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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Botany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Botany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Production and trade</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production_and_trade-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production and trade subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production_and_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutritional_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nutritional information</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutritional_information-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nutritional information subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Allergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Chemical composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Contamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culinary use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sesame</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesam" title="Sesam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sesam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%88%8A%E1%8C%A5" title="ሰሊጥ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰሊጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85" title="سمسم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سمسم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%98%DC%AB%DC%A1%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܫܘܫܡܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܘܫܡܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susami" title="Susami – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Susami" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="তিল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তিল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamum_indicum" title="Sesamum indicum – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sesamum indicum" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_k%C3%BCnc%C3%BCt%C3%BC" title="Hind küncütü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hind küncütü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%92%D8%AA%D9%88" title="هیند کونج اوْتو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیند کونج اوْتو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga" title="Lenga – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Lenga" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="তিল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%82" title="Кунжут – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кунжут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langa" title="Langa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Langa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Обикновен сусам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обикновен сусам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susam" title="Susam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Susam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8sam" title="Sèsam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sèsam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamum_indicum" title="Sesamum indicum – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sesamum indicum" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezam_indick%C3%BD" title="Sezam indický – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sezam indický" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sesame" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinzam" title="Zinzam – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Zinzam" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesam" title="Sesam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sesam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesam" title="Sesam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sesam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%AC%DE%94%DE%AE%DE%86%DE%AF%DE%85%DE%A8" title="ތިލެޔޮކޯޅި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތިލެޔޮކޯޅި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_seesam" title="Harilik seesam – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik seesam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B9" title="Σουσάμι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουσάμι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamum_indicum" title="Sesamum indicum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sesamum indicum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindia_sezamo" title="Hindia sezamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindia sezamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamo" title="Sesamo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sesamo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="کنجد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنجد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9same" title="Sésame – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sésame" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noomeeri" title="Noomeeri – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Noomeeri" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasaman" title="Seasaman – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seasaman" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9samo" title="Sésamo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sésamo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%B2" title="તલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B3" title="तीळ – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तीळ" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B8%EA%B9%A8" title="참깨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="참깨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C9%97i" title="Riɗi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Riɗi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Քունջութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քունջութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="तिल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तिल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiski_sezam" title="Indiski sezam – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Indiski sezam" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijski_sezam" title="Indijski sezam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indijski sezam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezamo" title="Sezamo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sezamo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijen" title="Wijen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wijen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamjurt" title="Sesamjurt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sesamjurt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamum_indicum" title="Sesamum indicum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sesamum indicum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9D" title="שומשום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שומשום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wij%C3%A8n" title="Wijèn – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wijèn" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಎಳ್ಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಳ್ಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langis" title="Langis – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Langis" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufuta" title="Ufuta – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufuta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wowoli" title="Wowoli – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wowoli" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunc%C3%AE" title="Kuncî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kuncî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%82" title="Кунжут – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кунжут" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamum_indicum" title="Sesamum indicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sesamum indicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezams" title="Sezams – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sezams" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indinis_sezamas" title="Indinis sezamas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indinis sezamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangila" title="Wangila – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Wangila" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijjh%C3%A2n" title="Bijjhân – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bijjhân" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="कारी तिल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कारी तिल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Сусам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сусам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antsingeny" title="Antsingeny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antsingeny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D" title="എള്ള് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എള്ള്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B3" title="तीळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तीळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85" title="سمسم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سمسم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="کانجی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کانجی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijan" title="Bijan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bijan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C4%95-mu%C3%A0i" title="Ciĕ-muài – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ciĕ-muài" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="နှမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နှမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesam" title="Sesam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sesam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="कालो तिल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कालो तिल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%9E" title="ゴマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesam" title="Sesam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sesam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesam" title="Sesam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sesam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesam" title="Sesam – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sesam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunjut" title="Kunjut – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kunjut" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2" title="ਤਿਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਿਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DD%AA" title="تݪ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تݪ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%84" title="ល្ង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ល្ង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezam_indyjski" title="Sezam indyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sezam indyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamum_indicum" title="Sesamum indicum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sesamum indicum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan" title="Susan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Susan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кунжут