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<ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Education and early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_"Bulldozer":_1962–1971" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Bulldozer":_1962–1971"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The "Bulldozer": 1962–1971</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Bulldozer":_1962–1971-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet_minister:_1971–1974" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet_minister:_1971–1974"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cabinet minister: 1971–1974</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_minister:_1971–1974-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_of_Giscard:_1974–1976" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_of_Giscard:_1974–1976"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Prime Minister of Giscard: 1974–1976</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_of_Giscard:_1974–1976-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayor_of_Paris:_1977–1995" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor_of_Paris:_1977–1995"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mayor of Paris: 1977–1995</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayor_of_Paris:_1977–1995-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Governmental opposition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governmental_opposition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governmental opposition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governmental_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Struggle_for_the_right-wing_leadership:_1976–1986" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_for_the_right-wing_leadership:_1976–1986"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Struggle for the right-wing leadership: 1976–1986</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struggle_for_the_right-wing_leadership:_1976–1986-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_of_Mitterrand:_1986–1988" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_of_Mitterrand:_1986–1988"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Prime Minister of Mitterrand: 1986–1988</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_of_Mitterrand:_1986–1988-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossing_the_desert:_1988–1995" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossing_the_desert:_1988–1995"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Crossing the desert: 1988–1995</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossing_the_desert:_1988–1995-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1995–2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1995–2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Presidency (1995–2007)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1995–2007)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1995–2007) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1995–2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term:_1995–2002" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term:_1995–2002"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>First term: 1995–2002</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term:_1995–2002-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Juppé_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juppé_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Juppé ministry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juppé_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_responsibility_for_the_roundup_of_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_responsibility_for_the_roundup_of_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>State responsibility for the roundup of Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_responsibility_for_the_roundup_of_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Cohabitation"_with_Jospin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Cohabitation"_with_Jospin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>"Cohabitation" with Jospin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Cohabitation"_with_Jospin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Defence policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Close_call" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Close_call"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Close call</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Close_call-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term:_2002–2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term:_2002–2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Second term: 2002–2007</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term:_2002–2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Early term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Assassination attempt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_tax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_tax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Flight tax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_tax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005_referendum_on_TCE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_referendum_on_TCE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>2005 referendum on TCE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_referendum_on_TCE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005_civil_unrest_and_CPE_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_civil_unrest_and_CPE_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>2005 civil unrest and CPE protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_civil_unrest_and_CPE_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.7</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-presidency and death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-presidency and death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_and_state_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_state_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Death and state funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_state_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_major_fixture_of_the_Guignols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_major_fixture_of_the_Guignols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>A major fixture of the Guignols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_major_fixture_of_the_Guignols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satirical_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satirical_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Satirical songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satirical_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ig_Nobel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ig_Nobel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Ig Nobel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ig_Nobel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayals_in_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayals_in_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Portrayals in film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayals_in_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Osirak_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osirak_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Osirak controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osirak_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conviction_for_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conviction_for_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Conviction for corruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conviction_for_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Clearstream_Affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Clearstream_Affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>The Clearstream Affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Clearstream_Affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Academic works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governmental_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Governmental functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_mandates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_mandates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Electoral mandates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_mandates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>European Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Assembly_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Assembly_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>National Assembly of France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Assembly_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3</span> <span>General Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.4</span> <span>Municipal Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Political function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ministries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ministries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ministries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ministries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Chirac_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Chirac_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>First Chirac ministry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Chirac_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Chirac_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Chirac_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Second Chirac ministry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Chirac_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>National honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Foreign honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>In French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacques Chirac</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 129 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">129 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A3%E1%8A%AD_%E1%88%BA%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%AD" title="ዣክ ሺራክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዣክ ሺራክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ज़ाक शिराक – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ज़ाक शिराक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83" title="جاك شيراك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاك شيراك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%A3_%D5%87%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Ժագ Շիրաք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ժագ Շիրաք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ज्याक शिराक – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ज्याक शिराक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jak_%C5%9Eirak" title="Jak Şirak – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jak Şirak" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="জাক শিরাক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাক শিরাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жак Шырак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жак Шырак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жак Шырак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жак Шырак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жак Ширак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жак Ширак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жак Ширак – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Жак Ширак" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83" title="جاك شيراك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جاك شيراك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B1%CE%BA_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA" title="Ζακ Σιράκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζακ Σιράκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ژاک شیراک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژاک شیراک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%ED%81%AC_%EC%8B%9C%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC" title="자크 시라크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자크 시라크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%87%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ժակ Շիրակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժակ Շիրակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ज़्याक शिराक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज़्याक शिराक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%90%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="ז'אק שיראק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'אק שיראק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%99_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჟაკ შირაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟაკ შირაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жак Ширак – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жак Ширак" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жак Ширак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жак Ширак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Chirac" title="Iacobus Chirac – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Chirac" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDaks_%C5%A0iraks" title="Žaks Širaks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žaks Širaks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жак Ширак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жак Ширак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="जाक शिराक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जाक शिराक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%99_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჟაკ შირაკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჟაკ შირაკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83" title="جاك شيراك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاك شيراك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ژاک شیراک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ژاک شیراک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жак Ширак – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жак Ширак" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ज्याक्स सिराक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ज्याक्स सिराक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ज्याक शिराक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ज्याक शिराक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF" title="ジャック・シラク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャック・シラク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ژاک شیراک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ژاک شیراک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%B4%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ژاک شېراک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژاک شېراک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ширак, Жак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ширак, Жак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ज्याक शिराक – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ज्याक शिराक" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhak_Shirak" title="Zhak Shirak – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zhak Shirak" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="جاک شیراک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جاک شیراک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жак Ширак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жак Ширак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜாக் சிராக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜாக் சிராக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жак Ширак – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Жак Ширак" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8C%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="ฌัก ชีรัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฌัก ชีรัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жак Ширак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Жак Ширак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жак Ширак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жак Ширак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ژاک شیراک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ژاک شیراک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiraci_Jacques" title="Chiraci Jacques – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Chiraci Jacques" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="雅克·希拉克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雅克·希拉克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="זשאק שיראק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זשאק שיראק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="希拉克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希拉克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Jacques Chirac" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%81ks_%C5%A0ir%C4%81ks" title="Žāks Širāks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žāks Širāks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="雅克·希拉克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雅克·希拉克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of France from 1995 to 2007</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chirac" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chirac_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chirac (disambiguation)">Chirac (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Jacques Chirac</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Chirac_(1997)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chirac, 64, in a portrait photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jacques_Chirac_%281997%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Jacques_Chirac_%281997%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jacques_Chirac_%281997%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jacques_Chirac_%281997%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jacques_Chirac_%281997%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Jacques_Chirac_%281997%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Chirac in 1997</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">22nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 May 1995 – 16 May 2007</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Jean-Pierre Raffarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 March 1986 – 10 May 1988</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">François Mitterrand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Michel Rocard</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 May 1974 – 25 August 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Pierre Messmer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Raymond Barre</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Paris" title="Mayor of Paris">Mayor of Paris</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 March 1977 – 16 May 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_de_La_Mal%C3%A8ne" title="Christian de La Malène">Christian de La Malène</a></li> <li>Jean Tiberi</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office re-established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Tiberi" title="Jean Tiberi">Jean Tiberi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 December 1976 – 4 November 1994</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Party established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alain Juppé </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Political offices <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">1970‍–‍1979</span> </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 February 1974 – 28 May 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Pierre Messmer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Marcellin" title="Raymond Marcellin">Raymond Marcellin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Poniatowski" title="Michel Poniatowski">Michel Poniatowski</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Agriculture (France)">Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 July 1972 – 27 February 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Pierre Messmer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Cointat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Cointat (page does not exist)">Michel Cointat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Cointat" class="extiw" title="fr:Michel Cointat">fr</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Raymond Marcellin</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Minister for Parliamentary Relations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 January 1971 – 5 July 1972</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Jacques Chaban-Delmas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Frey" title="Roger Frey">Roger Frey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boulin" title="Robert Boulin">Robert Boulin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_General_Council_of_Corr%C3%A8ze" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the General Council of Corrèze">President of the General Council of Corrèze</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 March 1970 – 25 March 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89lie_Rouby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Élie Rouby (page does not exist)">Élie Rouby</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Rouby" class="extiw" title="fr:Élie Rouby">fr</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Debat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Debat (page does not exist)">Georges Debat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Debat" class="extiw" title="fr:Georges Debat">fr</a>]</span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Additional positions</th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Offices_and_distinctions">§ Offices and distinctions</a></span>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jacques René Chirac</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1932-11-29</span>)</span>29 November 1932<br />Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 September 2019<span style="display:none">(2019-09-26)</span> (aged 86)<br />Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">Montparnasse Cemetery</a>, Paris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">PCF</a> (before 1962) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">UNR</a> (1962–1968) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">UDR</a> (1968–1976) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a> (1976–2002) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a> (2002–2007) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Chodron_de_Courcel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernadette Chodron de Courcel">Bernadette Chodron de Courcel</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="16 March 1956">1956</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chirac" title="Claude Chirac">Claude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anh_Dao_Traxel" title="Anh Dao Traxel">Anh Dao Traxel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">ENA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Chirac_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacques Chirac's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jacques_Chirac_Signature.svg/99px-Jacques_Chirac_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jacques_Chirac_Signature.svg/148px-Jacques_Chirac_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jacques_Chirac_Signature.svg/198px-Jacques_Chirac_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="462" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">French Fourth Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1954–1957</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">Second lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jacques René Chirac</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Longman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɪəˈr/: 'er' in 'spheroidal'">ɪəˈr</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/60\/En-us-Jacques_Chirac_from_France_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg\/En-us-Jacques_Chirac_from_France_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Jacques Chirac from France pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/En-us-Jacques_Chirac_from_France_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg/En-us-Jacques_Chirac_from_France_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Jacques_Chirac_from_France_pronunciation_(Voice_of_America).ogg" title="File:En-us-Jacques Chirac from France pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Longman_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒak<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁəne<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃiʁak]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b8\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Fabricio_Cardenas_%28Culex%29-Jacques_Chirac.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Fabricio_Cardenas_%28Culex%29-Jacques_Chirac.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Fabricio Cardenas (Culex)-Jacques Chirac.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Fabricio_Cardenas_%28Culex%29-Jacques_Chirac.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Fabricio_Cardenas_%28Culex%29-Jacques_Chirac.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Fabricio_Cardenas_(Culex)-Jacques_Chirac.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Fabricio Cardenas (Culex)-Jacques Chirac.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 29 November 1932 – 26 September 2019) was a French politician who served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1995 to 2007. He was previously <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a> from 1974 to 1976 and 1986 to 1988, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Paris" title="Mayor of Paris">Mayor of Paris</a> from 1977 to 1995. </p><p>After attending the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">École nationale d'administration</a></span></span>, Chirac began his career as a high-level <a href="/wiki/Civil_servant_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant (France)">civil servant</a>, entering politics shortly thereafter. Chirac occupied various senior positions, including <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Agriculture (France)">minister of agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">minister of the interior</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981</a> and <a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">1988</a>, he unsuccessfully ran for president as the standard-bearer for the conservative <a href="/wiki/Gaullist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist">Gaullist</a> party <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> (RPR). Chirac's internal policies initially included lower tax rates, the removal of <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a>, strong punishment for crime and terrorism, and business <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After pursuing these policies in his second term as prime minister, Chirac changed his views. He argued for different <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">economic policies</a> and was elected president in <a href="/wiki/1995_French_presidential_election" title="1995 French presidential election">1995</a>, with 52.6% of the vote in the second round, beating Socialist <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a>, after campaigning on a platform of healing the "social rift" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fracture sociale</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bonjour_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonjour-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chirac's economic policies, based on <a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">dirigisme</a>, allowing for state-directed investment, stood in opposition to the <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> policies of the United Kingdom under the ministries of <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Premiership of Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_John_Major" title="Premiership of John Major">John Major</a>, which Chirac described as "Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Ultraliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraliberal">ultraliberalism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Chirac was known for his stand against the American-led <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>, his recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">collaborationist French government</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">role in deporting Jews</a>, and his reduction of the presidential term from seven years to five through a <a href="/wiki/2000_French_constitutional_referendum" title="2000 French constitutional referendum">referendum in 2000</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002 presidential election</a>, he won 82.2% of the vote in the second round against the far-right candidate, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a>, and was the last president to be re-elected until <a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022</a>. In 2011, the Paris court declared Chirac guilty of diverting public funds and abusing public confidence, giving him a two-year <a href="/wiki/Suspended_prison_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspended prison sentence">suspended prison sentence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_background">Family background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jacques René Chirac was born on 29 November 1932 in the <a href="/wiki/5th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="5th arrondissement of Paris">5th arrondissement of Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of Abel François Marie Chirac (1898–1968), a successful executive for an aircraft company,<sup id="cite_ref-Bonjour_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonjour-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Marie-Louise Valette (1902–1973), a housewife. His grandparents were all teachers<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sainte-F%C3%A9r%C3%A9ole" title="Sainte-Féréole">Sainte-Féréole</a></span></span> in <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze" title="Corrèze">Corrèze</a></span></span>. His great-grandparents on both sides were <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> in the rural south-western region of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Corrèze</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Chirac, his name "originates from the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">langue d'oc</a></i></span>, that of the troubadours, therefore that of poetry".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chirac was an only child (his elder sister, Jacqueline, died in infancy nearly ten years before his birth).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was educated in Paris at the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cours_Hattemer" title="Cours Hattemer">Cours Hattemer</a></span></span>, a private school.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then attended the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Carnot" title="Lycée Carnot">Lycée Carnot</a></span></span> and the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand" title="Lycée Louis-le-Grand">Lycée Louis-le-Grand</a></span></span>. After his <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">baccalauréat</a></i></span>, behind his father's back he went off to serve for three months as a sailor on a coal-transport.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chirac played <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> for <a href="/wiki/CA_Brive" title="CA Brive">Brive</a>'s youth team, and also played at university level. He played <a href="/wiki/Number_8_(rugby_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Number 8 (rugby union)">no. 