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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Career_in_the_public_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_in_the_public_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Career in the public sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_in_the_public_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_in_the_private_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_in_the_private_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Career in the private sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_in_the_private_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>International organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_boards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_boards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Corporate boards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_boards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-profit_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-profit_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Non-profit organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-profit_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crédit_Lyonnais_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crédit_Lyonnais_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Crédit Lyonnais scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crédit_Lyonnais_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009_banking_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009_banking_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>2009 banking crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009_banking_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypo_Alpe_Adria_bailout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypo_Alpe_Adria_bailout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Hypo Alpe Adria bailout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypo_Alpe_Adria_bailout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean-Claude Trichet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جان كلود تريشيه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جان كلود تريشيه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Жан-Клод Трышэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жан-Клод Трышэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Жан-Клод Трише – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жан-Клод Трише" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B1%CE%BD-%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AD" title="Ζαν-Κλοντ Τρισέ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζαν-Κλοντ Τρισέ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87" title="ژان-کلود تریشه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژان-کلود تریشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C_%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%85%B0" title="장클로드 트리셰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장클로드 트리셰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%90%D7%9F-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94" title="ז'אן-קלוד טרישה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'אן-קלוד טרישה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Claudius_Trichet" title="Ioannes Claudius Trichet – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Claudius Trichet" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جان كلود تريشيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جان كلود تريشيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7" title="ジャン＝クロード・トリシェ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャン＝クロード・トリシェ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Трише, Жан-Клод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трише, Жан-Клод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Жаң-Клод Трише – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Жаң-Клод Трише" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jean-Claude Trichet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Жан-Клод Тріше – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жан-Клод Тріше" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">French economist (born 1942)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Jean-Claude Trichet</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Claude_Trichet_2011_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jean-Claude_Trichet_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Jean-Claude_Trichet_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jean-Claude_Trichet_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jean-Claude_Trichet_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jean-Claude_Trichet_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Jean-Claude_Trichet_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="714" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Trichet in 2011</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President of the European Central Bank</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 November 2003 – 31 October 2011</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of the European Central Bank">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Papademos" title="Lucas Papademos">Lucas Papademos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADtor_Const%C3%A2ncio" title="Vítor Constâncio">Vítor Constâncio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wim_Duisenberg" title="Wim Duisenberg">Wim Duisenberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Draghi" title="Mario Draghi">Mario Draghi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_France" title="Governor of the Bank of France">Governor of the Bank of France</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 September 1993 – 1 November 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Larosi%C3%A8re" title="Jacques de Larosière">Jacques de Larosière</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Noyer" title="Christian Noyer">Christian Noyer</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jean-Claude Trichet</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1942-12-20</span>) </span>20 December 1942<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 81)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Aline Rybalka</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1970)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Nancy" title="École nationale supérieure des mines de Nancy">École nationale supérieure des mines de Nancy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">École nationale d'administration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trichet_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-Claude Trichet's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Trichet_signature.svg/128px-Trichet_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Trichet_signature.svg/192px-Trichet_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Trichet_signature.svg/256px-Trichet_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="57" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jean-Claude Trichet</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>klod<span class="wrap"> </span>tʁiʃɛ]</a></span>; born 20 December 1942) is a French economist who was <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President of the European Central Bank</a> from 2004 to 2011. Previous to his assumption of the presidency he was <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_France" title="Governor of the Bank of France">Governor of the Bank of France</a> from 1993 to 2004. </p><p>After stepping down from the European Central Bank, Trichet has taken speaking arrangements across France and was on the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a>. He was asked to join the non-doctrinal <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruegel_(institution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruegel (institution)">Bruegel</a>, to consult on economic policy. In 2008, Trichet ranked fifth on <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>'</i>s list of the world's most powerful along with economic triumvirs <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (fourth) and <a href="/wiki/Masaaki_Shirakawa" title="Masaaki Shirakawa">Masaaki Shirakawa</a> (sixth).