HistoryWorld - History and Timelines

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;(function(n,t,c){function i(n){return e._h?e._h.apply(null,n):e._q.push(n)}var e={_q:[],_h:null,_v:"2.0",on:function(){i(["on",c.call(arguments)])},once:function(){i(["once",c.call(arguments)])},off:function(){i(["off",c.call(arguments)])},get:function(){if(!e._h)throw new Error("[OpenWidget] You can鈥檛 use getters before load.");return i(["get",c.call(arguments)])},call:function(){i(["call",c.call(arguments)])},init:function(){var n=t.createElement("script");n.async=!0,n.type="text/javascript",n.src="https://cdn.openwidget.com/openwidget.js",t.head.appendChild(n)}};!n.__ow.asyncInit&&e.init(),n.OpenWidget=n.OpenWidget||e}(window,document,[].slice)) </script> <noscript>You need to <a href="https://www.openwidget.com/enable-javascript" rel="noopener nofollow">enable JavaScript</a> to use the communication tool powered by <a href="https://www.openwidget.com/" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">OpenWidget</a></noscript> <div class="spinner-box"> <svg class="circular" viewBox="25 25 50 50"> <circle class="path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="2" stroke-miterlimit="10"/> </svg> </div> <div id="preloader"></div>    <header id="header" class="fixed-top absolute"> <div class="container d-flex align-items-center p-0"> <div class="mobile-title"> <a href="/" class="icon-block text-white font-weight-bold"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/favicon.svg" width="45px" height="45px" alt="Logo">istoryworld </a> </div>  <div class="mobile-title section-icons"> <a href="/histories" class="icon-block"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/histories.svg" alt="History Icon" id="histories"> </a> <a href="/timelines" class="icon-block"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/timelines.svg" alt="Timeline Icon" id="timelines"> </a> </div>  <nav class="nav-menu"> <ul> <li class=" "> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li class="drop-down histories "> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/histories.svg" alt="Histories Icon" id="histories"> <a href="/histories">Histories</a> <ul> <li><a href="/histories">List of Histories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="drop-down timelines "> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/timelines.svg" alt="Timelines Icon" id="timelines"> <a href="/timelines">Timelines</a> <ul> <li><a href="/timelines">Featured Timelines</a></li> <li><a href="/event-timelines">Search Timelines</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="drop-down about_us "> <a href="/about_us">About us</a> <ul> <li><a href="/about_us">About us</a></li> <li><a href="/attribution_copyright">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/cookie_policy">Cookies & Privacy</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav>  </div> </header>   <section id="hero" class="d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="container" data-aos="fade" data-aos-delay="100"> <div class="row justify-content-between flex-nowrap hero-section"> <div class="col-md-4 logo"> <a href="https://www.historyworld.net"><img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/HWhomelogo.png"></a> </div> <div class="col-md-8 mt-1 ads-container">   <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-118"></div> <script> ezstandalone.cmd.push(function() { ezstandalone.showAds(118); }); </script>  </div> </div> </div> </section> <main id="mainHistory">  <section id="blog" class="blog"> <div class="container"> <div class="row justify-content-center" id="mainContent">  <div class="slide-descriptions col-lg-12 "> <div class="col-lg-4"> <p >More than 1,000,000 words on world<br> history in linked narratives</p> </div> <div class="col-lg-4" id="history-search-modal"> <form action="https://www.historyworld.net/history-search" method="get" id="pc_search_terms"> <div class="sidebar p-3" data-aos="fade-up"> <div class="row p-3 align-items-center mobile-hide"> <h3 class="sidebar-title">Search</h3> </div> <div class="sidebar-item search-form mb-lg-3"> <div id="featued_view_text_search" class="form"> <input value="" type="text" name="searchTerm" id="text_history_search" class="form-control" placeholder="Search for text" inputmode="search" oninput="changeLink(this)" required minlength="2"> <button type="submit" class="textSearch"><i class="icofont-search-2"></i> </button> </div> </div> <a id="search-in-timelines" class="p-1" href="#">More results in Timelines</a> </div> </form> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/historySearchModal.js"></script> </div> <p class="col-lg-4 mobile-none">More than 10,000 events from world history to search for timelines</p> </div> <div class="col-lg-12 entries d-flex " id="history-carusel"> <div id="historyCarousel" class="carousel slide col-lg-8 pr-0" data-ride="carousel" data-interval="false">  <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item h-100 active"> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Petraxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">The caravan</h3> <p class="">This trade route brings prosperity to Petra, a natural stronghold just north of the Gulf of Aqaba on the route from the Red Sea up to the Mediterranean coast. In the heyday of the kingdom of Israel, around 1000 BC, this important site is occupied by the Edomites - bitter enemies of the Israelite kings, David and Solomon. In the 4th century BC the Edomites are displaced by an Arab tribe, the Nabataeans. They soon come into conflict with new neighbours in Mesopotamia, the Seleucid ...</p> <a href="/history/trade/273?section=To the 1st century BC&heading=The caravan" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Conwyxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Edward I and Wales</h3> <p class="">Llywelyn is forced to sign a treaty on November 9 at Conwy. It strips him of nearly all his territories, reducing the principality to the area of Snowdon. Anglesey is allowed him on lease from the king of England, but the rest of Wales is now to be administered by English agents - a role which they fulfil with such brutality that there is a widespread uprising, headed by Llywelyn, in 1282. Edward reacts as forcefully as before, with another invasion of Wales during which ...