HistoryWorld - History and Timelines

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;(function(n,t,c){function i(n){return e._h?e._h.apply(null,n):e._q.push(n)}var e={_q:[],_h:null,_v:"2.0",on:function(){i(["on",c.call(arguments)])},once:function(){i(["once",c.call(arguments)])},off:function(){i(["off",c.call(arguments)])},get:function(){if(!e._h)throw new Error("[OpenWidget] You can鈥檛 use getters before load.");return i(["get",c.call(arguments)])},call:function(){i(["call",c.call(arguments)])},init:function(){var n=t.createElement("script");n.async=!0,n.type="text/javascript",n.src="https://cdn.openwidget.com/openwidget.js",t.head.appendChild(n)}};!n.__ow.asyncInit&&e.init(),n.OpenWidget=n.OpenWidget||e}(window,document,[].slice)) </script> <noscript>You need to <a href="https://www.openwidget.com/enable-javascript" rel="noopener nofollow">enable JavaScript</a> to use the communication tool powered by <a href="https://www.openwidget.com/" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">OpenWidget</a></noscript> <div class="spinner-box"> <svg class="circular" viewBox="25 25 50 50"> <circle class="path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke-width="2" stroke-miterlimit="10"/> </svg> </div> <div id="preloader"></div>    <header id="header" class="fixed-top absolute"> <div class="container d-flex align-items-center p-0"> <div class="mobile-title"> <a href="/" class="icon-block text-white font-weight-bold"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/favicon.svg" width="45px" height="45px" alt="Logo">istoryworld </a> </div>  <div class="mobile-title section-icons"> <a href="/histories" class="icon-block"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/histories.svg" alt="History Icon" id="histories"> </a> <a href="/timelines" class="icon-block"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/timelines.svg" alt="Timeline Icon" id="timelines"> </a> </div>  <nav class="nav-menu"> <ul> <li class=" "> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li class="drop-down histories "> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/histories.svg" alt="Histories Icon" id="histories"> <a href="/histories">Histories</a> <ul> <li><a href="/histories">List of Histories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="drop-down timelines "> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/timelines.svg" alt="Timelines Icon" id="timelines"> <a href="/timelines">Timelines</a> <ul> <li><a href="/timelines">Featured Timelines</a></li> <li><a href="/event-timelines">Search Timelines</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="drop-down about_us "> <a href="/about_us">About us</a> <ul> <li><a href="/about_us">About us</a></li> <li><a href="/attribution_copyright">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/cookie_policy">Cookies & Privacy</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav>  </div> </header>   <section id="hero" class="d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="container" data-aos="fade" data-aos-delay="100"> <div class="row justify-content-between flex-nowrap hero-section"> <div class="col-md-4 logo"> <a href="https://www.historyworld.net"><img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/HWhomelogo.png"></a> </div> <div class="col-md-8 mt-1 ads-container">   <div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-118"></div> <script> ezstandalone.cmd.push(function() { ezstandalone.showAds(118); }); </script>  </div> </div> </div> </section> <main id="mainHistory">  <section id="blog" class="blog"> <div class="container"> <div class="row justify-content-center" id="mainContent">  <div class="slide-descriptions col-lg-12 "> <div class="col-lg-4"> <p >More than 1,000,000 words on world<br> history in linked narratives</p> </div> <div class="col-lg-4" id="history-search-modal"> <form action="https://www.historyworld.net/history-search" method="get" id="pc_search_terms"> <div class="sidebar p-3" data-aos="fade-up"> <div class="row p-3 align-items-center mobile-hide"> <h3 class="sidebar-title">Search</h3> </div> <div class="sidebar-item search-form mb-lg-3"> <div id="featued_view_text_search" class="form"> <input value="" type="text" name="searchTerm" id="text_history_search" class="form-control" placeholder="Search for text" inputmode="search" oninput="changeLink(this)" required minlength="2"> <button type="submit" class="textSearch"><i class="icofont-search-2"></i> </button> </div> </div> <a id="search-in-timelines" class="p-1" href="#">More results in Timelines</a> </div> </form> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/historySearchModal.js"></script> </div> <p class="col-lg-4 mobile-none">More than 10,000 events from world history to search for timelines</p> </div> <div class="col-lg-12 entries d-flex " id="history-carusel"> <div id="historyCarousel" class="carousel slide col-lg-8 pr-0" data-ride="carousel" data-interval="false">  <div class="carousel-inner"> <div class="carousel-item h-100 active"> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/ChinaGrandCanalxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Sui dynasty</h3> <p class="">The man who reunites China in 589, forming the Sui dynasty, is an enthusiastic patron of Buddhism. He takes as his title Wen Ti, meaning the Cultured Emperor, and devotes much effort to building Buddhist stupas throughout the land. The local version of a stupa develops into a specifically Chinese form, that of the pagoda. His son, Yang Ti (the Emblazoned Emperor), undertakes an even more ambitious project, requiring so much forced labour that it contributes to the rapid end of this brief dynasty. But ...</p> <a href="/history/china/516?section=Intermediate times&heading=Sui dynasty" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/BabylonianTilexabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Glazed ceramics</h3> <p class="">In all the early civilizations, from Mesopotamia and Egypt onwards, pottery is a highly developed craft. An outstanding achievement is the Greek ceramic tradition of the 6th and 5th century BC. But technically all these pots suffer from a major disadvantage. Fired earthenware is tough but it is porous. Liquid will soak into it and eventually leak through it. This has some advantages with water (where evaporation from the surface cools the contents of the jug) but is less appropriate for storing wine or milk. ...</p> <a href="/history/inventions-and-discoveries/139?section=To the 1st century BC&heading=Glazed ceramics" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/MicelangeloSlavexabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Michelangelo the sculptor</h3> <p class="">Michelangelo works on David from September 1501 until January 1504. In 1505 the pope, Julius II, summons him to Rome with a commission to provide a sculpted tomb, with many figures, for the pope's own memorial. The vast project hangs over Michelangelo for the next four decades. Some of his best known works are later carved to form part of it (the great marble Moses and the two tormented Slaves of 1513-6). But the project is doomed to remain unfinished.Part of the reason is that ...</p> <a href="/history/sculpture/133?section=16th century&heading=Michelangelo the sculptor" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/FlyingButtressxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Gothic</h3> <p class="">The Gothic style, though also used in secular buildings, is most associated with the great cathedrals of Europe. There are certain immediately recognizable characteristics in any Gothic cathedral. The interior gives an impression of lightness and height, with slender columns framing large tall windows and reaching up to support a delicately ribbed stone roof. The exterior is encrusted with a filigree of delicate ornament, again essentially slender and vertical, made up of a blend of elegant statues, bobbly pinnacles, the skeletal patterns of the stone ...</p> <a href="/history/sculpture/133?section=Middle Ages&heading=Gothic" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Donatell0StGeorgexabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Donatello</h3> <p class="">The larger-than-lifesize St Mark stands in a completely relaxed pose, with his weight on one foot. Folds of loose drapery vividly suggest a projecting knee and jutting hip. The figure has the solid and uncompromising quality of Roman portrait sculpture, even though the beard and long robes seem to echo the saints on the façades of Gothic cathedrals. Donatello's next work for Orsanmichele, probably completed in 1417, has much more openly a classical quality. St George, a clean-shaven young man scantily clad in Roman armour, ...</p> <a href="/history/sculpture/133?section=Renaissance in Europe&heading=Donatello" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/NelsonRigaudxaca300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">France against Britain</h3> <p class="">Indignation at this British policy, heightened by diplomatic pressure from Napoleon, prompts Russia, Sweden and Denmark to form in December 1800 a League of Armed Neutrality. They declare the Baltic ports out of bounds to British ships. The embargo is strengthened when the Danes seize Hamburg, the main harbour for British trade with the German states.Britain responds by sending a naval fleet into the Baltic. The second-in-command is Nelson, who sails into shallow and well-defended waters in Copenhagen harbour. There is heavy fighting, during which ...