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trichet was born in 1942 in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, the son of a professor of Greek and Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was educated at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Nancy" title="École nationale supérieure des mines de Nancy">École des Mines de Nancy</a>, from which he graduated in 1964. He later earned a master's degree in economics from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> and then trained at the <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'études politiques de Paris">Institut d'études politiques de Paris</a> (best known as <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>), finishing in 1966, and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">École nationale d'administration</a> (ENA) from 1969–1971, two French higher education institutions in the field of political science and state administration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_in_the_public_sector">Career in the public sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career in the public sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1987, Trichet was head of the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sor_public" title="Trésor public">Trésor public</a>. In this capacity, he also chaired the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Club" title="Paris Club">Paris Club</a> of creditor nations in the mid-1980s and was closely involved in debt problems that struck Latin America, Africa and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also became a member of Washington-based financial advisory body, the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Thirty" title="Group of Thirty">Group of Thirty</a>. Soon after taking office at Trésor, Trichet oversaw the change to an anti-inflationary <i>franc fort</i> (strong franc) policy, to pave the way for currency union with Germany. In 1993, he led Trésor’s move to grant the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a> independence to set its own interest rates.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, Trichet was appointed governor of <a href="/wiki/Banque_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Banque de France">Banque de France</a>. Both as director of the French Treasury and then governor of the Banque de France, he was widely seen as one of the architects of the <a href="/wiki/European_monetary_union" class="mw-redirect" title="European monetary union">European monetary union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1997, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> proposed Trichet as France’s candidate for the position as president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this way they opposed <a href="/wiki/Wim_Duisenberg" title="Wim Duisenberg">Wim Duisenberg</a>, the candidate preferred by the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> members. Under a compromise laid out by German Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Theo_Waigel" title="Theo Waigel">Theo Waigel</a>, Duisenberg would resign midway through his eight-year term to make way for Trichet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 November 2003 he succeeded <a href="/wiki/Wim_Duisenberg" title="Wim Duisenberg">Wim Duisenberg</a>. </p><p>During his time in office, Trichet oversaw the ECB’s response to the <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a>, including its Securities Markets Programme to stem the crisis in eurozone government bond markets.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, ECB board member <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stark" title="Jürgen Stark">Jürgen Stark</a> resigned in what was widely seen as a protest against this policy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_in_the_private_sector">Career in the private sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career in the private sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 January 2012, the board of the <a href="/wiki/European_Aeronautic_Defence_and_Space_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company">European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company</a> approved Trichet’s nomination to the Board, where he represented (with Dominique d’Hinnin of the <a href="/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Group" title="Lagardère Group">Lagardère Group</a>) the French state’s holding company <a href="/wiki/SOGEADE" title="SOGEADE">SOGEADE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trichet succeeded <a href="/wiki/Mario_Monti" title="Mario Monti">Mario Monti</a> as chairman of the European branch of the <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission">Trilateral Commission</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trichet was a member of the Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance, which was established by the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors for the period from 2017 to 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2021, Trichet was appointed by the G20 to the High Level Independent Panel (HLIP) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response, co-chaired by <a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organizations">International organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: International organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, Chair of the Ethics Committee (2016–2019)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Systemic_Risk_Board" title="European Systemic Risk Board">European Systemic Risk Board</a> (ESRB), Chair (2010–2011)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_boards">Corporate boards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Corporate boards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PIMCO" title="PIMCO">PIMCO</a>, Member of the Global Advisory Board (since 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-profit_organizations">Non-profit organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-profit organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Committee" title="Bretton Woods Committee">Bretton Woods Committee</a>, Member of the Advisory Council (since 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Scope Foundation, Member of the Honorary Board (since 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research">Center for Economic and Policy Research</a> (CEPR), Distinguished Fellow (since 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruegel_(institution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruegel (institution)">Bruegel</a>, Chairman of the