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.hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudaico_romanesco" class="extiw" title="it:Giudaico romanesco">the corresponding article</a> in Italian</b>.  <i><small>(December 2023)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at [[:it:Giudaico romanesco]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|it|Giudaico romanesco}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Judeo-Roman_dialect" title="Talk:Judeo-Roman dialect">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dialect of Judeo-Italian spoken in Rome</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Judeo-Roman</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Giudeo-Romanesco (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) ג'ודיו רומן (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Italy, Israel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian Jews</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">200 in Italy 250 in total (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino-Faliscan">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Western">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Dalmatian">Italo-Dalmatian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Romance">Italo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Judeo-Roman</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Judeo-Roman</b> (Italian: <i>Giudaico-Romanesco</i>) or <b>Italkit</b> is the only still living dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> languages, historically used by the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> living in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Languages_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Languages-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is spoken by 250 people, most of whom live in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The language is on the decline and most of its remaining speakers are elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Languages_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Languages-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are efforts to preserve the language and keep it from extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedetti_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedetti-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Roman_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judeo-Roman, like other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish languages</a>, emerged due to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Jews of Rome</a> being isolated in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ghetto" title="Roman Ghetto">Rome Ghetto</a>, on order of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Overview_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overview-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language declined as Jews were emancipated and Roman Jews switched to the <a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Roman dialect of Italian</a>. </p><p>Younger Italian Jews are attempting to preserve the language.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedetti_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedetti-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Roman_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judeo-Roman has at least 360 Hebrew words and phrases in it. Many of these were used to conceal what the users were saying from Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedetti_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedetti-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> examples include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Judeo-Roman<sup id="cite_ref-Overview_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overview-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Root Hebrew Word<sup id="cite_ref-Overview_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overview-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>English<sup id="cite_ref-Overview_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overview-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kadosc Baruchù </td> <td>Kadosh Baruch Hu </td> <td>Holy blessed be he </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caròvve </td> <td>Karov </td> <td>Close relative </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mangkòdde </td> <td>Ma’ot </td> <td>Money </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ngesa’vve </td> <td>‘Esav </td> <td>Christian/Christians </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Roman_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judeo-Italian has several letter shifts that differentiate it from standard <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>; these include:<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Languages_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Languages-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>/e/ becoming /i/ (e.g. <i>detto</i> to <i>ditto</i>) </p><p>/l/ becoming /r/ (e.g. <i>qualcuno</i> to <i>quarcuno</i>) </p><p>It also contains several vowel shifts and other changes: </p><p>Loss of initial vowels (e.g. <i>oppure</i> to <i>pure</i>) </p><p>Loss of final consonants (e.g. <i>con</i> to <i>co'</i>) </p><p>Contractions (e.g. <i>dir ti</i> to <i>ditte</i>) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">Archaisms</a> (e.g. <i>di te</i> to <i>d'oo ti</i>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Roman_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Roman_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A theater group called <i>Chaimme 'a sore 'o sediaro e 'a moje</i> (Chaim, the sister, the chairmaker and the wife) makes plays in Judeo-Roman.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Roman_dialect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a collection of poems written by <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescenzo_Del_Monte" class="extiw" title="it:Crescenzo Del Monte">Crescenzo del Monte</a> from 1908 and republished in 2007<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Languages_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Languages-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Judeo Roman.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These works include <i>The sonnets of Crescenzo del Monte</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Roman_dialect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">Youtube</a> videos have been posted in Judeo-Roman.