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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaeo-Aragonese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaeo-Aragonese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Judaeo-Aragonese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaeo-Aragonese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_Brazilian_Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_Brazilian_Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Jewish Brazilian Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_Brazilian_Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaeo-Catalan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaeo-Catalan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Judaeo-Catalan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaeo-Catalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Jewish French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southern_Jewish_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Jewish_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Southern Jewish French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Jewish_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaeo-Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaeo-Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Judaeo-Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaeo-Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaeo-Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaeo-Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Judaeo-Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaeo-Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaeo-Piedmontese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaeo-Piedmontese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Judaeo-Piedmontese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaeo-Piedmontese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bagitto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bagitto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Bagitto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bagitto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judeo-Salentinian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judeo-Salentinian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Judeo-Salentinian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judeo-Salentinian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judeo-Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judeo-Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.5</span> <span>Judeo-Roman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judeo-Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judeo-Mantuan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judeo-Mantuan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.6</span> <span>Judeo-Mantuan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judeo-Mantuan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.7</span> <span>Other varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_Latin_American_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_Latin_American_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Jewish Latin American Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_Latin_American_Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaeo-Occitan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaeo-Occitan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Judaeo-Occitan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaeo-Occitan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaeo-Provençal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaeo-Provençal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Judaeo-Provençal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaeo-Provençal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judeo-Niçard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judeo-Niçard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.1</span> <span>Judeo-Niçard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judeo-Niçard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judeo-Gascon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judeo-Gascon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Judeo-Gascon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judeo-Gascon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaeo-Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaeo-Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Judaeo-Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaeo-Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaeo-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaeo-Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Judaeo-Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaeo-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haketia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haketia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>Haketia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haketia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zarphatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zarphatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Zarphatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zarphatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Present status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%81%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%8A-%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ይሁዳዊ-ሮማንስ ቋንቋዎች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ይሁዳዊ-ሮማንስ ቋንቋዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات رومنسية يهودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات رومنسية يهودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_xudeorromances" title="Llingües xudeorromances – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües xudeorromances" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_yuzev-romanek" title="Yezhoù yuzev-romanek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù yuzev-romanek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_judeorom%C3%A0niques" title="Llengües judeoromàniques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües judeoromàniques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%A4o-romanische_Sprachen" title="Judäo-romanische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Judäo-romanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_judeorromances" title="Lenguas judeorromances – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas judeorromances" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judu-erromantze_hizkuntzak" title="Judu-erromantze hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Judu-erromantze hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_jud%C3%A9o-romanes" title="Langues judéo-romanes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues judéo-romanes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_judeo-romanic" title="Linguas judeo-romanic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas judeo-romanic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_giudeo-romanze" title="Lingue giudeo-romanze – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue giudeo-romanze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות רומאניות יהודיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות רומאניות יהודיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_djudeo-romansas" title="Linguas djudeo-romansas – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Linguas djudeo-romansas" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Iudaeo-Romanicae" title="Linguae Iudaeo-Romanicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Iudaeo-Romanicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4" title="ユダヤ・ロマンス語群 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユダヤ・ロマンス語群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekty_judeo-roma%C5%84skie" title="Dialekty