Board (since 2012)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilderberg Group">Bilderberg Group</a>, Member of the Steering Committee<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Horizons" title="European Horizons">European Horizons</a>, Advisor<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Complexity Research Initiative for Systemic Instabilities (CRISIS), Member of the Advisory Board<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Law_and_Finance" title="Institute for Law and Finance">Institute for Law and Finance</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a>, Member of the Academic Advisory Board<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_Risk_Council" title="Systemic Risk Council">Systemic Risk Council</a> (SRC), Senior Advisor<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the height of the euro crisis, Trichet publicly criticized <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>, who had agreed at a meeting in Deauville in 2010 that sovereign debt could be restructured in a bailout to make private investors pay their share; the plan was never implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the ceremony for the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a> in 2011, Trichet called for the creation of a central finance ministry to oversee spending by countries that use the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 August 2011 Trichet wrote, together with <a href="/wiki/Mario_Draghi" title="Mario Draghi">Mario Draghi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Trichet-Draghi_letter" title="Trichet-Draghi letter">letter</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian government">Italian government</a> to push for a series of economic measures that would soon be implemented in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pisani-Ferry2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pisani-Ferry2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Trichet joined forces with two other former governors of the Bank of France – <a href="/wiki/Michel_Camdessus" title="Michel Camdessus">Michel Camdessus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Larosi%C3%A8re" title="Jacques de Larosière">Jacques de Larosière</a> – in publicly supporting <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a>’s appointment of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villeroy_de_Galhau" title="François Villeroy de Galhau">François Villeroy de Galhau</a> to head the central bank.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2019 article for the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>, Trichet publicly hit back against some of his former colleagues at the European Central Bank – including <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stark" title="Jürgen Stark">Jürgen Stark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otmar_Issing" title="Otmar Issing">Otmar Issing</a>, who both worked as ECB chief economist under Trichet’s presidency –, calling them "misguided" in their criticism of the loose monetary policy pursued by his successor as president <a href="/wiki/Mario_Draghi" title="Mario Draghi">Mario Draghi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crédit_Lyonnais_scandal"><span id="Cr.C3.A9dit_Lyonnais_scandal"></span>Crédit Lyonnais scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Crédit Lyonnais scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2003, Trichet was put on trial with eight others charged with irregularities at <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Lyonnais" title="Crédit Lyonnais">Crédit Lyonnais</a>, one of France's biggest banks. Trichet was in charge of the French treasury at that time. He was cleared in June 2003, which left the way clear for him to move to the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">ECB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A parliamentary inquiry found no wrong-doing by Trichet, other civil servants or the three finance ministers in office during the critical period.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009_banking_crisis">2009 banking crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2009 banking crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the European Central Bank, Trichet strongly resisted any contemplation of <a href="/wiki/European_sovereign_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European sovereign debt crisis">Greece defaulting on its debt</a>. It was only in October 2011, with the end of his term imminent, that consensus was reached to allow a 50% cut in the value of Greek bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Claude_Trichet_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jean-Claude_Trichet_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2010.jpg/220px-Jean-Claude_Trichet_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jean-Claude_Trichet_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2010.jpg/330px-Jean-Claude_Trichet_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jean-Claude_Trichet_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2010.jpg/440px-Jean-Claude_Trichet_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1679" /></a><figcaption>Trichet during the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">WEF</a> 2010</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypo_Alpe_Adria_bailout">Hypo Alpe Adria bailout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hypo Alpe Adria bailout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of a 2015 investigation launched by Austria’s parliament into defunct lender <a href="/wiki/Hypo_Alpe_Adria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypo Alpe Adria">Hypo Alpe Adria</a>, then opposition party <a href="/wiki/NEOS_%E2%80%93_The_New_Austria_and_Liberal_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum">NEOS</a> named Trichet among 200 people it wanted to question.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of Austria purchasing Hypo Alpe Adria from <a href="/wiki/BayernLB" class="mw-redirect" title="BayernLB">BayernLB</a> in late 2009, Trichet had lobbied for the deal.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trichet has been criticised for the ECB's response to the Great Recession, which emphasised price stability over recovery and growth.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also criticized when he refused to answer a question about a possible conflict of interests concerning his successor's involvement at <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a> before taking charge as head of the ECB.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At age 22, Trichet married Aline Rybalka, a diplomat and translator whose parents immigrated to France from Ukraine. They have two sons: Pierre-Alexis Trichet (born 1971), a marketing strategy director at telecommunications company <a href="/wiki/Orange_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange SA">Orange SA</a>; and Jean-Nicolas Trichet (born 1974), a musician and producer.