HistoryWorld - History and Timelines

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;(function(n,t,c){function i(n){return e._h?e._h.apply(null,n):e._q.push(n)}var e={_q:[],_h:null,_v:"2.0",on:function(){i(["on",c.call(arguments)])},once:function(){i(["once",c.call(arguments)])},off:function(){i(["off",c.call(arguments)])},get:function(){if(!e._h)throw new Error("[OpenWidget] You can鈥檛 use getters before load.");return i(["get",c.call(arguments)])},call:function(){i(["call",c.call(arguments)])},init:function(){var n=t.createElement("script");n.async=!0,n.type="text/javascript",n.src="https://cdn.openwidget.com/openwidget.js",t.head.appendChild(n)}};!n.__ow.asyncInit&&e.init(),n.OpenWidget=n.OpenWidget||e}(window,document,[].slice)) </script> <noscript>You need to <a href="https://www.openwidget.com/enable-javascript" rel="noopener nofollow">enable JavaScript</a> to use the communication tool powered by <a href="https://www.openwidget.com/" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">OpenWidget</a></noscript> <div class="spinner-box"> <svg class="circular" viewBox="25 25 50 50"> <circle class="path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="2" stroke-miterlimit="10"/> </svg> </div> <div id="preloader"></div>    <header id="header" class="fixed-top absolute"> <div class="container d-flex align-items-center p-0"> <div class="mobile-title"> <a href="/" class="icon-block text-white font-weight-bold"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/favicon.svg" width="45px" height="45px" alt="Logo">istoryworld </a> </div>  <div class="mobile-title section-icons"> <a href="/histories" class="icon-block"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/histories.svg" alt="History Icon" id="histories"> </a> <a href="/timelines" class="icon-block"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/timelines.svg" alt="Timeline Icon" id="timelines"> </a> </div>  <nav class="nav-menu"> <ul> <li class=" "> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li class="drop-down histories "> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/histories.svg" alt="Histories Icon" id="histories"> <a href="/histories">Histories</a> <ul> <li><a href="/histories">List of Histories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="drop-down timelines "> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/timelines.svg" alt="Timelines Icon" id="timelines"> <a href="/timelines">Timelines</a> <ul> <li><a href="/timelines">Featured Timelines</a></li> <li><a href="/event-timelines">Search Timelines</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="drop-down about_us "> <a href="/about_us">About us</a> <ul> <li><a href="/about_us">About us</a></li> <li><a href="/attribution_copyright">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/cookie_policy">Cookies & Privacy</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav>  </div> </header>   <section id="hero" class="d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="container" data-aos="fade" data-aos-delay="100"> <div class="row justify-content-between flex-nowrap hero-section"> <div class="col-md-4 logo"> <a href="https://www.historyworld.net"><img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/HWhomelogo.png"></a> </div> <div class="col-md-8 mt-1 ads-container">   <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-118"></div> <script> ezstandalone.cmd.push(function() { ezstandalone.showAds(118); }); </script>  </div> </div> </div> </section> <main id="mainHistory">  <section id="blog" class="blog"> <div class="container"> <div class="row justify-content-center" id="mainContent">  <div class="slide-descriptions col-lg-12 "> <div class="col-lg-4"> <p >More than 1,000,000 words on world<br> history in linked narratives</p> </div> <div class="col-lg-4" id="history-search-modal"> <form action="https://www.historyworld.net/history-search" method="get" id="pc_search_terms"> <div class="sidebar p-3" data-aos="fade-up"> <div class="row p-3 align-items-center mobile-hide"> <h3 class="sidebar-title">Search</h3> </div> <div class="sidebar-item search-form mb-lg-3"> <div id="featued_view_text_search" class="form"> <input value="" type="text" name="searchTerm" id="text_history_search" class="form-control" placeholder="Search for text" inputmode="search" oninput="changeLink(this)" required minlength="2"> <button type="submit" class="textSearch"><i class="icofont-search-2"></i> </button> </div> </div> <a id="search-in-timelines" class="p-1" href="#">More results in Timelines</a> </div> </form> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/historySearchModal.js"></script> </div> <p class="col-lg-4 mobile-none">More than 10,000 events from world history to search for timelines</p> </div> <div class="col-lg-12 entries d-flex " id="history-carusel"> <div id="historyCarousel" class="carousel slide col-lg-8 pr-0" data-ride="carousel" data-interval="false">  <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item h-100 active"> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/IsfahanShahMosquexabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Age of the dome</h3> <p class="">The superb Islamic domes of the 17th century fall within two very different groups, even though both descend from the same tradition. In one group, associated particularly with Persia, the gentle curves of the dome are sheathed in ceramic tiles - usually blue. This style reaches its perfection in Isfahan. The other theme, associated with India, concentrates all attention on the subtle shape of the dome itself, making its surface as sheer and simple as possible. For this, white marble is the perfect material. The ...