</p> <a href="/history/napoleonic-wars-1803-1815/468?section=1800-03&heading=France against Britain" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/WaterwheelHamaxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Water mills</h3> <p class="">In an even simpler version of a water mill, a horizontal water wheel in a stream can turn a millstone above by means of a fixed shaft. Water mills of one kind or the other are certainly known by the 1st century BC in the Hellenistic world. A poem of the time advises young girls that they can now let the nymphs of the stream do the hard work of milling. The Romans adopt the Greek water mill, and Vitruvius in the 1st century BC ...</p> <a href="/history/technology/108?section=Greece and Rome&heading=Water mills" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/CookLetterxabp300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Voyages of Captain Cook</h3> <p class="">The voyages of James Cook are the first examples of exploration undertaken on scientific principles. His first expedition, sailing in the Endeavour from Plymouth in 1768, has a scientific task as its central mission. It is known to the astronomers of the day that in June 1769 the planet Venus will pass directly between the earth and the sun. An international effort is made to time the precise details of this transit, as seen from different parts of the world, in the hope of calculating ...</p> <a href="/history/exploration/499?section=17th - 18th century&heading=Voyages of Captain Cook" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/KandlerScrollsxach300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">The Book</h3> <p class="">The books of the Jewish Bible are believed to have been written over several centuries, beginning in the 10th century BC - by which time the Hebrews are settled in Canaan, or Palestine. But in many parts the scribes are writing down a much older oral tradition. It is thought that some of the events described may go back as far as the 18th century BC. The holiest part of the Bible for Jews is the first five books, known as the Torah ('instruction' or ...</p> <a href="/history/bible-new-testament/462?section=&heading=The Book" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/GreenwichCanalettoxaca300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Venetian sunset</h3> <p class="">Canaletto lives in England from 1746 to 1755, painting views of the Thames in London and of his aristocratic patrons' country seats. His practice of painting large topographical views is continued by his nephew, Bernardo Bellotto, who leaves Venice in 1747 and thereafter works mainly in Dresden and Vienna. In Venice, from about 1760, the demand of the tourists for views is met at a simpler and cheaper level by Francesco Guardi. His small canvases, more vague and informal than Canaletto's topographical studies, are notable ...</p> <a href="/history/painting/130?section=18th century&heading=Venetian sunset" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/MortimerImpeachmentxapb300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Edward II and Edward III</h3> <p class="">In January 1327 Edward II is forced by his wife, Isabella, to renounce the throne in favour of their 15-year-old son, Edward III. Before the end of the year Edward II dies, a captive in Berkeley castle, almost certainly murdered. (His death is soon followed by a gory rumour, fuelled by rumours of the king's homosexuality, that the instrument of death is a red-hot skewer plunged up into the instestines.) For four years Mortimer rules with Isabella in the young king's name, but in 1331 ...</p> <a href="/history/england-2nd-century-ad-to-1707/556?section=Plantagenets&heading=Edward II and Edward III" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/FatehpurSikriDiwaniKhasxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Fatehpur Sikri</h3> <p class="">The building most characteristic of Akbar in Fatehpur Sikri is his famous diwan-i-khas, or hall of private audience. It consists of a single very high room, furnished only with a central pillar. The top of the pillar, on which Akbar sits, is joined by four narrow bridges to a balcony running round the wall. On the balcony are those having an audience with the emperor. If required, someone can cross one of the bridges - in a respectfully crouched position - to join Akbar in ...</p> <a href="/history/mughal-empire/538?section=&heading=Fatehpur Sikri" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/IsfahanShahMosquexabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Isfahan</h3> <p class="">Isfahan is already a city of ancient history and considerable wealth when Shah Abbas decides, in 1598, to turn it into a magnificent capital. It has a Masjid-i-Jami, or Friday Mosque, dating from the Seljuk period (11th-12th century), still surviving today and noted for its fine patterned brickwork. And it has a thriving school of craftsmen skilled in the making of polychrome ceramic tiles. Shah Abbas favours in architecture what comes to seem almost the theme of his city - gently curving domes covered in ...