индийский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кунжут индийский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="तिलः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तिलः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindi" title="Sindi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sindi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sesame" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susami" title="Susami – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Susami" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamum_indicum" title="Sesamum indicum – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sesamum indicum" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BD_(%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F)" title="තල (ඇට ආහාරයට ගන්නා) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තල (ඇට ආහාරයට ගන්නා)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sesame" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1_(%D9%BB%D8%AC)" title="تر (ٻج) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تر (ٻج)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezam_indick%C3%BD" title="Sezam indický – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sezam indický" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abongra" title="Abongra – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Abongra" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Сусам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сусам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezam" title="Sezam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sezam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wij%C3%A9n" title="Wijén – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Wijén" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seesami" title="Seesami – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seesami" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesam_(v%C3%A4xt)" title="Sesam (växt) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sesam (växt)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linga" title="Linga – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Linga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="எள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="నువ్వులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నువ్వులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A)" title="งา (พืช) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="งา (พืช)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyu%C9%94%CC%88m" title="Nyuɔ̈m – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Nyuɔ̈m" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Кунҷид – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кунҷид" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susam" title="Susam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Susam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuut_(a%CC%B1tyin_a%CC%B1ga%CC%B1fi%CC%B1p)" title="Kuut (a̱tyin a̱ga̱fi̱p) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kuut (a̱tyin a̱ga̱fi̱p)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кунжут індійський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кунжут індійський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84" title="تل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%88%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%88%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%88%D9%83_%D9%83%DB%87%D9%85%DB%87%D9%84%DB%95%D9%83" title="كۈنجۈتلۈك كۇمۇلەك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۈنجۈتلۈك كۇمۇلەك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwgraz" title="Lwgraz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Lwgraz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%ABng" title="Vừng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vừng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesam" title="Sesam – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sesam" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E9%BA%BB" title="芝麻 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="芝麻" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E8%94%B4" title="芝蔴 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="芝蔴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunc%C4%B1" title="Kuncı – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kuncı" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E9%BA%BB" title="芝麻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="芝麻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Plant cultivated for its edible seeds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Black sesame" redirects here. For another "black sesame" crop plant of western and central Africa see <a href="/wiki/Sesamum_radiatum" title="Sesamum radiatum">Sesamum radiatum</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sesame_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sesame (disambiguation)">Sesame (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Sesame </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sesamum_indicum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-129.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sesamum_indicum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-129.jpg/220px-Sesamum_indicum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-129.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sesamum_indicum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-129.jpg/330px-Sesamum_indicum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-129.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Sesamum_indicum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-129.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="594" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sesamum_indicum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of a sesame plant with glossy dark green leaves and a white flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sesamum_indicum_2.jpg/220px-Sesamum_indicum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sesamum_indicum_2.jpg/330px-Sesamum_indicum_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sesamum_indicum_2.jpg/440px-Sesamum_indicum_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Sesame plants </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Sesamum" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pedaliaceae" title="Pedaliaceae">Pedaliaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sesamum" title="Sesamum"><i>Sesamum</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>S. indicum</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Sesamum indicum</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <ul><li><i>Dysosmon amoenum</i> <small>Raf.</small></li> <li><i>Sesamum africanum</i> <small>Tod.</small></li> <li><i>Sesamum occidentalis</i> <small>Heer & Regel</small></li> <li><i>Sesamum oleiferum</i> <small>Sm.</small></li> <li><i>Sesamum orientale</i> <small>L.</small></li> <li><i>Volkameria orientalis</i> <small>(L.) Kuntze</small></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Sesame</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sesamum indicum</i>) is a plant in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Sesamum" title="Sesamum">Sesamum</a></i>, also called <b>simsim</b>, <b>benne</b> or <b>gingelly</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-mw_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Bedigian-2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedigian-2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is widely <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalization (biology)">naturalized</a> in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods. World production in 2018 was 6 million tonnes (5,900,000 long tons; 6,600,000 short tons), with <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> as the largest producers.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sesame seed is one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Oilseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilseed">oilseed</a> crops known, domesticated well over 3,000 years ago. <i>Sesamum</i> has many other species, most being wild and native to <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bedigian-2015_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedigian-2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>S. indicum,</i> the cultivated type, originated in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Y._P._S._Bajaj_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y._P._S._Bajaj-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bedigian-2015_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedigian-2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It tolerates drought conditions well, growing where other crops fail.<sup id="cite_ref-rram_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rram-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drl2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drl2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sesame has one of the highest oil contents of any seed. With a rich, nutty flavor, it is a common ingredient in cuisines around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-rhan_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esopl_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esopl-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other foods, it can trigger <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic</a> reactions in some people and is one of the nine most common <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergens</a> outlined by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration (FDA).</a><sup id="cite_ref-adatia_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adatia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SesameLaw2021_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SesameLaw2021-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "sesame" is from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>sesamum</i> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> σήσαμον: <i>sēsamon</i>; which in turn are derived from ancient <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <i>šamaššamu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From these roots, words with the generalized meaning "oil, liquid fat" were derived.<sup id="cite_ref-Bedigian-2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedigian-2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "benne" was first recorded to be used in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> in 1769 and comes from <a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a> <i>benne</i> which itself derives from <a href="/wiki/Maninka_language" title="Maninka language">Malinke</a> <i>bĕne.</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mw_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sesame seed is considered to be the oldest <a href="/wiki/Oilseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilseed">oilseed</a> crop known to humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-rram_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rram-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus has many species, and most are wild.