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We construct an Interdependent Multi-layer Model (IMM), which is rooted in the theoretical concept of spatial interaction, in order to identify the links within these networks and trace their impacts on trade flows. In our aim to investigate horizontal and vertical interdependency among networks we calibrate the interaction model (IMM) for a set of 40 countries, and thereafter examine the influence of shocks such as economic downturns upon the interdependent networks, which in our model are represented as economic, socio-cultural and physical layers. <br />Most importantly, the model allows us to understand the propagation of cascading effects (both positive and negative) at national and global scales.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11575016" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="44fdca1e028bdb43fbdb732ee6e64f21" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37063577,"asset_id":11575016,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37063577/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="257780" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SimoneCaschili">Simone Caschili</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="257780" type="text/json">{"id":257780,"first_name":"Simone","last_name":"Caschili","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SimoneCaschili","display_name":"Simone Caschili","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SimoneCaschili","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/257780/64021/287163/s65_simone.caschili.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-11575016">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-11575016"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson">Alan Wilson</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-11575016'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-11575016').html(); 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We construct an Interdependent Multi-layer Model (IMM), which is rooted in the theoretical concept of spatial interaction, in order to identify the links within these networks and trace their impacts on trade flows. In our aim to investigate horizontal and vertical interdependency among networks we calibrate the interaction model (IMM) for a set of 40 countries, and thereafter examine the influence of shocks such as economic downturns upon the interdependent networks, which in our model are represented as economic, socio-cultural and physical layers.\r\nMost importantly, the model allows us to understand the propagation of cascading effects (both positive and negative) at national and global scales.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37063577,"asset_id":11575016,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37063577/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/37063577/Multilayer_model-libre.pdf?1426977388=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAn_Interdependent_Multi_Layer_Model_Resi.pdf\u0026Expires=1741548985\u0026Signature=Aq3enSvUBfdV7yVB~i1p18fN2abqDLfiBD7z6EDPNm6Hj9BNvnKLPMSOZ9RNJfO7zS~AcWBd6SfiHkgDLaRHeB29cu6-HBEvjh3mPZs7eNCH3NP7MZ-~mT8t9XQgiA01d7S4-5Ifjn0yT3-Tpcmzld2pBn7qiAGepmSrY~Dih6ltJRmd8lDCHzXVX6dl25TLh9Bz7Ek7CZlpzAzXdR4MjS8Nz2HmW6oPPxtpd6DNYvwe0BKvTtCQ1aDh4XI5Y0sXIh77d2~2MKh7JRRevnu0WsnkGD2RCau0qMSkLWYDxXIjmaTdRo1ygYUjJ~0bnLUb-er7v54cRq24HsJFKM-LwQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37063577/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/37063577/mini_magick20190305-16486-wawels.png?1551783751"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":37063577,"asset_id":11575016,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37063577/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/37063577/Multilayer_model-libre.pdf?1426977388=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAn_Interdependent_Multi_Layer_Model_Resi.pdf\u0026Expires=1741548985\u0026Signature=Aq3enSvUBfdV7yVB~i1p18fN2abqDLfiBD7z6EDPNm6Hj9BNvnKLPMSOZ9RNJfO7zS~AcWBd6SfiHkgDLaRHeB29cu6-HBEvjh3mPZs7eNCH3NP7MZ-~mT8t9XQgiA01d7S4-5Ifjn0yT3-Tpcmzld2pBn7qiAGepmSrY~Dih6ltJRmd8lDCHzXVX6dl25TLh9Bz7Ek7CZlpzAzXdR4MjS8Nz2HmW6oPPxtpd6DNYvwe0BKvTtCQ1aDh4XI5Y0sXIh77d2~2MKh7JRRevnu0WsnkGD2RCau0qMSkLWYDxXIjmaTdRo1ygYUjJ~0bnLUb-er7v54cRq24HsJFKM-LwQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37063577/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/37063577/mini_magick20190305-16486-wawels.png?1551783751"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":23,"ordered_authors":[{"id":257780,"first_name":"Simone","last_name":"Caschili","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SimoneCaschili","display_name":"Simone Caschili","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SimoneCaschili","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/257780/64021/287163/s65_simone.caschili.jpg"},{"id":242695,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Wilson","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"AlanWilson","display_name":"Alan Wilson","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3155,"name":"Complexity Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complexity_Theory","nofollow":true},{"id":3180,"name":"International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade","nofollow":true},{"id":47471,"name":"Spatial Interaction Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spatial_Interaction_Models","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":94,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68395616" data-work_id="68395616" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68395616/Geodemographics_and_spatial_interaction_an_integrated_model_for_higher_education">Geodemographics and spatial interaction: an integrated model for higher education</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Spatial interaction modelling and geodemographic analysis have each developed as quite separate research traditions. In this paper, we present an integrated model that harnesses the power of spatial interaction modelling to behavioural... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68395616" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Spatial interaction modelling and geodemographic analysis have each developed as quite separate research traditions. In this paper, we present an integrated model that harnesses the power of spatial interaction modelling to behavioural insights derived from a geodemographic classification. This approach is applied to the modelling of participation in higher education (HE). A novel feature of the paper is the integration of national schools, colleges and HE data; a national model is then calibrated and tested against actual recorded flows of students into HE. The model is implemented within a Java framework and is presented as a first step towards providing a quantitative tool that can be used by HE stakeholders to explore policies relating to such topics as widening access to under-represented groups.