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Languages_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Languages-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Roman_dialect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Judeo-Roman<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Languages_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Languages-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>English<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Languages_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Languages-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Jorno </td> <td>Day </td></tr> <tr> <td>Capeto </td> <td>Understood </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ar </td> <td>At the </td></tr> <tr> <td>Letigate </td> <td>Fight </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gniente </td> <td>Nothing </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quarcuno </td> <td>Someone </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quarche </td> <td>Some </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aremane </td> <td>To remain </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kadosc Baruchù </td> <td>Holy blessed be he </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Judeo-Roman<sup id="cite_ref-Benedetti_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedetti-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Due donne sono sedute vicino alla pasticceria del Portico d’Ottavia, Settimia e Fiorella. <p>Come pretenni che fieto parli bene ancora un ajo capeto, tu e mariteto tutto o jorno, ‘o sento io, che letigate in giudaico </p><p>Romanesco. te sbai Settì ce stamo attenti, da retta a me, me devi da crede ‘o stamo proprio a fa pe lui, un volemo che viè sù che i ngaciri dicheno che è uno de piazza. </p> </td> <td>Two women are seated near the pastry shop at the Portico d’Ottavia, [their names are] Settimia and Fiorella <p>How you can pretend that your son speaks well, I still don't understand. You and your husband all day — I heard it myself, that you quarrel in Giudaico-Romanesco. </p><p>You are mistaken Settì, we are careful. Listen to me, you have to believe me, we are specifically doing it for him. I don't want him to grow up so that the rich [people] say that he is one from the Piazza [the Ghetto]. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Roman_dialect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jewish_Languages-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Languages_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Languages_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Languages_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Languages_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Languages_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Languages_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Languages_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishlanguages.org/judeo-italian">"Judeo-Italian"</a>. <i>Jewish Languages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Albany, New York State: <a href="/w/index.php?title=College_of_Arts_and_Sciences_Linguistics_and_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="College of Arts and Sciences Linguistics and Philosophy (page does not exist)">College of Arts and Sciences Linguistics and Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=DABBERA+IN+SCIONACCODESCE+%28SPEAK+GIUDAICO-ROMANESCO%29%3A+KEEPING+THE+JEWISH-ROMAN+DIALECT+ALIVE&rft.inst=College+of+Arts+and+Sciences+Linguistics+and+Philosophy&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=L.+De+Benedetti&rft.aufirst=Jana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudeo-Roman+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Overview-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Overview_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overview_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overview_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overview_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.shulcloud.com/5061/uploads/Adult-Education/JewishLanguages/markedupCHAPTERIIIOVERVIEWOFGIUDAICOROMANESCO.pdf">"OVERVIEW OF GIUDAICO-ROMANESCO A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=images.shulcloud.com&rft.atitle=OVERVIEW+OF+GIUDAICO-ROMANESCO+A.+GIUDAICO-ROMANESCO+AS+LANGUAGE+OR+DIALECT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.shulcloud.com%2F5061%2Fuploads%2FAdult-Education%2FJewishLanguages%2FmarkedupCHAPTERIIIOVERVIEWOFGIUDAICOROMANESCO.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudeo-Roman+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jochnowitz.net/Essays/Judeo-Italian.html">"Judeo-Italian: Italian Dialect or Jewish Language?"</a>. <i>www.jochnowitz.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jochnowitz.net&rft.atitle=Judeo-Italian%3A+Italian+Dialect+or+Jewish+Language%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jochnowitz.net%2FEssays%2FJudeo-Italian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudeo-Roman+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoşKunEngels2019" class="citation book cs1">CoşKun, Altay; Engels, David, eds. (2019-04-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1q26ncx"><i>Rome and the Seleukid East: Selected Papers from Seleukid Study Day V, Brussels, 21-23 August 2015</i></a>. Vol. 360. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1q26ncx.17">10.2307/j.ctv1q26ncx.17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-3928-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-3928-8"><bdi>978-90-429-3928-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1q26ncx">j.ctv1q26ncx</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242733282">242733282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Seleukid+East%3A+Selected+Papers+from+Seleukid+Study+Day+V%2C+Brussels%2C+21-23+August+2015&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1q26ncx.17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242733282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1q26ncx%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-90-429-3928-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1q26ncx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudeo-Roman+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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