</p> <a href="/history/architecture/154?section=15th - 16th century&heading=Age of the dome" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/MichelangeloDavidxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Michelangelo the sculptor</h3> <p class="">Early in 1499 a sculpture of the Virgin Mary, holding on her lap the dead Christ, is placed in one of the chapels of old St Peter's in Rome. This Pietà is still one of the most beautiful works of art in the mighty new St Peter's, completed a century later. It is by a sculptor who has just turned twenty-four - Michelangelo.The precocious genius receives a commission two years later in his home city of Florence. The authorities want a marble statue of David. ...</p> <a href="/history/sculpture/133?section=16th century&heading=Michelangelo the sculptor" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/TrajansColumnxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Trajan</h3> <p class="">There are two good reasons for Trajan's interest in subduing this area. One is revenge; the Dacians, led by a powerful ruler, Decebalus, inflicted a major defeat on a Roman army sent out by Domitian in 86. The other is greed; the territory includes some famous gold mines. In two campaigns (101-2, 105-6) Dacia is crushed and brought firmly within the empire; the modern name of the region, Romania, reflects Rome's success. Great wealth is brought back to the capital to fund Trajan's building programme. ...</p> <a href="/history/roman-empire/531?section=Trajan to Constantine&heading=Trajan" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/StPetersBerniniColonnadexabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Baroque Rome</h3> <p class="">During these same years Bernini's great contribution to the exterior of St Peter's is also under construction. The open space in front of the church, where pilgrims gather to hear the pope's Easter address, needs to be enclosed in some way to form a welcoming piazza. Bernini achieves a perfect solution in the form of an open curving colonnade. The four concentric rows of columns provide covered walkways and a shape for the piazza, but they do so without closing it in - for there ...</p> <a href="/history/rome/704?section=17th - 18th century&heading=Baroque Rome" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/FlyingButtressxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Gothic</h3> <p class="">The Gothic style, though also used in secular buildings, is most associated with the great cathedrals of Europe. There are certain immediately recognizable characteristics in any Gothic cathedral. The interior gives an impression of lightness and height, with slender columns framing large tall windows and reaching up to support a delicately ribbed stone roof. The exterior is encrusted with a filigree of delicate ornament, again essentially slender and vertical, made up of a blend of elegant statues, bobbly pinnacles, the skeletal patterns of the stone ...</p> <a href="/history/sculpture/133?section=Middle Ages&heading=Gothic" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Bamianxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Buddhist sculpture</h3> <p class="">Buddhism moves out of India and into Afghanistan (where the two great rock-carved Buddhas of Bamiyan, from the 6th century, reveal the influence of Gandhara until destroyed by the Taliban in 2001). It then continues east along the Silk Road towards China. Mahayana Buddhism, the variety progressing along this route, offers a range of legendary figures which provide ample opportunity for the imagination of the sculptors. Some of the settlements which develop along the road, at places such as Yün-kang (lying safely just south of ...</p> <a href="/history/sculpture/133?section=Asia and Africa&heading=Buddhist sculpture" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/HumayunTombxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Moghul domes</h3> <p class="">The first dome of this kind surmounts the tomb of Humayun in Delhi, built between 1564 and 1573. The style is then overlooked for a while - no doubt because of Akbar's preference for Hindu architecture, as in Fatehpur Sikri - until Shah Jahan, the greatest builder of the dynasty, develops it in the 17th century with vigour and sophistication. His first attempt in this line is also his masterpiece - a building which has become the most famous in the world, for its beauty ...</p> <a href="/history/mughal-empire/538?section=&heading=Moghul domes" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/PaladOroxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">The Pala d'Oro</h3> <p class="">In addition to its Byzantine mosaics, St Mark's contains in the Pala d'Oro the most spectacular surviving altarpiece of a kind familiar in imperial Byzantine churches. Small scenes in cloisonné enamel of Jesus, the Virgin and saints are set in a gold background encrusted with jewels. Commissioned from the workshops of Constantinople by a doge of the 10th century, the original Pala d'Oro is dismantled and extended several times to incorporate new panels. It acquires its present form in 1345. Some of the added panels ...</p> <a href="/history/venice/609?section=Venice and the east&heading=The Pala d'Oro" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/CallToArms300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Five weeks to war</h3> <p class="">This action brings in the fifth of the European powers. Britain's Entente Cordiale does not commit her to come to the defence of France, and many in the German high command expect her not to do so. But the violation of the neutrality of Belgium introduces an element which the Germans have either overlooked or have considered insignificant. Britain was one of the powers guaranteeing (in 1831 and again in 1839), to protect Belgium as 'an independent and perpetually neutral state'.Under this obligation Britain declares ...</p> <a href="/history/europe/89?section=20th century&heading=Five weeks to war" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/ParisHenri1Vxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Henry IV</h3> <p class="">After winning his kingdom in nine years of continuous war, Henry IV brings France twelve years of very productive peace. The state's finances are put on a sound footing, industry and commerce are encouraged (an ambitious scheme for a network of inland waterways includes the beginning of the Briare canal) and the army is strengthened.In his foreign policy Henry takes the same conciliatory approach as with the bitterly opposed religious factions in France. His aim is to achieve peace on France's borders. To this end ...