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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of ethnolects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_ethnolects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Purpose subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishing_identities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishing_identities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Establishing identities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishing_identities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilitating_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilitating_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Facilitating communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facilitating_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chicano_English_(Mexican_ethnolect)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicano_English_(Mexican_ethnolect)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chicano English (Mexican ethnolect)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicano_English_(Mexican_ethnolect)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_American_Vernacular_English_(African-American_ethnolect)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_American_Vernacular_English_(African-American_ethnolect)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>African American Vernacular English (African-American ethnolect)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_American_Vernacular_English_(African-American_ethnolect)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_Australian_English_(Greek_ethnolect)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_Australian_English_(Greek_ethnolect)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Greek Australian English (Greek ethnolect)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_Australian_English_(Greek_ethnolect)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_manifestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_manifestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further manifestations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_manifestations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further manifestations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_manifestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crossing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Crossing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypercorrection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypercorrection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hypercorrection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypercorrection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_"ethnolect"_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_"ethnolect"_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism of the "ethnolect" approach</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_of_the_"ethnolect"_approach-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism of the "ethnolect" approach subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_"ethnolect"_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intra-group_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intra-group_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Intra-group variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intra-group_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intra-speaker_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intra-speaker_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Intra-speaker variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intra-speaker_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Out-group_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Out-group_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Out-group use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Out-group_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delineating_the_ethnic_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delineating_the_ethnic_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Delineating the ethnic group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delineating_the_ethnic_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delineating_the_term_ethnolect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delineating_the_term_ethnolect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Delineating the term ethnolect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delineating_the_term_ethnolect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnolektenn" title="Etnolektenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Etnolektenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Этнолект – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Этнолект" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnolekt" title="Etnolekt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Etnolekt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolekt" title="Ethnolekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ethnolekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna_lingvo" title="Etna lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Etna lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="گویش نژادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گویش نژادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_suku" title="Bahasa suku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa suku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_etnica" title="Lingua etnica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua etnica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98" title="אתנולקט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אתנולקט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolectos" title="Ethnolectos – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ethnolectos" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnolektus" title="Etnolektus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Etnolektus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Етнолект – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Етнолект" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnolect" title="Etnolect – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Etnolect" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnolekt" title="Etnolekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Etnolekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnolekt" title="Etnolekt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Etnolekt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnoleto" title="Etnoleto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Etnoleto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Этнолект – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Этнолект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F" title="වාර්ගික භාෂා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වාර්ගික භාෂා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnolekt" title="Etnolekt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Etnolekt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Этнолект – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Этнолект" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q951873#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lect associated with a certain ethnic or cultural subgroup</div> <p>An <b>ethnolect</b> is generally defined as a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">language variety</a> that marks speakers as members of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic groups</a> who originally used another language or distinctive variety.<sup id="cite_ref-Clyne_2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clyne_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to another definition, an ethnolect is any speech variety (language, <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subdialect" title="Subdialect">subdialect</a>) associated with a specific <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be a distinguishing mark of social identity, both within the group and for outsiders. The term combines the concepts of an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>. </p><p>The term was first used to describe the monolingual <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> of descendants of European immigrants in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>ethnolect</i> in North American sociolinguistics has traditionally been used to describe the English of ethnic immigrant groups from non-English speaking locales. Linguistically, the ethnolect is marked by substrate influence from the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> (L1), a result of the transition from bilingualism to English monolingualism.