judeo-romańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dialekty judeo-romańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_judaico-rom%C3%A2nicas" title="Línguas judaico-românicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas judaico-românicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Еврейско-романские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Еврейско-романские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingui_giudeu-rumanzi" title="Lingui giudeu-rumanzi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingui giudeu-rumanzi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeoromanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Judeoromanska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Judeoromanska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi-Romen_dilleri" title="Yahudi-Romen dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahudi-Romen dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA-%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="犹太-罗曼语支 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="犹太-罗曼语支" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA-%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="犹太-罗曼语支 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="犹太-罗曼语支" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q931969#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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Romance languages predominate, and altered to such an extent to gain recognition as <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a> in their own right. The status of many Judaeo-Romance languages is controversial as, despite manuscripts preserving transcriptions of Romance languages using the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>, there is often little-to-no evidence that these "dialects" were actually spoken by Jews living in the various European nations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judaeo-Aragonese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Judaeo-Aragonese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Judaeo-Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Judaeo-Romance languages">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judaeo-Aragonese</a> was spoken in north-central <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> from the around the mid-8th century to around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a>, which expelled Jews from Spain. Later, it either merged with the various Judeo-Spanish dialects or fell out of use, to be replaced by the far more influential Judeo-Spanish dialects from Southern Spain, especially in the areas occupied by the modern lands of <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andalucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalucia">Andalucia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_Brazilian_Portuguese">Jewish Brazilian Portuguese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jewish Brazilian Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jewish Brazilian Portuguese is a variety of <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a> incorporates <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> phrases. <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardi</a> communities also borrow from <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Judaeo-Catalan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a> also known as Catalanic, was a Catalan dialect in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> that was spoken before the 1492 expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a>. It is unknown when Jews abandoned the language. While numerous Catalan texts written in the Hebrew alphabet survive, whether or not they truly represent a dialect is debated. Some scholars, while conceding that the evidence for the language is scarce, still defend Judaeo-Catalan's status as a language,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas other scholars deny such a language ever truly existed,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, contend that the evidence is too limited to take any position on the matter at all.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_French">Jewish French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jewish French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jewish French is an <a href="/wiki/Ethnolect" title="Ethnolect">ethnolect</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> spoken by 200-300 thousand <a href="/wiki/French_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="French Jews">French Jews</a>. It unlike most Judeo-Romance language is considered not in decline but instead is doing well.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains some influence from <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Israeli Hebrew</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> who moved to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> after <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">being expelled from North Africa</a>. Today there is media, both digital and physical in Jewish French.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not descendent from Zarphatic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Jewish_French"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Jewish_French&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Jewish French (page does not exist)">Southern Jewish French</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Southern Jewish French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a dialect of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> spoken by 50-100 Jews in southern France. It contains influence from all three of the Judeo-Occitan languages particularly Judeo-Gascon.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaeo-Italian">Judaeo-Italian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Judaeo-Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaeo-Italian">Judaeo-Italian</a>, sometimes called "Italkian", a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Birnbaum" title="Solomon Birnbaum">Solomon Birnbaum</a> in 1942, has gone extinct except for one variety, now spoken fluently by fewer than 200 people. They speak the last remnant of the widely variant Judaeo-Italian languages spoken throughout <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> and along the eastern shores of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>. The language may have had some influence on the development of <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Italian_Dialect_or_Jewish_Language?_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italian_Dialect_or_Jewish_Language?-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language is not as well preserved as larger Jewish languages like Ladino and much of what is documented was made to preserve the language.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryzhik_2016_261–266_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryzhik_2016_261–266-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had several varieties which were: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaeo-Latin">Judaeo-Latin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judaeo-Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaeo-Latin">Judaeo-Latin</a> is a hypothetical language covering a range of geographical and register varieties of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. It is postulated to have been spoken in specific Jewish communities of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. A small corpus of Latin texts from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> written in the Hebrew alphabet exist, but they are insufficient to indicate a commonly spoken ethnolect, and thus the existence of a veritable Jewish Latin language is pure conjecture.