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68395616" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ad1a50bf0310452836351533144c5bec" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78884962,"asset_id":68395616,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78884962/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="242695" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson">Alan Wilson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="242695" type="text/json">{"id":242695,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Wilson","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"AlanWilson","display_name":"Alan Wilson","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68395616 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68395616"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68395616, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68395616", }); 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href="https://www.academia.edu/78097949/An_Equivalence_Theorem_to_Integrate_Entropy_Maximizing_Submodels_within_Overall_Mathematical_Programming_Frameworks">An Equivalence Theorem to Integrate Entropy-Maximizing Submodels within Overall Mathematical-Programming Frameworks</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper presents a lemma and a theorem which demonstrate equivalent ways of formulating certain mathematical-programming problems. The first shows, in general terms, how constraints can be "absorbed" into the objective function and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78097949" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper presents a lemma and a theorem which demonstrate equivalent ways of formulating certain mathematical-programming problems. The first shows, in general terms, how constraints can be "absorbed" into the objective function and vice versa. The second shows how such ideas can be applied to spatial analysis problems involving the minimization of development costs subject to interactions being determined by (suboptimal) entrop y-maximizing models. This provides both a new perspective on the relationship between programming and entropy models, and formulations that are computational2 y convenient. 'Mr. Coelho is grateful to the Instituto de Alto Cultura, Lisbon, for providing financial support. Both authors are grateful to Dr. Huw Williams of the University of Leeds and to an anonymous referee for comments on earlier drafts of the paper.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78097949" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c45918621a368d2bfc0af10408a82e52" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85264440,"asset_id":78097949,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85264440/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="242695" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson">Alan Wilson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="242695" type="text/json">{"id":242695,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Wilson","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"AlanWilson","display_name":"Alan Wilson","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78097949 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78097949"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78097949, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78097949", }); 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The first shows, in general terms, how constraints can be \"absorbed\" into the objective function and vice versa. The second shows how such ideas can be applied to spatial analysis problems involving the minimization of development costs subject to interactions being determined by (suboptimal) entrop y-maximizing models. This provides both a new perspective on the relationship between programming and entropy models, and formulations that are computational2 y convenient. 'Mr. Coelho is grateful to the Instituto de Alto Cultura, Lisbon, for providing financial support. 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It is unlikely that the answer to this particular problem will come without further empirical examinations of data sets having varying degrees of spatial... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78097950" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Research Notes and Comments / 195 produce biased correlation and slope coefficients. It is unlikely that the answer to this particular problem will come without further empirical examinations of data sets having varying degrees of spatial autocorrelation. In particular, special attention must be given to the conditions under which the slope coefficients are likely to decrease at high levels of aggregation. It seems likely that it will be necessary to examine multivariate and nonlinear models and data sets consisting of units of nonconstant size in order to gain a better appreciation of the aggregation problem. We are encouraged that the original research has stimulated other investigations of the problem of aggregation and reemphasized for geographers the importance of a relatively unexplored area in the field of spatial analysis.