</p> <a href="/history/wales/625?section=Plantagenets&heading=Edward I and Wales" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/VictoriaWinterhalterxaca300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Victoria, Albert and the Great Exhi....</h3> <p class="">The campaigns of the Chartists and of the Anti-Corn Law League take place during the years immediately after the accession to the throne of the 18-year-old Victoria, who succeeds her uncle William IV in 1837. Her reign of sixty-four years can later be seen as one of the defining periods of British history, matched only by that of another queen - Elizabeth I.Many elements contribute to the powerful brand image known as the 'Victorian age'. Some are economic, connected with Britain's leading role as the ...</p> <a href="/history/great-britain/93?section=Victorian era 1837-1854&heading=Victoria, Albert and the Great Exhi...." id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Samarkandxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Its influence</h3> <p class="">This 10th-century Bukhara tomb holds the germ of the future. Here the dome - as in the Dome of the Rock - is the main exterior feature of the building. In subsequent centuries domes of this kind become steadily more prominent in the Muslim tradition, attracting the viewer's attention by a variety of means - by size or swelling shape, by delicate fluting or white marble or a bright skin of ceramic tiles. Notable examples in the 14th century are a Mongol tomb at Soltaniyeh ...</p> <a href="/history/architecture/154?section=Islam&heading=Its influence" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/BostonTeaParty300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">A mood of rebellion</h3> <p class="">During the years after the end of the French and Indian War there is mounting tension between Britain and her American colonies. The contentious issues are British taxes and the presence of British troops on American soil. Unrest centres particularly on the most radical of the colonial cities, Boston.In 1770 there is an incident in Boston of a kind familiar in northern Ireland two centuries later. An unruly crowd throws stones at the much resented troops. The soldiers open fire, killing five. The event becomes ...</p> <a href="/history/british-empire/473?section=Independence&heading=A mood of rebellion" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/AssyrainLionhuntxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Nineveh</h3> <p class="">After nearly two centuries of Assyrian rule from Nimrud another spectacular capital city is created by Sennacherib, in about 700 BC, at Nineveh. His grandson, Ashburbanipal, builds a palace in the new city ornamented with superb carvings in relief. He also stocks his palace with the world's first great library (see Ashurbanipal's library). But Ashurbanipal's death, in 626, is close to Assyria's end. His grandfather's city lasts less than a century. Sennacherib has ruled Mespotamia with the customary Assyrian brutality. His treatment of his neighbours ...</p> <a href="/history/assyria/656?section=&heading=Nineveh" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/WiltonDiptychxacj300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">England sophisticated</h3> <p class="">By the time of Richard II the English kingdom can hold its own in learning and the arts. The university of Oxford, which earlier in the century has produced William of Ockham (one of the last great figures of medieval scholasticism), is now buzzing with the radical notions of John Wycliffe. He dies in 1384, but his writings have a profound influence in Europe during the build-up towards the Reformation. In art and literature there is the same excellence. Richard II commissions some of the ...</p> <a href="/history/england-2nd-century-ad-to-1707/556?section=Plantagenets&heading=England sophisticated" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/EpidaurusTheatrexabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">The Greek theatre</h3> <p class="">In the first Greek theatres the stage is a full circle, in keeping with the circular dance - the choros - from which the theatrical performance has evolved. This stage is called the orchestra (orchester, a dancer), because it is the place where the chorus sing and dance. Epidaurus, built in about 340 BC, provides the best example of a classical Greek theatre. In the centre of the orchestra is the stone base on which an altar stood, reflecting the religious aspect of theatre in ...</p> <a href="/history/architecture/154?section=Greece and Rome&heading=The Greek theatre" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/AgincourtIndenture300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Armagnacs and Burgundians</h3> <p class="">In the early 15th century the political context in both England and France is radically different from the circumstances fifty years earlier at the time of the treaty of Brétigny. In England the new Lancastrian dynasty is more vigorous and belligerent than its predecessors. This is particularly the case after a young king, Henry V, inherits the throne in 1413. In France civil war breaks out in 1407 between two lines within the royal family - the Armagnacs (supporting the legitimate line of the mad ...</p> <a href="/history/hundred-years-war-1337-1453/587?section=15th century&heading=Armagnacs and Burgundians" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/ChartresFigureWestxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">The sculptures of Chartres</h3> <p class="">The earliest porch of Chartres cathedral - the triple entrance in the west façade - introduces Gothic sculpture in its most extreme form. Each of the biblical kings and queens stands on a tiny platform projecting from a tall, thin pillar. To suit their circumstance, their bodies are impossibly elongated within the tumbling pleats of their full-length robes. Yet their faces, by contrast, are realistic and benign. The result is an effect of ethereal calm, entirely in keeping with Gothic architecture. One of the Chartres ...