</p> <a href="/history/iran-persia/697?section=Safavids&heading=Isfahan" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Samarkandxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Mongols</h3> <p class="">The aggressive energy of one man, Genghis Khan, lies behind the amazing eruption of the Mongols in the 13th century. In 1215 he reaches and captures Beijing. Samarkand and Bukhara are taken and sacked in 1220. The marauder then heads south and enters India, but he turns back from this rich prize when he reaches the Indus. By 1223 his armies have moved round the Caspian and up through the Caucasus mountains to plunder cities of the Crimea and southern Russia. This journey of conquest, ...</p> <a href="/history/migration/124?section=Middle Ages&heading=Mongols" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/PaladOroxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Sack of Constantinople</h3> <p class="">The Venetians, from their long links with Constantinople, can appreciate the treasures of Byzantium. They loot rather than destroy. St Mark's in Venice is graced today by many rich possessions brought back in 1204 - parts of the Pala d'Oro, the porphyry figures known as the tetrarchs, and above all the four great bronze horses. The crusaders, mainly French and Flemish, are less refined in their tastes. They tend to smash what they find. They ride their horses into Santa Sophia, tear down its silken ...</p> <a href="/history/venice/609?section=Venice and the east&heading=Sack of Constantinople" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/GainsboroughMorningxacj300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">British portraits</h3> <p class="">Reynolds often paints his subjects full length, in splendid poses and in close proximity to a classical column or urn. These are the sort of people who go on the Grand Tour. Their easy self-confidence in Reynolds's canvases revives the great tradition of the English portraits of van Dyck.If anything is missing in these powerful images by Reynolds, it is perhaps the fleeting quality of fashion - a quality abundantly supplied by his slightly younger rival Thomas Gainsborough. When Gainsborough catches William and Elizabeth Hallett ...</p> <a href="/history/painting/130?section=18th century&heading=British portraits" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Kakiemonxaby300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Kakiemon porcelain</h3> <p class="">In the following century Japan makes another major contribution to the history of ceramics. In about 1644 Sakada Kakiemon, a member of a family of potters with kilns at Arita in northwest Kyushu, introduces to Japan the Chinese system of overglaze painting. In the 1670s his two sons, known as Kakiemon II and Kakiemon III, are producing exquisite wares of milky white porcelain, often square or hexagonal in shape, decorated with elegant and brightly coloured motifs of plants and birds. The decoration, covering relatively little ...</p> <a href="/history/japan/404?section=13th - 17th century&heading=Kakiemon porcelain" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Aurangzebxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb</h3> <p class="">Direct provocation of this kind is untypical of Shah Jahan, but it becomes standard policy during the reign of his son Aurangzeb. His determination to impose strict Islamic rule on India undoes much of what was achieved by Akbar. An attack on Rajput territories in 1679 makes enemies of the Hindu princes; the reimposition of the jizya in the same year ensures resentment among Hindu merchants and peasants. At the same time Aurangzeb is obsessed with extending Moghul rule into the difficult terrain of southern ...</p> <a href="/history/india-the-subcontinent/595?section=16th - 17th century&heading=Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/CaxtonIndulgencexabp300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Albert of Mainz</h3> <p class="">Both pope and archbishop are men of the world (the pope is a Medici). Leo makes it possible for Albert to recover his costs by granting him the concession for the sale of indulgences towards the building of St Peter's. Half the money for each indulgence is go to Rome; the other half will help to pay off Albert's debts (he has borrowed the money for the original donation from the Fuggers of Augsburg). This secret arrangement might distress the faithful if they knew of ...</p> <a href="/history/christianity/521?section=16th century&heading=Albert of Mainz" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item h-100 "> <div class="carousel-item__img-box"> <div class="w-100 d-flex justify-content-center d-lg-block"> <div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center items-center"> <img src="https://historyworld-images.