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Judaeo-Piedmontese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a> was a language spoken by Jews in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, in North Western <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> from around the 16th century to the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. It was based on <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Italian">Gallo-Italian</a> language close to <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Provençal</a>, with many loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Hebrew">Classical Hebrew</a>. Italian author <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a>, born within the Piedmontese Jewish community, described the language briefly in the opening chapter of his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_(short_story_collection)" title="The Periodic Table (short story collection)">The Periodic Table</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It went extinct circa 2015<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bagitto">Bagitto</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bagitto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Livornese" title="Judeo-Livornese">Bagitto</a> also known as Judeo-Livornese was a dialect or slang used by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Jews of Livorno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though extinct many works in it were written by <a href="/wiki/Guido_Bedarida" title="Guido Bedarida">Guido Bedarida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contained many loanwords from Spanish, Portuguese, and Ladino.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judeo-Salentinian">Judeo-Salentinian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Judeo-Salentinian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A now extinct dialect of <a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> used by Jews in <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>. The oldest text in Salentino is in the margin notes of a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> from 1072 to 1073 known as <i>Parma A</i> which is in Judeo-Salentinian.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judeo-Roman">Judeo-Roman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Judeo-Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Roman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Roman language">Judeo-Roman</a> is the only variety of Judeo-Italian which is not extinct. It is moribund, and is spoken by 250 elderly people 200 of which are in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are groups trying to preserve the language. There is a theater groups called <i>Chaimme 'a sore 'o sediaro e 'a moje</i> (Chaim, the sister, the chairmaker and the wife) makes plays in Judeo-Roman, some which are available on YouTube.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also poems in Judeo-Roman by <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescenzo_Del_Monte" class="extiw" title="it:Crescenzo Del Monte">Crescenzo del Monte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judeo-Mantuan">Judeo-Mantuan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Judeo-Mantuan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Mantuan" title="Judeo-Mantuan">Judeo-Mantuan</a> was a dialect of Judeo-Italian spoken in and around the Italian city of <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>. It dropped the Italian e at the end of words (<i>far</i> instead of <i>fare</i>). It is attested through several poems by a Jewish physician Annibale Gallico, made from 1876 to 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_varieties">Other varieties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other varieties of Judeo-Italian are:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Modenese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judeo-Modenese (page does not exist)">Judeo-Modenese</a> (<span title="Judeo-Italian-language text"><i lang="itk">Giudeo-Modenese</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Pitigliano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judeo-Pitigliano (page does not exist)">Judeo-Pitigliano</a> <i>(Giudeo-Pitigliano)</i> in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Reggiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judeo-Reggiano (page does not exist)">Judeo-Reggiano</a> (<i>Giudeo-Reggiano</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Reggian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judeo-Reggian (page does not exist)">Judeo-Resan</a> (<span title="Judeo-Italian-language text"><i lang="itk">Giudeo-Resab</i></span>) in the region of <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Venetian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Venetian language">Judeo-Venetian</a> (<span title="Judeo-Italian-language text"><i lang="itk">Giudeo-Veneziano</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Ferrarese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judeo-Ferrarese (page does not exist)">Judeo-Ferrarese</a> (<span title="Judeo-Italian-language text"><i lang="itk">Giudeo-Ferrarese</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Florentine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judeo-Florentine (page does not exist)">Judeo-Florentine</a> (<span title="Judeo-Italian-language text"><i lang="itk">Giudeo-Fiorentino</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Torinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judeo-Torinese (page does not exist)">Judeo-Torinese</a> (Giudeo-Torinese) in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ryzhik_2016_261–266_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryzhik_2016_261–266-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There are few samples of these languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_Latin_American_Spanish">Jewish Latin American Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jewish Latin American Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jewish Latin America Spanish is variety of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> spoken by the by 300,000 members of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Jewish community of Latin America</a>. It contains laonwords from <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>, Yiddish, and Ladino. Though older varieties have more Aramaic, Ladino, and Yiddish loanwords while the version spoken by younger generations has more Modern Hebrew loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaeo-Occitan">Judaeo-Occitan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Judaeo-Occitan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There exists three distinct, now extinct varieties of the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> language spoken by Jews. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaeo-Provençal"><span id="Judaeo-Proven.C3.A7al"></span><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Proven%C3%A7al" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Provençal</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Judaeo-Provençal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>was the language that developed in <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> and in the rest of medieval southern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judaeo-Occitan had several unique phonemic changes in Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a>. Use of Judaeo-Provençal began to decline following the expulsion of the Jews from France in 1498<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued with the spread of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> in the southern parts of the country. This decline accelerated with the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">emancipation of the Jews</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> which enabled Provençal Jews to migrate and settle outside of Provence.