<sup id="cite_ref-Bedigian-2015_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedigian-2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most wild species of the genus <i>Sesamum</i> are native to sub-Saharan Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Bedigian-2015_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedigian-2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>S. indicum,</i> the cultivated type,<sup id="cite_ref-Y._P._S._Bajaj_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y._P._S._Bajaj-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originated in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Bedigian-2010_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedigian-2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bedigian-2015_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedigian-2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological remnants of charred sesame dating to about 3500-3050 BCE suggest sesame was domesticated in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> at least 5500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been claimed that trading of sesame between Mesopotamia and the Indian subcontinent occurred by 2000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> exported <a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">sesame oil</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, where it was known as <i>ilu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> and <i>ellu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, compare Southern Dravidian Kannada and Malayalam <i>eḷḷu</i>, Tamil <i>eḷ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some reports claim sesame was cultivated in Egypt during the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while others suggest the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptians called it <i>sesemt</i>, and it is included in the list of medicinal drugs in the scrolls of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers Papyrus</a></i> dated to be over 3600 years old. Excavations of King Tutankhamen uncovered baskets of sesame among other grave goods, suggesting that sesame was present in Egypt by 1350 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archeological reports indicate that sesame was grown and pressed to extract oil at least 2750 years ago in the empire of <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-esopl_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esopl-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sesame_Coordinators_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sesame_Coordinators-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others believe it may have originated in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, sesame was favored for its ability to grow in areas that do not support the growth of other crops. It is also a robust crop that needs little farming support—it grows in drought conditions, in high heat, with residual moisture in soil after monsoons are gone or even when rains fail or when rains are excessive. It was a crop that could be grown by subsistence farmers at the edge of deserts, where no other crops grow. Sesame has been called a survivor crop.<sup id="cite_ref-drl2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drl2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Botany">Botany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Botany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_of_Sesamum_indicum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flower_of_Sesamum_indicum.jpg/220px-Flower_of_Sesamum_indicum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flower_of_Sesamum_indicum.jpg/330px-Flower_of_Sesamum_indicum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flower_of_Sesamum_indicum.jpg/440px-Flower_of_Sesamum_indicum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Flower of <i>S. indicum</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sesame_in_Hainan_-_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sesame_in_Hainan_-_05.JPG/220px-Sesame_in_Hainan_-_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sesame_in_Hainan_-_05.JPG/330px-Sesame_in_Hainan_-_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sesame_in_Hainan_-_05.JPG/440px-Sesame_in_Hainan_-_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Sesame seed capsule</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sasame_Plant,_Behbahan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flowers & Seed Capsules on Sesame Plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sasame_Plant%2C_Behbahan.jpg/220px-Sasame_Plant%2C_Behbahan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sasame_Plant%2C_Behbahan.jpg/330px-Sasame_Plant%2C_Behbahan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sasame_Plant%2C_Behbahan.jpg/440px-Sasame_Plant%2C_Behbahan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="4640" /></a><figcaption>Flowers and seed capsules on sesame plant</figcaption></figure> <p>Sesame is a perennial plant growing 50 to 100 cm (1 ft 8 in to 3 ft 3 in) tall, with opposite leaves 4 to 14 cm (2 to 6 in) long with an entire margin; they are broad <a href="/wiki/Lanceolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanceolate">lanceolate</a>, to 5 cm (2 in) broad, at the base of the plant, narrowing to just <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) broad on the flowering stem. The flowers are tubular, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3 to 5 cm (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> to 2 in) long, with a four-lobed mouth. The flowers may vary in colour, with some being white, blue, or purple. </p><p>Sesame seeds occur in many colours depending on the cultivar. The most traded variety of sesame is off-white coloured. Other common colours are buff, tan, gold, brown, reddish, gray, and black. The colour is the same for the hull and the fruit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._20,_page_006_-_%E8%83%A1%E9%BA%BB_-_Sesamum_indicum_L.,_1804.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._20%2C_page_006_-_%E8%83%A1%E9%BA%BB_-_Sesamum_indicum_L.%2C_1804.jpg/220px-Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._20%2C_page_006_-_%E8%83%A1%E9%BA%BB_-_Sesamum_indicum_L.%2C_1804.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._20%2C_page_006_-_%E8%83%A1%E9%BA%BB_-_Sesamum_indicum_L.%2C_1804.jpg/330px-Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._20%2C_page_006_-_%E8%83%A1%E9%BA%BB_-_Sesamum_indicum_L.%2C_1804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._20%2C_page_006_-_%E8%83%A1%E9%BA%BB_-_Sesamum_indicum_L.%2C_1804.jpg/440px-Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._20%2C_page_006_-_%E8%83%A1%E9%BA%BB_-_Sesamum_indicum_L.%2C_1804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Sesame Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. from the <a href="/wiki/Seikei_Zusetsu" title="Seikei Zusetsu">Seikei Zusetsu</a> agriculture encyclopedia</figcaption></figure> <p>Sesame fruit is a <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">capsule</a>, normally pubescent, rectangular in section, and typically grooved with a short, triangular beak. The length of the fruit capsule varies from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2 to 8 centimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> to <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in), its width varies between <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">0.5 and 2.0 centimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">64</span></span> and <span class="frac"><span class="num">25</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in), and the number of loculi varies from four to 12. The fruit naturally splits open (<a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">dehisces</a>) to release the seeds by splitting along the septa from top to bottom or by means of two apical pores, depending on the varietal cultivar. The degree of dehiscence is of importance in breeding for mechanised harvesting, as is the insertion height of the first capsule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sesame seeds are small. Their sizes vary with the thousands of varieties known. Typically, the seeds are about 3 to 4 mm long by 2 mm wide and 1 mm thick (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">15</span>⁄<span class="den">128</span></span> to <span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> × <span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">64</span></span> × <span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">128</span></span>). The seeds are ovate, slightly flattened, and somewhat thinner at the eye of the seed (hilum) than at the opposite end. The mass of 100 seeds is 0.203 g.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seed coat (testa) may be smooth or ribbed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sesame varieties have adapted to many soil types. The high-yielding crops thrive best on well-drained, fertile soils of medium texture and neutral pH. However, these have a low tolerance for soils with high salt and water-logged conditions. Commercial sesame crops require 90 to 120 frost-free days. Warm conditions above 23 °C (73 °F) favor growth and yields. While sesame crops can grow in poor soils, the best yields come from properly fertilized farms.<sup id="cite_ref-esopl_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esopl-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jefferson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jefferson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initiation of flowering is sensitive to photoperiod and sesame variety. The photoperiod also affects the oil content in sesame seed; increased photoperiod increases oil content. The oil content of the seed is inversely proportional to its protein content.<sup id="cite_ref-esopl_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esopl-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sesame is drought-tolerant, in part due to its extensive root system. However, it requires adequate moisture for germination and early growth. While the crop survives drought and the presence of excess water, the yields are significantly lower in either condition. Moisture levels before planting and flowering affect yield the most.<sup id="cite_ref-esopl_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esopl-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most commercial cultivars of sesame are intolerant of water-logging. Rainfall late in the season prolongs growth and increases loss to dehiscence, when the seedpod shatters, scattering the seed. Wind can also cause shattering at harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-esopl_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esopl-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processing">Processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sesame seeds are protected by a capsule that bursts when the seeds are ripe. The time of this bursting, or "dehiscence", tends to vary, so farmers cut plants by hand and place them together in an upright position to continue ripening until all the capsules have opened. The discovery of an <a href="/wiki/Indehiscent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indehiscent">indehiscent</a> mutant (analogous to <a href="/wiki/Shattering_(agriculture)" title="Shattering (agriculture)">nonshattering</a> domestic grains) by Langham in 1943 began the work towards the development of a high-yielding, dehiscence-resistant variety. Although researchers have made significant progress in sesame breeding, harvest losses due to early dehiscence continue to limit domestic US production.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agronomists in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> are working on modern cultivars of sesame that can be harvested by mechanical means.