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78097950" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="77962a830d978a2992da2afb88b061a5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85264439,"asset_id":78097950,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85264439/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="242695" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson">Alan Wilson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="242695" type="text/json">{"id":242695,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Wilson","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"AlanWilson","display_name":"Alan Wilson","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78097950 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78097950"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78097950, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78097950", }); 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It is unlikely that the answer to this particular problem will come without further empirical examinations of data sets having varying degrees of spatial autocorrelation. In particular, special attention must be given to the conditions under which the slope coefficients are likely to decrease at high levels of aggregation. It seems likely that it will be necessary to examine multivariate and nonlinear models and data sets consisting of units of nonconstant size in order to gain a better appreciation of the aggregation problem. We are encouraged that the original research has stimulated other investigations of the problem of aggregation and reemphasized for geographers the importance of a relatively unexplored area in the field of spatial analysis.","publication":"Geographical Analysis","publication_with_fallback":"Geographical Analysis","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85264439,"asset_id":78097950,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85264439/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/85264439/j.1538-4632.1978.tb00010.x20220501-1-1fk2yfz-libre.pdf?1651391057=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEntropy_Maximizing_Submodels_within_Over.pdf\u0026Expires=1741591099\u0026Signature=YDp-EMnshZwZDLjdXKP3DUPUfaTuY~H4zPi2J4yxEH~fHMdgDZREMOdk0iawIcEnWAwP5GIVavFrLTv40AacYPBT17gDvmIiiqXAVS~rv65B1jKFE01P9xh3tNdNI0T3kpOxET4xZeVorgbgaHDMQmW67nyTwUn1nnYyJjXPjYKP8DEr6ewBZG6sX-BhonXImL1-vY6o5wrxovVrv0Ut35kBDGOUpjbnCWe2xEHhULlFe3PMjbZWEZs3FbBGRVfPvPZDK1mC-rQ6p66P7wUgKkwyVhisY3nmRVcEcW6FrEJ6-KUCpGGjkMmhOepmqCAr4XGP~gDb2EYpQiU5vIJ7mQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85264439/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/85264439/mini_magick20220501-24468-1fnm60s.png?1651390651"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":85264439,"asset_id":78097950,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85264439/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/85264439/j.1538-4632.1978.tb00010.x20220501-1-1fk2yfz-libre.pdf?1651391057=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEntropy_Maximizing_Submodels_within_Over.pdf\u0026Expires=1741591099\u0026Signature=YDp-EMnshZwZDLjdXKP3DUPUfaTuY~H4zPi2J4yxEH~fHMdgDZREMOdk0iawIcEnWAwP5GIVavFrLTv40AacYPBT17gDvmIiiqXAVS~rv65B1jKFE01P9xh3tNdNI0T3kpOxET4xZeVorgbgaHDMQmW67nyTwUn1nnYyJjXPjYKP8DEr6ewBZG6sX-BhonXImL1-vY6o5wrxovVrv0Ut35kBDGOUpjbnCWe2xEHhULlFe3PMjbZWEZs3FbBGRVfPvPZDK1mC-rQ6p66P7wUgKkwyVhisY3nmRVcEcW6FrEJ6-KUCpGGjkMmhOepmqCAr4XGP~gDb2EYpQiU5vIJ7mQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85264439/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/85264439/mini_magick20220501-24468-1fnm60s.png?1651390651"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":7,"ordered_authors":[{"id":242695,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Wilson","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"AlanWilson","display_name":"Alan Wilson","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography","nofollow":true},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science","nofollow":true},{"id":162010,"name":"Geomatic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geomatic_Engineering","nofollow":true},{"id":1415422,"name":"Geographical Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geographical_Data_Analysis","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2010,"publication_year_with_fallback":2010,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":2,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78097951" data-work_id="78097951" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78097951/The_Dynamics_of_Urban_Spatial_Structure_Progress_and_Problems_">The Dynamics of Urban Spatial Structure: Progress and Problems*</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Cellulose nanofibrils have been proposed for novel barrier concepts, based on their capability to form smooth, strong and transparent films, with high oxygen barrier properties. A series of cellulose-based films were manufactured and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78097951" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Cellulose nanofibrils have been proposed for novel barrier concepts, based on their capability to form smooth, strong and transparent films, with high oxygen barrier properties. A series of cellulose-based films were manufactured and tested with respect to their oxygen transmission rate (OTR) capabilities. The obtained OTR levels were considerably better than the levels recommended for packaging applications. Part of the nanofibrillated material applied in this study was produced with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO) mediated oxidation as pretreatment. Films made of TEMPO-pretreated samples yielded lower OTR values. The minimum obtained OTR value was 3.0 mL m -2 day -1 atm -1 with a corresponding oxygen permeability of 0.04 mL mm m -2 day -1 atm -1 , tested at 50% relative humidity. The good barrier properties are due to the compact and dense structure of the films, as revealed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. A relationship between OTR and the structure of the corresponding nanofibril-based films was confirmed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78097951" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1d27c97eecee0bcbec9fc5239473e305" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85264438,"asset_id":78097951,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85264438/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="242695" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson">Alan Wilson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="242695" type="text/json">{"id":242695,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Wilson","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"AlanWilson","display_name":"Alan Wilson","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78097951 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78097951"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78097951, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78097951", }); 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A series of cellulose-based films were manufactured and tested with respect to their oxygen transmission rate (OTR) capabilities. The obtained OTR levels were considerably better than the levels recommended for packaging applications. Part of the nanofibrillated material applied in this study was produced with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO) mediated oxidation as pretreatment. Films