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it finally died when the last speaker <a href="/wiki/Armand_Lunel" title="Armand Lunel">Armand Lunel</a>, died in 1977. But Lunel only remembered a few words of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Judeo-Niçard"><span id="Judeo-Ni.C3.A7ard"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Ni%C3%A7ard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judeo-Niçard (page does not exist)">Judeo-Niçard</a></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Judeo-Niçard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A subdialect of the Niçard subdialect of Provençal spoken by he Jewish community in and around <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>. The least attested of the Judeo Occitan dialects, Judeo Niçard was spoken by the community of Jews living in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, descendants of local Jewish immigrants from Provence, Piedmont, and other Mediterranean communities. It is attested from a few documents from the 19th century. It contained significant influence in both vocabulary and grammar from Hebrew.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judeo-Gascon"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Judeo-Gascon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judeo-Gascon was a <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> dialect of Occitan spoken in <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a> it was spoken until the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had influence on Southern Jewish French with about 850 words a some morphological and grammatical changes from various languages being transferred to Southern Jewish French through Judeo-Gascon.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Judaeo-Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Judaeo-Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Judaeo-Romance languages">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a> was the language spoken by the secret Jewish population of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> until the 16th century when it was extinct. A few vestigial archaism forms survived in secret religious rituals through small, unique <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jewish</a> communities in the <a href="/wiki/Belmonte_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belmonte (Portugal)">Belmonte</a> municipality. While it is extinct as a spoken language it is still used in a limited liturgical sense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Judaeo-Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> or Ladino is known by a number of other names. It is found in many varied regional dialects and is the modern descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> that was spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a>, the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>'s large and influential Jewish population. After the 1492 <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a> mandated the expulsion of Spain's Jewish population of 300,000, Judaeo-Spanish spread throughout Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, becoming the <i>lingua franca</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>. In 2017, it was formally recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Royal Spanish Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rae_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rae-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mainly spoken by <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> by only 133,000 of 1,000,000 Sephardic Jews speak it and it is classified as Definitely Endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of its speakers were killed during the Holocaust and most others would switch into the main languages of their countries.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest Ladino speaking communities are in Israel (125K) and Turkey (8K) though tiny communities in Greece and Bosnia Herzegovina also exist with 12 and 4 speakers respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haketia">Haketia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Haketia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haketia is an endangered dialect of Ladino spoken by 1000 <a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North Africa Sephardim</a> down from 30,000 in 1900, historically spoken in several Moroccan cities.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is differentiated by other dialects by its presence of Arabic influence. Unlike other Ladino dialects, Haketia does not have a literary tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Teutani</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Subdialect" title="Subdialect">subdialect</a> of Haketia historically spoken in the Algerian city of <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zarphatic">Zarphatic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Zarphatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a> also known as Judeo-French was a Jewish language of Northern France, <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">Norman England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. It was used in a limited sense by <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a debate over how different Judaeo French was from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, some believe it was a <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a>, dialect, or separate language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Zarphatic</i>, coined by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Birnbaum" title="Solomon Birnbaum">Solomon Birnbaum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> name for France, <i>Tzarfat</i> (צרפת) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact development of the Judeo-Romance languages is unclear. The two predominant theories are that they are either descended from Judeo-Latin, and that their development paralleled that of Latin's daughter languages or that they are independent outgrowths of each individual language community. Another theory adopts parts of both, proposing that certain of the Judeo-Romance languages (variously, Zarphatic, Shuadit, Italkian and Catalanic) are descended from Judeo-Latin, but that others (variously, Zarphatic, Catalanic, Ladino, Judeo-Portuguese) are the product of independent development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_status">Present status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Present status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Judaeo-Romance languages are extinct or facing serious risks of extinction. Assuming they actually existed, Judaeo-Latin died in ancient times, while Judaeo-French and Judeo-Aragonese died in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Judeo-Portuguese ceased being used in Portugal in the 16th century, but survived in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> until the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-chabad_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chabad-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judaeo-Catalan died sometime between the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, when most of its speakers would have been exterminated in the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judaeo-Occitan became extinct when its last native speaker, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Lunel" title="Armand Lunel">Armand Lunel</a>, died in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-chabad_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chabad-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judaeo-Italian is critically endangered, with all of its dialects except 1 being extinct. And the on the last remaining dialect Judeo-Roman being spoken by around 250 individuals in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judaeo-Spanish is spoken by the remaining <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> communities of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, which accounts for as many as 160,000 people; however, nearly all of this number speak at least one other language. While Jewish French and Jewish Latin America Spanish break the trend and are described as "Vibrant" and are facing no threat of extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226035047/http://www.jewish-languages.org/">Jewish Languages Project</a></li> <li>Judeo-Aragonese: Revista de Filología Española (Cited as RFH:Hispánica?) 