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since sesame is a small, flat seed, it is difficult to dry it after harvest because the small seed makes the movement of air around the seed difficult. Therefore, the seeds need to be harvested as dry as possible and stored at 6% moisture or less. If the seed is too moist, it can quickly heat up and become rancid.<sup id="cite_ref-rhan_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After harvesting, the seeds are usually cleaned and hulled. In some countries, once the seeds have been hulled, they are passed through an electronic color-sorting machine that rejects any discolored seeds to ensure perfect color, because sesame seeds with consistent appearance are perceived to be of better quality by consumers, and sell for a higher price.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Immature or off-sized seeds are removed and used for <a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil#Manufacturing_process" title="Sesame oil">sesame oil production</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_trade">Production and trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Production and trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:13em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Sesame seed production<br /><small>2022, in tonnes</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td> <td>1,231,701 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>788,740 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></td> <td>760,926 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td> <td>700,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>450,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></td> <td>208,795 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></td> <td>104,088 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>6,741,479</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><sup id="cite_ref-faostat_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2022, world production of sesame seeds was 6.7 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, India, and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, which together accounted for 41% of the total (table).<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The white and other lighter-colored sesame seeds are common in Europe, the Americas, West Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. The black and darker-colored sesame seeds are mostly produced in China and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-feedipedia_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feedipedia-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States most sesame is raised by farmers under contract to Sesaco, which also supplies proprietary seed.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> is the world's largest sesame importer. Sesame oil, particularly from roasted seed, is an important component of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cooking</a> and traditionally the principal use of the seed. China is the second-largest importer of sesame, mostly oil-grade. China exports lower-priced food-grade sesame seeds, particularly to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. Other major importers are the United States, Canada, the Netherlands, Turkey, and France.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sesame seed is a high-value <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crop</a>. Prices have ranged between US$800 and 1,700 per tonne (810 and 1,730/long ton) between 2008 and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sesame exports sell across a wide price range. Quality perception, particularly how the seed looks, is a major pricing factor. Most importers who supply ingredient distributors and oil processors only want to purchase scientifically treated, properly cleaned, washed, dried, colour-sorted, size-graded, and impurity-free seeds with a guaranteed minimum oil content (not less than 40%) packed according to international standards. Seeds that do not meet these quality standards are considered unfit for export and are consumed locally. In 2008, by volume, premium prices, and quality, the largest exporter was India, followed by Ethiopia and Myanmar.<sup id="cite_ref-rhan_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutritional_information">Nutritional information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nutritional information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Whole sesame seeds, dried</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 grams</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,400 kJ (570 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">23.4</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">11.8</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">49.7</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">7.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">18.8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">21.8</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">17.7</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">9 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">66%</div> 0.79 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">19%</div> 0.25 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">28%</div> 4.52 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">46%</div> 0.79 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">24%</div> 97 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.25 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">75%</div> 975 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">81%</div> 14.6 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">84%</div> 351 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">50%</div> 629 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">16%</div> 468 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 11 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">71%</div> 7.8 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">4.7 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170150/nutrients">Link to USDA FoodData Central entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dried whole sesame seeds are 5% water, 23% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 50% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>, and 18% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>. </p><p>The byproduct that remains after oil extraction from sesame seeds, also called sesame oil meal, is rich in protein (35–50%) and is used as feed for <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rhan_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esopl_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esopl-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-feedipedia_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feedipedia-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As many seeds do, whole sesame seeds contain a significant amount of <a href="/wiki/Phytic_acid" title="Phytic acid">phytic acid</a>, which is considered an <a href="/wiki/Antinutrient" title="Antinutrient">antinutrient</a> in that it binds to certain nutritional elements consumed at the same time, especially minerals, and prevents their absorption by carrying them along as they pass through the small intestine. Heating and cooking reduce the amount of the acid in the seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> showed that sesame consumption produced small reductions in both <a href="/wiki/Systole" title="Systole">systolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">diastolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28387047_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28387047-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another demonstrated improvement in <a href="/wiki/Fasting_blood_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasting blood glucose">fasting blood glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin_A1c" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemoglobin A1c">hemoglobin A1c</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sesame oil studies reported a reduction of <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a> markers and <a href="/wiki/Lipid_peroxidation" title="Lipid peroxidation">lipid peroxidation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27074618_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27074618-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allergy">Allergy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Allergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sesame_allergy" title="Sesame allergy">Sesame allergy</a></div> <p>Sesame can trigger the same <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reactions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>, as seen with other <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">food allergens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adatia_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adatia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cross-reactivity exists between sesame and peanuts, hazelnuts and almonds.<sup id="cite_ref-adatia_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adatia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vwh_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vwh-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to food products derived from sesame seeds, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tahini" title="Tahini">tahini</a></i> and sesame oil, persons with sesame allergies are encouraged to be aware of foods that may contain sesame, such as baked goods.<sup id="cite_ref-adatia_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adatia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vwh_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vwh-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hc_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to food sources, individuals allergic to sesame have been warned that a variety of non-food sources may also trigger a reaction to sesame, including <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a> and skin-care products.<sup id="cite_ref-hc_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prevalence of sesame allergy is on the order of 0.1–0.2%, but higher in countries in the Middle East and Asia where consumption is more common as part of traditional diets.<sup id="cite_ref-adatia_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adatia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, sesame allergy possibly affects 1.5 million individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada requires sesame labeling as an allergen.<sup id="cite_ref-hc_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, identifying the presence of sesame, along with 13 other foods, either as an ingredient or an unintended contaminant in packaged food is compulsory.