-0-913037-02-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+at+Waterloo%3A+a+detailed+analysis+of+the+armies+that+fought+history%27s+greatest+battle&rft.place=Arlington%2C+Tex&rft.pub=Empire+Games+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-913037-02-7&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellesley1838" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellesley, Arthur</a> (1838). <a href="/wiki/John_Gurwood" title="John Gurwood">Gurwood, John</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bgUAAAAQAAJ"><i>The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington: During His Various Campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France, from 1799 to 1818</i></a>. Vol. 12. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">J. Murray</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dispatches+of+Field+Marshal+the+Duke+of+Wellington%3A+During+His+Various+Campaigns+in+India%2C+Denmark%2C+Portugal%2C+Spain%2C+the+Low+Countries%2C+and+France%2C+from+1799+to+1818&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Wellesley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bgUAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofschröer1998" class="citation book cs1">Hofschröer, Peter (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1815waterloocamp0000hofs"><i>1815, the Waterloo Campaign: the German Victory From Waterloo to the Fall of Napoleon</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Greenhill_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhill Books">Greenhill Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-304-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-304-7"><bdi>978-1-85367-304-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1815%2C+the+Waterloo+Campaign%3A+the+German+Victory+From+Waterloo+to+the+Fall+of+Napoleon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-304-7&rft.aulast=Hofschr%C3%B6er&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1815waterloocamp0000hofs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzie1982" class="citation book cs1">MacKenzie, Norman Ian (1982). <i>The escape from Elba: the fall and flight of Napoleon, 1814-1815</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215863-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215863-5"><bdi>978-0-19-215863-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+escape+from+Elba%3A+the+fall+and+flight+of+Napoleon%2C+1814-1815&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-19-215863-5&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=Norman+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._L._Lucas" title="F. L. Lucas">Lucas, F. L.</a> (1965). "Long Lives the Emperor". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a></i>. <b>8</b> (1): 126–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00026868">10.1017/S0018246X00026868</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X">0018-246X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020309">3020309</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159765354">159765354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Long+Lives+the+Emperor&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=126-135&rft.date=1965&rft.issn=0018-246X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159765354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3020309%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00026868&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=F.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchom1993" class="citation book cs1">Schom, Alan (1993). <i>One hundred days: Napoleon's road to Waterloo</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 19, 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508177-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508177-0"><bdi>978-0-19-508177-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+hundred+days%3A+Napoleon%27s+road+to+Waterloo&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=19%2C+152&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508177-0&rft.aulast=Schom&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Digby George (1998). <i>The Greenhill Napoleonic wars data book: actions and losses in personnel, colours, standards and artillery, 1792-1815</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Greenhill_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhill Books">Greenhill Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-276-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-276-7"><bdi>978-1-85367-276-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenhill+Napoleonic+wars+data+book%3A+actions+and+losses+in+personnel%2C+colours%2C+standards+and+artillery%2C+1792-1815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-276-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Digby+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens1886" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stephens, Henry Morse (1886). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Campbell, Neil (1776-1827)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Campbell,_Neil_(1776-1827)">"Campbell, Neil (1776–1827)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 8. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 389–390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Campbell%2C+Neil+%281776%E2%80%931827%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=389-390&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Henry+Morse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellesley1863" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_2nd_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington">Wellesley, Arthur</a> (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJFpAAAAcAAJ"><i>Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence, and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur Duke of Wellington</i></a>. Vol. 10. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">J. Murray</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplementary+Despatches%2C+Correspondence%2C+and+Memoranda+of+Field+Marshal+Arthur+Duke+of+Wellington&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Wellesley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJFpAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoloch2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isser_Woloch" title="Isser Woloch">Woloch, Isser</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/napoleonhiscolla0000wolo"><i>Napoleon and his collaborators: the making of a dictatorship</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton">W.W. Norton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05009-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05009-7"><bdi>978-0-393-05009-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+his+collaborators%3A+the+making+of+a+dictatorship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05009-7&rft.aulast=Woloch&rft.aufirst=Isser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnapoleonhiscolla0000wolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Days" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hundred_Days" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Waterloo_Campaign" title="Template:Waterloo Campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Waterloo_Campaign" title="Template talk:Waterloo Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Waterloo_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Waterloo Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hundred_Days" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hundred Days</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Waterloo Campaign – Main battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Battle of Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Battle of Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Battle of Wavre</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleonic_Eagle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Napoleonic_Eagle.svg/70px-Napoleonic_Eagle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Napoleonic_Eagle.svg/105px-Napoleonic_Eagle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Napoleonic_Eagle.svg/140px-Napoleonic_Eagle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="548" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Battle of Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">Battle of La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Battle of Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Battle of Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Timeline of the Napoleonic era">Timeline of the Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_campaigns_of_1815" title="Minor campaigns of 1815">Minor Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_mobilisation_during_the_Hundred_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Military mobilisation during the Hundred Days">Military mobilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Waterloo_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign">Order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">Neapolitan War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French Invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seventh Coalition</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belli-<br />gerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">France,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client states</a><br />and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony#The_Napoleonic_Era_and_the_German_Confederation" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition<br />forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau#Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">French Royalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major<br />battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duc d'Enghien Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation of Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1805</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleiz" title="Battle of Schleiz">Schleiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saalfeld" title="Battle of Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena–Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halle" title="Battle of Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1806)" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1806)">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prenzlau" title="Battle of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Pasewalk" title="Capitulation of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin" title="Capitulation of Stettin">Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waren-Nossentin" title="Battle of Waren-Nossentin">Waren-Nossentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin" title="Siege of Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarnowo" title="Battle of Czarnowo">Czarnowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin" title="Battle of Golymin">Golymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1806)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1806)">Pułtusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1807</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohrungen" title="Battle of Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1807)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sortie_of_Stralsund" title="Great Sortie of Stralsund">Stralsund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mileto" title="Battle of Mileto">Mileto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guttstadt-Deppen" title="Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen">Guttstadt-Deppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1807)">Stralsund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1808</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_El_Bruch" title="Battles of El Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Rosily_Squadron" title="Capture of the Rosily Squadron">Rosily Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Cabezón">Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1808)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1808)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1808)" title="Battle of Valencia (1808)">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_de_Rioseco" title="Battle of Medina de Rioseco">Medina de Rioseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza" title="Battle of Zornoza">Zornoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmaseda" title="Battle of Valmaseda">Valmaseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros" title="Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros">Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tudela" title="Battle of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1809)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1809)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Sahagún">Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benavente" title="Battle of Benavente">Benavente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1809</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Castellón">Castellón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1809)" title="Battle of Uclés (1809)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Corunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valls" title="Battle of Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villafranca_(1809)" title="Battle of Villafranca (1809)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Y%C3%A9benes" title="Battle of Los Yébenes">Yevenes/Yébenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real" title="Battle of Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">1st Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medell%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Medellín">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Teugen-Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona" title="Third siege of Girona">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">2nd Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Battle of Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Battle of María">María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid" title="Battle of Almonacid">Almonacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames" title="Battle of Tamames">Tamames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Ocaña">Ocaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes" title="Battle of Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1810</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1811</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gebora" title="Battle of the Gebora">Gebora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa" title="Battle of Barrosa">Barrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior" title="Battle of Campo Maior">Campo Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Usagre" title="Battle of Usagre">Usagre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum" title="Battle of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_dos_Molinos" title="Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos">Arroyo dos Molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)" title="Siege of Valencia (1812)">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia" title="Battle of Villagarcia">Villagarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almaraz" title="Battle of Almaraz">Almaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguilla" title="Battle of Maguilla">Maguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Battle of García Hernández">García Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda" title="Battle of Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venta_del_Pozo" title="Battle of Venta del Pozo">Venta del Pozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castalla" title="Battle of Castalla">Castalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1813)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1813)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Sorauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">1st Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Ro%C3%9Flau" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat of Roßlau">Roßlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)">Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French and ally<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Prince Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Prince Eugène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Lapeña">Manuel Lapeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Count Bennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Prince of Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pereira_Forjaz,_Count_of_Feira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira">Count of Feira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">Anglo-Danish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Artlenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Finckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Cintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Schönbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Paris (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Paris (February 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Paris (March 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Tauroggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mantua" title="Convention of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Casalanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Fontainebleau (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Paris (1815)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of books about the Napoleonic Wars">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Dresden_(1812)" title="Conference of Dresden (1812)">Conference of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_military_forces_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars">Types of military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitutions_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitutions_of_France" title="Template:Constitutions of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutions_of_France" title="Template talk:Constitutions