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Row_(rugby_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Row (rugby union)">second row</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Famous_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Famous-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age 18, his ambition was to become a ship's captain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_early_career">Education and early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education and early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At age 16, Chirac wanted to learn <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and found a <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White Russian</a> Sanskrit teacher in Paris who ended up teaching him Russian; by age 17 Chirac was almost fluent in Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, Chirac started to pursue a civil service career in the 1950s. During this period, he joined the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a>, sold copies of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i></span>, and took part in meetings of a communist cell.<sup id="cite_ref-d_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, he signed the Soviet-inspired <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Appeal" title="Stockholm Appeal">Stockholm Appeal</a> for the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> – which led him to be questioned when he applied for his first visa to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-l'Humanité1995_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l'Humanité1995-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1953, after graduating from the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a></span></span>, he attended a non-credit course at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s summer school, before entering the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">École nationale d'administration</a></span></span>, which trains France's top civil servants, in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, Chirac worked at <a href="/wiki/Anheuser-Busch" title="Anheuser-Busch">Anheuser-Busch</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chirac trained as a reserve military officer in <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">armoured cavalry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saumur" title="Saumur">Saumur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then volunteered to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>, using personal connections to be sent despite the reservations of his superiors. His superiors did not want to make him an officer because they suspected he had communist leanings.<sup id="cite_ref-g_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, he became an auditor in the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Audit (France)">Court of Auditors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jacques_Chirac" title="Special:EditPage/Jacques Chirac">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Bulldozer":_1962–1971"><span id="The_.22Bulldozer.22:_1962.E2.80.931971"></span>The "Bulldozer": 1962–1971</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The "Bulldozer": 1962–1971"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1962, Chirac was appointed head of the personal staff of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a>. This appointment launched Chirac's political career. Pompidou considered Chirac his <a href="/wiki/Mentorship" title="Mentorship">protégé</a>, and referred to him as "my bulldozer" for his skill at getting things done. The nickname <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Bulldozer</i></span> caught on in French political circles, where it also referred to his abrasive manner. As late as the 1988 <a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">presidential election</a>, Chirac maintained this reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Pompidou's suggestion, Chirac ran as a <a href="/wiki/Gaullist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist">Gaullist</a> for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">National Assembly</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected deputy for his home <a href="/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze" title="Corrèze">Corrèze</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">département</i></span>, a stronghold of the left. This surprising victory in the context of a Gaullist ebb permitted him to enter the government as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Social_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Social Affairs (France)">Minister of Social Affairs</a>. Although Chirac was well-situated in de Gaulle's entourage, being related by marriage to the general's sole companion at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_18_June" title="Appeal of 18 June">Appeal of 18 June</a> 1940, he was more of a "Pompidolian" than a "Gaullist". When student and worker unrest rocked France in <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">May 1968</a>, Chirac played a central role in negotiating a truce.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, as state secretary of economy (1968–1971), he worked closely with <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a>, who headed the ministry of economy and finance.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet_minister:_1971–1974"><span id="Cabinet_minister:_1971.E2.80.931974"></span>Cabinet minister: 1971–1974</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cabinet minister: 1971–1974"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After some months in the ministry for Relations with Parliament, Chirac's first high-level post came in 1972 when he became <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Agriculture (France)">Minister of Agriculture</a> and Rural Development under Pompidou, who had been elected president in 1969, after de Gaulle retired. Chirac quickly earned a reputation as a champion of French farmers' interests, and first attracted international attention when he assailed U.S., <a href="/wiki/West_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West German">West German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> agricultural policies which conflicted with French interests. </p><p>On 27 February 1974, after the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Marcellin" title="Raymond Marcellin">Raymond Marcellin</a>, Chirac was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 March 1974, he cancelled the <a href="/wiki/SAFARI" title="SAFARI">SAFARI</a> project due to privacy concerns after its existence was revealed by <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From March 1974, he was entrusted by President Pompidou with preparations for the presidential election then scheduled for 1976. These elections were moved forward because of Pompidou's sudden death on 2 April 1974. </p><p>Chirac vainly attempted to rally Gaullists behind Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Pierre Messmer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Jacques Chaban-Delmas</a> announced his candidacy in spite of the disapproval of the "Pompidolians". Chirac and others published the <i>call of the 43</i> in favour of Giscard d'Estaing, the leader of the non-Gaullist part of the parliamentary majority. Giscard d'Estaing was elected as Pompidou's successor after France's most competitive election campaign in years. In return, the new president chose Chirac to lead the cabinet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_Minister_of_Giscard:_1974–1976"><span id="Prime_Minister_of_Giscard:_1974.E2.80.931976"></span>Prime Minister of Giscard: 1974–1976</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prime Minister of Giscard: 1974–1976"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1975_Ceausescu_J._Chirac_Neptun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1975_Ceausescu_J._Chirac_Neptun.jpg/220px-1975_Ceausescu_J._Chirac_Neptun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1975_Ceausescu_J._Chirac_Neptun.jpg/330px-1975_Ceausescu_J._Chirac_Neptun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1975_Ceausescu_J._Chirac_Neptun.jpg/440px-1975_Ceausescu_J._Chirac_Neptun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Chirac with Romanian president <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> during a visit to <a href="/wiki/Neptun,_Romania" title="Neptun, Romania">Neptun</a>, 1975</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> became president, he nominated Chirac as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">prime minister</a> on 27 May 1974, to reconcile the "Giscardian" and "non-Giscardian" factions of the parliamentary majority. At the age of 41, Chirac stood out as the very model of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">jeunes loups</i></span> ('young wolves') of French politics, but he was faced with the hostility of the "Barons of Gaullism" who considered him a traitor for his role during the previous presidential campaign. In December 1974, he took the lead of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">Union of Democrats for the Republic</a> (UDR) against the will of its more senior personalities. </p><p>As prime minister, Chirac quickly set about persuading the Gaullists that, despite the social reforms proposed by President Giscard, the basic tenets of Gaullism, such as national and European independence, would be retained. Chirac was advised by Pierre Juillet and <a href="/wiki/Marie-France_Garaud" title="Marie-France Garaud">Marie-France Garaud</a>, two former advisers of Pompidou. These two organised the campaign against Chaban-Delmas in 1974. They advocated a clash with Giscard d'Estaing because they thought his policy bewildered the conservative electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-palier1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palier1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citing Giscard's unwillingness to give him authority, Chirac resigned as prime minister in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proceeded to build up his political base among France's several conservative parties, with a goal of reconstituting the Gaullist UDR into a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gaullist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gaullist">Neo-Gaullist</a> group, the Rally for the Republic (RPR). Chirac's first tenure as prime minister was also an arguably progressive one, with improvements in both the minimum wage and the social welfare system carried out during the course of his premiership.<sup id="cite_ref-palier1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palier1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor_of_Paris:_1977–1995"><span id="Mayor_of_Paris:_1977.E2.80.931995"></span>Mayor of Paris: 1977–1995</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mayor of Paris: 1977–1995"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his departure from the cabinet, Chirac wanted to gain the leadership of the political right, to gain the French presidency in the future. The RPR was conceived as an electoral machine against President Giscard d'Estaing. Paradoxically, Chirac benefited from Giscard's decision to create the office of <a href="/wiki/Mayor_(France)" title="Mayor (France)">mayor</a> in Paris, which had been in abeyance since the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Commune</a>, because the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> (1871–1940) feared that having municipal control of the capital would give the mayor too much power. In 1977, Chirac stood as a candidate against <a href="/wiki/Michel_d%27Ornano" title="Michel d'Ornano">Michel d'Ornano</a>, a close friend of the president, and won. As mayor of Paris, Chirac's political influence grew. He held this post until 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chirac supporters point out that, as mayor, he provided programmes to help the elderly, people with disabilities, and single mothers, and introduced the street-cleaning <a href="/wiki/Motocrotte" title="Motocrotte">Motocrotte</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while providing incentives for businesses to stay in Paris. His opponents contend that he installed "<a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelist</a>" policies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governmental_opposition">Governmental opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Governmental opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struggle_for_the_right-wing_leadership:_1976–1986"><span id="Struggle_for_the_right-wing_leadership:_1976.E2.80.931986"></span>Struggle for the right-wing leadership: 1976–1986</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Struggle for the right-wing leadership: 1976–1986"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EEG-top_in_Den_Haag_vergadering_ministers_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken_vergadering,_Bestanddeelnr_933-6981_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/EEG-top_in_Den_Haag_vergadering_ministers_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken_vergadering%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-6981_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-EEG-top_in_Den_Haag_vergadering_ministers_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken_vergadering%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-6981_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/EEG-top_in_Den_Haag_vergadering_ministers_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken_vergadering%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-6981_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-EEG-top_in_Den_Haag_vergadering_ministers_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken_vergadering%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-6981_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/EEG-top_in_Den_Haag_vergadering_ministers_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken_vergadering%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-6981_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-EEG-top_in_Den_Haag_vergadering_ministers_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken_vergadering%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-6981_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3103" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Jacques Chirac with president <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> (1986).</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1978, Chirac attacked Giscard's <a href="/wiki/Pro-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-European">pro-European</a> policy and made a nationalist turn with the December 1978 <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Cochin" title="Call of Cochin">Call of Cochin</a>, initiated by his counsellors <a href="/wiki/Marie-France_Garaud" title="Marie-France Garaud">Marie-France Garaud</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Juillet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Juillet (page does not exist)">Pierre Juillet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Juillet" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Juillet">fr</a>]</span>, which had first been called by Pompidou. Hospitalised in <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_Cochin" title="Hôpital Cochin">Hôpital Cochin</a></span></span> after a car crash, he declared that "as always about the drooping of France, the pro-foreign party acts with its peaceable and reassuring voice". He appointed <a href="/wiki/Yvan_Blot" title="Yvan Blot">Yvan Blot</a>, an intellectual who would later join the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">National Front</a>, as director of his campaigns for the <a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1979 European Parliament election in France">1979 European election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Slama_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slama-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the poor results of the election, Chirac broke with Garaud and Juillet. Vexed Marie-France Garaud stated: "We thought Chirac was made of the same marble of which statues are carved in, we perceive he's of the same <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a> <a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">bidets</a> are made of."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His rivalry with Giscard d'Estaing intensified. </p><p>Chirac made his first run for president against Giscard d'Estaing in the <a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981 election</a>, thus splitting the centre-right vote.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was eliminated in the first round with 18% of the vote. He reluctantly supported Giscard in the second round. He refused to give instructions to the RPR voters but said that he supported the incumbent president "in a private capacity", which was interpreted as almost <i>de facto</i> support of the <a href="/wiki/French_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a>'s (PS) candidate, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>, who was elected by a broad majority.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giscard has always blamed Chirac for his defeat. He was told by Mitterrand, before his death, that the latter had dined with Chirac before the election. Chirac told the Socialist candidate that he wanted to "get rid of Giscard". In his memoirs, Giscard wrote that between the two rounds, he phoned the RPR headquarters. He passed himself off, as a right-wing voter, by changing his voice. The RPR employee advised him "certainly do not vote Giscard!" After 1981, the relationship between the two men became tense, with Giscard, even though he had been in the same government coalition as Chirac, criticising Chirac's actions openly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the May 1981 presidential election, the right also lost the subsequent <a href="/wiki/1981_French_legislative_election" title="1981 French legislative election">legislative election</a> that year. However, as Giscard had been knocked out, Chirac appeared as the principal leader of the right-wing opposition. Due to his attacks against the economic policy of the Socialist government, he gradually aligned himself with prevailing <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economically liberal</a> opinion, even though it did not correspond with Gaullist doctrine. While the far-right National Front grew, taking advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> electoral system which had been introduced for the <a href="/wiki/1986_French_legislative_election" title="1986 French legislative election">1986 legislative elections</a>, he signed an electoral pact with the Giscardian (and more or less Christian Democratic) party <a href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">Union for French Democracy</a> (UDF).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_Minister_of_Mitterrand:_1986–1988"><span id="Prime_Minister_of_Mitterrand:_1986.E2.80.931988"></span>Prime Minister of Mitterrand: 1986–1988</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prime Minister of Mitterrand: 1986–1988"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan,_President_Jacques_Chirac,_Nancy_Reagan_and_Bernadette_Chirac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/President_Ronald_Reagan%2C_President_Jacques_Chirac%2C_Nancy_Reagan_and_Bernadette_Chirac.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan%2C_President_Jacques_Chirac%2C_Nancy_Reagan_and_Bernadette_Chirac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/President_Ronald_Reagan%2C_President_Jacques_Chirac%2C_Nancy_Reagan_and_Bernadette_Chirac.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan%2C_President_Jacques_Chirac%2C_Nancy_Reagan_and_Bernadette_Chirac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/President_Ronald_Reagan%2C_President_Jacques_Chirac%2C_Nancy_Reagan_and_Bernadette_Chirac.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan%2C_President_Jacques_Chirac%2C_Nancy_Reagan_and_Bernadette_Chirac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, Jacques Chirac, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Chirac" title="Bernadette Chirac">Bernadette Chirac</a>, (<a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, 31 Mars 1987).</figcaption></figure> <p>When the RPR/UDF right-wing coalition won a slight majority in the National Assembly in the <a href="/wiki/1986_French_legislative_election" title="1986 French legislative election">1986 election</a>, Mitterrand (PS) appointed Chirac prime minister (though many in Mitterrand's inner circle lobbied him to choose <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Jacques Chaban-Delmas</a> instead). This unprecedented power-sharing arrangement, known as <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitation</a>, gave Chirac the lead in domestic affairs. However, it is generally conceded that Mitterrand used the areas granted to the President of the Republic, or "reserved domains" of the Presidency, Defence and Foreign Affairs, to belittle his prime minister.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chirac's cabinet <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">sold many public companies</a>, renewing the <a href="/wiki/Liberalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalisation">liberalisation</a> initiated under <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a>'s Socialist government of 1984–1986, and abolished the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_tax_on_wealth" title="Solidarity tax on wealth">solidarity tax on wealth</a> (ISF), a symbolic tax on those with high value assets introduced by Mitterrand's government. Elsewhere, the plan for university reform (plan <a href="/wiki/Alain_Devaquet" title="Alain Devaquet">Devaquet</a>) caused a crisis in 1986 when a student called <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Malik_Oussekine" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Malik Oussekine">Malik Oussekine</a> was killed by the police, leading to massive demonstrations and the proposal's withdrawal. It has been said during other student crises that this event strongly affected Jacques Chirac, who was afterwards careful about possible <a href="/wiki/Police_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Police violence">police violence</a> during such demonstrations (e.g., maybe explaining part of the decision to "promulgate without applying" the <a href="/wiki/First_Employment_Contract" title="First Employment Contract">First Employment Contract</a> (CPE) after <a href="/wiki/2006_labor_protests_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 labor protests in France">large student demonstrations</a> against it).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visite_de_Jacques_Chirac_au_stand_des_Ecrivains_paysans_au_Parc_Expositions_de_Paris_(Salon_de_l%27Agriculture)_(1980s).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Visite_de_Jacques_Chirac_au_stand_des_Ecrivains_paysans_au_Parc_Expositions_de_Paris_%28Salon_de_l%27Agriculture%29_%281980s%29.jpg/220px-Visite_de_Jacques_Chirac_au_stand_des_Ecrivains_paysans_au_Parc_Expositions_de_Paris_%28Salon_de_l%27Agriculture%29_%281980s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Visite_de_Jacques_Chirac_au_stand_des_Ecrivains_paysans_au_Parc_Expositions_de_Paris_%28Salon_de_l%27Agriculture%29_%281980s%29.jpg/330px-Visite_de_Jacques_Chirac_au_stand_des_Ecrivains_paysans_au_Parc_Expositions_de_Paris_%28Salon_de_l%27Agriculture%29_%281980s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Visite_de_Jacques_Chirac_au_stand_des_Ecrivains_paysans_au_Parc_Expositions_de_Paris_%28Salon_de_l%27Agriculture%29_%281980s%29.jpg/440px-Visite_de_Jacques_Chirac_au_stand_des_Ecrivains_paysans_au_Parc_Expositions_de_Paris_%28Salon_de_l%27Agriculture%29_%281980s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>Chirac (centre) during his second term as prime minister</figcaption></figure> <p>One of his first acts concerning foreign policy was to call back <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Foccart" title="Jacques Foccart">Jacques Foccart</a> (1913–1997), who had been de Gaulle's and his successors' leading counsellor for African matters, called by journalist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smith_(journalist)" title="Stephen Smith (journalist)">Stephen Smith</a> the "father of all "networks" on the continent, at the time [in 1986] aged 72."<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foccart, who had also co-founded the Gaullist <a href="/wiki/Service_d%27Action_Civique" title="Service d'Action Civique">SAC</a> militia (dissolved by Mitterrand in 1982 after the <a href="/wiki/Service_d%27Action_Civique#The_1982_Auriol_massacre_and_the_dissolving_of_the_SAC" title="Service d'Action Civique">Auriol massacre</a>) along with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pasqua" title="Charles Pasqua">Charles Pasqua</a>, and who was a key component of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</a></i></span> system, was again called to the <a href="/wiki/Elys%C3%A9e_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Elysée Palace">Elysée Palace</a> when Chirac won the 1995 presidential election. Furthermore, confronted by <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonialism">anti-colonialist movements</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, Prime Minister Chirac ordered a military intervention against the <a href="/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a_cave_hostage_taking" title="Ouvéa cave hostage taking">separatists in the Ouvéa cave</a>, leading to the deaths of 19 militants. He allegedly refused any alliance with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a>'s <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Front_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Front National">Front National</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossing_the_desert:_1988–1995"><span id="Crossing_the_desert:_1988.E2.80.931995"></span>Crossing the desert: 1988–1995</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Crossing the desert: 1988–1995"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chirac ran against Mitterrand for a second time in the <a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">1988 election</a>. He obtained 20 per cent of the vote in the first round, but lost the second with only 46 per cent. He resigned from the cabinet and the right lost the <a href="/wiki/1988_French_legislative_election" title="1988 French legislative election">next legislative election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the first time, his leadership over the RPR was challenged. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pasqua" title="Charles Pasqua">Charles Pasqua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_S%C3%A9guin" title="Philippe Séguin">Philippe Séguin</a> criticised his abandonment of Gaullist doctrines. On the right, a new generation of politicians, the "renovation men", accused Chirac and Giscard of being responsible for the electoral defeats. In 1992, convinced a candidate could not become president whilst advocating anti-European policies, he called for a "yes" vote in the referendum on the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>, against the opinion of Pasqua, Séguin and a majority of the RPR voters, who chose to vote "no".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While he still was mayor of Paris (since 1977),<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chirac went to <a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Côte d'Ivoire</i></span><span style="padding-left:0.15em;">)</span> where he supported <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny" title="Félix Houphouët-Boigny">President Houphouët-Boigny</a> (1960–1993), although the latter was being called a "thief" by the local population. Chirac then declared that <a href="/wiki/Multiparty_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiparty democracy">multipartism</a> was a "kind of luxury".<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the right won the <a href="/wiki/1993_French_legislative_election" title="1993 French legislative election">1993 legislative election</a>. Chirac announced that he did not want to come back as prime minister as his previous term had ended with his unsuccessful run for the presidency against Mitterrand who was still president at this point. </p><p>Chirac instead suggested the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Balladur" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Balladur">Edouard Balladur</a>, who had promised that he would not run for the presidency against Chirac in 1995. However, benefiting from positive polls, Balladur decided to be a presidential candidate, with the support of a majority of right-wing politicians. Balladur broke from Chirac along with a number of friends and allies, including Charles Pasqua, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>, etc., who supported his candidacy. A small group of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fidels</i></span> would remain with Chirac, including <a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Debr%C3%A9" title="Jean-Louis Debré">Jean-Louis Debré</a>. When Nicolas Sarkozy became president in 2007, Juppé was one of the few <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chiraquiens</i></span> to serve in François Fillon's government.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1995–2007)"><span id="Presidency_.281995.E2.80.932007.29"></span>Presidency (1995–2007)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Presidency (1995–2007)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term:_1995–2002"><span id="First_term:_1995.E2.80.932002"></span>First term: 1995–2002</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First term: 1995–2002"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jacques_Chirac" title="Special:EditPage/Jacques Chirac">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jacques+Chirac%22">"Jacques Chirac"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jacques+Chirac%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jacques+Chirac%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jacques+Chirac%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jacques+Chirac%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jacques+Chirac%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Juppé_ministry"><span id="Jupp.C3.A9_ministry"></span>Juppé ministry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Juppé ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clintonchirac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Clintonchirac.jpg/220px-Clintonchirac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Clintonchirac.jpg/330px-Clintonchirac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Clintonchirac.jpg/440px-Clintonchirac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Chirac with US president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a>, 1999</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/1995_French_presidential_election" title="1995 French presidential election">1995 presidential campaign</a>, Chirac criticised the "sole thought" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">pensée unique</a></i></span><span style="padding-left:0.15em;">)</span> of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> represented by his challenger on the right and promised to reduce the "social fracture", placing himself more to the centre and thus forcing Balladur to <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">radicalise</a> himself. Ultimately, he obtained more votes than Balladur in the first round (20.8 per cent), and then defeated the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> in the second round (52.6 per cent). </p><p>Chirac was elected on a platform of tax cuts and job programmes, but his policies did little to ease the labour strikes during his first months in office. On the domestic front, neo-liberal economic austerity measures introduced by Chirac and his conservative prime minister <a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a>, including budgetary cutbacks, proved highly unpopular. At about the same time, it became apparent that Juppé and others had obtained preferential conditions for public housing, as well as other perks. At the year's end Chirac faced <a href="/wiki/1995_strikes_in_France" title="1995 strikes in France">major workers' strikes</a> which turned, in November–December 1995, into a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a>, one of the largest since May 1968. The demonstrations were largely pitted against Juppé's plan for pension reform, and ultimately led to his dismissal. </p><p>Shortly after taking office, Chirac – undaunted by international protests by environmental groups – insisted upon the resumption of <a href="/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear tests at Mururoa Atoll</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> in 1995, a few months before signing the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reacting to criticism, Chirac said, "You only have to look back at 1935...There were people then who were against France arming itself, and look what happened." On 1 February 1996, Chirac announced that France had ended "once and for all" its nuclear testing and intended to accede to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. </p><p>Elected as President of the Republic, he refused to discuss the existence of French military bases in Africa, despite requests by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Armies_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Armies (France)">Ministry of Defence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French Army thus remained in Côte d'Ivoire as well as in <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a>'s Gabon. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_2_July_2001-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vladimir_Putin_2_July_2001-5.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_2_July_2001-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vladimir_Putin_2_July_2001-5.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_2_July_2001-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vladimir_Putin_2_July_2001-5.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_2_July_2001-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Chirac with Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, 2001</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chirac_and_Schroeder_on_the_Neva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chirac_and_Schroeder_on_the_Neva.jpg/220px-Chirac_and_Schroeder_on_the_Neva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chirac_and_Schroeder_on_the_Neva.jpg/330px-Chirac_and_Schroeder_on_the_Neva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chirac_and_Schroeder_on_the_Neva.jpg/440px-Chirac_and_Schroeder_on_the_Neva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Chirac with German federal chancellor <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a>, 2003</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_responsibility_for_the_roundup_of_Jews">State responsibility for the roundup of Jews</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: State responsibility for the roundup of Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 1995, the French government had maintained that the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Republic</a> had been dismantled when <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> instituted a new French State during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and that the Republic had been re-established when the war was over. It was not for France, therefore, to apologise for the roundup of Jews for deportation that happened while the Republic had not existed and was carried out by a state, <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, which it did not recognise. President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> had reiterated this position: "The Republic had nothing to do with this. I do not believe France is responsible," he said in September 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chirac was the first president of France to take responsibility for the deportation of Jews during the Vichy regime. In a speech made on 16 July 1995 at the site of the <a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv Roundup</a>, where 13,000 Jews had been held for deportation to concentration camps in July 1942, Chirac said, "France, on that day, committed the irreparable". Those responsible for the roundup were "4,500 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the authority of their leaders [who] obeyed the demands of the Nazis. ... the criminal folly of the occupiers was seconded by the French, by the French State".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Cohabitation"_with_Jospin"><span id=".22Cohabitation.22_with_Jospin"></span>"Cohabitation" with Jospin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: "Cohabitation" with Jospin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, Chirac dissolved parliament for <a href="/wiki/1997_French_legislative_election" title="1997 French legislative election">early legislative elections</a> in a gamble designed to bolster support for his conservative economic program. But instead, it created an uproar, and his power was weakened by the subsequent backlash. The Socialist Party (PS), <a href="/wiki/Plural_Left" title="Plural Left">joined by other parties on the left</a>, soundly defeated Chirac's conservative allies, forcing Chirac into a new period of <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitation</a> with Jospin as prime minister (1997–2002), which lasted five years. </p><p>Cohabitation significantly weakened the power of Chirac's presidency. The French president, by a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional convention</a>, only controls foreign and military policy— and even then, allocation of funding is under the control of Parliament and under the significant influence of the prime minister. Short of dissolving parliament and calling for new elections, the president was left with little power to influence public policy regarding crime, the economy, and public services. Chirac seized the occasion to periodically criticise Jospin's government. </p><p>His position was weakened by <a href="/wiki/Corruption_scandals_in_the_Paris_region" title="Corruption scandals in the Paris region">scandals about the financing of RPR by Paris municipality</a>. In 2001, the left, represented by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Delano%C3%AB" title="Bertrand Delanoë">Bertrand Delanoë</a> (PS), won a majority on the city council of the capital. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tiberi" title="Jean Tiberi">Jean Tiberi</a>, Chirac's successor at the Paris city hall, was forced to resign after having been put under investigations in June 1999 on charges of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Influence_peddling" title="Influence peddling">trafic d'influences</a></i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/HLM" title="HLM">HLMs</a> of Paris affairs (related to the illegal financing of the RPR). Tiberi was finally expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a>, Chirac's party, on 12 October 2000, declaring to the magazine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i></span> on 18 November 2000: "Jacques Chirac is not my friend anymore".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the publication of the Jean-Claude Méry by <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i></span> on 22 September 2000, in which Jean-Claude Méry, in charge of the RPR's financing, directly accused Chirac of organising the network, and of having been physically present on 5 October 1986, when Méry gave in cash 5 million <a href="/wiki/Franc" title="Franc">Francs</a>, which came from companies who had benefited from state deals, to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Roussin" title="Michel Roussin">Michel Roussin</a>, personal secretary (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">directeur de cabinet</i></span><span style="padding-left:0.15em;">)</span> of Chirac,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chirac refused to attend court in response to his summons by judge <a href="/wiki/Eric_Halphen" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Halphen">Eric Halphen</a>, and the highest echelons of the French justice system declared that he could not be inculpated while in office. </p><p>During his two terms, he increased the Elysee Palace's total budget by 105 per cent (to €90 million, whereas 20 years before it was the equivalent of €43.7 million). He doubled the number of presidential cars – to 61 cars and seven scooters in the Palace's garage. He hired 145 extra employees – the total number of the people he employed simultaneously was 963. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defence_policy">Defence policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Defence policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Supreme Commander of the French armed forces, he reduced the military budget, as did his predecessor. At the end of his first term it accounted for three per cent of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997 the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Clemenceau" title="French aircraft carrier Clemenceau"><i>Clemenceau</i></a> was decommissioned after 37 years of service, with her sister ship <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Foch" title="French aircraft carrier Foch"><i>Foch</i></a> decommissioned in 2000 after 37 years of service, leaving the French Navy with no aircraft carrier until 2001, when <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle"><i>Charles de Gaulle</i></a> was commissioned.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also reduced expenditure on nuclear weapons<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the French nuclear arsenal was reduced to include 350 warheads, compared to the Russian nuclear arsenal of 16,000 warheads.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He also published a plan to reduce the number of fighters the French military had by 30.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After François Mitterrand left office in 1995, Chirac began a rapprochement with NATO by joining the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Military_Committee" title="NATO Military Committee">Military Committee</a> and attempting to negotiate a return to the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Military_Command_Structure" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Military Command Structure">integrated military command</a>, which failed after the French demand for parity with the United States went unmet. The possibility of a further attempt foundered after Chirac was forced into cohabitation with a Socialist-led cabinet between 1997 and 2002, then poor Franco-American relations after the French UN veto threat over Iraq in 2003 made transatlantic negotiations impossible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Close_call">Close call</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Close call"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 25 July 2000, as Chirac and the first lady were returning from the <a href="/wiki/26th_G8_summit" title="26th G8 summit">G7 Summit</a> in Okinawa, Japan, they were placed in a dangerous situation by <a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590" title="Air France Flight 4590">Air France Flight 4590</a> after they landed at Charles de Gaulle International Airport. The first couple were in an Air France <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> taxiing toward the terminal when the jet had to stop and wait for Flight 4590 to take off.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The departing plane, an <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale-BAC_Concorde" class="mw-redirect" title="Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde">Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde</a>, ran over a strip of metal on takeoff puncturing its left fuel tank and sliced electrical wires near the left landing gear. The sequence of events ignited a large fire and caused the Concorde to veer left on its takeoff roll. As it reached takeoff speed and lifted off the ground, it came within 30 feet of hitting Chirac's 747. The photograph of Flight 4590 ablaze, the only picture taken of the Concorde on fire, was taken by passenger Toshihiko Sato on Chirac's jetliner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term:_2002–2007"><span id="Second_term:_2002.E2.80.932007"></span>Second term: 2002–2007</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Second term: 2002–2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac%27s_second_term_as_President_of_France" title="Jacques Chirac's second term as President of France">Jacques Chirac's second term as President of France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:25052006_lula_chirac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/25052006_lula_chirac.jpg/220px-25052006_lula_chirac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/25052006_lula_chirac.jpg/330px-25052006_lula_chirac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/25052006_lula_chirac.jpg/440px-25052006_lula_chirac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>Chirac greets the President of Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a>, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Marisa_Let%C3%ADcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marisa Letícia">Marisa Letícia</a> during a ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Alvorada" title="Palácio da Alvorada">Palácio da Alvorada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>At the age of 69, Chirac faced his fourth presidential campaign in 2002. He received 20% of the vote in the first ballot of the <a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">presidential elections</a> in April 2002. It had been expected that he would face incumbent prime minister <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> (PS) in the second round of elections; instead, Chirac faced far-right politician <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally (France)">National Front</a> (FN), who came in 200,000 votes ahead of Jospin. All parties other than the National Front (except for <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lutte_ouvri%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutte ouvrière">Lutte ouvrière</a></span></span>) called for opposing Le Pen, even if it meant voting for Chirac. The 14-day period between the two rounds of voting was marked by demonstrations against Le Pen and slogans such as "Vote for the crook, not for the fascist" or "Vote with a clothespin on your nose". Chirac won re-election by a landslide, with 82 per cent of the vote on the second ballot. However, Chirac became increasingly unpopular during his second term. According to a July 2005 poll,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 37 per cent judged Chirac favourably and 63 per cent unfavorably. In 2006, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> wrote that Chirac "is the most unpopular occupant of the Elysée Palace in the fifth republic's history."<sup id="cite_ref-economistneeds_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economistneeds-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_term">Early term</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Early term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the left-wing Socialist Party was in thorough disarray following Jospin's defeat, Chirac reorganised politics on the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right</a>, establishing a new party – initially called the Union of the Presidential Majority, then the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> (UMP). The RPR had broken down; a number of members had formed <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Eurosceptic</a> breakaways. While the Giscardian liberals of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">Union for French Democracy</a> (UDF) had moved to the right,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the UMP won the <a href="/wiki/2002_French_legislative_election" title="2002 French legislative election">parliamentary elections</a> that followed the presidential poll with ease. </p><p>During an official visit to <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Third Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a> on 21 July 2005, Chirac described the repression of the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy uprising">Malagasy uprising</a>, which left between 80,000 and 90,000 dead, as "unacceptable". </p><p>Despite past opposition to state intervention the Chirac government approved a €2.8 billion aid package to troubled manufacturing giant <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2004, Chirac signed a <a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">trade agreement</a> with PRC president <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> where Alstom was given €1 billion in contracts and promises of future investment in China.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assassination_attempt">Assassination attempt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Assassination attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 14 July 2002, during <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a> celebrations, Chirac survived an assassination attempt by a lone gunman with a rifle hidden in a guitar case. The would-be assassin fired a shot toward the presidential <a href="/wiki/Motorcade" title="Motorcade">motorcade</a>, before being overpowered by bystanders.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gunman, <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Brunerie" title="Maxime Brunerie">Maxime Brunerie</a>, underwent psychiatric testing; the violent far-right group with which he was associated, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_Radicale" title="Unité Radicale">Unité Radicale</a></span></span>, was thence administratively dissolved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_Day_Parade_2005-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Victory_Day_Parade_2005-26.jpg/220px-Victory_Day_Parade_2005-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Victory_Day_Parade_2005-26.jpg/330px-Victory_Day_Parade_2005-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Victory_Day_Parade_2005-26.jpg/440px-Victory_Day_Parade_2005-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Chirac with <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Junichiro Koizumi</a> and other state leaders in Moscow, 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (whom he called "a personal friend"),<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a>, Chirac emerged as a leading voice against <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> in 2003 during the organisation and deployment of American and British forces participating in a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_willing" title="Coalition of the willing">military coalition</a> to <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (politics)">forcibly remove</a> the government of <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> that resulted in the 2003–2011 <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. </p><p>Despite British and American pressure, Chirac threatened to veto, at that given point, a resolution in the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> that would authorise the use of military force to rid <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Iraq of alleged weapons of mass destruction</a>, and rallied other governments to his position. "Iraq today does not represent an immediate threat that justifies an immediate war", Chirac said on 18 March 2003. Future prime minister <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a> acquired much of his popularity for his speech against the war at the United Nations (UN).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Togo's leader <a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Gnassingbé Eyadéma</a>'s death on 5 February 2005, Chirac gave him tribute and supported his son, <a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a>, who has since succeeded his father.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 January 2006, Chirac said that France was prepared to launch a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear strike</a> against any country that sponsors a <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">terrorist attack</a> against French interests. He said his country's <a href="/wiki/Force_de_frappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Force de frappe">nuclear arsenal</a> had been reconfigured to include the ability to make a tactical strike in retaliation for terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chirac criticised the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Israeli offensive into Lebanon</a> on 14 July 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Israeli Army Radio later reported that Chirac had secretly told Israeli prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a> that France would support an Israeli invasion of Syria and the overthrow of the government of President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>, promising to veto any moves against Israel in the United Nations or <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas the disagreement on Iraq had caused a rift between Paris and Washington, recent analysis suggests that both governments worked closely together on the Syria file to end the Syrian occupation of Lebanon, and that Chirac was a driver of this diplomatic cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Kocharyan_and_Jacques_Chirac_in_Yerevan,_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Robert_Kocharyan_and_Jacques_Chirac_in_Yerevan%2C_2006.jpg/220px-Robert_Kocharyan_and_Jacques_Chirac_in_Yerevan%2C_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Robert_Kocharyan_and_Jacques_Chirac_in_Yerevan%2C_2006.jpg/330px-Robert_Kocharyan_and_Jacques_Chirac_in_Yerevan%2C_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Robert_Kocharyan_and_Jacques_Chirac_in_Yerevan%2C_2006.jpg/440px-Robert_Kocharyan_and_Jacques_Chirac_in_Yerevan%2C_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="2490" /></a><figcaption>Chirac and Armenian president <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 2006, the <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> met to discuss international energy concerns. Despite the rising awareness of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> issues, the G8 focused on "<a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a>" issues. Chirac continued<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2014)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be the voice<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Declaring him to be "the" voice is POV without a source (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> within the G8 summit meetings to support international action to curb global warming and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> concerns. Chirac warned that "humanity is dancing on a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>" and called for serious action by the world's leading industrialised nations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After Chirac's death in 2019, the street leading to the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Abu_Dhabi" title="Louvre Abu Dhabi">Louvre Abu Dhabi</a> was named Jacques Chirac Street in November 2019 in celebration of Chirac's efforts to bolster <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="France–United Arab Emirates relations">links between France and the United Arab Emirates</a> during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chirac espoused a staunchly pro-Moroccan policy, and the already established pro-Moroccan French stances vis-à-vis the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> were strengthened during his presidential tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flight_tax">Flight tax</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Flight tax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chirac requested the <i>Landau-report</i> (published in September 2004) and combined with the <i>Report of the Technical Group on Innovative Financing Mechanisms</i> formulated upon request by the Heads of State of Brazil, Chile, France and Spain (issued in December 2004), these documents present various opportunities for innovative financing mechanisms while equally stressing the advantages (stability and predictability) of tax-based models. The <a href="/wiki/UNITAID" class="mw-redirect" title="UNITAID">UNITAID</a> project was born. Today the organisation's executive board is chaired by <a href="/wiki/Marisol_Touraine" title="Marisol Touraine">Marisol Touraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005_referendum_on_TCE">2005 referendum on TCE</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 2005 referendum on TCE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2005_French_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 French European Constitution referendum">2005 French European Constitution referendum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe</a></div> <p>On 29 May 2005, a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> was held in France to decide whether the country should ratify the proposed treaty for a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">Constitution of the European Union</a> (TCE). The result was a victory for the No campaign, with 55 per cent of voters rejecting the treaty on a turnout of 69 per cent, dealing a devastating blow to Chirac and the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> (UMP) party, and to part of the centre-left which had supported the TCE. Following the referendum defeat, Chirac replaced his prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Jean-Pierre Raffarin</a> with Dominique de Villepin. In an address to the nation, Chirac declared that the new cabinet's top priority was to curb unemployment, which was consistently hovering above 10 per cent, calling for a "national mobilisation" to that effect.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005_civil_unrest_and_CPE_protests">2005 civil unrest and CPE protests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2005 civil unrest and CPE protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2005_civil_unrest_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 civil unrest in France">2005 civil unrest in France</a> and <a href="/wiki/2006_labour_protests_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 labour protests in France">2006 labour protests in France</a></div> <p>Following major <a href="/wiki/2006_labour_protests_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 labour protests in France">student protests in spring 2006</a>, which followed <a href="/wiki/2005_civil_unrest_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 civil unrest in France">civil unrest</a> in autumn 2005 after the death of two young boys in <a href="/wiki/Clichy-sous-Bois" title="Clichy-sous-Bois">Clichy-sous-Bois</a>, one of the poorest communes in Paris' suburbs, Chirac retracted the proposed <a href="/wiki/First_Employment_Contract" title="First Employment Contract">First Employment Contract</a> (CPE) by "promulgating [it] without applying it", an unheard-of – and, some claim, illegal – move intended to appease the protesters while giving the appearance of not making a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">volte-face</i></span> regarding the contract, and therefore to continue his support for his prime minister <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retirement">Retirement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early September 2005, Chirac suffered an event that his doctors described as a "vascular incident". It was officially reported as a "<a href="/wiki/Minor_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor stroke">minor stroke</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a mild stroke (also known as a <a href="/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">transient ischemic attack</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recovered and returned to his duties soon afterward. </p><p>In a pre-recorded television broadcast aired on 11 March 2007, he announced, in a widely predicted move, that he would not choose to seek a third term as president. (In 2000 the constitution had been amended to reduce the length of the presidential term to five years, so his second term was shorter than his first.)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "My whole life has been committed to serving France, and serving peace", Chirac said, adding that he would find new ways to serve France after leaving office. He did not explain the reasons for his decision.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not, during the broadcast, endorse any of the candidates running for election, but did devote several minutes of his talk to a plea against extremist politics that was considered a thinly disguised invocation to voters not to vote for <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> and a recommendation to <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> not to orient his campaign so as to include themes traditionally associated with Le Pen.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_and_death">Post-presidency and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Post-presidency and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JacquesChiracDinard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/JacquesChiracDinard.JPG/220px-JacquesChiracDinard.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/JacquesChiracDinard.JPG/330px-JacquesChiracDinard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/JacquesChiracDinard.JPG/440px-JacquesChiracDinard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1321" /></a><figcaption>Chirac in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Tropez" title="Saint-Tropez">Saint-Tropez</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after leaving office, he launched the <a href="/wiki/Fondation_Chirac" title="Fondation Chirac">Fondation Chirac</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in June 2008. Since then it has been striving for peace through five advocacy programmes: conflict prevention, access to water and sanitation, access to quality medicines and healthcare, access to land resources, and preservation of cultural diversity. It supports field projects that involve local people and provide concrete and innovative solutions. Chirac chaired the jury for the Prize for Conflict Prevention awarded every year by his foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a former president of France, he was entitled to a lifetime pension and personal security protection, and was an <i>ex officio</i> member for life of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(France)" title="Constitutional Council (France)">Constitutional Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Chirac_found_guilty_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Chirac_found_guilty-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sat for the first time on the council on 15 November 2007, six months after leaving the presidency. Immediately after Sarkozy's victory, Chirac moved into a 180-square-metre (1,900 sq ft) <a href="/wiki/Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">duplex</a> on the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quai_Voltaire" title="Quai Voltaire">Quai Voltaire</a></span></span> in Paris lent to him by the family of former Lebanese prime minister <a href="/wiki/Rafik_Hariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafik Hariri">Rafik Hariri</a>. During the Didier Schuller affair, the latter accused Hariri of having participated in illegal funding of the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a>'s political campaigns, but the judge closed the case without further investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Volume 2 of his memoirs published in June 2011, Chirac mocked his successor <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> as "irritable, rash, impetuous, disloyal, ungrateful, and un-French".<sup id="cite_ref-FE_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FE-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chirac wrote that he considered firing Sarkozy previously, and conceded responsibility in allowing <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> to advance in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A poll conducted in 2010 suggested Chirac was the most admired political figure in France, while Sarkozy was 32nd.