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the "FASTER Act" was passed in April 2021, stipulating that labeling be mandatory,<sup id="cite_ref-SesameLaw2021_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SesameLaw2021-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be in effect January 1, 2023, making it the ninth required food ingredient for which labeling is mandated within the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FARE_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FARE-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AANetwork_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AANetwork-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chemical composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sesame seeds contain the <a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">lignans</a> <a href="/wiki/Sesamolin" title="Sesamolin">sesamolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesamin" title="Sesamin">sesamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinoresinol" title="Pinoresinol">pinoresinol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lariciresinol" title="Lariciresinol">lariciresinol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contamination">Contamination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contamination by <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/E.coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E.coli">E.coli</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> may occur in large batches of sesame seeds, such as in September 2020 when high levels of a common industrial compound, <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a>, was found in a 250-<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> shipment of sesame seeds from India.<sup id="cite_ref-fsn-20_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsn-20-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conn_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conn-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After detection in Belgium, <a href="/wiki/Product_recall" title="Product recall">recalls</a> for dozens of products and stores were issued across the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, totaling some 50 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-fsn-20_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsn-20-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conn_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conn-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Products with an <a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">organic certification</a> were also affected by the contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular governmental food inspection for sesame contamination, as for <i>Salmonella</i> and <i>E. coli</i> in <a href="/wiki/Tahini" title="Tahini">tahini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a> or seeds, has found that poor hygiene practices during processing are common sources and routes of contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_use">Culinary use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culinary use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sesame_seed_dishes" title="List of sesame seed dishes">List of sesame seed dishes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sesame_oil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sesame_oil.jpg/220px-Sesame_oil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sesame_oil.jpg/330px-Sesame_oil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sesame_oil.jpg/440px-Sesame_oil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a> is made from sesame seeds</figcaption></figure> <p>Sesame seed is a common ingredient in various cuisines. It is used whole in cooking for its rich, nutty flavour. Sesame seeds are sometimes added to bread, including <a href="/wiki/Bagel" title="Bagel">bagels</a> and the tops of <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburger</a> buns. They may be baked into <a href="/wiki/Cracker_(food)" title="Cracker (food)">crackers</a>, often in the form of sticks. In Sicily and France, the seeds are eaten on bread (<i>ficelle sésame</i>, sesame thread). In Greece, the seeds are also used in cakes. </p><p>Sesame seed cookies called Benne wafers, both sweet and savory, are popular in places such as <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sesame seeds, also called <i>benne</i>, are believed to have been brought into 17th-century colonial America by enslaved West Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entirety of the sesame plant was used extensively in West African cuisine. The seeds were commonly used as a thickener in soups and puddings, or could be roasted and infused in water to produce a coffee-like drink.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sesame oil made from the seeds could be used as a substitute for butter, finding use as a shortening for making cakes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the leaves on mature plants, which are rich in mucilage, can be used as a laxative as well as a treatment for dysentery and cholera.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After arriving in North America, the plant was grown by slaves to serve as a subsistence staple as a nutritional supplement to their weekly rations.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, it has become a part of various American cuisines. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean cuisine</a>, sugar and white sesame seeds are combined into a bar resembling <a href="/wiki/Peanut_brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peanut brittle">peanut brittle</a> and sold in stores and street corners, like Bahamian Benny cakes.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_KTD_%E8%A7%80%E5%A1%98%E9%81%93_414_Kwun_Tong_Road_One_Pacific_Centre_shop_%E6%B5%B7%E6%B8%AF%E9%85%92%E5%AE%B6_Victoria_Harbour_Restaurant_food_dim_sum_%E7%85%8E%E5%A0%86_sesame_ball_%E9%A3%B2%E8%8C%B6_morning_tea_April_2023_Px3_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/HK_KTD_%E8%A7%80%E5%A1%98%E9%81%93_414_Kwun_Tong_Road_One_Pacific_Centre_shop_%E6%B5%B7%E6%B8%AF%E9%85%92%E5%AE%B6_Victoria_Harbour_Restaurant_food_dim_sum_%E7%85%8E%E5%A0%86_sesame_ball_%E9%A3%B2%E8%8C%B6_morning_tea_April_2023_Px3_02.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/HK_KTD_%E8%A7%80%E5%A1%98%E9%81%93_414_Kwun_Tong_Road_One_Pacific_Centre_shop_%E6%B5%B7%E6%B8%AF%E9%85%92%E5%AE%B6_Victoria_Harbour_Restaurant_food_dim_sum_%E7%85%8E%E5%A0%86_sesame_ball_%E9%A3%B2%E8%8C%B6_morning_tea_April_2023_Px3_02.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/HK_KTD_%E8%A7%80%E5%A1%98%E9%81%93_414_Kwun_Tong_Road_One_Pacific_Centre_shop_%E6%B5%B7%E6%B8%AF%E9%85%92%E5%AE%B6_Victoria_Harbour_Restaurant_food_dim_sum_%E7%85%8E%E5%A0%86_sesame_ball_%E9%A3%B2%E8%8C%B6_morning_tea_April_2023_Px3_02.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Jian_dui" title="Jian dui">Jian dui</a></i> covered with sesame seeds</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goma_dango_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Goma_dango_002.jpg/220px-Goma_dango_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Goma_dango_002.jpg/330px-Goma_dango_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Goma_dango_002.jpg/440px-Goma_dango_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Dango" title="Dango">Dango</a></i> with sweet sesame seed sauce</figcaption></figure> <p>In Asia, sesame seeds are sprinkled onto some <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a>-style foods.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan, whole seeds are found in many salads and baked snacks, and tan and black sesame seed varieties are roasted and used to make the flavouring <i><a href="/wiki/Gomashio" title="Gomashio">gomashio</a></i>. East Asian cuisines, such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a>, use sesame seeds and oil in some dishes, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">dim sum</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_deui" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin deui">sesame seed balls</a> (Cantonese: <i>jin deui</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a> <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_r%C3%A1n" title="Bánh rán">bánh rán</a></i>. Sesame flavour (through oil and roasted or raw seeds) is also used to marinate meat and vegetables. Chefs in <a href="/wiki/Tempura" title="Tempura">tempura</a> restaurants blend sesame and <a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">cottonseed oil</a> for deep-frying. Ground black sesame and rice form an edible paste when mixed with water, called <a href="/wiki/Zhimahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhimahu">zhimahu</a>, a Chinese dessert and breakfast dish. </p><p>Sesame, or <i>simsim</i> as it is known in East Africa, is used in African cuisine. In <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, the seeds are a main soup ingredient and in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and in the north of <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <i>wangila</i> is a dish of ground sesame, often served with smoked fish or lobster. </p><p>Sesame seeds and oil are used extensively in India. In most parts of the country, sesame seeds mixed with heated <a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a>, sugar, or palm sugar are made into balls and bars similar to peanut brittle or nut clusters and eaten as snacks. In <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, black sesame is used in the preparation of <i><a href="/wiki/Chikki" title="Chikki">chikki</a></i> and cold-pressed oil. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EgFoodTahina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/EgFoodTahina.jpg/220px-EgFoodTahina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/EgFoodTahina.jpg/330px-EgFoodTahina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/EgFoodTahina.jpg/440px-EgFoodTahina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tahini" title="Tahini">Tahini</a> made of sesame seed paste</figcaption></figure> <p>Sesame is a common ingredient in many Middle Eastern cuisines. Sesame seeds are made into a paste called <i><a href="/wiki/Tahini" title="Tahini">tahini</a></i> (used in various ways, including <i><a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a> bi tahini</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> confection <i><a href="/wiki/Halvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halvah">halvah</a></i>. Ground and processed, the seed is also used in sweet confections. Sesame is also a common component of the <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a> spice mixture <i><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">za'atar</a></i>, popular throughout the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cuisine">East Asian</a> cuisines, popular <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">confectionery</a> is made from sesame mixed with <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">syrup</a> and roasted into a <a href="/wiki/Sesame_candy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesame candy">sesame candy</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a>, <i>goma-dofu</i> is made from <a href="/wiki/Sesame_paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesame paste">sesame paste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran cuisine</a> refer to sesame seeds as <i>ajonjolí</i>. It is mainly used as a sauce additive, such as <a href="/wiki/Mole_(sauce)" title="Mole (sauce)"><i>mole</i></a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Adobo" title="Adobo">adobo</a></i>. It is often also used to sprinkle over artisan breads and baked in traditional form to coat the smooth dough, especially on whole-wheat flatbreads or artisan nutrition bars, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Alegr%C3%ADa_(Mexican_candy)" title="Alegría (Mexican candy)">alegrías</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a> is sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oil</a> in different parts of the world, though different forms have different characteristics for high-temperature <a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">frying</a>. The "toasted" form of the oil (as distinguished from the "cold-pressed" form) has a distinctive pleasant aroma and taste, and is used as a table <a href="/wiki/Condiment" title="Condiment">condiment</a> in some regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa_white_sesame_seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magnified image of white sesame seeds"><img alt="Magnified image of white sesame seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sa_white_sesame_seeds.jpg/120px-Sa_white_sesame_seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sa_white_sesame_seeds.jpg/180px-Sa_white_sesame_seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sa_white_sesame_seeds.jpg/240px-Sa_white_sesame_seeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Magnified image of white sesame seeds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_14731_Sesame_Baskets.