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: Officer of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Order of Merit (France)">National Order of Merit</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: Grand Cross 1st Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a> (2011)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Hessian_Order_of_Merit" title="Hessian Order of Merit">Hessian Order of Merit</a> (2011)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Europe_Award" title="Vision for Europe Award">Vision for Europe Award</a>, for his contributions toward greater European integration (2008)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>: Collier de la Fondation du Mérite européen (6 March 2013)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau" title="Order of Orange-Nassau">Order of Orange-Nassau</a> (21 January 2011)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: Grand Cross with Star of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland">Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland</a> (2011).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry" title="Order of Prince Henry">Order of Prince Henry</a> (6 May 2010)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>: Honorary Doctor of the University of National and World Economy in Sofia (2009)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun</a> (2018)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/economic-triumvirate.html">"Economic Triumvirate: 4. Ben Bernanke 5. Jean-Claude Trichet 6. Masaaki Shirakawa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>. 20 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Economic+Triumvirate%3A+4.+Ben+Bernanke+5.+Jean-Claude+Trichet+6.+Masaaki+Shirakawa&rft.date=2008-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2Feconomic-triumvirate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Trichet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Atkins (14 May 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/8bbaa714-5f8b-11df-a670-00144feab49a">Man in the News: Jean-Claude Trichet</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Atkins (9 May 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/dcea346a-5b9e-11df-85a3-00144feab49a">Trichet resists political interference amid crisis</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/unknown/2003/06/19/trichet-in-the-clear">Trichet in the clear</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, 19 June 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Atkins (9 May 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/dcea346a-5b9e-11df-85a3-00144feab49a">Trichet resists political interference amid crisis</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Czuczka (29 December 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/NAR/Articles/Jean-Claude-Trichet-17-The-French-government-s-11th-hour-ECB-candidate">Jean-Claude Trichet (17): The French government's 11th-hour ECB candidate</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nikkei" title="The Nikkei">The Nikkei</a></i>, 18 September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Czuczka (29 December 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/3d5663b0feb83527d87ebe08864215de">Germans, French dismiss report of European central bank deal</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Carrell (10 September 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ecb-stark/stark-resignation-limits-draghis-room-on-bond-buys-idUSTRE7883DF20110910">Stark resignation limits Draghi's room on bond buys</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Carrell (10 September 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ecb-stark/stark-resignation-limits-draghis-room-on-bond-buys-idUSTRE7883DF20110910">Stark resignation limits Draghi's room on bond buys</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bourse.lefigaro.fr/indices-actions/actu-conseils/jean-claude-trichet-devient-administrateur-d-eads-58750">"Jean-Claude Trichet devient administrateur d'EADS"</a>. <i>Le Figaro Bourse</i> (in French). 26 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro+Bourse&rft.atitle=Jean-Claude+Trichet+devient+administrateur+d%27EADS&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbourse.lefigaro.fr%2Findices-actions%2Factu-conseils%2Fjean-claude-trichet-devient-administrateur-d-eads-58750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Trichet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2012" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Nicola (26 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/27/business/global/trichet-likely-to-join-board-of-airbus-parent.html">"Trichet Nominated To Board Of EADS"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trichet+Nominated+To+Board+Of+EADS&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F01%2F27%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2Ftrichet-likely-to-join-board-of-airbus-parent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Trichet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509143411/http://www.trilateral.org/go.cfm?do=Page.View&pid=11">"About the Trilateral Commission – European Region"</a>. trilateral.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trilateral.org/go.cfm?do=Page.View&pid=11">the original</a> on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Trilateral+Commission+%E2%80%93+European+Region&rft.pub=trilateral.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trilateral.org%2Fgo.cfm%3Fdo%3DPage.View%26pid%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Trichet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalfinancialgovernance.org/about-g20-epg/epg-members/">Members</a> Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mef.gov.it/en/ufficio-stampa/comunicati/2021/The-G20-establishes-a-High-Level-Independent-Panel-on-financing-the-Global-Commons-for-Pandemic-Preparedness-and-Response-00001/">Ministry of Economy and FinanceThe G20 establishes a High Level Independent Panel on financing the Global Commons for Pandemic Preparedness and Response</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127150723/https://www.mef.gov.it/en/ufficio-stampa/comunicati/2021/The-G20-establishes-a-High-Level-Independent-Panel-on-financing-the-Global-Commons-for-Pandemic-Preparedness-and-Response-00001/">Archived</a> 27 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Finance_(Italy)" title="Ministry of Economy and Finance (Italy)">Ministry of Economy and Finance</a>, press release of 27 January 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/govcdec/otherdec/2019/html/ecb.gc190927~f21c511b8f.en.html">Decisions taken by the Governing Council of the ECB (in addition to decisions setting interest rates)</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (ECB), press release of 27 September 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Stempel (7 December 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-allianz-pimco-advisoryboard/bernanke-trichet-brown-join-pimco-advisory-board-idUKKBN0TQ2LJ20151207">Bernanke, Trichet, Brown join Pimco advisory board</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brettonwoods.org/article/bwc-announces-board-of-directors-global-advisory-council">BWC Announces Board of Directors, Global Advisory Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Committee" title="Bretton Woods Committee">Bretton Woods Committee</a>, press release of 12 October 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scopegroup.com/news/foundation_safeguards_scope_european_identity">Foundation set up to safeguard Scope’s European identity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204142646/https://scopegroup.com/news/foundation_safeguards_scope_european_identity">Archived</a> 4 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Scope Group, press release of 3 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cepr.org/content/distinguished-fellows-0">Distinguished Fellows</a> <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research">Center for Economic and Policy Research</a> (CEPR).