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of an ethnolect relates to <a href="/wiki/Variation_(linguistics)" title="Variation (linguistics)">linguistic variation</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic identity</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Fishman" title="Joshua Fishman">Joshua Fishman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">sociologist of language</a>, the processes of <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">language standardization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in modern societies make links between language and ethnicity salient to users.<sup id="cite_ref-Fishman_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fishman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethnicity can affect linguistic variation in ways that reflect a social dimension of language usage. The way in which ethnic groups interact with one another shapes their usage of language. Ethnolects are characterized by salient features that distinguish them as different from the standard variety of the language spoken by native speakers of the particular language. These features can either be related to the ethnolect's <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosodic</a> features.<sup id="cite_ref-Clyne_2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clyne_2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such linguistic difference may be important as <a href="/wiki/Social_marker" title="Social marker">social markers</a> for a particular ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-Fishman_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fishman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_ethnolects">Types of ethnolects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of ethnolects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethnolect varieties can be further subdivided into two types. One type is characteristic of a specific group, where a majority language currently used by speakers is influenced in terms of <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a> by a minority language associated with their ethnic group but is no longer in active use. Examples include Jewish American English, previous German Australian English and <a href="/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African American Vernacular English">African American Vernacular English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clyne_2000_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clyne_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other type, is called a <a href="/wiki/Multiethnolect" title="Multiethnolect">multiethnolect</a>, because several minority groups use it collectively to express their minority status and/or as a reaction to that status to upgrade it. In some cases, members of the dominant (ethnic) group, especially young people, share it with the ethnic minorities in a 'language crossing' situation to express a new kind of group identity. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Kiezdeutsch" title="Kiezdeutsch">Kiezdeutsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural London English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clyne_2000_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clyne_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishing_identities">Establishing identities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Establishing identities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using ethnolects allow speakers to define their social position, and helps them construct their identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Herk_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Herk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subscribing to language features commonly associated with a particular ethnic group works to either affiliate or distance themselves from a particular ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Herk_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Herk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clyne_2000_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clyne_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Establishing an ethnic identity through language is not necessarily singular. Studies have found speakers who have melded linguistic features of separate communities together in order to create a mixed ethnic identity. African Americans in rural western North Carolina have been found to adopt both local pronunciation and AAVE vocabulary in their speech.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second-generation Italian Canadians in Toronto have been recorded to participate in a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_shift" title="Vowel shift">vowel shift</a> that resembles both Italian and Canadian pronunciations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facilitating_communication">Facilitating communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Facilitating communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethnolects can also serve a communicative purpose in the <a href="/wiki/Intergenerationality" title="Intergenerationality">intergenerational</a> context. Common in new migrant families of non-english language background, ethnolects can be used by the younger generation to communicate with their elders. This usage of ethnolects may be concurrent or in replacement of the community language.<sup id="cite_ref-Clyne_2000_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clyne_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers have been found to believe that the use the ethnolect eases communication with the older generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Clyne_2000_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clyne_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of ethnolect may also address <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">bilingual</a> communication in the home, where there is a discontinuity in the language that parents and their children use. Children whose first languages are different may pick up terms from their parents’ ethnolect. The two varieties in this case can symbolize a speaker’s multiple identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Clyne_2000_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clyne_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Listed below are a few examples of ethnolects, with several linguistic features they display highlighted. These distinguished linguistic features are present in areas such as phonetics, grammar, syntax and lexicon. They are usually brought about by influence of another language - the mother tongue of its speakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chicano_English_(Mexican_ethnolect)"><span id="Chicano_English_.28Mexican_ethnolect.29"></span>Chicano English (Mexican ethnolect)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chicano English (Mexican ethnolect)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a>, or Mexican-American English, refers to the ethnolect spoken primarily by Mexican Americans. Chicano English developed as a result of immigration into the United States in the 20th century. Some features of Chicano English include: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><b>Lexical</b> <ul><li>Borrowing: <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicised</a> Spanish words</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Your mother is <i>planching</i>.</dd> <dd><i>Planching</i> has been anglicised from the Spanish word <i>planchando</i> 'ironing'.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricardo_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricardo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><b>Prosodic</b> <ul><li>Prosody that is similar to the syllable-timed Spanish<sup id="cite_ref-Ricardo_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricardo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Santa_Ana_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santa_Ana-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><b>Phonological</b> <ul><li>Vowel contraction: Chicano English is more <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongal</a> than American English, especially in monosyllabic words.