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sesame seeds are commonly added to baked goods and creative confectionery"><img alt="Sesame seeds are commonly added to baked goods and creative confectionery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PikiWiki_Israel_14731_Sesame_Baskets.JPG/120px-PikiWiki_Israel_14731_Sesame_Baskets.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PikiWiki_Israel_14731_Sesame_Baskets.JPG/180px-PikiWiki_Israel_14731_Sesame_Baskets.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/PikiWiki_Israel_14731_Sesame_Baskets.JPG/240px-PikiWiki_Israel_14731_Sesame_Baskets.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sesame seeds are commonly added to baked goods and creative confectionery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khao_phan_nga_muan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rolled khao phan with black sesame seeds"><img alt="Rolled khao phan with black sesame seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Khao_phan_nga_muan.jpg/120px-Khao_phan_nga_muan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Khao_phan_nga_muan.jpg/180px-Khao_phan_nga_muan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Khao_phan_nga_muan.jpg/240px-Khao_phan_nga_muan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rolled <i>khao phan</i> with black sesame seeds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bread_Sticks_With_Sesame.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sesame seed breadsticks"><img alt="Sesame seed breadsticks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bread_Sticks_With_Sesame.jpg/120px-Bread_Sticks_With_Sesame.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bread_Sticks_With_Sesame.jpg/180px-Bread_Sticks_With_Sesame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bread_Sticks_With_Sesame.jpg/240px-Bread_Sticks_With_Sesame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sesame seed breadsticks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22A_Gingelly_cake%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sesame sweet cake"><img alt="Sesame sweet cake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%22A_Gingelly_cake%22.jpg/120px-%22A_Gingelly_cake%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%22A_Gingelly_cake%22.jpg/180px-%22A_Gingelly_cake%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%22A_Gingelly_cake%22.jpg/240px-%22A_Gingelly_cake%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sesame sweet cake</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sesame_Seed_Ball_(Candy).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sesame seed ball confection"><img alt="Sesame seed ball confection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sesame_Seed_Ball_%28Candy%29.jpg/120px-Sesame_Seed_Ball_%28Candy%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sesame_Seed_Ball_%28Candy%29.jpg/180px-Sesame_Seed_Ball_%28Candy%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sesame_Seed_Ball_%28Candy%29.jpg/240px-Sesame_Seed_Ball_%28Candy%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sesame seed ball confection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Til-Patti_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Til-patti – a sesame brittle-type confection from India"><img alt="Til-patti – a sesame brittle-type confection from India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Til-Patti_2.jpg/120px-Til-Patti_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Til-Patti_2.jpg/180px-Til-Patti_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Til-Patti_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Til-patti</i> – a sesame brittle-type confection from India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Athens15_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simit, koulouri, or gevrek, a ring-shaped bread coated with sesame seeds"><img alt="Simit, koulouri, or gevrek, a ring-shaped bread coated with sesame seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Athens15_tango7174.jpg/120px-Athens15_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Athens15_tango7174.jpg/180px-Athens15_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Athens15_tango7174.jpg/240px-Athens15_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Simit" title="Simit">Simit</a></i>, <i>koulouri</i>, or <i>gevrek</i>, a ring-shaped bread coated with sesame seeds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sesame_Flower,_Behbahan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sesame flower, Behbahan"><img alt="Sesame flower, Behbahan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sesame_Flower%2C_Behbahan.jpg/120px-Sesame_Flower%2C_Behbahan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sesame_Flower%2C_Behbahan.jpg/180px-Sesame_Flower%2C_Behbahan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sesame_Flower%2C_Behbahan.jpg/240px-Sesame_Flower%2C_Behbahan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sesame flower, <a href="/wiki/Behbahan" title="Behbahan">Behbahan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sesame_Flower,_Behbahan_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sesame flower in Behbahan"><img alt="Sesame flower in Behbahan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sesame_Flower%2C_Behbahan_II.jpg/90px-Sesame_Flower%2C_Behbahan_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sesame_Flower%2C_Behbahan_II.jpg/135px-Sesame_Flower%2C_Behbahan_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sesame_Flower%2C_Behbahan_II.jpg/180px-Sesame_Flower%2C_Behbahan_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sesame flower in <a href="/wiki/Behbahan" title="Behbahan">Behbahan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Potato_bourekas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical Israeli Bourekas with sesame seeds"><img alt="Typical Israeli Bourekas with sesame seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Potato_bourekas.jpg/120px-Potato_bourekas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Potato_bourekas.jpg/180px-Potato_bourekas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Potato_bourekas.jpg/240px-Potato_bourekas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Typical <a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a> <a href="/wiki/Bourekas" title="Bourekas">Bourekas</a> with sesame seeds</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_sesame" title="Open sesame">Open sesame</a></div> <p>In myths, the opening of the capsule releases the treasure of sesame seeds,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as applied in the story of "<a href="/wiki/Ali_Baba_and_the_Forty_Thieves" title="Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves">Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves</a>" when the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Open_sesame" title="Open sesame">Open sesame</a>" magically opens a sealed cave. Upon ripening, sesame pods split, releasing a pop and possibly indicating the origin of this phrase.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sesame_seed_dishes" title="List of sesame seed dishes">List of sesame seed dishes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2588550">"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Plant+List%3A+A+Working+List+of+All+Plant+Species&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantlist.org%2Ftpl1.1%2Frecord%2Fkew-2588550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. 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Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mw_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mw_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/benne">"Definition of BENNE"</a>. <i>Merriam Webster Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Definition+of+BENNE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbenne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bedigian-2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bedigian-2015_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bedigian-2015_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bedigian-2015_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bedigian-2015_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bedigian-2015_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bedigian-2015_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedigian2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bedigian, Dorothea (2015-01-02). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sesame+seed+production+in+2022%2C+Crops%2FWorld+Regions%2FProduction+Quantity+from+pick+lists&rft.pub=UN+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+Corporate+Statistical+Database+%28FAOSTAT%29&rft.date=2024&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Y._P._S._Bajaj-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Y._P._S._Bajaj_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Y._P._S._Bajaj_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._OgasawaraK._ChibaM._Tada1988" class="citation book cs1">T. Ogasawara; K. Chiba; M. Tada (1988). "<i>Sesamum indicum</i> L. 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Purdue University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sesame%3A+New+Approaches+for+Crop+Improvement&rft.pub=Purdue+University&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Raghav+Ram&rft.au=David+Catlin&rft.au=Juan+Romero&rft.au=Craig+Cowley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fproceedings1990%2Fv1-225.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drl2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drl2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drl2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Ray_Langham" class="citation web cs1">D. 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Purdue University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sesame&rft.pub=Purdue+University&rft.au=E.S.+Oplinger&rft.au=D.H.+Putnam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fafcm%2Fsesame.