made of TEMPO-pretreated samples yielded lower OTR values. The minimum obtained OTR value was 3.0 mL m -2 day -1 atm -1 with a corresponding oxygen permeability of 0.04 mL mm m -2 day -1 atm -1 , tested at 50% relative humidity. The good barrier properties are due to the compact and dense structure of the films, as revealed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. A relationship between OTR and the structure of the corresponding nanofibril-based films was confirmed.","publication":"Journal of Regional Science","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Regional Science","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85264438,"asset_id":78097951,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85264438/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/85264438/pmc3324384-libre.pdf?1651391058=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Dynamics_of_Urban_Spatial_Structure.pdf\u0026Expires=1741591099\u0026Signature=PeCpxtoou2DKOYNB0UfEGDqrHxclRvke0TH96zkfMzgULvJM2ax6pIfoyvtSGC0nqSJASyECzHUju196xDf0~La-LhD52ltlLL5XMnikjQLVYlhdRnjblPHmSFICJhhI7FXukwFEsIkFKg1ODkvjS0xDukU23tPx1Qf9bqGeVxQO6Y9CUEcYUXZDNhouhUHcCwJUYFrhLwwy0cb9fY0I8R3TdGr8OQEclfqMoCz1QgsPAXlXMPaR2L6JLaI7zdonsLyeLCC3aVTvrzj9zSrc38PwEGByxL9qKbv28UwLZ4Z7153sYjM4Kgg6svMiUlQgYN6ZKwiSlvMay3Xp8TtniQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85264438/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/85264438/mini_magick20220501-6886-dpqfj2.png?1651390667"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":85264438,"asset_id":78097951,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85264438/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/85264438/pmc3324384-libre.pdf?1651391058=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Dynamics_of_Urban_Spatial_Structure.pdf\u0026Expires=1741591099\u0026Signature=PeCpxtoou2DKOYNB0UfEGDqrHxclRvke0TH96zkfMzgULvJM2ax6pIfoyvtSGC0nqSJASyECzHUju196xDf0~La-LhD52ltlLL5XMnikjQLVYlhdRnjblPHmSFICJhhI7FXukwFEsIkFKg1ODkvjS0xDukU23tPx1Qf9bqGeVxQO6Y9CUEcYUXZDNhouhUHcCwJUYFrhLwwy0cb9fY0I8R3TdGr8OQEclfqMoCz1QgsPAXlXMPaR2L6JLaI7zdonsLyeLCC3aVTvrzj9zSrc38PwEGByxL9qKbv28UwLZ4Z7153sYjM4Kgg6svMiUlQgYN6ZKwiSlvMay3Xp8TtniQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85264438/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/85264438/mini_magick20220501-6886-dpqfj2.png?1651390667"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":6,"ordered_authors":[{"id":242695,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Wilson","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"AlanWilson","display_name":"Alan Wilson","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography","nofollow":true},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science","nofollow":true},{"id":3265,"name":"Regional Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_Science","nofollow":true},{"id":20436,"name":"Urban And Regional Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_And_Regional_Planning","nofollow":true},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics"},{"id":771878,"name":"Spatial structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spatial_structure"}],"publication_year":1983,"publication_year_with_fallback":1983,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":18,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78097953" data-work_id="78097953" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78097953/Modelling_and_Systems_Analysis_in_Urban_Planning">Modelling and Systems Analysis in Urban Planning</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Certain urban systems can be understood with the aid of mathematical models. ' Wilson, A. G., in Urban Studies (in the press). Alexander, C., Notes on the Synthesis of Form (Harvard University Press. lQ64)-""- ,.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78097953" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="01f3abc4f449fdd6cbb5423eefeac4bf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85264441,"asset_id":78097953,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85264441/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="242695" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson">Alan Wilson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="242695" type="text/json">{"id":242695,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Wilson","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"AlanWilson","display_name":"Alan Wilson","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78097953 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78097953"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78097953, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78097953", }); 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It is shown that in any time period there are sixteen different kinds of demographic flows for a two region system. These flows can be represented... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_99208534" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper presents accounts and models which can be used for spatial demographic analysis. It is shown that in any time period there are sixteen different kinds of demographic flows for a two region system. These flows can be represented in an accounting table. Some of the minor flows, involving double or triple demographic events such as a birth followed by a migration, cannot be measured directly from data, and an iterative scheme is offered for the calculation of these flows. In this way a complete set of accounts can be built up from existing data. Two principles of model building using this set of accounts are then discussed. The first uses a simple definition of demographic rates, while the second uses a definition of rates which employs a concept of ‘at-risk’ populations. Procedures are given for calculating these populations. The account building principles are illustrated with a worked example for a three region system: the West Riding of Yorkshire, the rest of England and...