<sup id="cite_ref-FE_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FE-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 April 2008, Chirac's office announced that he had undergone successful surgery to fit a <a href="/wiki/Pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacemaker">pacemaker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chirac suffered from frail health and memory loss in later life. In February 2014 he was admitted to hospital because of pains related to <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 December 2015, Chirac was hospitalised in Paris for undisclosed reasons, although his state of health did not "give any cause for concern", he remained for about a week in <a href="/wiki/Intensive_Care_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive Care Unit">ICU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Salat-Baroux" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Salat-Baroux">Frederic Salat-Baroux</a>, Chirac was again hospitalised in Paris with a <a href="/wiki/Lung_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung infection">lung infection</a> on 18 September 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_state_funeral">Death and state funeral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Death and state funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20191002_120336_14995_Grabst%C3%A4tte_Jacques_Chirac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/20191002_120336_14995_Grabst%C3%A4tte_Jacques_Chirac.jpg/220px-20191002_120336_14995_Grabst%C3%A4tte_Jacques_Chirac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/20191002_120336_14995_Grabst%C3%A4tte_Jacques_Chirac.jpg/330px-20191002_120336_14995_Grabst%C3%A4tte_Jacques_Chirac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/20191002_120336_14995_Grabst%C3%A4tte_Jacques_Chirac.jpg/440px-20191002_120336_14995_Grabst%C3%A4tte_Jacques_Chirac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Chirac's grave in Montparnasse Cemetery, October 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Chirac died at his home in the <a href="/wiki/6th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="6th arrondissement of Paris">6th arrondissement of Paris</a> on 26 September 2019, surrounded by his family.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Requiem_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem mass">requiem mass</a> was held at <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint-Sulpice,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris">Saint-Sulpice</a> on 30 September, celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aupetit" title="Michel Aupetit">Michel Aupetit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Paris">Archbishop of Paris</a>, and attended by representatives from about 175 countries, included 69 past and present heads of state, government and international organisations. Notable names included <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Charles Michel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saad_Hariri" title="Saad Hariri">Saad Hariri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borut_Pahor" title="Borut Pahor">Borut Pahor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salome Zourabichvili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaira_Vike-Freiberga" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaira Vike-Freiberga">Vaira Vike-Freiberga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dai_Bingguo" title="Dai Bingguo">Dai Bingguo</a> plus many ministers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The day was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_day_of_mourning" title="National day of mourning">national day of mourning</a> in France and a minute of silence was held nationwide at 15:00. Following the public ceremony, Chirac was buried at <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">Montparnasse Cemetery</a>, with only close family in attendance. Andorra announced three days of national mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lebanon declared the day of the ex-president's funeral national day of mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chirac was a major supporter of the nation's film industry.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of Jacques Chirac's long public career, he was often parodied or caricatured: Young Jacques Chirac is the basis of a young, dashing bureaucrat character in the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Asterix" title="Asterix">Asterix</a> comic strip album <i><a href="/wiki/Obelix_and_Co." title="Obelix and Co.">Obelix and Co.</a></i>, proposing methods to quell Gallic unrest to elderly, old-style Roman politicians. Chirac was also featured in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_B%C3%AAb%C3%AAte_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Bêbête Show">Le Bêbête Show</a></i></span> as an overexcited, jumpy character. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_major_fixture_of_the_Guignols">A major fixture of the Guignols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: A major fixture of the Guignols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jacques Chirac was a favourite character of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Guignols_de_l%27Info" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Guignols de l'Info">Les Guignols de l'Info</a></i></span>, a satiric latex <a href="/wiki/Puppet_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet show">puppet show</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was originally portrayed as a rather likeable, though overexcited, character; following the corruption allegations, however, he was depicted as a kind of dilettante and incompetent who pilfered public money and lied through his teeth. His character for a while developed a <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a> alter ego, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Super Menteur</i></span> ('super liar') to get him out of embarrassing situations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satirical_songs">Satirical songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Satirical songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988, the band <a href="/wiki/Parabellum_(French_band)" title="Parabellum (French band)">Parabellum</a> lambasted Chirac in their song <i>Anarchie en Chiraquie</i> ("anarchy in Chirac-land"). In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Zebda" title="Zebda">Zebda</a> criticized Chirac's declarations on the "noise and smell" of immigrant families.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of his alleged improprieties, Chirac was lambasted in a song <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Chirac en prison</i></span> ('Chirac in prison') by French punk band <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Les_Wampas" title="Les Wampas">Les Wampas</a></span></span>, with a video clip made by the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Guignols</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the band <a href="/wiki/Sinsemilia" title="Sinsemilia">Sinsemilia</a> lambasted Chirac in the song <i>Bienvenue en Chiraquie</i> ("Welcome to Chirac-land") as being the leader of a political mafia behaving outside of the laws applicable to normal citizenry. In June 2005, the band attracted media controversy when, on live television during midday news, it stopped early playing the gentle <i>Tout le bonheur du monde</i> and instead started playing <i>Bienvenue en Chiraquie</i> as a political gesture, before being cut early.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ig_Nobel">Ig Nobel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ig Nobel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was given the <a href="/wiki/Ig_Nobel_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Ig Nobel prize">Ig Nobel prize</a> for peace, for commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of Hiroshima with atomic bomb tests in the Pacific (1996). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portrayals_in_film">Portrayals in film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Portrayals in film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J._Grant_Albrecht" title="J. Grant Albrecht">J. Grant Albrecht</a> voices Chirac in the <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)">W.</a></i> Marc Rioufol plays him in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Loncraine" title="Richard Loncraine">Richard Loncraine</a>'s 2010 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Special_Relationship_(film)" title="The Special Relationship (film)">The Special Relationship</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Coq" title="Bernard Le Coq">Bernard Le Coq</a> portrays Chirac in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Dernière Campagne</i></span> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_(2011_film)" title="The Conquest (2011 film)">The Conquest</a></i> by Xavier Durringer.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Criticism_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-criticism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticism#Avoid_sections_and_articles_focusing_on_criticisms_or_controversies" title="Wikipedia:Criticism">"criticism" or "controversy" section</a> <b>may compromise the article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Article_structure" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">through discussion</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Jacques_Chirac" title="Talk:Jacques Chirac">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osirak_controversy">Osirak controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Osirak controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Vice-president_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-president of Iraq">vice-president of Iraq</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne"><i>de facto</i> dictator</a>), Chirac made an official visit to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 1975. Hussein approved a deal granting French oil companies a number of privileges plus a 23-percent share of Iraqi oil.<sup id="cite_ref-h_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of this deal, France sold Iraq the <a href="/wiki/Osirak" class="mw-redirect" title="Osirak">Osirak</a> MTR <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>, designed to test nuclear materials. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> alleged that the reactor's imminent commissioning was a threat to its security, and pre-emptively bombed the Osirak reactor on 7 June 1981, provoking considerable anger from French officials and the United Nations Security Council.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Osirak deal became a controversy again in 2002–2003, when an international <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">military coalition</a> led by the United States <a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">invaded Iraq</a> and forcibly removed Hussein's government from power. France led several other European countries in an effort to prevent the invasion. The Osirak deal was then used by parts of the American media to criticise the Chirac-led <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">opposition to starting a war in Iraq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite French involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conviction_for_corruption">Conviction for corruption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Conviction for corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chirac has been named in several cases of alleged corruption that occurred during his term as mayor, some of which have led to <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> convictions of some politicians and aides. However, a controversial judicial decision in 1999 granted Chirac immunity while he was president of France. He refused to testify on these matters, arguing that it would be incompatible with his presidential functions. Investigations concerning the running of Paris's city hall, the number of whose municipal employees increased by 25% from 1977 to 1995 (with 2,000 out of approximately 35,000 coming from the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Corrèze</span></span> region where Chirac had held his seat as deputy), as well as a lack of financial transparency (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">marchés publics</i></span><span style="padding-left:0.15em;">)</span> and the communal debt, were thwarted by the legal impossibility of questioning him as president.<sup id="cite_ref-Jean_Guarrigues_2004_pp._66_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jean_Guarrigues_2004_pp._66-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a> of the Parisian water system acquired very cheaply by the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi">Compagnie Générale des Eaux</a></span></span> and the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyonnaise_des_Eaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyonnaise des Eaux (page does not exist)">Lyonnaise des Eaux</a></span></span>, then directed by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Monod" title="Jérôme Monod">Jérôme Monod</a>, a close friend of Chirac, were also criticised. Furthermore, the satirical newspaper <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Canard_encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9" title="Le Canard enchaîné">Le Canard enchaîné</a></i></span> revealed the astronomical "food expenses" paid by the Parisian municipality (€15 million a year according to the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Canard</i></span><span style="padding-left:0.15em;">)</span>, expenses managed by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Romani" title="Roger Romani">Roger Romani</a> (who allegedly destroyed all archives of the period 1978–93 during night raids in 1999–2000). Thousands of people were invited each year to receptions in the Paris city hall, while many political, media and artistic personalities were hosted in private flats owned by the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Jean_Guarrigues_2004_pp._66_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jean_Guarrigues_2004_pp._66-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chirac's immunity from prosecution ended in May 2007, when he left office as president. In November 2007 a preliminary charge of misuse of public funds was filed against him.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chirac is said to be the first former French head of state to be formally placed under investigation for a crime.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 October 2009, a judge ordered Chirac to stand trial on <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a> charges, dating back to his time as mayor of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 March 2011, he went on trial on charges of diverting public funds, accused of giving fictional city jobs to 28 activists from his political party while serving as the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Paris" title="Mayor of Paris">mayor of Paris</a> (1977–95).<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_trial_opens_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_trial_opens-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tele_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tele-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with Chirac, nine others stood trial in two separate cases, one dealing with fictional jobs for 21 people and the other with jobs for the remaining seven.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_trial_opens_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_trial_opens-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President of <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a>, who later served as France's Minister of Foreign Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a>, was sentenced to a 14-month suspended prison sentence for the same case in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_guilty_15_December_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_guilty_15_December-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 December 2011, Chirac was found guilty and given a suspended sentence of two years.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_guilty_15_December_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_guilty_15_December-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was convicted of diverting public funds, abuse of trust and illegal conflict of interest. The suspended sentence meant he did not have to go to prison, and took into account his age, health, and status as a former head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not attend his trial, since medical doctors deemed that his neurological problems damaged his memory.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_guilty_15_December_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_guilty_15_December-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His defence team decided not to appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_guilty_15_December_111-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_guilty_15_December-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_scandals_in_the_Paris_region" title="Corruption scandals in the Paris region">Corruption scandals in the Paris region</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Clearstream_Affair">The Clearstream Affair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: The Clearstream Affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Clearstream" title="Clearstream">Clearstream</a></div> <p>During April and May 2006, Chirac's administration was beset by a crisis as his chosen prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a>, was accused of asking <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Rondot" title="Philippe Rondot">Philippe Rondot</a>, a top level French spy, for a secret investigation into Villepin's chief political rival, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>, in 2004. This matter has been called the second <a href="/wiki/Clearstream_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearstream Affair">Clearstream Affair</a>. On 10 May 2006, following a Cabinet meeting, Chirac made a rare television appearance to try to protect Villepin from the scandal and to debunk allegations that Chirac himself had set up a Japanese bank account containing 300 million francs in 1992 as Mayor of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chirac said that "The Republic is not a dictatorship of rumours, a dictatorship of calumny."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1956, Chirac married <a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Chirac" title="Bernadette Chirac">Bernadette Chodron de Courcel</a>, with whom he had two daughters: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Laurence"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Laurence</span></span> (4 March 1958 – 14 April 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chirac" title="Claude Chirac">Claude</a> (born 6 December 1962). Claude was a long-term <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> assistant and personal adviser to her father,<sup id="cite_ref-b_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Laurence, who suffered from <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a> in her youth, did not participate in her father's political activities.<sup id="cite_ref-c_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chirac was the grandfather of Martin Rey-Chirac by the relationship of Claude with French <a href="/wiki/Judoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Judoka">judoka</a> <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Rey" title="Thierry Rey">Thierry Rey</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A former Vietnamese refugee, <a href="/wiki/Anh_Dao_Traxel" title="Anh Dao Traxel">Anh Dao Traxel</a>, is a foster daughter of Jacques and Bernadette Chirac.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chirac remained married, but had many other relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chirac was a close friend of actor <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_works">Academic works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Academic works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1954, Chirac presented <i>The Development of the Port of New-Orleans</i>, a short geography/economic thesis to the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris</a></i></span> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Sciences Po</i></span>—), which he had entered three years before. The 182-page typewritten work, supervised by Professor Jean Chardonnet, is illustrated by photographs, sketches and diagrams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jacques_Chirac" title="Special:EditPage/Jacques Chirac">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>President of the French Republic: 1995–2007. Reelected in 2002.</li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(France)" title="Constitutional Council (France)">Constitutional Council of France</a>: Since 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_functions">Governmental functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Governmental functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Prime minister: 1974–76 (Resignation) / 1986–88.</li> <li>Minister of Interior: March–May 1974.</li> <li>Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development: 1972–74.</li> <li>Minister of Relation with Parliament: 1971–72.</li> <li>Secretary of State for Economy and Finance: 1968–71.</li> <li>Secretary of State for Social Affairs: 1967–68.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_mandates">Electoral mandates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Electoral mandates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Parliament">European Parliament</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: European Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Member of <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>: 1979–80 (Resignation). Elected in 1979.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Assembly_of_France">National Assembly of France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: National Assembly of France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elected in 1967, reelected in 1968, 1973, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1988, 1993: Member for <a href="/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze" title="Corrèze">Corrèze</a>: March–April 1967 (became Secretary of State in April 1967), reelected in 1968, 1973, but he remained a minister in 1976–1986 (became prime minister in 1986), 1988–95 (resigned to become President of the French Republic in 1995). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_Council">General Council</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: General Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>President of the General Council of Corrèze: 1970–1979. Reelected in 1973, 1976.</li> <li>General councillor of Corrèze: 1968–88. Reelected in 1970, 1976, 1982.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Municipal_Council">Municipal Council</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Municipal Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mayor of Paris: 1977–95 (Resignation, became President of the French Republic in 1995). Reelected in 1983, 1989.</li> <li>Councillor of Paris: 1977–1995 (Resignation). Reelected in 1983, 1989.</li> <li>Municipal councillor of <a href="/wiki/Sainte-F%C3%A9r%C3%A9ole" title="Sainte-Féréole">Sainte-Féréole</a>: 1965–77. Reelected in 1971.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_function">Political function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Political function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>President of the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a>: 1976–94 (Resignation).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ministries">Ministries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Ministries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jacques_Chirac" title="Special:EditPage/Jacques Chirac">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Chirac_ministry">First Chirac ministry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: First Chirac ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information (in French): <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Chirac_ministry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Chirac ministry (page does not exist)">First Chirac ministry</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement_Jacques_Chirac_(1)" class="extiw" title="fr:Gouvernement Jacques Chirac (1)">fr</a>]</sup></div> <p>(27 May 1974 – 25 August 1976) </p> <ul><li><b>Jacques Chirac</b> – Prime Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sauvagnargues" title="Jean Sauvagnargues">Jean Sauvagnargues</a> – Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Soufflet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Soufflet (page does not exist)">Jacques Soufflet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Soufflet" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques Soufflet">fr</a>]</span> – Minister of Defence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Poniatowski" title="Michel Poniatowski">Michel Poniatowski</a> – Minister of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Fourcade" title="Jean-Pierre Fourcade">Jean-Pierre Fourcade</a> – Minister of Economy and Finance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_d%27Ornano" title="Michel d'Ornano">Michel d'Ornano</a> – Minister of Industry, Tourism, Posts, and Telecommunications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Durafour" title="Michel Durafour">Michel Durafour</a> – Minister of Employment and Social Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lecanuet" title="Jean Lecanuet">Jean Lecanuet</a> – Minister of Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Haby" title="René Haby">René Haby</a> – Minister of National Education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a> – Minister of Health</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Bonnet" title="Christian Bonnet">Christian Bonnet</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norbert_S%C3%A9gard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norbert Ségard (page does not exist)">Norbert Ségard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_S%C3%A9gard" class="extiw" title="fr:Norbert Ségard">fr</a>]</span> – Minister of External Trade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Galley" title="Robert Galley">Robert Galley</a> – Minister of Equipment</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Ansquer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincent Ansquer (page does not exist)">Vincent Ansquer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Ansquer" class="extiw" title="fr:Vincent Ansquer">fr</a>]</span> – Minister of Trade and Craft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Abelin" title="Pierre Abelin">Pierre Abelin</a> – Minister of Cooperation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Servan-Schreiber" title="Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber">Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber</a> – Minister of Reforms</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Jarrot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Jarrot (page does not exist)">André Jarrot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jarrot" class="extiw" title="fr:André Jarrot">fr</a>]</span> – Minister of Quality of Life</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Chirac_ministry">Second Chirac ministry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Second Chirac ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information (in French): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Chirac_ministry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Chirac ministry (page does not exist)">Second Chirac ministry</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement_Jacques_Chirac_(2)" class="extiw" title="fr:Gouvernement Jacques Chirac (2)">fr</a>]</sup></div> <p>(20 March 1986 – 12 May 1988) </p> <ul><li><b>Jacques Chirac</b> – Prime Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bernard_Raimond" title="Jean-Bernard Raimond">Jean-Bernard Raimond</a> – Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li>André Giraud – Minister of Defence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pasqua" title="Charles Pasqua">Charles Pasqua</a> – Minister of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Édouard Balladur</a> – Minister of State, Minister of Economy, Finance, and Privatisation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Madelin" title="Alain Madelin">Alain Madelin</a> – Minister of Industry, Tourism, Posts, and Telecommunications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_S%C3%A9guin" title="Philippe Séguin">Philippe Séguin</a> – Minister of Employment and Social Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albin_Chalandon" title="Albin Chalandon">Albin Chalandon</a> – Minister of Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Monory" title="René Monory">René Monory</a> – Minister of National Education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_L%C3%A9otard" title="François Léotard">François Léotard</a> – Minister of Culture and Communications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guillaume" title="François Guillaume">François Guillaume</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Pons" title="Bernard Pons">Bernard Pons</a> – Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_M%C3%A9haignerie" title="Pierre Méhaignerie">Pierre Méhaignerie</a> – Minister of Housing, Equipment, Regional Planning, and Transport</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rossinot" title="André Rossinot">André Rossinot</a> – Minister for Relations with Parliament</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aurillac" title="Michel Aurillac">Michel Aurillac</a> – Minister of Cooperation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jacques_Chirac" title="Special:EditPage/Jacques Chirac">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_honours">National honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: National honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ribbon</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/40px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master (order)">Grand Master</a> & <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Grand Cross</a> of the National <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">Order</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (October 2022)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg/40px-Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg/60px-Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg/80px-Ordre_national_du_Merite_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master (order)">Grand Master</a> & <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Grand Cross</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Order of Merit (France)">National Order of Merit</a> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (October 2022)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_de_l%27Etoile_Noire_Chevalier_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ordre_de_l%27Etoile_Noire_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/40px-Ordre_de_l%27Etoile_Noire_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ordre_de_l%27Etoile_Noire_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/60px-Ordre_de_l%27Etoile_Noire_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ordre_de_l%27Etoile_Noire_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/80px-Ordre_de_l%27Etoile_Noire_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Star" title="Order of the Black Star">Order of the Black Star</a> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (October 2022)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_du_Merite_agricole_Commandeur_1999_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ordre_du_Merite_agricole_Commandeur_1999_ribbon.svg/40px-Ordre_du_Merite_agricole_Commandeur_1999_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ordre_du_Merite_agricole_Commandeur_1999_ribbon.svg/60px-Ordre_du_Merite_agricole_Commandeur_1999_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ordre_du_Merite_agricole_Commandeur_1999_ribbon.svg/80px-Ordre_du_Merite_agricole_Commandeur_1999_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Agricultural_Merit" title="Order of Agricultural Merit">Order of Agricultural Merit</a> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (October 2022)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Chevalier_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/40px-Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/60px-Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/80px-Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td>Knight of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a></span></span> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (October 2022)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_la_Valeur_Militaire_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Croix_de_la_Valeur_Militaire_ribbon.svg/40px-Croix_de_la_Valeur_Militaire_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Croix_de_la_Valeur_Militaire_ribbon.svg/60px-Croix_de_la_Valeur_Militaire_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Croix_de_la_Valeur_Militaire_ribbon.svg/80px-Croix_de_la_Valeur_Militaire_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cross_for_Military_Valour" title="Cross for Military Valour">Cross for Military Valour</a> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (October 2022)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croix_du_Combattant_(1930_France)_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Croix_du_Combattant_%281930_France%29_ribbon.svg/40px-Croix_du_Combattant_%281930_France%29_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Croix_du_Combattant_%281930_France%29_ribbon.svg/60px-Croix_du_Combattant_%281930_France%29_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Croix_du_Combattant_%281930_France%29_ribbon.svg/80px-Croix_du_Combattant_%281930_France%29_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combatant%27s_Cross" title="Combatant's Cross">Combatant's Cross</a> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (October 2022)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medaille_de_l%27Aeronautique_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Medaille_de_l%27Aeronautique_ribbon.svg/40px-Medaille_de_l%27Aeronautique_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Medaille_de_l%27Aeronautique_ribbon.svg/60px-Medaille_de_l%27Aeronautique_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Medaille_de_l%27Aeronautique_ribbon.svg/80px-Medaille_de_l%27Aeronautique_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_Medal" title="Aeronautical Medal">Aeronautical Medal</a> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (October 2022)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medaille_commemorative_des_Operations_de_securite_et_de_Maintien_de_l%27ordre_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Medaille_commemorative_des_Operations_de_securite_et_de_Maintien_de_l%27ordre_ribbon.svg/40px-Medaille_commemorative_des_Operations_de_securite_et_de_Maintien_de_l%27ordre_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Medaille_commemorative_des_Operations_de_securite_et_de_Maintien_de_l%27ordre_ribbon.svg/60px-Medaille_commemorative_des_Operations_de_securite_et_de_Maintien_de_l%27ordre_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Medaille_commemorative_des_Operations_de_securite_et_de_Maintien_de_l%27ordre_ribbon.svg/80px-Medaille_commemorative_des_Operations_de_securite_et_de_Maintien_de_l%27ordre_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_Security_and_Order_Operations_Commemorative_Medal" title="North Africa Security and Order Operations Commemorative Medal">North Africa Security and Order Operations Commemorative Medal</a> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (October 2022)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Foreign honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Jacques_Chirac_(Order_of_the_Seraphim).