</p> <a href="/history/france/81?section=16th century&heading=Henry IV" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/MoreTransciptxapb300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Act of Supremacy</h3> <p class="">More refuses the oath because it implies denial of the pope's supremacy. Imprisoned from May 1534 in the Tower of London, he is tried in Westminster Hall in July 1535 (ten days after the beheading of John Fisher on the same charge of treason). Found guilty, and returned to the Tower, More declares on the scaffold that he dies 'the king's good servant, but God's first'. He and Fisher, and a group of Carthusian monks who make the same stand, become England's first Catholic martyrs.</p> <a href="/history/england-2nd-century-ad-to-1707/556?section=Henry VII and Henry VIII&heading=Act of Supremacy" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/EasterIslandHodgesxaca300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Pacific islands</h3> <p class="">During the 18th century the maritime powers of northwest Europe make an increasingly coherent effort to discover which remote islands may be lurking in the middle of the vast Pacific. Dutch, French and English vessels undertake voyages of discovery, gradually filling in the map.Islands are regularly discovered during the century. Among the better known, Easter Island is reached by the Dutch in 1722, Tahiti by the English in 1767, the New Hebrides by the French in 1768, and New Caledonia and Hawaii by the English ...</p> <a href="/history/exploration/499?section=17th - 18th century&heading=Pacific islands" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Jerichoxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">The first farmers</h3> <p class="">The earliest place known to have lived mainly from the cultivation of crops is Jericho. By around 8000 BC this community, occupying a naturally well-watered region, is growing selected forms of wheat (emmer and einkorn are the two varieties), soon to be followed by barley. Though no longer gatherers, these people are still hunters. Their source of meat is wild gazelle, cattle, goat and boar. It is no accident that Jericho is also the first known town, with a population of 2000 or more. A ...</p> <a href="/history/hunter-gatherers-to-farmers/249?section=&heading=The first farmers" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/GreekVasexabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Greek vases</h3> <p class="">The Greeks develop by far the most sophisticated tradition of early pottery, and Greek vases survive in greater numbers than any other ceramic group of comparable age. During the period of greatest distinction, from about 550 to 480 BC, the potters of Athens and the surrounding district of Attica are the most accomplished in the Greek world. It is they who perfect the decorative style known as black-figure and then introduce the subsequent red-figure technique. Crucial to the success of both is the discovery of ...</p> <a href="/history/greek-vases/421?section=To the 1st century BC&heading=Greek vases" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/KandlerScrollsxach300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">The Book</h3> <p class="">The Bible (from biblos, Greek for 'book') is the basis of two great religions, Judaism in the Old Testament and Christianity in the New Testament. In each case it brings together a group of documents to tell the story of the founders and early followers of the religion. In doing so it also explains their beliefs. The conventional sources of historical evidence (archaeological remains, written documents) provide few traces of the Old Testament story and none at all of the events described in the New ...</p> <a href="/history/bible-new-testament/462?section=&heading=The Book" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Conwyxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Edward I and Wales</h3> <p class="">Llywelyn is forced to sign a treaty on November 9 at Conwy. It strips him of nearly all his territories, reducing the principality to the area of Snowdon. Anglesey is allowed him on lease from the king of England, but the rest of Wales is now to be administered by English agents - a role which they fulfil with such brutality that there is a widespread uprising, headed by Llywelyn, in 1282. Edward reacts as forcefully as before, with another invasion of Wales during which ...</p> <a href="/history/wales/625?section=Plantagenets&heading=Edward I and Wales" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/JapaneseTeaPavilionxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Ashikaga shogunate</h3> <p class="">The Ashikaga shoguns are never as firmly in control of Japan as their predecessors in Kamakura. From 1467 the country is in an almost permanent state of civil war, until their shogunate is brought to an end in 1573. But the Ashikaga make a great contribution to the cultural life of Japan. They create Zen temples and gardens, with areas specially designed for the Tea Ceremony. The famous Golden Pavilion in Kyoto is built in 1397 by the shogun Yoshimitsu as a villa for his ...</p> <a href="/history/japan/404?section=13th - 17th century&heading=Ashikaga shogunate" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/LuxorColumnsxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Pharaohs called Ramses</h3> <p class="">In Egyptian tradition Ramses II comes to be considered the ideal pharaoh. This is due to many factors - the length of his reign, the size of his harem and family (at least 100 children), the prosperity and calm of Egypt at the time, and a flair for publicity revealed in the vast number of monuments and inscriptions commemorating his achievements (an inconclusive battle against the Hittites at Kadesh, where the pharaoh himself played a central and courageous part on the battlefield, is invariably described ...