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adatia-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adatia_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adatia_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adatia_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adatia_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adatia_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdatiaClarkeYanishevskyBen-Shoshan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Adatia, A; Clarke, AE; Yanishevsky, Y; Ben-Shoshan, M (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5414576">"Sesame allergy: current perspectives (Review)"</a>. <i>Journal of Asthma and Allergy</i>. <b>10</b>: 141–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FJAA.S113612">10.2147/JAA.S113612</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1178-6965">1178-6965</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5414576">5414576</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28490893">28490893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asthma+and+Allergy&rft.atitle=Sesame+allergy%3A+current+perspectives+%28Review%29&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=141-151&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5414576%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1178-6965&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28490893&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FJAA.S113612&rft.aulast=Adatia&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Clarke%2C+AE&rft.au=Yanishevsky%2C+Y&rft.au=Ben-Shoshan%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5414576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SesameLaw2021-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SesameLaw2021_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SesameLaw2021_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/578/text">"Food Allergy Safety, Treatment, Education, and Research Act of 2021 or the FASTER Act of 2021"</a>. <i>Congress.gov</i>. 4 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congress.gov&rft.atitle=Food+Allergy+Safety%2C+Treatment%2C+Education%2C+and+Research+Act+of+2021+or+the+FASTER+Act+of+2021&rft.date=2021-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F117th-congress%2Fsenate-bill%2F578%2Ftext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sesame">"Definition: Teel, Sesame"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. 15 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definition%3A+Teel%2C+Sesame&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2023-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsesame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bedigian-2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bedigian-2010_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bedigian-2010_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedigian2010" class="citation book cs1">Bedigian, Dorothea, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o9PLBQAAQBAJ&q=sesame+from+arabic+semsem&pg=PA400"><i>Sesame: The genus </i>Sesamum<i><span></span></i></a>. CRC Press. p. 400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-0520-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-0520-2"><bdi>978-1-4200-0520-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sesame%3A+The+genus+Sesamum&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-0520-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do9PLBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsesame%2Bfrom%2Barabic%2Bsemsem%26pg%3DPA400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3538-9">978-0-8493-3538-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Sesa_ind.html">"Sesame (<i>Sesamum indicum</i> L.)"</a>. Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sesame+%28Sesamum+indicum+L.%29&rft.pub=Gernot+Katzer%27s+Spice+Pages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com%2Fengl%2FSesa_ind.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Bryan2015" class="citation web cs1">Sarah Bryan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncfolk.org/2016/benne-for-good-luck/">"Benne for Good Luck"</a>. <i>North Carolina Folklife Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer, New York, NY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Origins+of+Sesame+Cultivation+in+the+Americas.&rft.place=Springer%2C+New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bedigian&rft.aufirst=Dorothea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarneyRosomoff2009" class="citation book cs1">Carney, Judith; Rosomoff, Richard (2009). <i>In the Shadow of Slavery: Africa's Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World</i>. pp. 123–138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Slavery%3A+Africa%27s+Botanical+Legacy+in+the+Atlantic+World&rft.pages=123-138&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Rosomoff%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodineVictoria2020" class="citation web cs1">BodineVictoria (2020-08-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bodinevictoria.com/post/bahamian-benny-cake">"Bahamian Benny Cake"</a>. <i>BodineVictoria</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BodineVictoria&rft.atitle=Bahamian+Benny+Cake&rft.date=2020-08-10&rft.au=BodineVictoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bodinevictoria.com%2Fpost%2Fbahamian-benny-cake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/oct/06/third-culture-breakfast-asia-inspired-morning-feasts-from-hetty-mckinnon">"Third-culture breakfast: Asia-inspired morning feasts from Hetty McKinnon"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2020-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Third-culture+breakfast%3A+Asia-inspired+morning+feasts+from+Hetty+McKinnon&rft.date=2020-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffood%2F2020%2Foct%2F06%2Fthird-culture-breakfast-asia-inspired-morning-feasts-from-hetty-mckinnon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thekitchn.com/inside-the-spice-cabinet-zaatar-seasoning-blend-82566">"Inside the Spice Cabinet: Za'atar Seasoning Blend"</a>. <i>Kitchn</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kitchn&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Spice+Cabinet%3A+Za%27atar+Seasoning+Blend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekitchn.com%2Finside-the-spice-cabinet-zaatar-seasoning-blend-82566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespruceeats.com/zaatar-middle-eastern-spice-mixture-2355844">"Make Your Own Za'atar Spice Mix and Kick the Flavor Up a Notch"</a>. <i>The Spruce Eats</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spruce+Eats&rft.atitle=Make+Your+Own+Za%27atar+Spice+Mix+and+Kick+the+Flavor+Up+a+Notch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespruceeats.com%2Fzaatar-middle-eastern-spice-mixture-2355844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Griffee" class="citation web cs1">Peter Griffee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=1937&entityDisplayCategory=full">"<i>Sesamum indicum</i> L."</a> Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sesamum+indicum+L.&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.au=Peter+Griffee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecoport.org%2Fep%3FPlant%3D1937%26entityDisplayCategory%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedigianHarlan1986" class="citation journal cs1">Bedigian, Dorothea; Harlan, Jack R. (April–June 1986). "Evidence for Cultivation of Sesame in the Ancient World". <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_Botany" title="Economic Botany">Economic Botany</a></i>. <b>40</b> (2): 137–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02859136">10.1007/BF02859136</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4254846">4254846</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24408335">24408335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+Cultivation+of+Sesame+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-154&rft.date=1986-04%2F1986-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24408335%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4254846%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02859136&rft.aulast=Bedigian&rft.aufirst=Dorothea&rft.au=Harlan%2C+Jack+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASesame" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sesame&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">Herbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_archangelica" title="Angelica archangelica">Angelica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">Basil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_basil" title="Thai basil">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_basil" title="Lemon basil">Lemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_tamala" title="Cinnamomum tamala">Indian bay leaf (<i>tejpat</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldo" title="Boldo">Boldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">Borage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chervil" title="Chervil">Chervil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">garlic / Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely" title="Cicely">Cicely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander leaf / Cilantro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porophyllum_ruderale" title="Porophyllum ruderale">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persicaria_odorata" title="Persicaria odorata">Vietnamese (<i>rau răm</i>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">Culantro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_cress" title="Garden cress">Cress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_tree" title="Curry tree">Curry leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides" title="Dysphania ambrosioides">Epazote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_auritum" title="Piper auritum">Hoja santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houttuynia_cordata" title="Houttuynia cordata"><i>Houttuynia cordata</i> (<i>giấp cá</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssopus_officinalis" title="Hyssopus officinalis">Hyssop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimbu" title="Jimbu">Jimbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsholtzia_ciliata" title="Elsholtzia ciliata">Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Kkaennip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavandula_angustifolia" title="Lavandula angustifolia">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">Lemon balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">Lemon grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backhousia_citriodora" title="Backhousia citriodora">Lemon myrtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysia_citrodora" title="Aloysia citrodora">Lemon verbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnophila_aromatica" title="Limnophila aromatica"><i>Limnophila aromatica</i> (rice-paddy herb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovage" title="Lovage">Lovage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">Marjoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptotaenia_japonica" title="Cryptotaenia japonica">Mitsuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla" title="Perilla">Perilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satureja" title="Satureja">Savory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Sanshō leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarragon" title="Tarragon">Tarragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galium_odoratum" title="Galium odoratum">Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_laver" title="Green laver">Aonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajwain" title="Ajwain">Ajwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_pepper" title="Alligator pepper">Alligator pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amchoor" title="Amchoor">Amchoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illicium_verum" title="Illicium verum">star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">Asafoetida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Peppercorn (black/green/white)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_terebinthifolia" title="Schinus terebinthifolia">Brazilian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_cardamom" title="Black cardamom">black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">Cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_powder" title="Celery