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jacques_Chirac_%28Order_of_the_Seraphim%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Jacques_Chirac_%28Order_of_the_Seraphim%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jacques_Chirac_%28Order_of_the_Seraphim%29.svg/255px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Jacques_Chirac_%28Order_of_the_Seraphim%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jacques_Chirac_%28Order_of_the_Seraphim%29.svg/340px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Jacques_Chirac_%28Order_of_the_Seraphim%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>Jacques Chirac <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a> of the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of the Seraphim">Order of the Seraphim</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ribbon</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Honour</th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg/40px-AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg/60px-AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg/80px-AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>Grand Star of the <a href="/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria" title="Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria">Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria</a> </td> <td>1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AZ_Heydar_Aliyev_Order_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AZ_Heydar_Aliyev_Order_ribbon.png/40px-AZ_Heydar_Aliyev_Order_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AZ_Heydar_Aliyev_Order_ribbon.png/60px-AZ_Heydar_Aliyev_Order_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/AZ_Heydar_Aliyev_Order_ribbon.png/80px-AZ_Heydar_Aliyev_Order_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></td> <td>Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev_Order" title="Heydar Aliyev Order">Heydar Aliyev Order</a> </td> <td>2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BEN_National_Order_of_Dahomey_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BEN_National_Order_of_Dahomey_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/40px-BEN_National_Order_of_Dahomey_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BEN_National_Order_of_Dahomey_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/60px-BEN_National_Order_of_Dahomey_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BEN_National_Order_of_Dahomey_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/80px-BEN_National_Order_of_Dahomey_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Benin" title="National Order of Benin">National Order of Benin</a><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/40px-BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/60px-BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/80px-BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td>Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Condor_of_the_Andes" title="Order of the Condor of the Andes">Order of the Condor of the Andes</a> </td> <td>1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/40px-BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/60px-BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/80px-BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Order of the Southern Cross</a> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (October 2022)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undressed_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Officer National Order of Québec Undressed Ribbon"><img alt="Officer National Order of Québec Undressed Ribbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undressed_Ribbon.png/40px-Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undressed_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undressed_Ribbon.png/60px-Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undressed_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undressed_Ribbon.png/80px-Officer_National_Order_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_Undressed_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>Officier of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec" title="National Order of Quebec">National Order of Quebec</a><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1_tridy_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1_tridy_BAR.svg/40px-CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1_tridy_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1_tridy_BAR.svg/60px-CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1_tridy_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1_tridy_BAR.svg/80px-CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1_tridy_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Order of the White Lion">Order of the White Lion</a> </td> <td>1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg/40px-EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg/60px-EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg/80px-EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td> <td>Member 1st Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana" title="Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana">Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/40px-FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/60px-FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/80px-FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>Grand Cross with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose_of_Finland" title="Order of the White Rose of Finland">Order of the White Rose of Finland</a><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_(civil)_1class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civil%29_1class_BAR.svg/40px-HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civil%29_1class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civil%29_1class_BAR.svg/60px-HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civil%29_1class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civil%29_1class_BAR.svg/80px-HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civil%29_1class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td>Grand Cross with Chain of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary">Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary</a> </td> <td>2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg/40px-Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg/60px-Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg/80px-Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>Knight Grand Cross with Collar <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a> </td> <td>1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISL_Icelandic_Order_of_the_Falcon_-_Grand_Knight_with_Star_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/ISL_Icelandic_Order_of_the_Falcon_-_Grand_Knight_with_Star_BAR.png/40px-ISL_Icelandic_Order_of_the_Falcon_-_Grand_Knight_with_Star_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/ISL_Icelandic_Order_of_the_Falcon_-_Grand_Knight_with_Star_BAR.png/60px-ISL_Icelandic_Order_of_the_Falcon_-_Grand_Knight_with_Star_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/ISL_Icelandic_Order_of_the_Falcon_-_Grand_Knight_with_Star_BAR.png/80px-ISL_Icelandic_Order_of_the_Falcon_-_Grand_Knight_with_Star_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></td> <td>Grand Knight's Cross with Star of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Falcon" title="Order of the Falcon">Order of the Falcon</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JOR_Al-Hussein_ibn_Ali_Order_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/JOR_Al-Hussein_ibn_Ali_Order_BAR.svg/40px-JOR_Al-Hussein_ibn_Ali_Order_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/JOR_Al-Hussein_ibn_Ali_Order_BAR.svg/60px-JOR_Al-Hussein_ibn_Ali_Order_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/JOR_Al-Hussein_ibn_Ali_Order_BAR.svg/80px-JOR_Al-Hussein_ibn_Ali_Order_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></td> <td>Grand Cordon with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Al-Hussein_bin_Ali" title="Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali">Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali</a> </td> <td>2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KUW_Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/KUW_Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_ribbon.svg/40px-KUW_Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/KUW_Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_ribbon.svg/60px-KUW_Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/KUW_Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_ribbon.svg/80px-KUW_Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></td> <td>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great" title="Order of Mubarak the Great">Order of Mubarak the Great</a><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LVA_Order_of_the_Three_Stars_-_Commander_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/LVA_Order_of_the_Three_Stars_-_Commander_BAR.png/40px-LVA_Order_of_the_Three_Stars_-_Commander_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/LVA_Order_of_the_Three_Stars_-_Commander_BAR.png/60px-LVA_Order_of_the_Three_Stars_-_Commander_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/LVA_Order_of_the_Three_Stars_-_Commander_BAR.png/80px-LVA_Order_of_the_Three_Stars_-_Commander_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td> <td>Commander Grand Cross with Chain <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Three_Stars" title="Order of the Three Stars">Order of the Three Stars</a> </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LBN_National_Order_of_the_Cedar_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/LBN_National_Order_of_the_Cedar_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.svg/40px-LBN_National_Order_of_the_Cedar_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/LBN_National_Order_of_the_Cedar_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.svg/60px-LBN_National_Order_of_the_Cedar_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/LBN_National_Order_of_the_Cedar_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.svg/80px-LBN_National_Order_of_the_Cedar_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td> <td>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Cedar" title="National Order of the Cedar">National Order of the Cedar</a> </td> <td>2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Grand_Conqueror_(Libya).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Grand_Conqueror_%28Libya%29.gif/40px-Order_of_the_Grand_Conqueror_%28Libya%29.gif" decoding="async" width="40" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Grand_Conqueror_%28Libya%29.gif/60px-Order_of_the_Grand_Conqueror_%28Libya%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Grand_Conqueror_%28Libya%29.gif/80px-Order_of_the_Grand_Conqueror_%28Libya%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a></td> <td>First Class of the Order of the Grand Conqueror<sup id="cite_ref-arabic.people.com.cn_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabic.people.com.cn-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/40px-LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/60px-LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/80px-LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great" title="Order of Vytautas the Great">Order of Vytautas the Great</a> </td> <td>1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LTU_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/LTU_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/40px-LTU_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/LTU_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/60px-LTU_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/LTU_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/80px-LTU_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas" title="Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas">Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas</a> </td> <td>2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OPMM-co.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/OPMM-co.svg/40px-OPMM-co.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/OPMM-co.svg/60px-OPMM-co.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/OPMM-co.svg/80px-OPMM-co.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></td> <td>Civilian Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_pro_Merito_Melitensi" title="Order pro Merito Melitensi">Order pro Merito Melitensi</a> </td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MCO_Order_of_Saint-Charles_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MCO_Order_of_Saint-Charles_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/40px-MCO_Order_of_Saint-Charles_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MCO_Order_of_Saint-Charles_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/60px-MCO_Order_of_Saint-Charles_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MCO_Order_of_Saint-Charles_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/80px-MCO_Order_of_Saint-Charles_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint-Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint-Charles">Order of Saint-Charles</a> </td> <td>1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MD_Orden_of_Republicl_Rib.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/MD_Orden_of_Republicl_Rib.png/40px-MD_Orden_of_Republicl_Rib.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/MD_Orden_of_Republicl_Rib.png/60px-MD_Orden_of_Republicl_Rib.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/MD_Orden_of_Republicl_Rib.png/80px-MD_Orden_of_Republicl_Rib.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="283" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> </td> <td>Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Republic_(Moldova)" title="Order of the Republic (Moldova)">Order of the Republic</a> </td> <td>1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_(Maroc).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg/40px-Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg/60px-Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg/80px-Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ouissam_Alaouite" title="Order of Ouissam Alaouite">Order of Ouissam Alaouite</a> </td> <td>1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg/40px-St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg/60px-St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg/80px-St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="27" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav" title="Order of St. Olav">Order of St. Olav</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Den_kongelige_norske_fortjenstorden_storkors_stripe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Den_kongelige_norske_fortjenstorden_storkors_stripe.svg/40px-Den_kongelige_norske_fortjenstorden_storkors_stripe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Den_kongelige_norske_fortjenstorden_storkors_stripe.svg/60px-Den_kongelige_norske_fortjenstorden_storkors_stripe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Den_kongelige_norske_fortjenstorden_storkors_stripe.svg/80px-Den_kongelige_norske_fortjenstorden_storkors_stripe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="27" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Order_of_Merit" title="Royal Norwegian Order of Merit">Royal Norwegian Order of Merit</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Collar_of_the_Order_of_the_State_of_Palestine_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grand_Collar_of_the_Order_of_the_State_of_Palestine_ribbon.svg/40px-Grand_Collar_of_the_Order_of_the_State_of_Palestine_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grand_Collar_of_the_Order_of_the_State_of_Palestine_ribbon.svg/60px-Grand_Collar_of_the_Order_of_the_State_of_Palestine_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grand_Collar_of_the_Order_of_the_State_of_Palestine_ribbon.svg/80px-Grand_Collar_of_the_Order_of_the_State_of_Palestine_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Collar_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Collar of the State of Palestine">Grand Collar of the State of Palestine</a> </td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Order_Zaslugi_PRL_kl1_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1st class"><img alt="1st class" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/POL_Order_Zaslugi_PRL_kl1_BAR.png/40px-POL_Order_Zaslugi_PRL_kl1_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/POL_Order_Zaslugi_PRL_kl1_BAR.png/60px-POL_Order_Zaslugi_PRL_kl1_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/POL_Order_Zaslugi_PRL_kl1_BAR.png/80px-POL_Order_Zaslugi_PRL_kl1_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland">Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland</a> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (October 2022)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg/40px-POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg/60px-POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg/80px-POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Order of the White Eagle</a> </td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/40px-PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/60px-PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/80px-PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Order of Christ</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg/40px-PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg/60px-PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg/80px-PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry" title="Order of Prince Henry">Order of Prince Henry</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ROU_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania_1999_GCross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ROU Order of the Star of Romania 1999 GCross BAR"><img alt="ROU Order of the Star of Romania 1999 GCross BAR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ROU_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania_1999_GCross_BAR.svg/40px-ROU_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania_1999_GCross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ROU_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania_1999_GCross_BAR.svg/60px-ROU_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania_1999_GCross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ROU_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania_1999_GCross_BAR.svg/80px-ROU_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania_1999_GCross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Order of the Star of Romania">Order of the Star of Romania</a> </td> <td>1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orden_for_Service_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Orden_for_Service_I.png/40px-Orden_for_Service_I.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Orden_for_Service_I.png/60px-Orden_for_Service_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Orden_for_Service_I.png/80px-Orden_for_Service_I.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="52" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>Member 1st Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_%22For_Merit_to_the_Fatherland%22" title="Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"">Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"</a> </td> <td>1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_Medal_300_years_Saint-Petersburg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ribbon_Medal_300_years_Saint-Petersburg.png/40px-Ribbon_Medal_300_years_Saint-Petersburg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ribbon_Medal_300_years_Saint-Petersburg.png/60px-Ribbon_Medal_300_years_Saint-Petersburg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Ribbon_Medal_300_years_Saint-Petersburg.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_300th_Anniversary_of_Saint_Petersburg%22" title="Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg"">Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg"</a> </td> <td>2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RusStatePrize.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/RusStatePrize.jpg/40px-RusStatePrize.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/RusStatePrize.jpg/60px-RusStatePrize.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/RusStatePrize.jpg/80px-RusStatePrize.jpg 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/State_Prize_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="State Prize of the Russian Federation">State Prize of the Russian Federation</a> </td> <td>1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/40px-SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/60px-SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/80px-SEN_Order_of_the_Lion_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Lion" title="National Order of the Lion">National Order of the Lion</a> </td> <td>2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ord.GoodHope-ribbon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ord.GoodHope-ribbon.gif/40px-Ord.GoodHope-ribbon.gif" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ord.GoodHope-ribbon.gif/60px-Ord.GoodHope-ribbon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ord.GoodHope-ribbon.gif/80px-Ord.GoodHope-ribbon.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Good_Hope" title="Order of Good Hope">Order of Good Hope</a> </td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_(South_Korea)_-_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg/40px-Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg/60px-Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg/80px-Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa" title="Grand Order of Mugunghwa">Grand Order of Mugunghwa</a><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/40px-Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/60px-Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/80px-Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/40px-Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/60px-Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/80px-Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/40px-Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/60px-Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/80px-Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of the Seraphim">Royal Order of the Seraphim</a> </td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Independence_Tunisia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Order_of_Independence_Tunisia.png/40px-Order_of_Independence_Tunisia.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Order_of_Independence_Tunisia.png/60px-Order_of_Independence_Tunisia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Order_of_Independence_Tunisia.png/80px-Order_of_Independence_Tunisia.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Cordon">Grand Cordon</a> of the Order of Independence </td> <td>1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Republic_(Tunisia)_-_ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Order_of_the_Republic_%28Tunisia%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/40px-Order_of_the_Republic_%28Tunisia%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Order_of_the_Republic_%28Tunisia%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/60px-Order_of_the_Republic_%28Tunisia%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Order_of_the_Republic_%28Tunisia%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/80px-Order_of_the_Republic_%28Tunisia%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Cordon">Grand Cordon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Republic_(Tunisia)" title="Order of the Republic (Tunisia)">Order of the Republic</a> of Tunisia </td> <td>2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise 1st 2nd and 3rd Class of Ukraine"><img alt="Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise 1st 2nd and 3rd Class of Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/40px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/60px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/80px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise">Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise</a> </td> <td>1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Union_Sash.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Order_of_Union_Sash.gif/40px-Order_of_Union_Sash.gif" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Order_of_Union_Sash.gif/60px-Order_of_Union_Sash.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Order_of_Union_Sash.gif/80px-Order_of_Union_Sash.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></td> <td>Collar of the Order of Etihad (Order of the Federation) </td> <td>1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/40px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/60px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/80px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (October 2022)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medal_of_the_Oriental_Republic_of_Uruguay_-_ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Medal_of_the_Oriental_Republic_of_Uruguay_-_ribbon_bar.gif/40px-Medal_of_the_Oriental_Republic_of_Uruguay_-_ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Medal_of_the_Oriental_Republic_of_Uruguay_-_ribbon_bar.gif/60px-Medal_of_the_Oriental_Republic_of_Uruguay_-_ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Medal_of_the_Oriental_Republic_of_Uruguay_-_ribbon_bar.gif/80px-Medal_of_the_Oriental_Republic_of_Uruguay_-_ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_the_Oriental_Republic_of_Uruguay" title="Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay">Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay</a><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VAT_Order_of_Pope_Pius_IX_Collar_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="VAT Order of Pope Pius IX Collar BAR"><img alt="VAT Order of Pope Pius IX Collar BAR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/VAT_Order_of_Pope_Pius_IX_Collar_BAR.svg/40px-VAT_Order_of_Pope_Pius_IX_Collar_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/VAT_Order_of_Pope_Pius_IX_Collar_BAR.svg/60px-VAT_Order_of_Pope_Pius_IX_Collar_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/VAT_Order_of_Pope_Pius_IX_Collar_BAR.svg/80px-VAT_Order_of_Pope_Pius_IX_Collar_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></td> <td>Knight with the Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Pope_Pius_IX" title="Order of Pope Pius IX">Order of Pope Pius IX</a> </td> <td>1996 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 22 July 2003, Jacques Chirac was presented with the inaugural Kuala Lumpur World Peace Award by Malaysian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a> at his office.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Discours pour la France à l'heure du choix</i></span>, Paris, ed. Stock, 1978</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Lueur de l'espérance. Réflexion du soir pour le matin</i></span>, Paris, ed. La Table ronde, 1978</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Oui à l'Europe</i></span> (With Alain Berger), Paris, ed. Albatros, 1984</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Une ambition pour la France</i></span>, Paris, ed. Albin Michel, 1988</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Une nouvelle France. Réflexions 1</i></span>, Paris, ed. NiL, 1994</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La France pour tous</i></span>, Paris, ed. NiL Éditions, 1995</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mon combat pour la France, tome I</i></span>, Paris, ed. Odile Jacob, 2006</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Développement du port de la Nouvelle-Orléans</i></span>, Paris, ed. Presses universitaires du Nouveau Monde, 2007</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mon combat pour la paix, tome II</i></span>, Paris, ed. Odile Jacob, 2007</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Demain, il sera trop tard</i></span>, Paris, ed. Desclée de Brouwer, 2008</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mémoires : Tome I, Chaque pas doit être un but</i></span>, Paris, ed. NiL, 2009</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mémoires : Tome II, Le Temps présidentiel</i></span>, Paris, ed. NiL Éditions, 2011</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_French_presidential_election" title="1995 French presidential election">1995 French presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pr%C3%A9sident_Jacques_Chirac" title="Musée du Président Jacques Chirac">Musée du Président Jacques Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly_%E2%80%93_Jacques_Chirac" title="Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac">Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417164611/https://www.lexico.com/definition/chirac,_jacques">"Chirac, Jacques"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Chirac,_Jacques">the original</a> on 17 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chirac%2C+Jacques&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FChirac%2C_Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longman-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Longman_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longman_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/jacques-chirac">"Chirac, Jacques"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Longman_Dictionary_of_Contemporary_English" title="Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English">Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822102648/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/jacques-chirac">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Longman+Dictionary+of+Contemporary+English&rft.atitle=Chirac%2C+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldoceonline.com%2Fdictionary%2Fjacques-chirac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Chirac" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Chirac">"Chirac"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Chirac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DChirac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Chirac">"Chirac"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Chirac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FChirac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He was <i>ex officio</i> <a href="/wiki/Co-Prince_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Prince of Andorra">Co-Prince of Andorra</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/1997/07/15/chirac.t.php">Privatization Is Essential, Chirac Warns Socialists: Resisting Global Currents, France Sticks to Being French</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043721/http://www.iht.com/articles/1997/07/15/chirac.t.php">Archived</a> 9 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>International Herald Tribune</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonjour-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonjour_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonjour_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040807162626/http://bonjourlafrance.net/france-history/jacques-chirac.htm">"Jacques Chirac President of France from 1995 to 2007"</a>. Bonjourlafrance.