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoice2012" class="citation web cs1">Voice, European (4 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/trichet-named-head-of-think-tank/">"Trichet named head of think-tank"</a>. <i>POLITICO</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Trichet+named+head+of+think-tank&rft.date=2012-04-04&rft.aulast=Voice&rft.aufirst=European&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Ftrichet-named-head-of-think-tank%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Trichet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311013611/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/governance.html">"Steering Committee"</a>. <i>bilderbergmeetings.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilderberg Group">Bilderberg Group</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/governance.html">the original</a> on 11 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bilderbergmeetings.org&rft.atitle=Steering+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bilderbergmeetings.org%2Fgovernance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Trichet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeanhorizons.org/">"European Horizons – A Transatlantic Think-Tank"</a>. <i>www.europeanhorizons.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.europeanhorizons.org&rft.atitle=European+Horizons+%E2%80%93+A+Transatlantic+Think-Tank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeanhorizons.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Trichet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisis-economics.eu/people/advisory-board/">Advisory Board</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230153632/http://www.crisis-economics.eu/people/advisory-board/">Archived</a> 30 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Complexity Research Initiative for Systemic Instabilities (CRISIS).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilf-frankfurt.de/de/ilf/gremien/">Academic Advisory Board</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108003125/http://www.ilf-frankfurt.de/de/ilf/gremien/">Archived</a> 8 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Law_and_Finance" title="Institute for Law and Finance">Institute for Law and Finance</a> (ILF).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.systemicriskcouncil.org/members/jean-claude-trichet/">Senior Advisor: Jean-Claude Trichet</a> <a href="/wiki/Systemic_Risk_Council" title="Systemic Risk Council">Systemic Risk Council</a> (SRC).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Briançon (19 March 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/jean-claude-trichet-on-global-finance-we-still-live-in-an-abnormal-situation/">Jean-Claude Trichet: We still live in an ‘abnormal situation’</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Politico_Europe" title="Politico Europe">Politico Europe</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Ewing and Niki Kitsantonis (2 June 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/03/business/global/03euro.html">Trichet Urges Creation of Euro Oversight Panel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pisani-Ferry2014-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pisani-Ferry2014_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Pisani-Ferry2014" class="citation book cs1">Jean Pisani-Ferry (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cjmTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183"><i>The Euro Crisis and Its Aftermath</i></a>. 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Nr 108, poz. 1090)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405211000/http://dokumenty.rcl.gov.pl/M2011108109001.pdf">Archived</a> 5 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Trichet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jean-Claude_Trichet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jean-Claude Trichet">Jean-Claude Trichet</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527115936/http://iiea.com/events/the-external-and-internal-dimensions-of-europes-competitiveness">Speech on 'The External and Internal Dimensions of Europe’s Competitiveness'</a> at IIEA, 26 February 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?43375">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Larosi%C3%A8re" title="Jacques de Larosière">Jacques de Larosière</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_France" title="Governor of the Bank of France">Governor of the Bank of France</a> </b><br />1993–2003 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Noyer" title="Christian Noyer">Christian Noyer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wim_Duisenberg" title="Wim Duisenberg">Wim Duisenberg</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President of the European Central Bank</a> </b><br />2003–2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Draghi" title="Mario Draghi">Mario Draghi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Monti" title="Mario Monti">Mario Monti</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> European Group Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission">Trilateral Commission</a> </b><br />2011–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:ECB_board" title="Template:ECB board"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ECB_board" title="Template talk:ECB board"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ECB_board" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ECB board"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Executive_Board_of_the_European_Central_Bank" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Board_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="Executive Board of the European Central Bank">Executive Board of the European Central Bank</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Duisenberg" title="Wim Duisenberg">Wim Duisenberg</a> (1998–2003)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-Claude Trichet</a> (2003–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Draghi" title="Mario Draghi">Mario Draghi</a> (2011–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Christine Lagarde</a> (2019–)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/52px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/78px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/104px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current<br />Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Christine Lagarde</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Guindos" title="Luis de Guindos">Luis de Guindos</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_R._Lane" title="Philip R. Lane">Philip R. Lane</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Cipollone" title="Piero Cipollone">Piero Cipollone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Schnabel" title="Isabel Schnabel">Isabel Schnabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Elderson" title="Frank Elderson">Frank Elderson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former<br />Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Noyer" title="Christian Noyer">Christian Noyer</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirkka_H%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen" title="Sirkka Hämäläinen">Sirkka Hämäläinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Duisenberg" title="Wim Duisenberg">Wim