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/99208534" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="641830f1343058279f9acda46605177b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":100358254,"asset_id":99208534,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100358254/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="242695" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson">Alan Wilson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="242695" type="text/json">{"id":242695,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Wilson","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"AlanWilson","display_name":"Alan Wilson","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_99208534 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="99208534"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 99208534, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_99208534", }); 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It is shown that in any time period there are sixteen different kinds of demographic flows for a two region system. These flows can be represented in an accounting table. Some of the minor flows, involving double or triple demographic events such as a birth followed by a migration, cannot be measured directly from data, and an iterative scheme is offered for the calculation of these flows. In this way a complete set of accounts can be built up from existing data. Two principles of model building using this set of accounts are then discussed. The first uses a simple definition of demographic rates, while the second uses a definition of rates which employs a concept of ‘at-risk’ populations. Procedures are given for calculating these populations. The account building principles are illustrated with a worked example for a three region system: the West Riding of Yorkshire, the rest of England and...","publication":"Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space","publication_with_fallback":"Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":100358254,"asset_id":99208534,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100358254/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/100358254/a06010120230328-1-bjmke5-libre.pdf?1679988674=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAccounts_and_Models_for_Spatial_Demograp.pdf\u0026Expires=1741591099\u0026Signature=R~aePL3oLXAU-7QY10sqKzyyBIxoXs9Svt3hnGDYydqS7cYGqBJpzZ6tKWW68dNhsd2S8xzHYssas4GMBaSAYZ7Vf91ZCYgIYcVRMqFnJeoBQuY4mUgtmgBXBGoOny~o-fD6RrzoQUuydzrmeKVmO9lOsuEI3y~kBqzMCIjEhcBHJMKQvHh-JR6wHBm7W5EtefxXqJDLIAvFNVJlsptvXihtOqTq6NQ1WLMJvzwojL~tMKY9g5WuXp3dQoRgMKsCT8l2chDueQKhuG-5IbcfaQtX33sb35tZIspLzjEcb0YH8GTOUoDHOFUNzCl88WnMuqIk1yC-bNKEqM-qO7EUDg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100358254/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/100358254/mini_magick20230328-1-l18pvy.png?1679987929"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":100358254,"asset_id":99208534,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100358254/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/100358254/a06010120230328-1-bjmke5-libre.pdf?1679988674=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAccounts_and_Models_for_Spatial_Demograp.pdf\u0026Expires=1741591099\u0026Signature=R~aePL3oLXAU-7QY10sqKzyyBIxoXs9Svt3hnGDYydqS7cYGqBJpzZ6tKWW68dNhsd2S8xzHYssas4GMBaSAYZ7Vf91ZCYgIYcVRMqFnJeoBQuY4mUgtmgBXBGoOny~o-fD6RrzoQUuydzrmeKVmO9lOsuEI3y~kBqzMCIjEhcBHJMKQvHh-JR6wHBm7W5EtefxXqJDLIAvFNVJlsptvXihtOqTq6NQ1WLMJvzwojL~tMKY9g5WuXp3dQoRgMKsCT8l2chDueQKhuG-5IbcfaQtX33sb35tZIspLzjEcb0YH8GTOUoDHOFUNzCl88WnMuqIk1yC-bNKEqM-qO7EUDg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100358254/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/100358254/mini_magick20230328-1-l18pvy.png?1679987929"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":16,"ordered_authors":[{"id":242695,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Wilson","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"AlanWilson","display_name":"Alan Wilson","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography","nofollow":true},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science","nofollow":true},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics","nofollow":true},{"id":747,"name":"Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econometrics","nofollow":true},{"id":20436,"name":"Urban And Regional Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_And_Regional_Planning"},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics"},{"id":64336,"name":"Population","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population"},{"id":96901,"name":"Population Projection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Projection"},{"id":115662,"name":"Demographic analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Demographic_analysis"},{"id":990268,"name":"Model Building","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Model_Building"}],"publication_year":1973,"publication_year_with_fallback":1973,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":2,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_99208535" data-work_id="99208535" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99208535/Inter_regional_Commodity_Flows_Entropy_Maximizing_Approaches">Inter-regional Commodity Flows: Entropy Maximizing Approaches</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper is concerned with a number of approaches to analyzing interregional commodity flows. It first discusses a number of existing approaches each covering aspects of the problem; a more than usually systematic appraisal of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_99208535" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper is concerned with a number of approaches to analyzing interregional commodity flows. It first discusses a number of existing approaches each covering aspects of the problem; a more than usually systematic appraisal of the Newtonian gravity model is given. The principles of the entropy maximizing method are then outlined, and this enables a deeper study of gravity models of interregional flows to be made. The methods of this approach are then integrated into an interregional input-output framework.