</p> <a href="/history/sculpture/133?section=Europe&heading=The sculptures of Chartres" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/TrajansColumnxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Sculpture as a public statement</h3> <p class="">The Romans develop very skilfully this Greek theme of a narrative frieze, using it particularly - since this is a militaristic society - for the important matter of publicizing Rome's victories. The outstanding example is the continuous strip, nearly 200 metres long, which circles its way up the marble column of Trajan in Rome. Dating from AD 113, it recounts in minute and realistic detail the emperor's successful campaign in Dacia (the region of modern Romania). But the type of sculpture which the Romans make ...</p> <a href="/history/sculpture/133?section=Greece and Rome&heading=Sculpture as a public statement" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/20739300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Trial and execution of Charles I</h3> <p class="">On 2 January 1649 the House of Commons resolves that it is treason for a king to wage war against parliament. At the same time the members pass a bill setting up a High Court to judge Charles Stuart on this charge of treason. The House of Lords rejects the bill, so on January 4 the commons resolve that the House of Commons, assembled in parliament, is the supreme authority in the land and that its enactments have the force of law whether or not ...</p> <a href="/history/england-2nd-century-ad-to-1707/556?section=Civil War, Commonwealth&heading=Trial and execution of Charles I" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/CaxtonIndulgencexabp300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Pilgrims and relics</h3> <p class="">The pilgrims tramping round Europe have a good time in a good cause (as Chaucer's Canterbury Tales vividly suggests). They pray to the saints whose relics they visit, and the saints - they hope - put in a word for them above. The particular appeal of the Virgin Mary, in addition to her feminine and maternal qualities, is that she has special influence within the family circle. The indulgences available at each shrine provide an added inducement to set out on pilgrimage. Medieval christendom is ...</p> <a href="/history/christianity/521?section=11th-13th century&heading=Pilgrims and relics" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Iconostasis2xabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Byzantine icons</h3> <p class="">From843 icons recover their special position in Greek Orthodox Christianity, never again to lose it. The screen between the nave and the altar sanctuary in an Orthodox church is dedicated to the display of holy images - as its name iconostasis specifically states. As other regions are converted to the Greek religion, in the Balkans and in Russia, the veneration of images spreads. Indeed to many people nowadays, after a millennium of the rich tradition of Russian Orthodox Christianity, the word 'icon' suggests first and ...</p> <a href="/history/painting/130?section=6th - 11th century&heading=Byzantine icons" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/TajMahalRiverxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Moghul domes</h3> <p class="">Throughout his early career, much of it spent in rebellion against his father, Shah Jahan's greatest support has been his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. But four years after he succeeds to the throne this much loved companion dies, in 1631, giving birth to their fourteenth child. The Taj Mahal, her tomb in Agra, is the expression of Shah Jahan's grief. Such romantic gestures are rare among monarchs (the Eleanor Crosses come to mind as another), and certainly none has ever achieved its commemorative purpose so brilliantly. ...</p> <a href="/history/mughal-empire/538?section=&heading=Moghul domes" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/PasagadaeCyrusTombxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Cyrus the Great</h3> <p class="">Cyrus dies in 530, campaigning against nomadic tribesmen in the northeast, near the Oxus and Jaxartes rivers. He is buried in the place which he has made his capital, Pasagardae. His tomb, massive but superbly simple, stands today as an impressive monument to the emperor - though now in parched surroundings where once everything was well watered, in an early version of a Persian garden. Its interior, in which the body lies in a gold sarcophagus on a gold couch, is broken into and stripped ...</p> <a href="/history/iran-persia/697?section=Achaemenids&heading=Cyrus the Great" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/NelsonRigaudxaca300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">France against Britain</h3> <p class="">Indignation at this British policy, heightened by diplomatic pressure from Napoleon, prompts Russia, Sweden and Denmark to form in December 1800 a League of Armed Neutrality. They declare the Baltic ports out of bounds to British ships. The embargo is strengthened when the Danes seize Hamburg, the main harbour for British trade with the German states.Britain responds by sending a naval fleet into the Baltic. The second-in-command is Nelson, who sails into shallow and well-defended waters in Copenhagen harbour. There is heavy fighting, during which ...</p> <a href="/history/napoleonic-wars-1803-1815/468?section=1800-03&heading=France against Britain" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/WaterwheeldetailHamaxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Water mills</h3> <p class="">The emergence of the water mill is too gradual to be pinpointed. It is perhaps a development of a different form of water wheel. Once rotary power is available, a simple gear will transfer it to the shaft or axle of a wheel. And a vertical wheel, with jugs attached to its rim, will perform the useful function of raising water by scooping it up at the bottom and pouring it out at the top. Such water wheels, worked by oxen or camels, are in ...