HistoryWorld - History and Timelines

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;(function(n,t,c){function i(n){return e._h?e._h.apply(null,n):e._q.push(n)}var e={_q:[],_h:null,_v:"2.0",on:function(){i(["on",c.call(arguments)])},once:function(){i(["once",c.call(arguments)])},off:function(){i(["off",c.call(arguments)])},get:function(){if(!e._h)throw new Error("[OpenWidget] You can鈥檛 use getters before load.");return i(["get",c.call(arguments)])},call:function(){i(["call",c.call(arguments)])},init:function(){var n=t.createElement("script");n.async=!0,n.type="text/javascript",n.src="https://cdn.openwidget.com/openwidget.js",t.head.appendChild(n)}};!n.__ow.asyncInit&&e.init(),n.OpenWidget=n.OpenWidget||e}(window,document,[].slice)) </script> <noscript>You need to <a href="https://www.openwidget.com/enable-javascript" rel="noopener nofollow">enable JavaScript</a> to use the communication tool powered by <a href="https://www.openwidget.com/" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">OpenWidget</a></noscript> <div class="spinner-box"> <svg class="circular" viewBox="25 25 50 50"> <circle class="path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="2" stroke-miterlimit="10"/> </svg> </div> <div id="preloader"></div>    <header id="header" class="fixed-top absolute"> <div class="container d-flex align-items-center p-0"> <div class="mobile-title"> <a href="/" class="icon-block text-white font-weight-bold"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/favicon.svg" width="45px" height="45px" alt="Logo">istoryworld </a> </div>  <div class="mobile-title section-icons"> <a href="/histories" class="icon-block"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/histories.svg" alt="History Icon" id="histories"> </a> <a href="/timelines" class="icon-block"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/timelines.svg" alt="Timeline Icon" id="timelines"> </a> </div>  <nav class="nav-menu"> <ul> <li class=" "> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li class="drop-down histories "> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/histories.svg" alt="Histories Icon" id="histories"> <a href="/histories">Histories</a> <ul> <li><a href="/histories">List of Histories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="drop-down timelines "> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/timelines.svg" alt="Timelines Icon" id="timelines"> <a href="/timelines">Timelines</a> <ul> <li><a href="/timelines">Featured Timelines</a></li> <li><a href="/event-timelines">Search Timelines</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="drop-down about_us "> <a href="/about_us">About us</a> <ul> <li><a href="/about_us">About us</a></li> <li><a href="/attribution_copyright">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/cookie_policy">Cookies & Privacy</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav>  </div> </header>   <section id="hero" class="d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="container" data-aos="fade" data-aos-delay="100"> <div class="row justify-content-between flex-nowrap hero-section"> <div class="col-md-4 logo"> <a href="https://www.historyworld.net"><img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/HWhomelogo.png"></a> </div> <div class="col-md-8 mt-1 ads-container">   <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-118"></div> <script> ezstandalone.cmd.push(function() { ezstandalone.showAds(118); }); </script>  </div> </div> </div> </section> <main id="mainHistory">  <section id="blog" class="blog"> <div class="container"> <div class="row justify-content-center" id="mainContent">  <div class="slide-descriptions col-lg-12 "> <div class="col-lg-4"> <p >More than 1,000,000 words on world<br> history in linked narratives</p> </div> <div class="col-lg-4" id="history-search-modal"> <form action="https://www.historyworld.net/history-search" method="get" id="pc_search_terms"> <div class="sidebar p-3" data-aos="fade-up"> <div class="row p-3 align-items-center mobile-hide"> <h3 class="sidebar-title">Search</h3> </div> <div class="sidebar-item search-form mb-lg-3"> <div id="featued_view_text_search" class="form"> <input value="" type="text" name="searchTerm" id="text_history_search" class="form-control" placeholder="Search for text" inputmode="search" oninput="changeLink(this)" required minlength="2"> <button type="submit" class="textSearch"><i class="icofont-search-2"></i> </button> </div> </div> <a id="search-in-timelines" class="p-1" href="#">More results in Timelines</a> </div> </form> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/historySearchModal.js"></script> </div> <p class="col-lg-4 mobile-none">More than 10,000 events from world history to search for timelines</p> </div> <div class="col-lg-12 entries d-flex " id="history-carusel"> <div id="historyCarousel" class="carousel slide col-lg-8 pr-0" data-ride="carousel" data-interval="false">  <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item h-100 active"> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/SommeDiaryxapb300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Battles on western front</h3> <p class="">The pressure on Verdun is eased in July, when the Allies advance in the valley of the Somme, in the centre of the line, in what becomes the most deadly single engagement of the entire war. On the very first day 60,000 of the British troops running forward from their trenches are mown down by enemy fire. Four months later, when torrential rain brings the battle finally to an end with little gained, the British have lost 420,000 men, the French 195,000 and the Germans ...