Duisenberg</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Domingo_Solans" title="Eugenio Domingo Solans">Eugenio Domingo Solans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Padoa-Schioppa" title="Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa">Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Issing" title="Otmar Issing">Otmar Issing</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Papademos" title="Lucas Papademos">Lucas Papademos</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Tumpel-Gugerell" title="Gertrude Tumpel-Gugerell">Gertrude Tumpel-Gugerell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-Claude Trichet</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Bini_Smaghi" title="Lorenzo Bini Smaghi">Lorenzo Bini Smaghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stark" title="Jürgen Stark">Jürgen Stark</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Paramo" class="mw-redirect" title="José Manuel González Paramo">José Manuel González Paramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Asmussen" title="Jörg Asmussen">Jörg Asmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADtor_Const%C3%A2ncio" title="Vítor Constâncio">Vítor Constâncio</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Praet" title="Peter Praet">Peter Praet</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Draghi" title="Mario Draghi">Mario Draghi</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Lautenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Sabine Lautenschläger">Sabine Lautenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_C%C5%93ur%C3%A9" title="Benoît Cœuré">Benoît Cœuré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Mersch" title="Yves Mersch">Yves Mersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Panetta" title="Fabio Panetta">Fabio Panetta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-size:smaller;"><div>1 = <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a> 2 = Vice President 3 = Chief Economist</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template talk:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1950 <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951 <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952 <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953 <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954 <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1955</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956 <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957 <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959 <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bech" title="Joseph Bech">Joseph Bech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1962</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964 <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1965</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966 <a href="/wiki/Jens_Otto_Krag" title="Jens Otto Krag">Jens Otto Krag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Luns" title="Joseph Luns">Joseph Luns</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1968</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969 <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Seydoux_de_Clausonne" title="François Seydoux de Clausonne">François Seydoux de Clausonne</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1971</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972 <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973 <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1974</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1975</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976 <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Leo Tindemans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978 <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979 <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Colombo" title="Emilio Colombo">Emilio Colombo</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1980</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981 <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982 <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">King Juan Carlos I</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1983</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1984</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1985</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986 <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">People of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989 <a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990 <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Gyula Horn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991 <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992 <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993 <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994 <a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Vranitzky" title="Franz Vranitzky">Franz Vranitzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996 <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Queen Beatrix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998 <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek" title="Bronisław Geremek">Bronisław Geremek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000 <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001 <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Konr%C3%A1d" title="György Konrád">György Konrád</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003 <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004 <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cox" title="Pat Cox">Pat Cox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005 <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007 <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008 <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009 <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Riccardi" title="Andrea Riccardi">Andrea Riccardi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010 <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-Claude Trichet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012 <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013 <a href="/wiki/Dalia_Grybauskait%C4%97" title="Dalia Grybauskaitė">Dalia Grybauskaitė</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014 <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018 <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019 <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020 <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022 <a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Kalesnikava" title="Maria Kalesnikava">Maria Kalesnikava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veronika_Tsepkalo" title="Veronika Tsepkalo">Veronika Tsepkalo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023 <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">the Ukrainian people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024 <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Goldschmidt" title="Pinchas Goldschmidt">Pinchas Goldschmidt</a> and the Jewish communities in Europe</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Received extraordinary prize.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152905#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152905#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152905#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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