</p> <a href="/history/egypt/567?section=New Kingdom to Cushites&heading=Pharaohs called Ramses" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/StPetersTiberxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">St Peter's</h3> <p class="">In April 1506 Julius II and his architect, Bramante, are ready to lay the foundation stone of the new St Peter's. A commemorative medal is struck with the classical inscription Templi Petri Instauracio (Renewal of the Temple of Peter), showing a view of a great domed basilica with a classical portico. In spirit - though not in detail - this design is similar to the church which is eventually completed in 1590, by which time Raphael and Michelangelo and several others have succeeded Bramante as ...</p> <a href="/history/rome/704?section=Cultural Rome&heading=St Peter's" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/OurAlliesPosterxapb300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">The Phoney War</h3> <p class="">In France and Britain the immediate aftermath of the declaration of war is a return to the defensive tactics of World War I. The French rush troops to the Maginot Line, an elaborate complex of concrete fortifications connected by underground railway lines, which has been constructed along the Franco-German border between 1929 and 1938. (It is named after André Maginot, minister of war from 1929 to 1931.)France's border with Belgium, running northwest to the sea, is not similarly protected. So, as in World War I, ...</p> <a href="/history/france/81?section=World War II&heading=The Phoney War" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="slide-arrows d-flex justify-content-sm-between fixed-bottom position-absolute"> <a class="" href="#historyCarousel" role="button" data-slide="prev"> <span class=""> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow-single.svg" class=" w-35" alt="Single-arrow"> </span> </a> <a class="" href="#historyCarousel" role="button" data-slide="next"> <span class=""> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow-single.svg" class=" w-35" alt="Single-arrow" style="transform: rotate(180deg);"> </span> </a> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="mobile-none" style="width: 400px; height: 400px;" data-wordart-src="//cdn.wordart.com/json/d5b5xzib5ahp" ></div> </div> <div class="align-items-center links position-relative d-flex justify-content-between w-100 col-lg-12"> <div class="col-lg-3"> <a href="/histories"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/histories.svg" alt="History Icon" id="listhistories"> Histories </a> </div> <div class="pagination-container col-lg-4"> <button class="prev-btn navigation"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow.svg" alt="prev-icon"> </button> <div class="box" id="pagination"> <ul class="scroll alphabetical-scroll"></ul> </div> <button class="next-btn navigation"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow.svg" alt="next-icon"> </button> </div> <div class="col-lg-3"> <a href="/timelines"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/timelines.svg" alt="Timeline Icon" id="timelines"> Timelines </a> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </section>  </main>  <footer id="footer"> <div class="footer-top"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-2 col-md-6 footer-links"> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 footer-links"> <ul> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/histories">Histories Index</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 footer-links"> <ul> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/timelines">Timelines Index</a> </li> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/event-timelines">Search Timelines</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 footer-links"> <ul> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/about_us">About</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container d-md-flex py-4"> <div class="mr-md-auto text-center text-md-left"> <div class="copyright"> © Copyright 2025 <strong><span>Historyworld</span></strong> </div> </div>  </div> </footer>  <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><i class="icofont-simple-up"></i></a>  <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/jquery.easing/jquery.easing.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/validate.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/waypoints/jquery.waypoints.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/counterup/counterup.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/owl.carousel/owl.carousel.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/isotope-layout/isotope.pkgd.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/venobox/venobox.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/aos.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/typed.js/lib/typed.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/js/jquery.twbsPagination.min.js"></script>   <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/select2/js/select2.full.min.js"></script>   <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/treeStructure.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/main.js"></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> "use strict"; // initialize select2 initSelect2(); //Initialize Select2 Elements function initSelect2() { $('.select2').select2(); } </script> <script> $(window).on('load', function () { hideSpinner(); }); var hideSpinner = function () { $(".spinner-box").hide(); } </script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/alphabeticalPagination.js"></script> </body> </html>

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