</p> <a href="/history/first-world-war-1914-1918/432?section=1915-17&heading=Battles on western front" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/PompeiiBodiesCastexabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Pompeii: 1st century AD</h3> <p class="">Pompeii is therefore a normal Roman town, of considerable prosperity in its privileged coastal position, during the first century of the empire. Large villas are built for its prosperous citizens, elaborately decorated with murals and mosaics and enclosing courtyard gardens. Public buildings are improved, a new theatre is provided, an aqueduct is constructed to improve the town's water supply. Then, in AD 62, the first of two disasters strikes. A serious earthquake damages most of the buildings. The citizens are still in the process of ...</p> <a href="/history/pompeii/864?section=&heading=Pompeii: 1st century AD" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/ShangBronzexabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">The roots of Chinese culture</h3> <p class="">Most of the elaborate bronze vessels made in Shang times are for use in temples or shrines to ancestors. The richly decorated urns are for cooking the meat of the sacrificed animals. The most characteristic design is the li, with its curved base extended into three hollow protuberances - enabling maximum heat to reach the sacrificial stew. The bronze jugs, often fantastically shaped into weird animals and birds, are for pouring a liquid offering to the ancestor - usually a hot alcoholic concoction brewed from ...</p> <a href="/history/china/516?section=The long perspective&heading=The roots of Chinese culture" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Aurangzebxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">The Moghuls after Aurangzeb</h3> <p class="">When the Moghul emperor Aurangzeb is in his eighties, and the empire in disarray, an Italian living in India (Niccolao Manucci) predicts appalling bloodshed on the old man's death, worse even than that which disfigured the start of Aurangzeb's reign. The Italian is right. In the war of succession which begins in 1707, two of Aurangzeb's sons and three of his grandsons are killed.Violence and disruption is the pattern of the future. The first six Moghul emperors have ruled for a span of nearly 200 ...</p> <a href="/history/india-the-subcontinent/595?section=18th century&heading=The Moghuls after Aurangzeb" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/PalladianVillaRotundaxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Villa and country seat</h3> <p class="">The single most imitated aspect of Palladio's style is his use of columns and pediment as a portico in front of a house (his model being the Pantheon in Rome). In broader terms the balance and the relative simplicity of classical design are his hallmark. Palladio's most striking influence is seen in the great houses of 18th-century England. By then part of his appeal is in reaction against a very different and far from reserved style which has intervened during the 17th century - that ...</p> <a href="/history/architecture/154?section=15th - 16th century&heading=Villa and country seat" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/WiltonDiptychxacj300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">International Gothic</h3> <p class="">The style can be traced back to Italian artists of the early 14th century, such as Simone Martini. It reaches its mature form at the end of the century. The Wilton Diptych, painted in about 1395-9 and now in London's National Gallery, is often quoted as an outstanding example. Against gilded backgrounds a kneeling king, Richard II, is presented by three saints to the Virgin and Child and a host of blue-robed angels. The stillness of the scene, and the beauty of the robes and ...</p> <a href="/history/painting/130?section=Medieval Europe&heading=International Gothic" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Harlechxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Owain Glyn Dwr</h3> <p class="">The death of the glamorous young Henry Percy ('Hotspur'), in battle at Shrewsbury in 1403, is a setback for the rebels. But in 1404 Glyn Dwr captures the important English strongholds of Aberystwyth and Harlech. He begins now to rule as the prince of Wales, establishing an administration, holding parliaments, negotiating with the pope about Welsh bishops. In 1405 an alliance is even drawn up between himself, Mortimer and Nothumberland as to how they will divide England and Wales between them. But from that year ...</p> <a href="/history/wales/625?section=&heading=Owain Glyn Dwr" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Khajuraoxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Indian sculpture</h3> <p class="">The lively traditions of Indian sculpture date back to the first Indian empire, that of the Maurya dynasty. Sculptors begin to carve characters and scenes from the stories of India's three interconnected religions - Hinduism, Buddhism and to a lesser extent Jainism. The presentation tends to be frontal, as though the figures are posing for the camera. From the start, among other themes, there are examples of Hindu art's most abiding image - magnificent young women, nude, full-breasted, and often in some strikingly athletic pose ...</p> <a href="/history/sculpture/133?section=Asia and Africa&heading=Indian sculpture" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Exchequerxabp300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Henry II</h3> <p class="">In the centre, at court, the royal administration is strengthened by several significant innovations - among them the development of the exchequer. This is a regular meeting of the nation's finance committee, held round a table with a chequered pattern of squares. The squares are used as an abacus for instant calculations of revenue. Often chaired by the king himself, and attended by the great officers of state, this committee is a more professional and centralized method of government than the relatively impromptu arrangements of ...