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bonjourlafrance.net/france-history/jacques-chirac.htm">the original</a> on 7 August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jacques+Chirac+President+of+France+from+1995+to+2007&rft.pub=Bonjourlafrance.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonjourlafrance.net%2Ffrance-history%2Fjacques-chirac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiavazziAlberto_Alesina2006" class="citation book cs1">Giavazzi, Francesco; Alberto Alesina (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureeuroperefo00ales/page/n135"><i>The Future of Europe: Reform Or Decline</i></a></span>. MIT Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01232-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01232-4"><bdi>978-0-262-01232-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Europe%3A+Reform+Or+Decline&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01232-4&rft.aulast=Giavazzi&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Alberto+Alesina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureeuroperefo00ales%2Fpage%2Fn135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance" class="citation web cs1">France, Connexion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.connexionfrance.com/Archive/Chirac-gets-2-year-suspended-sentence">"Chirac gets 2-year suspended sentence"</a>. <i>connexionfrance.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607144910/https://www.connexionfrance.com/Archive/Chirac-gets-2-year-suspended-sentence">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=connexionfrance.com&rft.atitle=Chirac+gets+2-year+suspended+sentence&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=Connexion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.connexionfrance.com%2FArchive%2FChirac-gets-2-year-suspended-sentence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4190491/Deces_2019.zip">"Fichier des décès – année 2019"</a> [Death file – year 2019] (in French). National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210101003654/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4190491/Deces_2019.zip">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fichier+des+d%C3%A9c%C3%A8s+%E2%80%93+ann%C3%A9e+2019&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Statistics+and+Economic+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2Ffichier%2F4190491%2FDeces_2019.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2019" class="citation news cs1">Graham, Robert (26 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/8f1ec868-7e60-11e6-bc52-0c7211ef3198">"Jacques Chirac, French president, 1932-2019"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001121712/https://www.ft.com/content/8f1ec868-7e60-11e6-bc52-0c7211ef3198/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Jacques+Chirac%2C+French+president%2C+1932-2019&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F8f1ec868-7e60-11e6-bc52-0c7211ef3198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191004032425/https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2019/10/last-true-gaullist-how-jacques-chirac-charmed-france">"The last true Gaullist: how Jacques Chirac charmed France"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2019/10/last-true-gaullist-how-jacques-chirac-charmed-france">the original</a> on 4 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+last+true+Gaullist%3A+how+Jacques+Chirac+charmed+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F2019%2F10%2Flast-true-gaullist-how-jacques-chirac-charmed-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoué-Merrac1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boué-Merrac, Pierre (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WLpYDwAAQBAJ&dq=chirac+pour+origine+la+langue+d%27oc%2C+celle+des+troubadours%2C+donc+celle+de+la+po%C3%A9sie&pg=PT33"><i>Jacques Chirac authentique : la biographie inédite du Ve Président de la Ve République</i></a> (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-402-13414-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-402-13414-9"><bdi>978-2-402-13414-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacques+Chirac+authentique+%3A+la+biographie+in%C3%A9dite+du+Ve+Pr%C3%A9sident+de+la+Ve+R%C3%A9publique&rft.pub=FeniXX+r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition+num%C3%A9rique&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=978-2-402-13414-9&rft.aulast=Bou%C3%A9-Merrac&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWLpYDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dchirac%2Bpour%2Borigine%2Bla%2Blangue%2Bd%2527oc%252C%2Bcelle%2Bdes%2Btroubadours%252C%2Bdonc%2Bcelle%2Bde%2Bla%2Bpo%25C3%25A9sie%26pg%3DPT33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/21/world/europe/jacques-chirac-fast-facts/index.html">"Jacques Chirac Fast Facts"</a>. CNN. 21 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001121716/https://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/21/world/europe/jacques-chirac-fast-facts/index.html/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jacques+Chirac+Fast+Facts&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2013%2F01%2F21%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fjacques-chirac-fast-facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillsher2011" class="citation news cs1">Willsher, Kim (15 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/15/jacques-chirac-verdict-corruption-french">"Jacques Chirac verdict welcomed by anti-corruption campaigners"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001121722/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/15/jacques-chirac-verdict-corruption-french/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jacques+Chirac+verdict+welcomed+by+anti-corruption+campaigners&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.aulast=Willsher&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fdec%2F15%2Fjacques-chirac-verdict-corruption-french&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuelques_Anciens_Celebres_–_Hattemar" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618133955/http://www.hattemer.fr/fr/l-ecole/association-des-anciens-eleves/">"Quelques Anciens Celebres"</a>. Hattemer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hattemer.fr/fr/l-ecole/association-des-anciens-eleves/#">the original</a> on 18 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quelques+Anciens+Celebres&rft.pub=Hattemer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hattemer.fr%2Ffr%2Fl-ecole%2Fassociation-des-anciens-eleves%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirac2012" class="citation book cs1">Chirac, Jacques (2012). <i>My Life in Politics</i>. St Martin's Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137088031" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137088031"><bdi>978-1137088031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+in+Politics&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1137088031&rft.aulast=Chirac&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Famous-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Famous_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wesclark.com/rrr/famous.html">Famous Ruggers by Wes Clark and others</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090819010827/http://wesclark.com/rrr/famous.html">Archived</a> 19 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 19 August 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, George (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24517586">"The Trials and Triumphs of 'Egocentric Buffalo'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>French Politics, Culture & Society</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 105–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Ffpcs.2013.310107">10.3167/fpcs.2013.310107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-6370">1537-6370</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24517586">24517586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=The+Trials+and+Triumphs+of+%27Egocentric+Buffalo%27&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-117&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1537-6370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24517586%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Ffpcs.2013.310107&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24517586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/France_3" title="France 3">France 3</a></i>, 12 November 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l'Humanité1995-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l'Humanité1995_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329031110/http://www.humanite.fr/1995-05-08_Articles_-Jacques-Chirac-sabre-au-clair">"Jacques Chirac, sabre au clair"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i> (in French). 8 May 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanite.fr/1995-05-08_Articles_-Jacques-Chirac-sabre-au-clair">the original</a> on 29 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Humanit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Jacques+Chirac%2C+sabre+au+clair&rft.date=1995-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanite.fr%2F1995-05-08_Articles_-Jacques-Chirac-sabre-au-clair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/26/europe/jacques-chirac-former-french-president-died-intl/index.html">"Jacques Chirac, former French president, is dead at 86"</a>. CNN. 26 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001121733/https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/26/europe/jacques-chirac-former-french-president-died-intl/index.html/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jacques+Chirac%2C+former+French+president%2C+is+dead+at+86&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F09%2F26%2Feurope%2Fjacques-chirac-former-french-president-died-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPéan2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Péan, Pierre (2007). <i>L'inconnu de l'Elysée</i> (in French). Paris: Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2213631493" title="Special:BookSources/978-2213631493"><bdi>978-2213631493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27inconnu+de+l%27Elys%C3%A9e&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2213631493&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9an&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emmanuel Hecht and François Vey <i>Chirac de A à Z, dictionnaire critique et impertinent</i>, A. Michel, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-226-07664-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-226-07664-6">2-226-07664-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/jacques_chirac-en-13bdfc92-f83f-4e62-aba8-2800aa9bde2f.html">"Jacques Chirac"</a>. <i>CVCE.eu</i>. 30 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001121738/https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/jacques_chirac-en-13bdfc92-f83f-4e62-aba8-2800aa9bde2f.html/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CVCE.eu&rft.atitle=Jacques+Chirac&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fen%2Fobj%2Fjacques_chirac-en-13bdfc92-f83f-4e62-aba8-2800aa9bde2f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkham1988" class="citation news cs1">Markham, James M. (28 February 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/28/magazine/au-revoir-to-ideology.html?pagewanted=all">"Au revoir to ideology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194902/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/28/magazine/au-revoir-to-ideology.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2010</span>. <q>Prime Minister Chirac, whose abrasive manner once earned him the nickname "the Bulldozer,"...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Au+revoir+to+ideology&rft.date=1988-02-28&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F02%2F28%2Fmagazine%2Fau-revoir-to-ideology.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/03/valery-giscard-destaing-obituary">"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing obituary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 3 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Val%C3%A9ry+Giscard+d%27Estaing+obituary&rft.date=2020-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fdec%2F03%2Fvalery-giscard-destaing-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1974/05/28/79332094.html?pageNumber=9">"Giscard appoints Chirac, Gaullist, France's Premier; Interior Minister, 41, Picked by President for Support During the Campaign Worked Under Giscard Largest in Assembly"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Giscard+appoints+Chirac%2C+Gaullist%2C+France%27s+Premier%3B+Interior+Minister%2C+41%2C+Picked+by+President+for+Support+During+the+Campaign+Worked+Under+Giscard+Largest+in+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1974%2F05%2F28%2F79332094.html%3FpageNumber%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManache2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manache, Jean-Marc (23 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/bugbrother/2010/12/23/safari-et-la-nouvelle-chasse-aux-francais/">"Safari et la (nouvelle) chasse aux Français"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Safari+et+la+%28nouvelle%29+chasse+aux+Fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=2010-12-23&rft.aulast=Manache&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fblog%2Fbugbrother%2F2010%2F12%2F23%2Fsafari-et-la-nouvelle-chasse-aux-francais%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palier1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palier1_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palier1_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalier" class="citation web cs1">Palier, Bruno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100703034255/http://www.ces.fas.harvard.edu/conferences/nordic/papers/France.pdf">"France more liberalised than social democratized?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Merde+most+foul&rft.date=2002-04-12&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fapr%2F12%2Fworlddispatch.jonhenley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slama-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Slama_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain-G%C3%A9rard_Slama" class="extiw" title="fr:Alain-Gérard Slama">Alain-Gérard Slama</a>, "Vous avez dit bonapartiste ?" in <i>L'Histoire</i> n°313, October 2006, pp. 60–63 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140822110854/http://archives-lepost.huffingtonpost.fr/article/2008/05/03/1188869_la-cruella-de-la-droite-revient-pour-tacler-sarkozy.html">"La "Cruella" de la droite revient... 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Rivals+in+open+warfare+after+Chirac%27s+stroke+raises+stakes+in+succession+fight+battle&rft.date=2005-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-10722229.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuhamel2001" class="citation web cs1">Duhamel, Olivier (30 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/frances-new-five-year-presidential-term/">"France's New Five-Year Presidential Term"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420143222/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/frances-new-five-year-presidential-term/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France%27s+New+Five-Year+Presidential+Term&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft.aulast=Duhamel&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Ffrances-new-five-year-presidential-term%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/12/europe/EU-POL-France-Chiracs-Future.php">France's Chirac says he will not run for re-election</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070320233225/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/12/europe/EU-POL-France-Chiracs-Future.php">Archived</a> 20 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Associated Press, 11 March 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/11/AR2007031101091.html">Chirac Leaving Stage Admired and Scorned</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107221800/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/11/AR2007031101091.html">Archived</a> 7 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by John Leicester, Associated Press, 11 March 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607120523/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jyHbiQwT8A2VnasPh30A3G8kbt3w">"Chirac launches foundation 'to awaken consciences'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Agence France-Presse. 8 June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jyHbiQwT8A2VnasPh30A3G8kbt3w">the original</a> on 7 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chirac+launches+foundation+%27to+awaken+consciences%27&rft.date=2008-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafp.google.com%2Farticle%2FALeqM5jyHbiQwT8A2VnasPh30A3G8kbt3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090624073856/http://www.fondationchirac.eu/en/the-fondation-chirac-prize-for-conflict-prevention/">"Fondation Chirac " The Fondation Chirac Prize for Conflict Prevention"</a>. 24 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fondationchirac.eu/en/the-fondation-chirac-prize-for-conflict-prevention/">the original</a> on 24 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fondation+Chirac+%22+The+Fondation+Chirac+Prize+for+Conflict+Prevention&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fondationchirac.eu%2Fen%2Fthe-fondation-chirac-prize-for-conflict-prevention%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN_Chirac_found_guilty-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_Chirac_found_guilty_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2011-12-15/world/world_europe_france-chirac_1_chirac-francois-hollande-corruption-charges?_s=PM:EUROPE">"Chirac found guilty on corruption charges"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216151758/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-12-15/world/world_europe_france-chirac_1_chirac-francois-hollande-corruption-charges?_s=PM:EUROPE">Archived</a> 16 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CNN, 15 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/politiques/250314.FR.php">Chirac trouve un point de chute à Paris chez la famille Hariri</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509090154/http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/politiques/250314.FR.php">Archived</a> 9 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a></i>, 27 April 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FE-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FE_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FE_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13710626">"France election 2012: Chirac mocks Sarkozy in memoirs"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101125627/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13710626">Archived</a> 1 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/impetuous-disloyal-and-unfrench-chirac-attempts-coup-de-grace-on-sarkozy-2294940.html">"'Impetuous, disloyal, and un-French': Chirac attempts coup de grace on Sarkozy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111124622/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/impetuous-disloyal-and-unfrench-chirac-attempts-coup-de-grace-on-sarkozy-2294940.html">Archived</a> 11 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, John Lichfield. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/8564184/Jacques-Chirac-breaks-four-year-silence-on-Nicolas-Sarkozy-to-criticise-French-president.html">"Jacques Chirac breaks four-year silence on Nicolas Sarkozy to criticise French president"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225223634/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/8564184/Jacques-Chirac-breaks-four-year-silence-on-Nicolas-Sarkozy-to-criticise-French-president.html">Archived</a> 25 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry Samuel. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7343096.stm">"France's Chirac gets pacemaker"</a>. 11 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027193221/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7343096.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Jacques+Chirac+in+hospital+with+%27acute+gout%27&rft.date=2014-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2F10645012%2FJacques-Chirac-hospitalised-with-acute-gout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Hume2015" class="citation news cs1">Tim Hume (10 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/10/europe/france-jacques-chirac-hospitalized/index.html">"Former French President Jacques Chirac Hospitalized"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151211070108/http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/10/europe/france-jacques-chirac-hospitalized/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+French+President+Jacques+Chirac+Hospitalized&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft.au=Tim+Hume&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F12%2F10%2Feurope%2Ffrance-jacques-chirac-hospitalized%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/09/18/world/former-french-president-jacques-chirac-hospitalized-lung-infection/">"Former French President Jacques Chirac is hospitalized with lung infection"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. Agence France-Presse. 18 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918120631/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/09/18/world/former-french-president-jacques-chirac-hospitalized-lung-infection/#.V97Q9IX6w9A">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Former+French+President+Jacques+Chirac+is+hospitalized+with+lung+infection&rft.date=2016-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2016%2F09%2F18%2Fworld%2Fformer-french-president-jacques-chirac-hospitalized-lung-infection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarityTagliabue2019" class="citation news cs1">Clarity, James F.; Tagliabue, John (26 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/26/obituaries/jacques-chirac-dead.html">"Jacques Chirac, French President Who Championed European Identity, Is Dead at 86"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926102008/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/26/obituaries/jacques-chirac-dead.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jacques+Chirac%2C+French+President+Who+Championed+European+Identity%2C+Is+Dead+at+86&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft.aulast=Clarity&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft.au=Tagliabue%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F09%2F26%2Fobituaries%2Fjacques-chirac-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://all-andorra.com/andorran-government-announces-three-day-national-mourning-over-jacques-chiracs-death/">"Andorran government announces three-day national mourning over Jacques Chirac's death"</a>. <i>All Andorra</i>. 27 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Andorra&rft.atitle=Andorran+government+announces+three-day+national+mourning+over+Jacques+Chirac%27s+death&rft.date=2019-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fall-andorra.com%2Fandorran-government-announces-three-day-national-mourning-over-jacques-chiracs-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalibnan.com/2019/09/28/pm-hariri-declares-day-of-mourning-for-chirac-friend-of-lebanon/">"PM Hariri declares day of mourning for Chirac 'friend of Lebanon'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Ya Libnan. 28 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PM+Hariri+declares+day+of+mourning+for+Chirac+%27friend+of+Lebanon%27&rft.pub=Ya+Libnan&rft.date=2019-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalibnan.com%2F2019%2F09%2F28%2Fpm-hariri-declares-day-of-mourning-for-chirac-friend-of-lebanon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/d/breaking-news/471840/lebanon-declares-monday-a-national-day-of-mourning/en">"Lebanon declares Monday a national day of mourning for Chirac"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebanon+declares+Monday+a+national+day+of+mourning+for+Chirac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbcgroup.tv%2Fnews%2Fd%2Fbreaking-news%2F471840%2Flebanon-declares-monday-a-national-day-of-mourning%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Baxter, "The cinema of Jacques Chirac: governing the French film industry, 1995–2007." <i>Screen</i> 56.3 (2015): 357-368 .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213144729/http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites-medias/2009-03-13/interview-chirac-juge-sympathique-sa-marionnette-des-guignols/1253/0/325573">"INTERVIEW - Chirac juge "sympathique" sa marionnette des Guignols, actualité Médias 2.0 : Le Point"</a>. 13 December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites-medias/2009-03-13/interview-chirac-juge-sympathique-sa-marionnette-des-guignols/1253/0/325573">the original</a> on 13 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INTERVIEW+-+Chirac+juge+%22sympathique%22+sa+marionnette+des+Guignols%2C+actualit%C3%A9+M%C3%A9dias+2.0+%3A+Le+Point&rft.date=2009-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lepoint.fr%2Factualites-medias%2F2009-03-13%2Finterview-chirac-juge-sympathique-sa-marionnette-des-guignols%2F1253%2F0%2F325573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FranceTVInfo, <i>Quand Jacques Chirac était la cible de chansons contestataires et drôles, en sept vidéos </i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/musique/quand-jacques-chirac-etait-la-cible-de-chansons-contestataires-et-droles-en-six-videos_3633475.html">https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/musique/quand-jacques-chirac-etait-la-cible-de-chansons-contestataires-et-droles-en-six-videos_3633475.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xa5mw1">"Chirac en prison - Vidéo Dailymotion"</a>. 13 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130175211/https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xa5mw1">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chirac+en+prison+-+Vid%C3%A9o+Dailymotion&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymotion.com%2Fvideo%2Fxa5mw1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ina.fr/ina-eclaire-actu/video/i14024217/sinsemilia-tout-le-bonheur-du-monde-et-bienvenue-en-chiraquie">Sinsemilia "Tout le bonheur du monde" et "Bienvenue en Chiraquie"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_l%27audiovisuel" title="Institut national de l'audiovisuel">Institut national de l'audiovisuel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/cinema/jacques-chirac-au-cinema-ce-sera-lui-20-05-2010-929108.php">"Jacques Chirac au cinéma, ce sera lui"</a>. <i>Le Parisien</i>. 20 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118081400/https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/cinema/jacques-chirac-au-cinema-ce-sera-lui-20-05-2010-929108.php">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Parisien&rft.atitle=Jacques+Chirac+au+cin%C3%A9ma%2C+ce+sera+lui&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leparisien.fr%2Fculture-loisirs%2Fcinema%2Fjacques-chirac-au-cinema-ce-sera-lui-20-05-2010-929108.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telerama.fr/television/bernard-le-coq-dans-la-peau-du-retraite-chirac,96109.php">"Bernard Le Coq dans la peau du retraité Chirac"</a>. <i>Télérama</i>. 16 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130212724/https://www.telerama.fr/television/bernard-le-coq-dans-la-peau-du-retraite-chirac,96109.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T%C3%A9l%C3%A9rama&rft.atitle=Bernard+Le+Coq+dans+la+peau+du+retrait%C3%A9+Chirac&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telerama.fr%2Ftelevision%2Fbernard-le-coq-dans-la-peau-du-retraite-chirac%2C96109.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.fr/story/182199/jacques-chirac-representation-cinema-arnaud-ducret-bernard-le-coq-gregori-derangere">"Jacques Chirac, cinématographique mais pas trop"</a>. <i>Slate</i> (in French). 30 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211095341/http://www.slate.fr/story/182199/jacques-chirac-representation-cinema-arnaud-ducret-bernard-le-coq-gregori-derangere">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Jacques+Chirac%2C+cin%C3%A9matographique+mais+pas+trop&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.fr%2Fstory%2F182199%2Fjacques-chirac-representation-cinema-arnaud-ducret-bernard-le-coq-gregori-derangere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taheri, Amir, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-taheri110402.asp">"The Chirac Doctrine: France's Iraq-war plan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814081424/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-taheri110402.asp">Archived</a> 14 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>National Review Online</i>, 4 November 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/7/newsid_3014000/3014623.stm">"1981: Israel bombs Baghdad nuclear reactor"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217203818/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/7/newsid_3014000/3014623.stm">Archived</a> 17 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>On this day – 7 June</i>, BBC News. Retrieved 5 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua Glenn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/packages/iraq/globe_stories/030203_chirac.htm">Rebuilding Iraq</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511060916/http://www.boston.com/news/packages/iraq/globe_stories/030203_chirac.htm">Archived</a> 11 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>, 2 March 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110428083327/http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/2007/MR629.pdf">"Out of Area or Out of Reach? European Military Support for Operations in Southwest Asia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/2007/MR629.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out+of+Area+or+Out+of+Reach%3F+European+Military+Support+for+Operations+in+Southwest+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fmonograph_reports%2F2007%2FMR629.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jean_Guarrigues_2004_pp._66-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jean_Guarrigues_2004_pp._66_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jean_Guarrigues_2004_pp._66_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Guarrigues, professor at the University of <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> (and author of <i>Les Scandales de la République. De Panama à l'Affaire Elf</i>, Robert Laffon, 2004), "La dérive des affaires" in <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Histoire" title="L'Histoire">L'Histoire</a></i> n° 313, October 2006, pp. 66–71 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichfield2007" class="citation news cs1">Lichfield, John (22 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/chirac-faces-investigation-into-misuse-of-public-cash-759026.html">"Chirac faces investigation into 'misuse of public cash'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090118161928/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/chirac-faces-investigation-into-misuse-of-public-cash-759026.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Chirac+faces+investigation+into+%27misuse+of+public+cash%27&rft.date=2007-11-22&rft.aulast=Lichfield&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fchirac-faces-investigation-into-misuse-of-public-cash-759026.