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/99208535" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0845d679be2ee18b83243f8a326604af" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":100358252,"asset_id":99208535,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100358252/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="242695" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson">Alan Wilson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="242695" type="text/json">{"id":242695,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Wilson","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"AlanWilson","display_name":"Alan Wilson","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AlanWilson","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_99208535 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="99208535"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 99208535, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_99208535", }); 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It first discusses a number of existing approaches each covering aspects of the problem; a more than usually systematic appraisal of the Newtonian gravity model is given. The principles of the entropy maximizing method are then outlined, and this enables a deeper study of gravity models of interregional flows to be made. The methods of this approach are then integrated into an interregional input-output framework.","publication":"Geographical Analysis","publication_with_fallback":"Geographical 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interest in relating agent-based models to real-world locations by combining them with geographical information systems (GIS) which can be seen with the increase of geosimulation models in recent years. This... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_51692816" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abstract: There is a growing interest in relating agent-based models to real-world locations by combining them with geographical information systems (GIS) which can be seen with the increase of geosimulation models in recent years. This coincides with the proliferation of digital data both in the two and three dimensions allowing one to construct detailed and extensive feature-rich and highly visual 3D city models. This chapter explores some of these developments in relation to our own initial work on building 3D geospatial agent-based ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/51692816" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a6f34fcebee043337972a33302ba0686" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69303919,"asset_id":51692816,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69303919/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36166" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/AteenPatel">Ateen Patel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36166" type="text/json">{"id":36166,"first_name":"Ateen","last_name":"Patel","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"AteenPatel","display_name":"Ateen Patel","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/AteenPatel","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36166/82257/90124/s65_ateen.patel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_51692816 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="51692816"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 51692816, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_51692816", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=51692817]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_51692817").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_51692817").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35419953 coauthored" data-work_id="35419953" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35419953/Enhancing_Museum_Narratives_Tales_of_Things_and_UCLs_Grant_Museum">Enhancing Museum Narratives: Tales of Things and UCL's Grant Museum</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Emergent mobile technologies offer museum professionals new ways of engaging visitors with their collections. Museums are powerful learning environments and mobile technology can enable visitors to experience the narratives in museum... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35419953" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Emergent mobile technologies offer museum professionals new ways of engaging visitors with their collections. Museums are powerful learning environments and mobile technology can enable visitors to experience the narratives in museum objects and galleries and integrate them with their own personal reflections and interpretations. UCL‟s QRator project is exploring how handheld mobile devices and interactive digital labels can create new models for public engagement, personal meaning making and the construction of narrative opportunities inside museum spaces. The use of narrative in museums has long been recognised as a powerful communication technique to engage visitors and to explore the different kinds of learning and participation that result. This chapter discusses the potential for mobile technologies to connect museums to audiences through co-creation of narratives, taking the QRator project as a case study. The QRator project aims to stress the necessity of engaging visitors actively in the creation of their own interpretations of museum collections through the integration of QR codes, iPhone, iPad, and Android apps into UCL‟s Grant Museum of Zoology. Although this chapter will concentrate on mobile technology created for a natural history museum, issues of meaning making and narrative creation through mobile technology are applicable to any discipline. In the first instance, the concern is with the development of mobile media in museums followed by a discussion of the QRator project which stresses the opportunities and challenges in utilizing mobile technology to enhance visitor meaning making and narrative construction. Finally, this chapter discusses the extent to which mobile technologies might be used purposefully to transform institutional cultures, practices and relationships with visitors.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35419953" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="349ce7fe758c5194c29ae13dab447c34" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55280644,"asset_id":35419953,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55280644/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20681" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/MelissaTerras">Melissa Terras</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20681" type="text/json">{"id":20681,"first_name":"Melissa","last_name":"Terras","domain_name":"edinburgh","page_name":"MelissaTerras","display_name":"Melissa Terras","profile_url":"https://edinburgh.academia.edu/MelissaTerras","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20681/3797913/18567439/s65_melissa.terras.