</p> <a href="/history/england-2nd-century-ad-to-1707/556?section=Plantagenets&heading=Henry II" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Savonarolaxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Savonarola</h3> <p class="">In 1491 Savonarola becomes prior of the Dominican convent of San Marco in Florence. His powerful sermons, critical of decadence and luxury in both church and state (meaning papal Rome and the princely circle of the Medici) are already familiar in Florence, for he has been in the convent of San Marco on and off since 1482. In spite of his savage voice, Lorenzo the Magnificent encourages this incorruptible man of God. Contrary to rumour, Savonarola blesses Lorenzo on his deathbed in 1492.</p> <a href="/history/florence/709?section=&heading=Savonarola" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/WaterlooMapxapb300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Waterloo</h3> <p class="">With about 124,000 men Napoleon advances towards Brussels, hoping to take a position between Wellington's and Blücher's armies - with the intention of containing or driving off one of them while defeating the other. The way north is blocked by Wellington at Quatre Bras. On June 16 Napoleon leaves marshal Ney to assault this position while he tackles Blücher a few miles to the east, at Ligny. The engagement at Quatre Bras is indecisive. But Napoleon wins convincingly at Ligny, causing the Prussians to retreat ...</p> <a href="/history/napoleonic-wars-1803-1815/468?section=1812 and after&heading=Waterloo" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/WaterlooVeterans300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Waterloo</h3> <p class="">When the engagement begins at Waterloo, on June 18, Wellington is in a defensive position with about 68,000 troops and 156 guns; Napoleon has 72,000 men and 246 guns. An extremely hard-fought battle looks almost certain to go Napoleon's way until the arrival in the afternoon of Blücher and the Prussians, regrouped after their flight of two days previously. They tip the balance. By the early evening the French are in full retreat, and Napoleon is on his way back to Paris.He arrives in the ...</p> <a href="/history/napoleonic-wars-1803-1815/468?section=1812 and after&heading=Waterloo" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/3879300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Inhabited bridges</h3> <p class="">The most famous bridge with houses is also one of the earliest and the longest lasting. London Bridge is built between 1176 and 1209, with the work apparently entrusted to Peter, chaplain of St Mary Colechurch. His task is formidable. This is the world's first stone bridge to be constructed in a tidal waterway, with a large rise and fall of level every twelve hours. The stone foundations of the nineteen pointed arches are placed within timber cofferdams, in the technique pioneered by the Romans. ...</p> <a href="/history/bridges/530?section=&heading=Inhabited bridges" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/PompeiiCaveCanemxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Roman murals</h3> <p class="">Murals are even more fragile than the walls they are painted on, so it is not surprising that few survive from the days of the Roman empire. The accidents of being covered by ash or sand, or of being originally painted underground, have preserved some examples in Pompeii, Doura-Europos and the Roman catacombs. They are not for the most part very distinguished. But they demonstrate that it is a normal custom, in Roman communities, to decorate walls by painting on the plaster. It is equally ...</p> <a href="/history/painting/130?section=Murals&heading=Roman murals" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/ParisHenri1Vxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Henry IV</h3> <p class="">Contrary to this principle, Henry decides to intervene in 1610 in a dispute over the inheritance of the duchy of Jülich, close to the sensitive border between the United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands. The Habsburg emperor Rudolf II is about to seize the duchy, and Henry IV is about to march against him, when Henry is assassinated in a Paris street by François Ravaillac (a Catholic whose precise motives are unclear).Henry is one of France's most popular kings. Four years after his death a ...</p> <a href="/history/france/81?section=16th century&heading=Henry IV" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Fontainebleau2xabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Age of the palace</h3> <p class="">Men of power in other Italian cities follow suit, making the Renaissance town palace an important element in Italian architectural history. Elsewhere in Europe, nation states are now emerging. In France, Spain and Britain the notion of a palace fits very well with the self-image of the powerful monarchs of the 16th century. In England Henry VIII moves between four palaces along the banks of the Thames. In France Francis I transforms the Louvre (from a castle) and Fontainebleau (from a hunting lodge) into palaces. ...</p> <a href="/history/architecture/154?section=15th - 16th century&heading=Age of the palace" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/AgraRedFortxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb</h3> <p class="">Europeans become a significant presence in India for the first time during the 17th century. They take home descriptions of the ruler's fabulous wealth, causing him to become known as the Great Moghul. They have a touching tale to tell of Shah Jahan's love for his wife and of the extraordinary building, the Taj Mahal, which he provides for her tomb. And as Shah Jahan's reign merges into Aurangzeb's, they can astonish their hearers with an oriental melodrama of a kind more often associated with ...</p> <a href="/history/india-the-subcontinent/595?section=16th - 17th century&heading=Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Samarkandxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Timur's conquests</h3> <p class="">Home is Samarkand, the city closest to his birthplace. Timur is busy turning it into a great centre of Muslim architecture and art. Together with the Indian elephants come the best craftsmen of Delhi, who will be set to work in Samarkand - where they join, in 1399, a community of skilled captives from previous expeditions. The conqueror himself, now in his mid-sixties, has more practical business to attend to. Before the end of 1399 he marches west, to restore order in his outlying provinces.