8.136-41 (1946) cited in Current Trends in Linguistics 9.1025</li></ul> <dl><dt>Specific</dt></dl> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishlanguages.org/judeo-portuguese">"Judeo-Portuguese"</a>. <i>Jewish Languages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Languages&rft.atitle=Judeo-Portuguese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishlanguages.org%2Fjudeo-portuguese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgenter2013" class="citation book cs1">Argenter, Joan (2013). "Iberian language ecology: notes on history and current situation". In Jahr, Ernst Håkon; Trudgill, Peter; Vandenbussche, Wim (eds.). <i>Language Ecology of the 21st Century: Social Conflicts in their Linguistic Environment</i>. Oslo: Novus Forlag. pp. 137–164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iberian+language+ecology%3A+notes+on+history+and+current+situation&rft.btitle=Language+Ecology+of+the+21st+Century%3A+Social+Conflicts+in+their+Linguistic+Environment&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=137-164&rft.pub=Novus+Forlag&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Argenter&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeliuFerrer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Feliu, Francesc; Ferrer, Joan (2011). "Judaeo-Catalan: In Search of a Mediaeval Dialect that Never Was". <i>Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 41–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17546559.2011.556702">10.1080/17546559.2011.556702</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162553109">162553109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+Iberian+Studies&rft.atitle=Judaeo-Catalan%3A+In+Search+of+a+Mediaeval+Dialect+that+Never+Was&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-60&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17546559.2011.556702&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162553109%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Feliu&rft.aufirst=Francesc&rft.au=Ferrer%2C+Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciclopedia.cat/enciclop%C3%A8dies/gran-enciclop%C3%A8dia-catalana/EC-GEC-0118319.xml?s.q=judeocatala%EF%BF%BD#.UtrSblGCGbl">"judeocatalà"</a> [Judaeo-Catalan]. <i>enciclopèdia.cat</i> (in Catalan)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enciclop%C3%A8dia.cat&rft.atitle=judeocatal%C3%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enciclopedia.cat%2Fenciclop%25C3%25A8dies%2Fgran-enciclop%25C3%25A8dia-catalana%2FEC-GEC-0118319.xml%3Fs.q%3Djudeocatala%25EF%25BF%25BD%23.UtrSblGCGbl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishlanguages.org/jewish-french">"Jewish French"</a>. <i>Jewish Languages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jochnowitz.net&rft.atitle=Judeo-Italian%3A+Italian+Dialect+or+Jewish+Language%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jochnowitz.net%2FEssays%2FJudeo-Italian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/arts-culture/2020/03/why-there-was-never-an-italian-yiddish-and-why-there-will-never-be-an-american-one/">"Why There Was Never an Italian "Yiddish" (and Why There Will Never Be an American One)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+There+Was+Never+an+Italian+%22Yiddish%22+%28and+Why+There+Will+Never+Be+an+American+One%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmosaicmagazine.com%2Fobservation%2Farts-culture%2F2020%2F03%2Fwhy-there-was-never-an-italian-yiddish-and-why-there-will-never-be-an-american-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishlanguages.org/jewish-latin-american-spanish">"Jewish Latin American Spanish"</a>. <i>Jewish Languages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Languages&rft.atitle=Jewish+Latin+American+Spanish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishlanguages.org%2Fjewish-latin-american-spanish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahon2023" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nahon, Peter (2023), <i>Les parlers français des Israélites du Midi</i> (in French), Strasbourg: Editions de Linguistique et de Philologie, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37276-066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-37276-066-9"><bdi>978-2-37276-066-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+parlers+fran%C3%A7ais+des+Isra%C3%A9lites+du+Midi&rft.place=Strasbourg&rft.pub=Editions+de+Linguistique+et+de+Philologie&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-2-37276-066-9&rft.aulast=Nahon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/2193-0147-2023-3/konfliktdynamik-jahrgang-12-2023-heft-3?page=1">"Konfliktdynamik"</a>. <i>Konfliktdynamik</i> (in German). <b>12</b> (3). 2023-09-26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F2193-0147-2023-3">10.5771/2193-0147-2023-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2193-0147">2193-0147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Konfliktdynamik&rft.atitle=Konfliktdynamik&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2023-09-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5771%2F2193-0147-2023-3&rft.issn=2193-0147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomos-elibrary.de%2F10.5771%2F2193-0147-2023-3%2Fkonfliktdynamik-jahrgang-12-2023-heft-3%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahon2021" class="citation cs2">Nahon, Peter (2021), "Modern Judeo-Provençal as Known from Its Sole Textual Testimony: <i>Harcanot et Barcanot</i> (Critical Edition and Linguistic Analysis)", <i>Journal of Jewish Languages</i>, <b>9</b> (2): 165–237, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134638-bja10014">10.1163/22134638-bja10014</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Languages&rft.atitle=Modern+Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al+as+Known+from+Its+Sole+Textual+Testimony%3A+Harcanot+et+Barcanot+%28Critical+Edition+and+Linguistic+Analysis%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-237&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134638-bja10014&rft.aulast=Nahon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahon2018" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nahon, Peter (2018), <i>Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ladino+%7C+Ethnologue&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Flad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishla.org/ladino-an-endangered-language/#:~:text=According%20to%20Sephardicstudies.org%2C%20when,Ladino%20and%20%E2%80%9CWestern%E2%80%9D%20Ladino.">"Ladino: An Endangered Language"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ladino%3A+An+Endangered+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishla.org%2Fladino-an-endangered-language%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAccording%2520to%2520Sephardicstudies.org%252C%2520when%2CLadino%2520and%2520%25E2%2580%259CWestern%25E2%2580%259D%2520Ladino.