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/IstanbulCityWallsxabi300.jpg" class="d-block" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-caption carousel-item__text-box text-left"> <h3 class="text-dark">Sack of Constantinople</h3> <p class="">The crusaders camp outside Constantinople while Alexius, as emperor, tries to raise his debt to the Venetians by taxing the citizens and confiscating church property. For nine months growing resentment within the city is matched by increasing impatience outside. In April the Venetians persuade the crusaders to storm Constantinople and place a Latin emperor on the throne. For the second time they succeed in breaching the walls. The doge of Venice and the leading crusaders instal themselves in the royal palace. The army is granted ...</p> <a href="/history/venice/609?section=Venice and the east&heading=Sack of Constantinople" id="readMoreBtn">Read More</a> </div> </div> <div class="slide-arrows d-flex justify-content-sm-between fixed-bottom position-absolute"> <a class="" href="#historyCarousel" role="button" data-slide="prev"> <span class=""> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow-single.svg" class=" w-35" alt="Single-arrow"> </span> </a> <a class="" href="#historyCarousel" role="button" data-slide="next"> <span class=""> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow-single.svg" class=" w-35" alt="Single-arrow" style="transform: rotate(180deg);"> </span> </a> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="mobile-none" style="width: 400px; height: 400px;" data-wordart-src="//cdn.wordart.com/json/d5b5xzib5ahp" ></div> </div> <div class="align-items-center links position-relative d-flex justify-content-between w-100 col-lg-12"> <div class="col-lg-3"> <a href="/histories"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/histories.svg" alt="History Icon" id="listhistories"> Histories </a> </div> <div class="pagination-container col-lg-4"> <button class="prev-btn navigation"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow.svg" alt="prev-icon"> </button> <div class="box" id="pagination"> <ul class="scroll alphabetical-scroll"></ul> </div> <button class="next-btn navigation"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/pagination-arrow.svg" alt="next-icon"> </button> </div> <div class="col-lg-3"> <a href="/timelines"> <img src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/img/timelines.svg" alt="Timeline Icon" id="timelines"> Timelines </a> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </section>  </main>  <footer id="footer"> <div class="footer-top"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-2 col-md-6 footer-links"> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 footer-links"> <ul> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/histories">Histories Index</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 footer-links"> <ul> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/timelines">Timelines Index</a> </li> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/event-timelines">Search Timelines</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 footer-links"> <ul> <li> <i class="bx bx-chevron-right"></i> <a href="/about_us">About</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container d-md-flex py-4"> <div class="mr-md-auto text-center text-md-left"> <div class="copyright"> © Copyright 2025 <strong><span>Historyworld</span></strong> </div> </div>  </div> </footer>  <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><i class="icofont-simple-up"></i></a>  <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/jquery.easing/jquery.easing.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/validate.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/waypoints/jquery.waypoints.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/counterup/counterup.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/owl.carousel/owl.carousel.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/isotope-layout/isotope.pkgd.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/venobox/venobox.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/aos.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/typed.js/lib/typed.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/js/jquery.twbsPagination.min.js"></script>   <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/assets/vendor/select2/js/select2.full.min.js"></script>   <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/treeStructure.js"></script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/minify/main.js"></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> "use strict"; // initialize select2 initSelect2(); //Initialize Select2 Elements function initSelect2() { $('.select2').select2(); } </script> <script> $(window).on('load', function () { hideSpinner(); }); var hideSpinner = function () { $(".spinner-box").hide(); } </script> <script src="https://www.historyworld.net/js/alphabeticalPagination.js"></script> </body> </html>

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