powder">Celery powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanania_cochinchinensis" title="Buchanania cochinchinensis">Charoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenpi" title="Chenpi">Chenpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">Chili powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipotle" title="Chipotle">Chipotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_red_pepper" title="Crushed red pepper">Crushed red pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars">Cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_cubeba" title="Piper cubeba">Cubeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella sativa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bunium_persicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunium persicum">Bunium persicum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Deulkkae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill / Dill seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">Fennel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Fenugreek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonella_caerulea" title="Trigonella caerulea">blue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesenbergia_rotunda" title="Boesenbergia rotunda">Fingerroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">Galangal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_galanga" title="Alpinia galanga">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_officinarum" title="Alpinia officinarum">lesser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga" title="Kaempferia galanga">Aromatic ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_persicum" title="Heracleum persicum">Golpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">Grains of paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_Selim" title="Grains of Selim">Grains of Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">Horseradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Japanese pricklyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_indica" title="Garcinia indica">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aframomum_corrorima" title="Aframomum corrorima">Korarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">Liquorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litsea_cubeba" title="Litsea cubeba">Litsea cubeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">Long pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_amada" title="Curcuma amada">Mango-ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahleb" title="Mahleb">Mahleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">Mustard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhamphospermum_nigrum" title="Rhamphospermum nigrum">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_mustard" title="White mustard">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricinodendron" title="Ricinodendron">Njangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_powder" title="Onion powder">Onion powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_molle" title="Schinus molle">Peruvian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">Poppy seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammogeton_involucratus" title="Psammogeton involucratus">Radhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%C3%97_damascena" title="Rosa × damascena">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_ornata" title="Smilax ornata">Sarsaparilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper (<i>huājiāo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_lanceolata" title="Tasmannia lanceolata">Tasmanian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Tonka bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzazi" title="Uzazi">Uzazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_borbonense" title="Piper borbonense">Voatsiperifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu zest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Zedoary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberis_vulgaris" title="Berberis vulgaris">Zereshk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" title="Zest (ingredient)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice_mix" title="Spice mix">Blends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajika" title="Ajika">Adjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advieh" title="Advieh">Advieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat">Baharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Monde_seasoning" title="Beau Monde seasoning">Beau monde seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere">Berbere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouquet_garni" title="Bouquet garni">Bouquet garni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buknu" title="Buknu">Buknu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat_masala" title="Chaat masala">Chaat masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(spices)" title="Tempering (spices)">Chaunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_sugar" title="Cinnamon sugar">Cinnamon sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_boil" title="Crab boil">Crab boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">Curry powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubanjiang" title="Doubanjiang">Doubanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">Douchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fines_herbes" title="Fines herbes">Fines herbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">Five-spice powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">Garam masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_powder" title="Garlic powder">Garlic powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">Gochujang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">Harissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaij" title="Hawaij">Hawaij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbes_de_Provence" title="Herbes de Provence">Herbes de Provence</a></li> <li><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAng_l%C3%ACu" title="Húng lìu">Húng lìu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idli_podi" title="Idli podi">Idli podi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_seasoning" title="Italian seasoning">Italian seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerk_(cooking)" title="Jerk (cooking)">Jamaican jerk spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmeli_suneli" title="Khmeli suneli">Khmeli suneli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_pepper" title="Lemon pepper">Lemon pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitmita" title="Mitmita">Mitmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_spice" title="Mixed spice">Mixed spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_steak_seasoning" title="Montreal steak seasoning">Montreal steak seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulling_spices" title="Mulling spices">Mulling spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bay_Seasoning" title="Old Bay Seasoning">Old Bay Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">Panch phoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder-douce" title="Powder-douce">Powder-douce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie_spice" title="Pumpkin pie spice">Pumpkin pie spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A2lat_daqqa" title="Qâlat daqqa">Qâlat daqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9pices" title="Quatre épices">Quatre épices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">Ras el hanout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recado_rojo" title="Recado rojo">Recado rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharena_sol" title="Sharena sol">Sharena sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabil" title="Tabil">Tabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj%C3%ADn_seasoning" title="Tajín seasoning">Tajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoori_masala" title="Tandoori masala">Tandoori masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuna_paha" title="Thuna paha">Thuna paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadouvan" title="Vadouvan">Vadouvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D" title="Yuzu koshō">Yuzu koshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Culinary</a></li> <li>By region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices" title="List of Australian herbs and spices">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_spices" title="List of Bangladeshi spices">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_spices" title="List of Indian spices">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_spices" title="List of Pakistani spices">Pakistani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_rub" title="Spice rub">Spice rub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Sesamum indicum</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2763698" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2763698">Q2763698</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sesamum_indicum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Sesamum indicum">Sesamum indicum</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1454">1454</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=2830">2830</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/114820">114820</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/59258">59258</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id209228">209228</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4WYTB">4WYTB</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1937">1937</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/484896">484896</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SEGIN">SEGIN</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/178171">178171</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/50448">50448</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200021445">200021445</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200021445">200021445</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3172622">3172622</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=33749">33749</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/285850">285850</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/675971-1">675971-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10805996">10805996</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=34431">34431</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0500000360">NBNSYS0500000360</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4182">4182</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/bb683355-cb75-48fd-84d9-87bff69a419b">bb683355-cb75-48fd-84d9-87bff69a419b</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/129133/">129133</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=504628">504628</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=8612">8612</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2588550">kew-2588550</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A675971-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:675971-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/24300029">24300029</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=604270">604270</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=8657">8657</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000497088">wfo-0000497088</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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