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vocesdehaketia.com/La_Haketia.htm">"La Haquetia"</a>. <i>www.vocesdehaketia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vocesdehaketia.com&rft.atitle=La+Haquetia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vocesdehaketia.com%2FLa_Haketia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minoritizedlanguages.wp.txstate.edu/haketia/">"Haketía | MINORITY LANGUAGES"</a>. <i>minoritizedlanguages.wp.txstate.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minoritizedlanguages.wp.txstate.edu&rft.atitle=Haket%C3%ADa+%7C+MINORITY+LANGUAGES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminoritizedlanguages.wp.txstate.edu%2Fhaketia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107003651/http://www.anajnu.cl/haketia.htm">"Haketia"</a>. 2020-01-07. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anajnu.cl/haketia.htm">the original</a> on 2020-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haketia&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anajnu.cl%2Fhaketia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/oran">"Oran"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Oran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Foran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishlanguages.org/judeo-french">"Judeo-French"</a>. <i>Jewish Languages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Languages&rft.atitle=Judeo-French&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishlanguages.org%2Fjudeo-french&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum2016" class="citation journal cs1">Birnbaum, S.A. (2016-12-31). Birnbaum, Eleazar; Birnbaum, David; Weiser, Kalman; Baumgarten, Jean (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442665330">"Yiddish"</a>. <i>Yiddish: A Survey and a Grammar</i>: 33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442665330">10.3138/9781442665330</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6533-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6533-0"><bdi>978-1-4426-6533-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yiddish%3A+A+Survey+and+a+Grammar&rft.atitle=Yiddish&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2016-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442665330&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-6533-0&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3138%2F9781442665330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chabad-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chabad_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chabad_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1051135/jewish/The-Declining-Jewish-Languages.htm">"The Declining Jewish Languages"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Apr 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chabad.org&rft.atitle=The+Declining+Jewish+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F1051135%2Fjewish%2FThe-Declining-Jewish-Languages.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorichMiller2016" class="citation book cs1">Norich, Anita; Miller, Joshua L. (2016-04-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgsXDAAAQBAJ&q=judeo+catalan+extinct&pg=PR11"><i>Languages of Modern Jewish Cultures: Comparative Perspectives</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472053018" title="Special:BookSources/9780472053018"><bdi>9780472053018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Modern+Jewish+Cultures%3A+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft.isbn=9780472053018&rft.aulast=Norich&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft.au=Miller%2C+Joshua+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgsXDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Djudeo%2Bcatalan%2Bextinct%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaeo-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/itk">Judeo-Italian</a> 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languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Babylonian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Jewish Palestinian Aramaic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judaeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judaeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judaeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect#Jewish_Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Judaeo-Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judaeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judaeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judaeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Palestinian_Judeo-Arabic" title="Modern Palestinian Judeo-Arabic">Judaeo-Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judaeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Syrian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Syrian Arabic">Judaeo-Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judaeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judaeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiosemitic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayla</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwara</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judaeo-Berber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Argot" class="mw-redirect" title="Argot">argots</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">Ukrainish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurtish" class="mw-redirect" title="Udmurtish">Udmurtish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judaeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judaeo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judaeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Livornese" title="Judeo-Livornese">Judaeo-Livornese</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Mantuan" title="Judeo-Mantuan">Judaeo-Mantuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Roman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Roman language">Judaeo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judaeo-Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judaeo-Gascon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judaeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judaeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judaeo-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani%E2%80%93Borujerdi" title="Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi">Judaeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judaeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Dari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian Dari">Judaeo-Yazdi–Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Kashani" title="Judeo-Kashani">Judaeo-Kashani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judaeo-Golpaygani</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i>, Pre-1970s <a href="/wiki/Odesan_Russian" title="Odesan Russian">Odesan Russian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judaeo-Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judaeo-Marathi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judaeo-Malayalam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Papiamento" title="Judaeo-Papiamento">Judaeo-Papiamento</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based Creole</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judaeo-Malay</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli Sign Language</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">German Sign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Algerian Jewish Sign Language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Village_sign_language" title="Village sign language">village sign language</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&oldid=1246230215">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judaeo-Romance_languages&oldid=1246230215</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judeo-Romance_languages" title="Category:Judeo-Romance languages">Judeo-Romance languages</a></li></ul></div><div 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