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capital.fr/Actualite/Default.asp?source=RE&numero=270226&Cat=GEN">"Le dossier judiciaire de Jacques Chirac s'alourdit"</a>. <i>Capital</i> (in French). 22 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capital&rft.atitle=Le+dossier+judiciaire+de+Jacques+Chirac+s%27alourdit&rft.date=2008-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capital.fr%2FActualite%2FDefault.asp%3Fsource%3DRE%26numero%3D270226%26Cat%3DGEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Cowell2009" class="citation news cs1">Alan Cowell (30 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/31/world/europe/31chirac.html">"Frances Chirac Ordered to Face Trial"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512010120/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/31/world/europe/31chirac.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Frances+Chirac+Ordered+to+Face+Trial&rft.date=2009-10-30&rft.au=Alan+Cowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F31%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F31chirac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_trial_opens-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_trial_opens_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_trial_opens_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12661446">"France: Jacques Chirac corruption trial opens"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 7 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110308011430/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12661446">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=France%3A+Jacques+Chirac+corruption+trial+opens&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-12661446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tele-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tele_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2011" class="citation news cs1">Samuel, Henry (7 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/8366721/Jacques-Chirac-trial-faces-further-delays.html">"Jacques Chirac trial faces further delays"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110309053006/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/8366721/Jacques-Chirac-trial-faces-further-delays.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Jacques+Chirac+trial+faces+further+delays&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2F8366721%2FJacques-Chirac-trial-faces-further-delays.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_guilty_15_December-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_guilty_15_December_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_guilty_15_December_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_guilty_15_December_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_guilty_15_December_111-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16194089">"French ex-President Jacques Chirac guilty of corruption"</a>. BBC. 15 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111215120904/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16194089">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=French+ex-President+Jacques+Chirac+guilty+of+corruption&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-16194089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/15/jacques-chirac-guilty-corruption">"Jacques Chirac found guilty of corruption"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208084016/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/15/jacques-chirac-guilty-corruption">Archived</a> 8 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 15 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlanger2011" class="citation news cs1">Erlanger, Steven (15 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/world/europe/chirac-found-guilty-in-political-funding-case.html">"Chirac Found Guilty in Political Funding Case"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111215173732/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/world/europe/chirac-found-guilty-in-political-funding-case.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chirac+Found+Guilty+in+Political+Funding+Case&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.aulast=Erlanger&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F12%2F16%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fchirac-found-guilty-in-political-funding-case.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,542-2174662,00.html">French farce</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111193713/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,542-2174662,00.html">Archived</a> 11 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, 11 May 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060929232320/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2174839,00.html">Caught in deep water: Chirac swims against a tide of scandal</a>, <i>The Times</i>, 11 May 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/laurence-chirac-dead-morte-daughter-jacques-chirac-french-president-dies-a6985406.html">"The troubled daughter of a French President, hidden away for decades, has died"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906165252/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/laurence-chirac-dead-morte-daughter-jacques-chirac-french-president-dies-a6985406.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+troubled+daughter+of+a+French+President%2C+hidden+away+for+decades%2C+has+died&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Flaurence-chirac-dead-morte-daughter-jacques-chirac-french-president-dies-a6985406.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/europe/europetoday/letters/020321_jlaurenson.shtml">"BBC World Service: "Letter from Paris – John Laurenson on Claude Chirac's crucial but understated electoral role"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 21 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115122856/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/europe/europetoday/letters/020321_jlaurenson.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+World+Service%3A+%22Letter+from+Paris+%E2%80%93+John+Laurenson+on+Claude+Chirac%27s+crucial+but+understated+electoral+role%22.&rft.date=2002-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Feurope%2Feuropetoday%2Fletters%2F020321_jlaurenson.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Randall, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1478438/Chiracs-wife-tells-of-anorexic-daughters-death-wish.html">"Chirac's wife tells of anorexic daughter's death wish"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225231830/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1478438/Chiracs-wife-tells-of-anorexic-daughters-death-wish.html">Archived</a> 25 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a></i>. 12 July 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremner2005" class="citation news cs1">Bremner, Charles (21 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604013200/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article546174.ece">"Troubled Chirac's adopted daughter rides to his rescue"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Troubled+Chirac%27s+adopted+daughter+rides+to+his+rescue&rft.date=2005-07-21&rft.aulast=Bremner&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Ftroubled-chiracs-adopted-daughter-rides-to-his-rescue-q65qf6hsj3h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/9626060/French-leaders-featured-in-extramarital-affair-website-billboard-campaign.html">French leaders featured in extramarital affair website billboard campaign</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628163032/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/9626060/French-leaders-featured-in-extramarital-affair-website-billboard-campaign.html">Archived</a> 28 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 22 October 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/first-lady-tells-of-chiracs-infidelity-9146029.html">"First lady tells of Chirac's infidelity"</a>. 22 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628163033/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/first-lady-tells-of-chiracs-infidelity-9146029.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forseti+%C3%8Dslands&rft.atitle=Or%C3%B0uhafaskr%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forseti.is%2Ff%25C3%25A1lkaor%25C3%25B0an%2Forduhafaskra%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=1692423&language=en">"H.H. the Amir of Kuwait meets French President 30/11/2006"</a>. <i>www.kuna.net.kw</i>. 30 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.kuna.net.kw&rft.atitle=H.H.+the+Amir+of+Kuwait+meets+French+President+30%2F11%2F2006&rft.date=2006-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticlePrintPage.aspx%3Fid%3D1692423%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arabic.people.com.cn-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arabic.people.com.cn_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arabic.people.com.cn/31662/3012647.html">"Kadhafi awards Chirac the Grand Conqueror Medal"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526201420/http://arabic.people.com.cn/31662/3012647.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kadhafi+awards+Chirac+the+Grand+Conqueror+Medal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farabic.people.com.cn%2F31662%2F3012647.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kongehuset.no/tildelinger.html?tid=28028&sek=27995&q=chirac&type=&aarstall=">"Tildelinger av ordener og medaljer"</a>. <i>Det norske kongehus</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Det+norske+kongehus&rft.atitle=Tildelinger+av+ordener+og+medaljer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kongehuset.no%2Ftildelinger.html%3Ftid%3D28028%26sek%3D27995%26q%3Dchirac%26type%3D%26aarstall%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154&list=1">"ENTIDADES ESTRANGEIRAS AGRACIADAS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS - Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENTIDADES+ESTRANGEIRAS+AGRACIADAS+COM+ORDENS+PORTUGUESAS+-+P%C3%A1gina+Oficial+das+Ordens+Honor%C3%ADficas+Portuguesas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordens.presidencia.pt%2F%3Fidc%3D154%26list%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koreanmedals.com/grand-order-of-mugunghwa/">"Korea's Grand Order of Mugunghwa"</a>. <i>Korean Medals 한국 메달</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korean+Medals+%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD+%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%AC&rft.atitle=Korea%27s+Grand+Order+of+Mugunghwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoreanmedals.com%2Fgrand-order-of-mugunghwa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2006-5439">"Real Decreto 377/2006, de 24 de marzo, por el que se concede el Collar de la Real y Muy Distinguida Orden de Carlos III a su excelencia señor Jacques Chirac, Presidente de la República Francesa"</a>. <i>Boletín Oficial del Estado</i> (in Spanish). 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&rft.atitle=Real+Decreto+377%2F2006%2C+de+24+de+marzo%2C+por+el+que+se+concede+el+Collar+de+la+Real+y+Muy+Distinguida+Orden+de+Carlos+III+a+su+excelencia+se%C3%B1or+Jacques+Chirac%2C+Presidente+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+Francesa.&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fdiario_boe%2Ftxt.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-2006-5439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1999/10/02/pdfs/A35462-35462.pdf">"III. Otras disposiciones"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Boletín Oficial del Estado</i> (in Spanish). 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&rft.atitle=III.+Otras+disposiciones&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fboe%2Fdias%2F1999%2F10%2F02%2Fpdfs%2FA35462-35462.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/resoluciones/814-1996">"Resolución N° 814/996"</a>. <i>impo.com.uy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108022745/https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/resoluciones/814-1996">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=impo.com.uy&rft.atitle=Resoluci%C3%B3n+N%C2%B0+814%2F996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.impo.com.uy%2Fbases%2Fresoluciones%2F814-1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.klik.com.my/item/story/1409896/chirac-receives-kl-world-peace-award">"Chirac receives KL World Peace Award"</a>. <i>New Straits Times</i>. 23 July 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Chirac+receives+KL+World+Peace+Award&rft.date=2003-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.klik.com.my%2Fitem%2Fstory%2F1409896%2Fchirac-receives-kl-world-peace-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allport, Alan. <i>Jacques Chirac</i> (Infobase Publishing, 2007), short biography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AO-bjGJYi6sC&dq=+%22Jacques+Chirac%22&pg=PA5">excerpt</a></li> <li>Bell, David et al. eds. <i>Biographical Dictionary of French Political Leaders Since 1870</i> (1990) pp 82–86.</li> <li>Bell, David. <i>Presidential Power in Fifth Republic France</i> (2000) pp 211–40.</li> <li>Bell, David S., Erwin C. Hargrove, and Kevin Theakston. "Skill in context: A comparison of politicians." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> 29.3 (1999): 528–548; comparison of George Bush (US), John Major (UK), and Jacques Chirac.</li> <li>Chafer, Tony. "Chirac and '<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">la Francafrique</i></span><span style="padding-left:0.15em;">'</span>: No longer a family affair." <i>Modern & Contemporary France</i> 13.1 (2005): 7-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0963948052000341196">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204235403/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0963948052000341196">Archived</a> 4 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Drake, Helen. "Jacques chirac's balancing acts: The French right and Europe." <i>South European Society & Politics</i> 10.2 (2005): 297–313.</li> <li>Elgie, Robert. "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La cohabitation de longue durée</i></span>: studying the 1997–2002 experience." <i>Modern & Contemporary France</i> (2002) 10#3 pp 297–31, in English.</li> <li>Gaffney, John. "The Mainstream Right: Chirac and Balladur." in <i>French Presidentialism and the Election of 1995</i> (Routledge, 2018) pp. 99–115.</li> <li>Gaffney, John. "Protocol, Image, and Discourse in Political leadership Competition: the case of prime minister Lionel Jospin, 1997-2002." <i>Modern & Contemporary France</i> 10.3 (2002): 313–323.</li> <li>Gaffney, John, ed. <i>The French presidential and legislative elections of 2002</i> (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li>Knapp, Andrew. "Jacques Chirac: Surviving without Leading?." in David Bell and John Gaffney, eds. <i>The presidents of the French Fifth Republic</i> (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013). pp 159–180.</li> <li>Levy, Jonah, Alistair Cole, and Patrick Le Galès. "From Chirac to Sarkozy. A New France." <i>Developments in French politics</i> 4 (2008): 1-21.</li> <li>Maclean, Mairi. <i>Economic Management and French Business: From de Gaulle to Chirac</i> (Springer, 2002).</li> <li>Milzow, Katrin. <i>National interests and European integration: Discourse and politics of Blair, Chirac and Schroeder</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).</li> <li>Nester, William R. "President Chirac." in Nester, <i>De Gaulle's Legacy</i> (Palgrave Macmillan 2014) pp. 151–172.</li> <li>Wilsford, David, ed. <i>Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary</i> (Greenwood, 1995) pp 63–70.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chirac, Jacques. <i>My Life in Politics</i> (2012).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_French">In French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: In French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Emmanuel Hecht, Thierry Vey, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Chirac de A à Z, dictionnaire critique et impertinent</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Albin_Michel" title="Éditions Albin Michel">Éditions Albin Michel</a></span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-226-07664-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-226-07664-6">2-226-07664-6</a></li> <li>Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le pouvoir et la vie, tome 3</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Lepage" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Lepage">Frederic Lepage</a>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">À Table avec Chirac</i></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayaffre2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Damon_Mayaffre" title="Damon Mayaffre">Mayaffre, Damon</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iApoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Paroles de président. Jacques Chirac (1995-2003) et le discours présidentiel sous la Ve République</i></a> (in French). Paris: Honoré Champion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2745311344" title="Special:BookSources/2745311344"><bdi>2745311344</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/800518999">800518999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paroles+de+pr%C3%A9sident.+Jacques+Chirac+%281995-2003%29+et+le+discours+pr%C3%A9sidentiel+sous+la+Ve+R%C3%A9publique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Honor%C3%A9+Champion&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F800518999&rft.isbn=2745311344&rft.aulast=Mayaffre&rft.aufirst=Damon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiApoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacques+Chirac" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jacques Chirac, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/The_development_of_the_port_of_New-Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="The development of the port of New-Orleans">La Nouvelle-Orléans et son port en 1954</a></i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presses_Universitaires_du_Nouveau_Monde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presses Universitaires du Nouveau Monde (page does not exist)">Presses Universitaires du Nouveau Monde</a></span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931948-68-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-931948-68-2">1-931948-68-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" class="extiw" title="commons:Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jacques_Chirac" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lescitations.net/citations-jacques-chirac.html">Some of Jacques Chirac's quotations</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?8065">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Frey" title="Roger Frey">Roger Frey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Delegate Minister for Parliamentary Relations </b><br />1971–1972 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boulin" title="Robert Boulin">Robert Boulin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Cointat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Cointat (page does not exist)">Michel Cointat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Cointat" class="extiw" title="fr:Michel Cointat">fr</a>]</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(France)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (France)">Minister of Agriculture</a> </b><br />1972–1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Marcellin" title="Raymond Marcellin">Raymond Marcellin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Marcellin" title="Raymond Marcellin">Raymond Marcellin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a> </b><br />1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Poniatowski" title="Michel Poniatowski">Michel Poniatowski</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Pierre Messmer</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a> </b><br />1974–1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Raymond Barre</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Paris" title="Mayor of Paris">Mayor of Paris</a> </b><br />1977–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Tiberi" title="Jean Tiberi">Jean Tiberi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a> </b><br />1986–1988 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Michel Rocard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> </b><br />1995–2007 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Sanguinetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandre Sanguinetti (page does not exist)">Alexandre Sanguinetti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Sanguinetti" class="extiw" title="fr:Alexandre Sanguinetti">fr</a>]</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">Union of Democrats for the Republic</a> </b><br />1974–1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bord" title="André Bord">André Bord</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New political party</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> </b><br />1976–1994 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b> <a href="/wiki/Co-Prince_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Prince of Andorra">Co-Prince of Andorra</a> </b><br />1995–2007<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>With <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mart%C3%AD_i_Alanis" title="Joan Martí i Alanis">Joan Martí Alanis</a></i> (until 2003)<i>, then <a href="/wiki/Joan_Enric_Vives_i_Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Joan Enric Vives i Sicília">Joan Enric Vives Sicília</a></i><br /> (from 2003)</span> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mart%C3%AD_i_Alanis" title="Joan Martí i Alanis">Joan Martí Alanis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Enric_Vives_i_Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Joan Enric Vives i Sicília">Joan Enric Vives Sicília</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Canon">Honorary Canon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a> </b><br />1995–2007 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">Group of 7</a> </b><br />1996 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of 8">Group of 8</a> </b><br />2003 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_France" title="Template:Presidents of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_France" title="Template talk:Presidents of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_France" title="List of presidents of France">Presidents of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a> (1848–1852)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Louis-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (page does not exist)">1848–1851</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Louis-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte">fr</a>]</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> (1870–1940)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Adolphe_Thiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Adolphe Thiers (page does not exist)">1871–1873</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_d%27Adolphe_Thiers" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence d'Adolphe Thiers">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">Patrice de MacMahon</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Patrice_de_Mac_Mahon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Patrice de Mac Mahon (page does not exist)">1873–1879</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Patrice_de_Mac_Mahon" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Patrice de Mac Mahon">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Jules Grévy</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Jules Grévy (page does not exist)">1879–1887</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Jules Grévy">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadi_Carnot_(statesman)" title="Sadi Carnot (statesman)">Sadi Carnot</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Sadi_Carnot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Sadi Carnot (page does not exist)">1887–1894</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Sadi_Carnot" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Sadi Carnot">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Jean Casimir-Perier</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jean_Casimir-Perier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Jean Casimir-Perier (page does not exist)">1894–1895</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Jean_Casimir-Perier" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Jean Casimir-Perier">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Faure" title="Félix Faure">Félix Faure</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_F%C3%A9lix_Faure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Félix Faure (page does not exist)">1895–1899</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_F%C3%A9lix_Faure" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Félix Faure">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Émile Loubet</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_%C3%89mile_Loubet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Émile Loubet (page does not exist)">1899–1906</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_d%27%C3%89mile_Loubet" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence d'Émile Loubet">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Armand Fallières</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Armand_Falli%C3%A8res&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Armand Fallières (page does not exist)">1906–1913</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_d%27Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence d'Armand Fallières">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Raymond Poincaré (page does not exist)">1913–1920</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Raymond Poincaré">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deschanel" title="Paul Deschanel">Paul Deschanel</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Paul_Deschanel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Paul Deschanel (page does not exist)">1920</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Paul_Deschanel" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Paul Deschanel">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Alexandre Millerand</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Alexandre_Millerand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Alexandre Millerand (page does not exist)">1920–1924</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_d%27Alexandre_Millerand" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence d'Alexandre Millerand">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Gaston_Doumergue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Gaston Doumergue (page does not exist)">1924–1931</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Gaston_Doumergue" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Gaston Doumergue">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Paul Doumer</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Paul_Doumer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Paul Doumer (page does not exist)">1931–1932</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Paul_Doumer" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Paul Doumer">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lebrun" title="Albert Lebrun">Albert Lebrun</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Albert_Lebrun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Albert Lebrun (page does not exist)">1932–1940</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_d%27Albert_Lebrun" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence d'Albert Lebrun">fr</a>]</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> (1947–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Vincent Auriol</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Vincent_Auriol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Vincent Auriol (page does not exist)">1947–1954</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Vincent_Auriol" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Vincent Auriol">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Coty" title="René Coty">René Coty</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Ren%C3%A9_Coty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of René Coty (page does not exist)">1954–1959</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Ren%C3%A9_Coty" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de René Coty">fr</a>]</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> (1958–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Presidency of Charles de Gaulle">1959–1969</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alain_Poher" title="Alain Poher">Alain Poher</a></i> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Georges_Pompidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Georges Pompidou">1969–1974</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Georges_Pompidou" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Georges Pompidou">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alain_Poher" title="Alain Poher">Alain Poher</a></i> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (page does not exist)">1974–1981</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of François Mitterrand">1981–1995</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" class="extiw" title="fr:Présidence de François Mitterrand">fr</a>]</span>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacques Chirac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jacques_Chirac" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Jacques Chirac">1995–2007</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy">2007–2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="Presidency of François Hollande">2012–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Emmanuel_Macron" title="Presidency of Emmanuel Macron">2017–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Acting presidents are denoted by italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_government_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_government_of_France" title="Template:Heads of government of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_government_of_France" title="Template talk:Heads of government of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_government_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of government of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_government_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_France" title="List of prime ministers of France">Heads of government of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_5th_Duke_of_Richelieu" title="Armand Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, 5th Duke of Richelieu">Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Dessolles,_1st_Marquis_Dessolles" title="Jean Joseph Dessolles, 1st Marquis Dessolles">Dessolles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_5th_Duke_of_Richelieu" title="Armand Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, 5th Duke of Richelieu">Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gay,_1st_Viscount_of_Martignac" title="Jean Baptiste Gay, 1st Viscount of Martignac">Martignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Laffitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pierre_P%C3%A9rier" title="Casimir Pierre Périer">Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_G%C3%A9rard" title="Étienne Maurice Gérard">Gérard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Maret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Treviso" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Treviso">Mortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_l%27Eure" title="Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure">Dupont de l'Eure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">Arago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Eug%C3%A8ne_Cavaignac" title="Louis-Eugène Cavaignac">Cavaignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Barrot" title="Odilon Barrot">Barrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Henri_d%27Hautpoul" title="Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul">Hautpoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Faucher" title="Léon Faucher">Faucher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier" title="Émile Ollivier">Ollivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cousin-Montauban,_Comte_de_Palikao" title="Charles Cousin-Montauban, Comte de Palikao">Cousin-Montauban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of<br />National Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Jules_Trochu" title="Louis-Jules Trochu">Trochu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_de_Broglie,_4th_Duke_of_Broglie" title="Albert de Broglie, 4th Duke of Broglie">A. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Courtot_de_Cissey" title="Ernest Courtot de Cissey">Cissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Simon" title="Jules Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_de_Broglie,_4th_Duke_of_Broglie" title="Albert de Broglie, 4th Duke of Broglie">A. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABtan_de_Rochebou%C3%ABt" title="Gaëtan de Rochebouët">Rochebouët</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Waddington" title="William Waddington">Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Fallières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Brisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Floquet" title="Charles Floquet">Floquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Loubet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Casimir-Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_M%C3%A9line" title="Jules Méline">Méline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Brisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Waldeck-Rousseau" title="Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau">Waldeck-Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Combes" title="Émile Combes">Combes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Sarrien" title="Ferdinand Sarrien">Sarrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Monis" title="Ernest Monis">Monis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Painlevé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Millerand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Leygues" title="Georges Leygues">Leygues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">François-Marsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Painlevé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Steeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Sarraut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Bouisson" title="Fernand Bouisson">Bouisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Sarraut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional<br />Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gouin" title="Félix Gouin">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Ramadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marie" title="André Marie">Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Laniel" title="Joseph Laniel">Laniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Mollet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury" title="Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury">Bourgès-Maunoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gaillard" title="Félix Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pflimlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Chaban-Delmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Messmer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy" title="Pierre Mauroy">Mauroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Rocard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Cresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Bérégovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Balladur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Jospin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Raffarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Villepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">Fillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault" title="Jean-Marc Ayrault">Ayrault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Valls" title="Manuel Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve" title="Bernard Cazeneuve">Cazeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe" title="Édouard Philippe">Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Castex" title="Jean Castex">Castex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Borne" title="Élisabeth Borne">Borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Attal" title="Gabriel Attal">Attal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Barnier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_of_France" title="Chief minister of France">Chief minister of France</a> (pre-Revolution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Deputy Prime Minister of France">Deputy Prime Minister</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mayors_of_Paris" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mayors_of_Paris" title="Template:Mayors of Paris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mayors_of_Paris" title="Template talk:Mayors of Paris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors_of_Paris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors of Paris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mayors_of_Paris" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Paris">Mayors of Paris</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(1789–1794)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27Ormesson" title="Henri Lefèvre d'Ormesson">Henri Lefèvre d'Ormesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chambon" title="Nicolas Chambon">Nicolas Chambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Nicolas_Pache" title="Jean-Nicolas Pache">Jean-Nicolas Pache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Fleuriot-Lescot" title="Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot">Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Paris"><img alt="Coat of arms of Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg/60px-Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg/90px-Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg/120px-Grandes_Armes_de_Paris.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="1182" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Antoine_Garnier-Pag%C3%A8s" title="Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès">Louis Antoine Pagès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Marrast" title="Armand Marrast">Armand Marrast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(1870–1871)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Arago" title="Étienne Arago">Étienne Arago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(1977–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacques Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Tiberi" title="Jean Tiberi">Jean Tiberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Delano%C3%AB" title="Bertrand Delanoë">Bertrand Delanoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hidalgo" title="Anne Hidalgo">Anne Hidalgo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidential_candidacies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Presidential_candidacies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidential candidacies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Candidates_in_the_1981_French_presidential_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_1981_French_presidential_election" title="Template:Candidates in the 1981 French presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_1981_French_presidential_election" title="Template talk:Candidates in the 1981 French presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates_in_the_1981_French_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates in the 1981 French presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Candidates_in_the_1981_French_presidential_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981 French presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost in <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">UDF</a>; incumbent)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacques Chirac</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Marchais" title="Georges Marchais">Georges Marchais</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">PCF</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brice_Lalonde" title="Brice Lalonde">Brice Lalonde</a> <small>(<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_d%27%C3%A9cologie_politique" class="extiw" title="fr:Mouvement d'écologie politique">MEP</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlette_Laguiller" title="Arlette Laguiller">Arlette Laguiller</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">LO</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Cr%C3%A9peau" title="Michel Crépeau">Michel Crépeau</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">MRG</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Michel Debré</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_right" title="Miscellaneous right">miscellaneous right</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-France_Garaud" title="Marie-France Garaud">Marie-France Garaud</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_right" title="Miscellaneous right">miscellaneous right</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguette_Bouchardeau" title="Huguette Bouchardeau">Huguette Bouchardeau</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Unified Socialist Party (France)">PSU</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Candidates_in_the_1988_French_presidential_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_1988_French_presidential_election" title="Template:Candidates in the 1988 French presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_1988_French_presidential_election" title="Template talk:Candidates in the 1988 French presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates_in_the_1988_French_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates in the 1988 French presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Candidates_in_the_1988_French_presidential_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">1988 French presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>; incumbent)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost in <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacques Chirac</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Raymond Barre</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">UDF</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">FN</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lajoinie" title="André Lajoinie">André Lajoinie</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">PCF</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Waechter" title="Antoine Waechter">Antoine Waechter</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/The_Greens_(France)" title="The Greens (France)">LV</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Juquin" title="Pierre Juquin">Pierre Juquin</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_left" title="Miscellaneous left">miscellaneous left</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlette_Laguiller" title="Arlette Laguiller">Arlette Laguiller</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">LO</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lambert" title="Pierre Lambert">Pierre Lambert</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party (France)">MPPT</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Candidates_in_the_1995_French_presidential_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_1995_French_presidential_election" title="Template:Candidates in the 1995 French presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_1995_French_presidential_election" title="Template talk:Candidates in the 1995 French presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates_in_the_1995_French_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates in the 1995 French presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Candidates_in_the_1995_French_presidential_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1995_French_presidential_election" title="1995 French presidential election">1995 French presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacques Chirac</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost in <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Édouard Balladur</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">FN</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hue" title="Robert Hue">Robert Hue</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">PCF</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlette_Laguiller" title="Arlette Laguiller">Arlette Laguiller</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lutte_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Lutte Ouvrière">LO</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Villiers" title="Philippe de Villiers">Philippe de Villiers</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Movement_for_France" title="Movement for France">MPF</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Voynet" title="Dominique Voynet">Dominique Voynet</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/The_Greens_(France)" title="The Greens (France)">LV</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cheminade" title="Jacques Cheminade">Jacques Cheminade</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/LaRouche_movement" title="LaRouche movement">FNS</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Candidates_in_the_2002_French_presidential_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_2002_French_presidential_election" title="Template:Candidates in the 2002 French presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_2002_French_presidential_election" title="Template talk:Candidates in the 2002 French presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates_in_the_2002_French_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates in the 2002 French presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Candidates_in_the_2002_French_presidential_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002 French presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacques Chirac</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">RPR</a>; incumbent)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost in <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">FN</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">UDF</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlette_Laguiller" title="Arlette Laguiller">Arlette Laguiller</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Struggle">LO</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Chev%C3%A8nement" title="Jean-Pierre Chevènement">Jean-Pierre Chevènement</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Citizen_and_Republican_Movement" title="Citizen and Republican Movement">MDC</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Mam%C3%A8re" title="Noël Mamère">Noël Mamère</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/The_Greens_(France)" title="The Greens (France)">LV</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Besancenot" title="Olivier Besancenot">Olivier Besancenot</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_League_(France)" title="Revolutionary Communist League (France)">LCR</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Saint-Josse" title="Jean Saint-Josse">Jean Saint-Josse</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hunting,_Fishing,_Nature,_Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Traditions">CPNT</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Madelin" title="Alain Madelin">Alain Madelin</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democracy_(France)" title="Liberal Democracy (France)">DL</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hue" title="Robert Hue">Robert Hue</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">PCF</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%A9gret" title="Bruno Mégret">Bruno Mégret</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">MNR</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiane_Taubira" title="Christiane Taubira">Christiane Taubira</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">PRG</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinne_Lepage" title="Corinne Lepage">Corinne Lepage</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Cap21" title="Cap21">Cap21</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Boutin" title="Christine Boutin">Christine Boutin</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Social_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum of Social Republicans">FRS</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gluckstein" title="Daniel Gluckstein">Daniel Gluckstein</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party (France)">PT</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_European_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_European_Council" title="Template:Presidents of the European Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_European_Council" title="Template talk:Presidents of the European Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_European_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the European Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_European_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">Presidents of the</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman-in-Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman-in-Office">President-in-Office</a><br />(1975–2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Cosgrave" title="Liam Cosgrave">Cosgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Thorn" title="Gaston Thorn">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Tindemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anker_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Anker Jørgensen">Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Giscard d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lynch" title="Jack Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga" title="Francesco Cossiga">Cossiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Haughey" title="Charles Haughey">Haughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Werner" title="Pierre Werner">Werner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dries_van_Agt" title="Dries van Agt">Van Agt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anker_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Anker Jørgensen">Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Poul Schlüter">Schlüter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Papandreou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">FitzGerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Santer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Lubbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Lubbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Cavaco_Silva" title="Aníbal Cavaco Silva">Cavaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen" title="Poul Nyrup Rasmussen">Nyrup Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Dehaene" title="Jean-Luc Dehaene">Dehaene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamberto_Dini" title="Lamberto Dini">Dini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bruton" title="John Bruton">Bruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Kok" title="Wim Kok">Kok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Juncker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Klima" title="Viktor Klima">Klima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavo_Lipponen" title="Paavo Lipponen">Lipponen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">Guterres</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Persson" title="Göran Persson">Persson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">Aznar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen" title="Anders Fogh Rasmussen">Fogh Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costas_Simitis" title="Costas Simitis">Simitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertie_Ahern" title="Bertie Ahern">Ahern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Peter_Balkenende" title="Jan Peter Balkenende">Balkenende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Juncker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%BCssel" title="Wolfgang Schüssel">Schüssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matti_Vanhanen" title="Matti Vanhanen">Vanhanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%B3crates" title="José Sócrates">Sócrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Sarkozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirek_Topol%C3%A1nek" title="Mirek Topolánek">Topolánek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Fischer_(politician)" title="Jan Fischer (politician)">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Reinfeldt" title="Fredrik Reinfeldt">Reinfeldt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Permanent President<br />(since 2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Van Rompuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Tusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Michel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secretaries-general_of_the_Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UDRLeaders" title="Template:UDRLeaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UDRLeaders" title="Template talk:UDRLeaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UDRLeaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UDRLeaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secretaries-general_of_the_Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Secretaries-general of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">Union of Democrats for the Republic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Tomasini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Tomasini (page does not exist)">René Tomasini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Peyrefitte" title="Alain Peyrefitte">Alain Peyrefitte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Sanguinetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandre Sanguinetti (page does not exist)">Alexandre Sanguinetti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacques Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bord" title="André Bord">André Bord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Gu%C3%A9na" title="Yves Guéna">Yves Guéna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Template:Union for a Popular Movement"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Template talk:Union for a Popular Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Union for a Popular Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement"><span style="color:white;">Union for a Popular Movement</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic#Leadership" title="Rally for the Republic"><span style="color:white;">Predecessors</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a> (1947–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Social_Republicans" title="National Centre of Social Republicans">National Centre of Social Republicans</a> (1954–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">Union for the New Republic</a> (1958–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">Union of Democrats for the Republic</a> (1967–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> (1976–2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%"><span style="color:white;">Presidents</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a> (2002–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (2004–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cop%C3%A9" title="Jean-François Copé">Jean-François Copé</a> (2012–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (2014–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%"><span style="color:white;">Vice Presidents</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Gaudin" title="Jean-Claude Gaudin">Jean-Claude Gaudin</a> (2002–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Chatel" title="Luc Chatel">Luc Chatel</a> (2012–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Kosciusko-Morizet" title="Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet">Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet</a> (2014–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%"><span style="color:white;">Secretaries-General</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Douste-Blazy" title="Philippe Douste-Blazy">Philippe Douste-Blazy</a> (2002–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_M%C3%A9haignerie" title="Pierre Méhaignerie">Pierre Méhaignerie</a> (2004–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Devedjian" title="Patrick Devedjian">Patrick Devedjian</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Bertrand" title="Xavier Bertrand">Xavier Bertrand</a> (2008–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cop%C3%A9" title="Jean-François Copé">Jean-François Copé</a> (2010–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Tabarot" title="Michèle Tabarot">Michèle Tabarot</a> (2012–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Chatel" title="Luc Chatel">Luc Chatel</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Wauquiez" title="Laurent Wauquiez">Laurent Wauquiez</a> (2014–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%">Presidential candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacques Chirac</a> (<a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> (<a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election" title="2012 French presidential election">2012</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%">Prime Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Jean-Pierre Raffarin</a> (2002–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">François Fillon</a> (2007–2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%">Congresses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Union_for_a_Popular_Movement_leadership_election" title="2002 Union for a Popular Movement leadership election">2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Union_for_a_Popular_Movement_leadership_election" title="2004 Union for a Popular Movement leadership election">2004</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Union_for_a_Popular_Movement_leadership_election" title="2012 Union for a Popular Movement leadership election">2012</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0051AE; color:white;;width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Strong_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="The Strong Right">The Strong Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Right" title="The Social Right">The Social Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_and_Humanist_France" title="Modern and Humanist France">Modern and Humanist France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism,_a_way_forward_for_France" title="Gaullism, a way forward for France">Gaullism, a way forward for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Popular_Right" title="The Popular Right">The Popular Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2105#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2105#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2105#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012126584X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/31994554">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5655157040174367040004">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/13018/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk4DFQJHBTYTkbwBgv4MP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118520466">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chirac, Jacques, 1932-2019"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50038160">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118967018">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118967018">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001271757">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chirac, Jacques <1932-2019>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V342086">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35764060">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990003840&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Francie. Prezident (1995-2007 : Chirac)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko20191051501&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5400394">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX887766">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06932137X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90981147">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000274812&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000041042&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202000341">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75knrmxr09c7j0h">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810677638705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259633205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058618238906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14176697">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09869512?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/1798">Sycomore</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/916">MEP directory</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1076643">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118520466.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118520466">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026787024">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qw727x">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&oldid=1259251421">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirac&oldid=1259251421</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jacques_Chirac" title="Category:Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1932_births" title="Category:1932 births">1932 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2019_deaths" title="Category:2019 deaths">2019 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_presidents_of_France" title="Category:20th-century presidents of France">20th-century presidents of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_princes_of_Andorra" title="Category:20th-century princes of Andorra">20th-century princes of Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_princes_of_Andorra" title="Category:21st-century princes of Andorra">21st-century princes of Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_France" title="Category:Prime ministers of France">Prime ministers of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_interior_ministers" title="Category:French interior ministers">French interior ministers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ministers_of_agriculture_of_France" title="Category:Ministers of agriculture of France">Ministers of agriculture of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration_alumni" title="Category:École nationale d'administration alumni">École nationale d'administration alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Marxists" title="Category:Former Marxists">Former 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href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Cross_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" title="Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour">Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Cross_of_the_Ordre_national_du_M%C3%A9rite" title="Category:Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite">Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chevaliers_of_the_Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Saint-Charles" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles">Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Collars_of_the_Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Category:Collars of the Order of the White Lion">Collars of the Order of the White Lion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Collars_of_the_Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Category:Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic">Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Collars_of_the_Order_of_Prince_Henry" title="Category:Grand Collars of the Order of Prince Henry">Grand Collars of the Order of Prince Henry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)">Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas">Grand Crosses of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Vytautas the Great">Grand Crosses of the Order of Vytautas the Great</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" title="Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_with_Collar_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Pope_Pius_IX" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX">Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland">Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland</a></li><li><a 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