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-35419953">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-35419953"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewHudsonsmith">Andrew Hudson-smith</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ucl.academia.edu/StevenGray">Steven Gray</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-35419953'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-35419953').html(); 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The QRator project aims to stress the necessity of engaging visitors actively in the creation of their own interpretations of museum collections through the integration of QR codes, iPhone, iPad, and Android apps into UCL‟s Grant Museum of Zoology. Although this chapter will concentrate on mobile technology created for a natural history museum, issues of meaning making and narrative creation through mobile technology are applicable to any discipline. In the first instance, the concern is with the development of mobile media in museums followed by a discussion of the QRator project which stresses the opportunities and challenges in utilizing mobile technology to enhance visitor meaning making and narrative construction. 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investigate... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48301452" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The following paper presents the results of the QRator research project which aims to understand how digital technologies, such as interactive labels and smart phones, create new ways for users to engage with museum objects; investigate the value and constraints of digital sources and methods involving cultural content; and demonstrate how crowdsourced digital interpretation may be utilised as a research source.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48301452" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c4e55cff47662854c2c2ceda86d1bcba" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66986118,"asset_id":48301452,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66986118/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="458167" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/StevenGray">Steven Gray</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="458167" type="text/json">{"id":458167,"first_name":"Steven","last_name":"Gray","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"StevenGray","display_name":"Steven Gray","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/StevenGray","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/ba393e0fa3a58fcb4ed77a29090b89f0?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48301452 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48301452"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48301452, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48301452", }); 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By plotting... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1111205" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The visualisation proposed in this presentation provides a means for evaluating the whole set of commutes to work for England and Wales by clearly summarising the average commuting distances to and from each of the 8800 wards. By plotting these distances for 1981 and 2001 using UK Census information it is possible to see how the changing commuting preferences of workers have affected the functional areas of settlements. This information is further strengthened by projecting these values on to a hypothetical settlement. The dynamics that have led to this change can be explored through the separation of commutes by various subgroups, exemplified in this presentation through gender differences</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1111205" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6895d03d62ed6f1f3da9bd942e78e5c5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":6833400,"asset_id":1111205,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/6833400/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15377" href="https://istanbultek.academia.edu/BasakDemiresOzkul">Basak Demires Ozkul</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15377" type="text/json">{"id":15377,"first_name":"Basak","last_name":"Demires Ozkul","domain_name":"istanbultek","page_name":"BasakDemiresOzkul","display_name":"Basak Demires Ozkul","profile_url":"https://istanbultek.academia.edu/BasakDemiresOzkul","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15377/5166/5033/s65_basak.demires_ozkul.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1111205 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1111205"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1111205, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1111205", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1111205 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1111205; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1111205"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1111205 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1111205"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1111205; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1111205]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1111205").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1111205").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1111205"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7024" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender">Gender</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7024" type="text/json">{"id":7024,"name":"Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15264" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Work_and_Labour">Work and Labour</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15264" type="text/json">{"id":15264,"name":"Work and Labour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Work_and_Labour","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48591" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Visualisation">Data Visualisation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48591" type="text/json">{"id":48591,"name":"Data Visualisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Visualisation","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="117715" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commuting">Commuting</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="117715" type="text/json">{"id":117715,"name":"Commuting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commuting","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1111205]'), work: {"id":1111205,"title":"Visualising commuting patterns: exploring changing dynamics of commuting distance in England and Wales 1981-2001","created_at":"2011-11-23T04:27:28.323-08:00","owner_id":15377,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1111205/Visualising_commuting_patterns_exploring_changing_dynamics_of_commuting_distance_in_England_and_Wales_1981_2001","slug":"Visualising_commuting_patterns_exploring_changing_dynamics_of_commuting_distance_in_England_and_Wales_1981_2001","dom_id":"work_1111205","summary":"The visualisation proposed in this presentation provides a means for evaluating the whole set of commutes to work for England and Wales by clearly summarising the average commuting distances to and from each of the 8800 wards. By plotting these distances for 1981 and 2001 using UK Census information it is possible to see how the changing commuting preferences of workers have affected the functional areas of settlements. This information is further strengthened by projecting these values on to a hypothetical settlement. 