<sup id="cite_ref-Santa_Ana_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santa_Ana-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_American_Vernacular_English_(African-American_ethnolect)"><span id="African_American_Vernacular_English_.28African-American_ethnolect.29"></span>African American Vernacular English (African-American ethnolect)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: African American Vernacular English (African-American ethnolect)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African American Vernacular English">African American Vernacular English (AAVE)</a> is one of the most researched and salient ethnic varieties of English. It generally refers to the ethnolect primarily spoken by working or middle-class African-Americans in more informal conversations. Some prevalent features of AAVE include: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><b>Phonological</b> <ul><li>The de-voicing of word-final consonants /b/, /d/, /g/<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><i>cub</i> may sound identical to <i>cup</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Metathesis in lexical items <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>aks</i> for <i>ask</i></dd> <dd><i>graps</i> for <i>grasp</i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><b>Syntactical</b> <ul><li>An optional <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense</a> system that differs from the tense-marking system in English</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><i>He been done workin</i> 'he finished work a long time ago'</dd> <dd><i>He done been workin</i> 'until recently, he worked over a long period of time'<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Negative concord, also known as <a href="/wiki/Double_negative" title="Double negative">double negative</a> or "double negation"</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>I didn't go nowhere</i> 'I didn't go anywhere'</dd> <dd>If the sentence is negative, all negatable forms are negated.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_Australian_English_(Greek_ethnolect)"><span id="Greek_Australian_English_.28Greek_ethnolect.29"></span>Greek Australian English (Greek ethnolect)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Greek Australian English (Greek ethnolect)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek Australian English refers to the English spoken by Greek immigrants in Australia. It is known and used by the Greek Australians during the last 170 years of settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some salient features of Greek Australian English include: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><b>Phonological</b><sup id="cite_ref-Clyne_2003_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clyne_2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Vowel changes</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>/ə/ advanced to [ε] in closed <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a>, e.g. houses</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> in ‘face’ has an open starting point, [e:i] e.g. day.</li> <li>‘near’ has an open finish [ia] or with <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">glide</a> insertion, [ija], e.g. here.</li> <li>The final nucleus in ‘comma’ is consistently open [back a], e.g.soccer, longer.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Consonant changes</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Heavy <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspiration</a> of /k/, e.g. cold, soccer.</li> <li>Perceptual voicing of voiceless <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>/t/ in together, /t/ in Tuesday</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervocalic_consonant" title="Intervocalic consonant">intervocalic</a> /p/ in properly</li> <li>/s/ in baseball</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Frequency of /t/ <a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">tapping</a> is higher than in comparable speakers from other backgrounds</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><b>Syntactic</b><sup id="cite_ref-Clyne_2003_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clyne_2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>This is limited to in-group communication, especially with parents. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">Ellipsis</a></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Auxiliary deletion, for example:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>How you know?</i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Preposition deletion, for example:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>We’ll go movies.</i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>Quantifier deletion (some), for example:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Can I have money?</i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_manifestations">Further manifestations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further manifestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethnolects are typically employed by speakers to either decrease or increase social distance with others. Listed below are more atypical manifestations of using ethnolects in order to achieve certain social purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossing">Crossing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Crossing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Crossing</i> refers to the use of a language, or aspects of it, by speakers who are not accepted by members of the group associated with the language.<sup id="cite_ref-Rampton_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rampton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reference to ethnolects, crossing refers to speakers using ethnolects that do not formally belong to them. Considering the inherent connection between ethnolect and ethnicity, crossing is highly contentious as it involves a movement across ethnic boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Rampton_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rampton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers are required to negotiate their identity to perform crossing. Beyond being a linguistic phenomenon, crossing has social implications, and community members are generally aware of the sanctions against crossing.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Herk_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Herk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypercorrection">Hypercorrection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hypercorrection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethnolects may also be rejected by its speakers. This linguistic choice is apparent in ethnic <a href="/wiki/Hypercorrection" title="Hypercorrection">hypercorrection</a>. Ethnic hypercorrection is a subclass of linguistic hypercorrection, and refers to the over-application of certain linguistic markers common in the variety of another group. Speakers belonging to an ethnicity, often a minority group, hypercorrect to draw distance between themselves and their ethnic groups. Often, speakers hypercorrect due to the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">social prestige</a> associated with the different language varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Herk_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Herk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, second and third generation Italian and Jewish immigrants in New York were found to have stronger vowel sounds that are distinctive of the New York accent in their speech. (link 19) The vowels they spoke were opposite of what was expected from their Italian and Yiddish ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_the_"ethnolect"_approach"><span id="Criticism_of_the_.22ethnolect.22_approach"></span>Criticism of the "ethnolect" approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticism of the "ethnolect" approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some twenty-first century linguists object to broader application of the term <i>ethnolect</i> to describe linguistic differences that are believed to reflect ethnic group affiliation. According to these scholars, this may inaccurately posit ethnicity as the central explanation for linguistic difference, when in fact there may be other variables which are more influential to an individual's speech.