</p> <a href="/history/technology/108?section=Greece and Rome&heading=Water mills" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/OrvietoCathedralxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Italian Gothic</h3> <p class="">Italy comes late to the Gothic style but makes of it something very much its own. To move from the west façade of Chartres cathedral to the equivalent in Siena or Orvieto, dating from two centuries later, is like seeing a play which has been adapted to the extragant demands of opera. These two Italian façades of the early 14th-century, encrusted with ornament and bright with pictorial panels, glow in the warm Italian sun like enormous trinkets. When Italian builders follow the northern Gothic style ...</p> <a href="/history/architecture/154?section=Middle Ages&heading=Italian Gothic" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/DurhamCathedralPillarsxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">The vaulted stone roof</h3> <p class="">Romanesque in the north tends to be more massive in style than the delicate arches of Vézelay. A good example is the interior of Durham cathedral - the glory of English Romanesque (often given the alternative name of Norman architecture). The chunky pillars of Durham, many of them decorated with deeply incised patterns, support a vaulted stone roof over the nave - a significant Romanesque innovation of this period. The construction of Durham begins in 1093, a few decades before the nave of Vézelay.</p> <a href="/history/architecture/154?section=Middle Ages&heading=The vaulted stone roof" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="slide-arrows d-flex justify-content-sm-between fixed-bottom position-absolute"> <a class="" href="#historyCarousel" role="button" data-slide="prev"> <span class=""> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow-single.svg" class=" w-35" alt="Single-arrow"> </span> </a> <a class="" href="#historyCarousel" role="button" data-slide="next"> <span class=""> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow-single.svg" class=" w-35" alt="Single-arrow" style="transform: rotate(180deg);"> </span> </a> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="mobile-none" style="width: 400px; height: 400px;" data-wordart-src="//cdn.wordart.com/json/d5b5xzib5ahp" ></div> </div> <div class="align-items-center links position-relative d-flex justify-content-between w-100 col-lg-12"> <div class="col-lg-3"> <a href="/histories"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/histories.svg" alt="History Icon" id="listhistories"> Histories </a> </div> <div class="pagination-container col-lg-4"> <button class="prev-btn navigation"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow.svg" alt="prev-icon"> </button> <div class="box" id="pagination"> <ul class="scroll alphabetical-scroll"></ul> </div> <button class="next-btn navigation"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow.svg" alt="next-icon"> </button> </div> <div class="col-lg-3"> <a href="/timelines"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/timelines.svg" alt="Timeline Icon" id="timelines"> Timelines </a> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </section>  </main>  <footer id="footer"> <div class="footer-top"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-2 col-md-6 footer-links"> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 footer-links"> <ul> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/histories">Histories Index</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 footer-links"> <ul> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/timelines">Timelines Index</a> </li> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/event-timelines">Search Timelines</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 footer-links"> <ul> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/about_us">About</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container d-md-flex py-4"> <div class="mr-md-auto text-center text-md-left"> <div class="copyright"> © Copyright 2025 <strong><span>Historyworld</span></strong> </div> </div>  </div> </footer>  <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><i class="icofont-simple-up"></i></a>  <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/jquery.easing/jquery.easing.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/validate.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/waypoints/jquery.waypoints.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/counterup/counterup.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/owl.carousel/owl.carousel.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/isotope-layout/isotope.pkgd.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/venobox/venobox.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/aos.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/typed.js/lib/typed.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/js/jquery.twbsPagination.min.js"></script>   <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/select2/js/select2.full.min.js"></script>   <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/treeStructure.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/main.js"></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> "use strict"; // initialize select2 initSelect2(); //Initialize Select2 Elements function initSelect2() { $('.select2').select2(); } </script> <script> $(window).on('load', function () { hideSpinner(); }); var hideSpinner = function () { $(".spinner-box").hide(); } </script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/alphabeticalPagination.js"></script> </body> </html>

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