of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutions_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_constitutions_of_France" title="List of constitutions of France">Constitutions of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Cabinet_of_Louis_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Cabinet of Louis XVI">Constitutional Cabinet</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">1791</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">1st Republic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1793" title="French Constitution of 1793">1793 (Year I)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">1795 (Year III)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">1799 (Year VIII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_X" title="Constitution of the Year X">1802 (Year X)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">1st Empire</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_XII" title="Constitution of the Year XII">1804 (Year XII)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1814" title="Charter of 1814">1814</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hundred Days</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1815" title="Charter of 1815">1815</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1830" title="Charter of 1830">1830</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">2nd Republic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1848" title="French Constitution of 1848">1848</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">2nd Empire</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1852" title="French Constitution of 1852">1852</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">3rd Republic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_constitutional_laws_of_1875" title="French constitutional laws of 1875">1875</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">French State</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940" title="French Constitutional Law of 1940">1940</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">GPRF</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_27_October_1946" title="French Constitution of 27 October 1946">1946</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">4th Republic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">1958</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">5th Republic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendments_under_the_French_Fifth_Republic" title="Constitutional amendments under the French Fifth Republic">amendments</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_fran%C3%A7aise_de_1958_avec_l%E2%80%99ensemble_de_ses_modifications" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution française de 1958 avec l’ensemble de ses modifications">full text</a> <small>(in French)</small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France#Constitutional_block" title="Constitution of France">Constitutional<br />block</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_27_October_1946#Preamble" title="French Constitution of 27 October 1946">Preamble to the 1946 French Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">French Constitution of 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Environment" title="Charter for the Environment">Charter for the Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_principles_recognized_by_the_laws_of_the_Republic" title="Fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic">Fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_France" title="Referendums in France">Constitutional<br />referendums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1793_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1793 French constitutional referendum">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1795_French_referendums" title="1795 French referendums">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1800 French constitutional referendum">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1802 French constitutional referendum">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1804 French constitutional referendum">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1815 French constitutional referendum">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1851 French constitutional referendum">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_French_Second_Empire_referendum" title="1852 French Second Empire referendum">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1870 French constitutional referendum">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1945 French constitutional referendum">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1946_French_constitutional_referendum" title="May 1946 French constitutional referendum">1946 (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1946_French_constitutional_referendum" title="October 1946 French constitutional referendum">1946 (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 French constitutional referendum">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1969 French constitutional referendum">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_French_constitutional_referendum" title="2000 French constitutional referendum">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituent<br />assemblies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">1789</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Constituent_Assembly_of_1848&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Constituent Assembly of 1848 (page does not exist)">1848</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_constituante_(Deuxi%C3%A8me_R%C3%A9publique)" class="extiw" title="fr:Assemblée nationale constituante (Deuxième République)">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(1871)" title="National Assembly (1871)">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Constituent_Assembly_of_1945&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Constituent Assembly of 1945 (page does not exist)">1945</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_constituante_de_1945" class="extiw" title="fr:Assemblée constituante de 1945">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Constituent_Assembly_of_1946&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Constituent Assembly of 1946 (page does not exist)">1946</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_constituante_de_1946" class="extiw" title="fr:Assemblée constituante de 1946">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutional <br />laws      </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1872 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9veneuc_law" title="Tréveneuc law">Tréveneuc law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_constitutional_laws_of_1875" title="French constitutional laws of 1875">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940" title="French Constitutional Law of 1940">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_of_2_November_1945" title="Constitutional law of 2 November 1945">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Law_of_3_June_1958&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional Law of 3 June 1958 (page does not exist)">1958 (Jun)</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_constitutionnelle_du_3_juin_1958" class="extiw" title="fr:Loi constitutionnelle du 3 juin 1958">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Law_of_4_October_1958&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional Law of 4 October 1958 (page does not exist)">1958 (Oct)</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_du_4_octobre_1958" class="extiw" title="fr:Constitution du 4 octobre 1958">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Law_of_1968&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional Law of 1968 (page does not exist)">1968</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_constitutionnelle_de_1867" class="extiw" title="fr:Loi constitutionnelle de 1867">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Law_of_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional Law of 1982 (page does not exist)">1982</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_constitutionnelle_de_1982" class="extiw" title="fr:Loi constitutionnelle de 1982">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Law_of_1992&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional Law of 1992 (page does not exist)">1992</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_constitutionnelle_du_25_juin_1992" class="extiw" title="fr:Loi constitutionnelle du 25 juin 1992">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Law_of_2003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional Law of 2003 (page does not exist)">2003</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_constitutionnelle_du_28_mars_2003" class="extiw" title="fr:Loi constitutionnelle du 28 mars 2003">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_constitutional_law_of_23_July_2008" title="French constitutional law of 23 July 2008">2008</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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