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benor_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benor-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars also point out that the common use of <i>ethnolect</i> is used to compare the "ethnolects" of ethnic minorities with the "standard" speech of ethnic majorities, which is designated as the regional dialect instead of as a majority ethnolect.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnolinguistic repertoire approach is therefore proposed as a more effective model in linguistic research that could counteract the problems of the ethnolect approach as listed below.<sup id="cite_ref-Benor_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benor-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intra-group_variation">Intra-group variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Intra-group variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The way one speaks can vary widely within any ethnic group on a continuum of styles that could be mixed across variants. Some may employ a few or none of the features in an ethnolect while others may use many. Therefore, it is difficult to draw the line between speakers and non-speakers of an ethnolect. Although qualifications and modifiers are established in definitions to enhance the fluidity of the concept, it is still unable to fully resolve the problem as variation exists in complex and intricate patterns that are unlikely to be fully accounted for in brief definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Benor_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benor-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intra-speaker_variation">Intra-speaker variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Intra-speaker variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Speakers of ethnolects tend to be aware of the differences in their speech compared to others to some extent. They may therefore temper their usage of salient features in their ethnolects when speaking to interlocutors who are not part of their ethnic group and may also be able to <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switch</a> fluently between their ethnolectal variety and Standard English. Speakers who do that are considered to be "bidialectal". Yet, the selective use of elements from an ethnolect is not predictable, which then confounds the notion of code-switching.<sup id="cite_ref-Benor_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benor-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Out-group_use">Out-group use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Out-group use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some speakers who are not part of a particular ethnic group may also make use of elements of the group's ethnolect, which can include behaviours like crossing or passing when people imitate an ethnic stereotype or assimilate to an ethnic group's behaviour to be included. This can be observed in phenomena such as "crossing" in multi-ethnic interactions. For example, elements of <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">AAVE</a> are used by people who have little association with African Americans because of the language's influence in hip-hop. Non-group members may also extensively employ features from an ethnic group's repertoire in their speech if they spend much of their time with the group members.<sup id="cite_ref-Benor_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benor-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delineating_the_ethnic_group">Delineating the ethnic group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Delineating the ethnic group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is difficult to define the ethnic group a person belongs to, especially in Western societies where ethnic groups are porous and fluid. Individuals often shift from one ethnic identity to another as they transition between life stages. Ethnic group membership is constructed not just on the basis of descent but also on the basis of symbolic practices, including language. Viewing ethnic identity as an inheritance that cannot be changed may pose problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Benor_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benor-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rampton_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rampton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, an increasing number of individuals consider themselves as part of two or more ethnic groups. It is thus difficult to define one's ethnicity by their parentage or physical features. Ethnic identification also generally involves self-identification of a shared understanding and belonging with culture or language, as well as affirmation from existing members of the existing ethnic group. The factors that determine ethnic identity are ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-Benor_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benor-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rampton_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rampton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delineating_the_term_ethnolect">Delineating the term ethnolect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Delineating the term ethnolect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The final problem lies in the conceptualisation of a given group's language as a separate ethnic variety like AAVE and Chicano English, or merely as ethnic variation from an abstract norm such as the phonological variation among people of a shared ethnicity. In the ethnolect approach, distinctions are drawn to categorize certain languages spoken as ethnolects (i.e. ethnic varieties) while others are considered as a repertoire of linguistic features associated with the ethnic group that are employed in ethnic variation.<sup id="cite_ref-Benor_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benor-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">Sociolect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">Accent (sociolinguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">Diglossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiethnolect" title="Multiethnolect">Multiethnolect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiolect" title="Idiolect">Idiolect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Clyne_2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clyne_2000_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clyne_2000_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clyne_2000_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clyne_2000_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clyne_2000_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clyne_2000_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clyne_2000_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClyne2000" class="citation journal cs1">Clyne, Michael (31 January 2000). "Lingua Franca and Ethnolects in Europe and Beyond". <i>Sociolinguistica</i>. <b>14</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110245196.83">10.1515/9783110245196.83</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociolinguistica&rft.atitle=Lingua+Franca+and+Ethnolects+in+Europe+and+Beyond&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2000-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110245196.83&rft.aulast=Clyne&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnolect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNekvapilNekula2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nekvapil, Jiří; Nekula, Marek (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czechency.org/slovnik/ETNOLEKT">"ETNOLEKT"</a>. In Karolak, Petr; Nekula, Marek; Pleskalová, Jana (eds.). <i>Nový encyklopedický slovník češtiny</i> (in Czech).