</p> <a href="/history/iran-persia/697?section=Turks and Mongols&heading=Timur's conquests" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/PaestumTempleCeresxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Greek architecture in the colonies</h3> <p class="">Many of the most impressive buildings from this early period are outside the Greek mainland. Between about 530 and 460 the people of Paestum, a Greek colony in southern Italy, build three great temples. All three survive, providing a powerful image of the sturdy confidence already achieved in the Doric style. The famous optical tricks of Greek architecture are already in use: the gradual swelling of a column from top and bottom to its central point to avoid its seeming wasp-waisted (technically called entasis) and ...</p> <a href="/history/architecture/154?section=Greece&heading=Greek architecture in the colonies" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Samarkandxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">The conqueror's declining years</h3> <p class="">In 1401, in Syria, Timur defeats a Mameluke army from Egypt. He then takes and destroys Damascus, despatching a new consignment of talented craftsmen back to Samarkand. Later in the same year Baghdad is stormed and sacked, and 20,000 of its population massacred. In 1402 the aged warrior advances into Anatolia. He defeats an army of Ottoman Turks near Ankara, capturing their sultan, Bayazid I (who dies in Timur's care). He then moves on west, as far as the Aegean, to take Izmir from the ...</p> <a href="/history/mongols/723?section=Timur&heading=The conqueror's declining years" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="slide-arrows d-flex justify-content-sm-between fixed-bottom position-absolute"> <a class="" href="#historyCarousel" role="button" data-slide="prev"> <span class=""> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow-single.svg" class=" w-35" alt="Single-arrow"> </span> </a> <a class="" href="#historyCarousel" role="button" data-slide="next"> <span class=""> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow-single.svg" class=" w-35" alt="Single-arrow" style="transform: rotate(180deg);"> </span> </a> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="mobile-none" style="width: 400px; height: 400px;" data-wordart-src="//cdn.wordart.com/json/d5b5xzib5ahp" ></div> </div> <div class="align-items-center links position-relative d-flex justify-content-between w-100 col-lg-12"> <div class="col-lg-3"> <a href="/histories"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/histories.svg" alt="History Icon" id="listhistories"> Histories </a> </div> <div class="pagination-container col-lg-4"> <button class="prev-btn navigation"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow.svg" alt="prev-icon"> </button> <div class="box" id="pagination"> <ul class="scroll alphabetical-scroll"></ul> </div> <button class="next-btn navigation"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow.svg" alt="next-icon"> </button> </div> <div class="col-lg-3"> <a href="/timelines"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/timelines.svg" alt="Timeline Icon" id="timelines"> Timelines </a> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </section>  </main>  <footer id="footer"> <div class="footer-top"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-2 col-md-6 footer-links"> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 footer-links"> <ul> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/histories">Histories Index</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 footer-links"> <ul> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/timelines">Timelines Index</a> </li> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/event-timelines">Search Timelines</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 footer-links"> <ul> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/about_us">About</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container d-md-flex py-4"> <div class="mr-md-auto text-center text-md-left"> <div class="copyright"> © Copyright 2025 <strong><span>Historyworld</span></strong> </div> </div>  </div> </footer>  <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><i class="icofont-simple-up"></i></a>  <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/jquery.easing/jquery.easing.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/validate.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/waypoints/jquery.waypoints.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/counterup/counterup.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/owl.carousel/owl.carousel.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/isotope-layout/isotope.pkgd.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/venobox/venobox.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/aos.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/typed.js/lib/typed.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/js/jquery.twbsPagination.min.js"></script>   <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/select2/js/select2.full.min.js"></script>   <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/treeStructure.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/main.js"></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> "use strict"; // initialize select2 initSelect2(); //Initialize Select2 Elements function initSelect2() { $('.select2').select2(); } </script> <script> $(window).on('load', function () { hideSpinner(); }); var hideSpinner = function () { $(".spinner-box").hide(); } </script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/alphabeticalPagination.js"></script> </body> </html>

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