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It describes the complex web of relationships between local and national government, community leaders, residents,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1221833" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This thesis analyzes the self-help upgrading process of three gecekondu (spontaneous) settlements in Istanbul, Turkey. It describes the complex web of relationships between local and national government, community leaders, residents, legal land owners, developers and the general public; further, it examines how these stakeholders interact to create and distribute the benefits.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1221833" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="39b92613252a3f81f8df7815a14c7305" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":12009856,"asset_id":1221833,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/12009856/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15377" href="https://istanbultek.academia.edu/BasakDemiresOzkul">Basak Demires Ozkul</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15377" type="text/json">{"id":15377,"first_name":"Basak","last_name":"Demires Ozkul","domain_name":"istanbultek","page_name":"BasakDemiresOzkul","display_name":"Basak Demires Ozkul","profile_url":"https://istanbultek.academia.edu/BasakDemiresOzkul","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15377/5166/5033/s65_basak.demires_ozkul.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1221833 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1221833"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1221833, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1221833", }); 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Spatial Representations of the Urban Poor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_and_Spatial_Representations_of_the_Urban_Poor"}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":245,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1795608" data-work_id="1795608" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1795608/Regions_in_the_knowledge_economy_how_the_changing_pattern_of_journey_to_work_flows_is_creating_a_more_fragmented_regional_identity_in_England_and_Wales">Regions in the knowledge economy: how the changing pattern of journey-to-work flows is creating a more fragmented regional identity in England and Wales</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper examines the effects of socio-economic change on the evolution of functional regions in England and Wales between 1981 and 2001. It looks at how the rapid shift towards the knowledge economy has affected the clustering of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1795608" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper examines the effects of socio-economic change on the evolution of functional regions in England and Wales between 1981 and 2001. It looks at how the rapid shift towards the knowledge economy has affected the clustering of industries and the interaction of labour markets for representative industrial sectors and occupational groups. These two streams of research are tied together to get an overview of how functional urban regions are changing. The first part of the analysis is centred upon capturing the shift from manufacturing to services. Spatial clustering patterns of economic activity are identified through measures of agglomeration developed within the field of economic geography. Regional trends are laid out by extracting the clustering distance for a sample of industries across England and Wales and in some of the major city regions. The second part of the analysis is focused on representing the changing nature of local and regional labour networks through journey-to-work flows. The focus of the analysis is the knowledge worker, who is portrayed in current socio-economic literature as a major player in creating local and regional networks. This part of the analysis assesses the function of the knowledge worker as an agent for local and regional connectivity through an original visualisation of its commuting profile. This profile is then compared to other occupational groups for 1981 and 2001 to determine if there are any distinguishing patterns that emerge supporting the occupation’s role in changing interactions within and amongst regions. The two parts of the analysis provide an overview of how recent socio-economic changes have affected the nature and size of economic clusters and the intensity of flows within and between their functional regions. This provides a step forward in disentangling the socio-economic forces behind the growing interdependence between cities and their regions in the knowledge economy.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1795608" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f1dad010513cbd63e361e309bd0c83f9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":24699789,"asset_id":1795608,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/24699789/download_file?st=MTc0MTY3MDYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15377" href="https://istanbultek.academia.edu/BasakDemiresOzkul">Basak Demires Ozkul</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15377" type="text/json">{"id":15377,"first_name":"Basak","last_name":"Demires Ozkul","domain_name":"istanbultek","page_name":"BasakDemiresOzkul","display_name":"Basak Demires Ozkul","profile_url":"https://istanbultek.academia.edu/BasakDemiresOzkul","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15377/5166/5033/s65_basak.demires_ozkul.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1795608 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1795608"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1795608, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1795608", }); 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