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ETNOLEKT&rft.btitle=Nov%C3%BD+encyklopedick%C3%BD+slovn%C3%ADk+%C4%8De%C5%A1tiny&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Nekvapil&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=Nekula%2C+Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czechency.org%2Fslovnik%2FETNOLEKT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnolect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicherkiewicz2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Wicherkiewicz" title="Tomasz Wicherkiewicz">Wicherkiewicz, Tomasz</a> (2016). "Ginące języki, etniczność, tożsamość i polityka". In Nau, Nicole; Hornsby, Michael; Karpiński, Maciej; Klessa, Katarzyna; <a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Wicherkiewicz" title="Tomasz Wicherkiewicz">Wicherkiewicz, Tomasz</a>; Wójtowicz, Radosław; Zabrocki, Władysław (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/bitstream/10593/17548/1/Jezyki_w_niebezpieczenstwie_Ksiega_wiedzy_Nau_i_in_Wydanie_I.pdf"><i>Języki w niebezpieczeństwie: księga wiedzy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Polish) (1} ed.). Poznań: <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań">Adam Mickiewicz University</a>. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14746%2F9788394719845">10.14746/9788394719845</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10593%2F17548">10593/17548</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-947198-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-947198-4-5"><bdi>978-83-947198-4-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gin%C4%85ce+j%C4%99zyki%2C+etniczno%C5%9B%C4%87%2C+to%C5%BCsamo%C5%9B%C4%87+i+polityka&rft.btitle=J%C4%99zyki+w+niebezpiecze%C5%84stwie%3A+ksi%C4%99ga+wiedzy&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pages=105-106&rft.edition=1%7D&rft.pub=Adam+Mickiewicz+University&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10593%2F17548&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14746%2F9788394719845&rft.isbn=978-83-947198-4-5&rft.aulast=Wicherkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepozytorium.amu.edu.pl%2Fbitstream%2F10593%2F17548%2F1%2FJezyki_w_niebezpieczenstwie_Ksiega_wiedzy_Nau_i_in_Wydanie_I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnolect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlockWölck1981" class="citation book cs1">Carlock, Elizabeth; Wölck, Wolfgang (1981). 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-89138-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-89138-8"><bdi>0-521-89138-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+American+English+%3A+a+linguistic+introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-89138-8&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Lisa+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521891387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnolect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaugh2000" class="citation book cs1">Baugh, John (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondebonicslin00baug"><i>Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice</i></a></span>. 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Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17915-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17915-3"><bdi>978-0-631-17915-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Linguistic+Change%2C+Volume+2%3A+Social+Factors&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-17915-3&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnolect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Becker, Kara. (2014). Linguistic repertoire and ethnic identity in New York City. Language and Communication 35: 43-54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckert2008" class="citation journal cs1">Eckert, Penelope (1 March 2008). "Where do ethnolects stop?". <i>International Journal of Bilingualism</i>. <b>12</b> (1–2): 25–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F13670069080120010301">10.1177/13670069080120010301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35623478">35623478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Bilingualism&rft.atitle=Where+do+ethnolects+stop%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=25-42&rft.date=2008-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F13670069080120010301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35623478%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Eckert&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnolect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brubaker, Rogers, Mara Loveman, and Peter Stamatov (2004) Ethnicity as cognition. Theory and Society 33(1): 31–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benor-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benor_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benor_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benor_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benor_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benor_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benor_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benor_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benor_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenor2010" class="citation journal cs1">Benor, Sarah Bunin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9841.2010.00440.x">"Ethnolinguistic repertoire: Shifting the analytic focus in language and ethnicity1"</a>. <i>Journal of Sociolinguistics</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 159–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9841.2010.00440.x">10.1111/j.1467-9841.2010.00440.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sociolinguistics&rft.atitle=Ethnolinguistic+repertoire%3A+Shifting+the+analytic+focus+in+language+and+ethnicity1&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-183&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9841.2010.00440.x&rft.aulast=Benor&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Bunin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1467-9841.2010.00440.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnolect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClyne2000" class="citation journal cs1">Clyne, Michael (31 January 2000). "Lingua Franca and Ethnolects in Europe and Beyond". <i>Sociolinguistica</i>. <b>14</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110245196.83">10.1515/9783110245196.83</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociolinguistica&rft.atitle=Lingua+Franca+and+Ethnolects+in+Europe+and+Beyond&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2000-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110245196.83&rft.aulast=Clyne&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnolect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Clyne, M. (2018). Dynamics of language contact: English and immigrant languages. New York: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckert2008" class="citation journal cs1">Eckert, Penelope (March 2008). "Where do ethnolects stop?". <i>International Journal of Bilingualism</i>. <b>12</b> (1–2): 25–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F13670069080120010301">10.1177/13670069080120010301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35623478">35623478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Bilingualism&rft.atitle=Where+do+ethnolects+stop%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=25-42&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F13670069080120010301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35623478%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Eckert&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnolect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thomas, E. R. (2019). Mexican American English: Substrate influence and the birth of an ethnolect. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&oldid=1250639341">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnolect&oldid=1250639341</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_varieties_and_styles" title="Category:Language varieties and styles">Language varieties and styles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_terminology" title="Category:Linguistics terminology">Linguistics terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Czech-language_sources_(cs)" title="Category:CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)">CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 October 2024, at 16:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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