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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_extra_letters_⟨ä⟩_and_⟨ö⟩" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_extra_letters_⟨ä⟩_and_⟨ö⟩"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The extra letters <span>⟨ä⟩</span> and <span>⟨ö⟩</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_extra_letters_⟨ä⟩_and_⟨ö⟩-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-native_letters_in_the_Finnish_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-native_letters_in_the_Finnish_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Non-native letters in the Finnish alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-native_letters_in_the_Finnish_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collation_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Short and long sounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_and_long_sounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Velar_nasal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Velar_nasal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Velar nasal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Velar_nasal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voiced_plosives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voiced_plosives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Voiced plosives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voiced_plosives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_spelling_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_spelling_alphabet"> <div 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Finnish orthography</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spelling conventions of the Finnish language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish braille">Finnish braille</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Finnish orthography</b> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, and uses an alphabet derived from the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Swedish alphabet</a>, officially comprising twenty-nine letters but also including two additional letters found in some loanwords. The Finnish <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> strives to represent all morphemes <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonologically</a> and, roughly speaking, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">sound value</a> of each letter tends to correspond with its value in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA) – although some discrepancies do exist. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_orthography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Fi-alphabet.ogg" title="File:Fi-alphabet.ogg">Finnish alphabet</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="41" data-mwtitle="Fi-alphabet.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Fi-alphabet.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Fi-alphabet.ogg/Fi-alphabet.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Pronunciation as audio. Includes <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> after <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The following table describes how each letter in the Finnish alphabet (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">suomen aakkoset</i>) is spelled and pronounced separately. If the name of a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> begins with a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> (usually <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span>), it can be pronounced and spelled either as a monosyllabic or bisyllabic word.<sup id="cite_ref-Länsimäki_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Länsimäki-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, the names of the letters are rarely spelled, as people usually just type the (uppercase or lowercase) glyph when they want to refer to a particular letter. </p><p>The pronunciation instructions enclosed in slashes are broad <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">transcriptions</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> system. In notes, more narrow transcriptions are enclosed in square brackets. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Glyphs </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Name pronunciation </th> <th>Notes on usage (for more, see <a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish phonology</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a>, a </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">aa</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑː/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a>, b </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">bee</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/beː/</span> </td> <td>Occurs in relatively new loanwords, such as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">banaani</i></span> '<a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>' and <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">bussi</i></span> '<a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus</a>'. Typically represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b̥]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a>, c </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">see</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/seː/</span> </td> <td>Occurs in unestablished loanwords, such as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a></i></span> and <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/Cesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium">cesium</a></i></span>. Typically represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a>, d </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">dee</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/deː/</span> </td> <td>In present standard language, <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> stands for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span>, but it represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d̥]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪]</span>, and the pronunciation in dialects varies greatly. Natively used in Western dialects as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> and not at all in Eastern dialects. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a>, e </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ee</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> </td> <td>The precise pronunciation tends to be between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a>, f </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">äf</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">äffä</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æf/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈæf.fæ/</span>, occasionally <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ef/</span></span> </td> <td>Occurs in relatively new loanwords, such as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">asfaltti</i></span> '<a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a>' or <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">uniformu</i></span> '<a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniform</a>'. Historically and in dialectal pronunciation (apart from some Western dialects), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> is typically replaced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span> or medially <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hʋ/</span> (e.g. <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kahvi</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkah.ʋi/</span> ← Swedish <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">kaffe</i></span> '<a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>'). Even newer loanwords may have an alternative spelling where <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> has replaced <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">asvaltti</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">univormu</i></span>). Note that the names of the country, language, and nationality beginning with F (Finland, Finnish, Finn) are non-native, the native ones being <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Suomi</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">suomi</i></span>, and <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">suomalainen</i></span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a>, g </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">gee</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡeː/</span> </td> <td>Occurs natively in the <a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">digraph <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span></a>, which marks the long <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋː]</span> (with no <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> sound). Otherwise <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> only occurs in relatively new loanwords, such as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">gaala</i></span> '<a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">gala</a>' and <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">geeni</i></span> '<a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>'. Typically represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ̊]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a>, h </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">hoo</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hoː/</span> </td> <td>Normally a voiceless <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a>, but the precise pronunciation depends on the preceding vowel; between two vowels may be pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy-voiced</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a>, i </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ii</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a>, j </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">jii</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jiː/</span> </td> <td>Without exception <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> (English consonant <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span>), as in German and Swedish, never <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> as in French or English. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a>, k </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">koo</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/koː/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a>, l </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">äl</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ällä</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æl/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈæl.læ/</span>, occasionally <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/el/</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a>, m </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">äm</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ämmä</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æm/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈæm.mæ/</span>, occasionally <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/em/</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a>, n </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">än</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ännä</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æn/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈæn.næ/</span>, occasionally <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/en/</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a>, o </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">oo</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> </td> <td>The precise pronunciation tends to be between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a>, p </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">pee</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/peː/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a>, q </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kuu</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kuː/</span> </td> <td>Mainly occurs in foreign proper names (in loanwords <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨qu⟩</span> has often been replaced with <span class="nowrap">⟨kv⟩</span>). Typically represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>, though some speakers mispronounce it as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a>, r </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">är</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ärrä</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ær/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈær.ræ/</span>, occasionally <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/er/</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a>, s </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">äs</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ässä</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æs/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈæs.sæ/</span>, occasionally <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/es/</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a>, t </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">tee</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/teː/</span> </td> <td>The precise pronunciation tends to be <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪]</span> rather than <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a>, u </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">uu</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span> </td> <td>The precise pronunciation tends to be between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a>, v </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">vee</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋeː/</span> </td> <td>Typically represents <a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋ]</span> rather than <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a>, w </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kaksois-vee</i></span><br /><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">tupla-vee</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋeː/</span>, <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkɑk.soisˌʋeː/</span>, <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtup.lɑˌʋeː/</span> </td> <td>The "double-v" may occur natively as an archaic variant of <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span>, but otherwise in unestablished loanwords and foreign proper names only. It occurs in some rare surnames such as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Waltari</i></span> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mika_Waltari" title="Mika Waltari">Mika Waltari</a>, a world-famous author) or in some rare first names such as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Werner</i></span> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sanoma" title="Sanoma">Werner Söderström</a>, a well-known publisher). In <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> is treated mostly like <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span>. Typically represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋ]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a>, x </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">äks</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">äksä</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æks/</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈæk.sæ/</span></span>, occasionally <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eks/</span></span> </td> <td>Occurs in unestablished loanwords, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">taxi</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax</a></i>, but there is often a preferred alternative where <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> has been replaced with <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ks⟩</span> (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">taksi</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">faksi</i></span>). Typically represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ks]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a>, y </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">yy</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/yː/</span> </td> <td>The precise pronunciation tends to be between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a>, z </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">tset</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">tseta</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tset/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtse.tɑ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zet/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈze.tɑ/</span> </td> <td>Occurs in unestablished loanwords, such as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">zeniitti</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tse.niːt.ti/</span> '<a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">zenith</a>' or <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a></i></span>, but there may be an alternative spelling with <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span> (e.g. <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">pitsa</i></span>). Typically represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span> (like in German), but sometimes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å</a>, å </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ruotsalainen oo</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈruot.sɑˌlɑi.nen<span class="wrap"> </span>oː/</span></span> </td> <td>The "Swedish <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span>", carried over from the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Swedish alphabet</a> and redundant in Finnish; retained especially for writing <a href="/wiki/Finland-Swedish" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland-Swedish">Finland-Swedish</a> proper names (such as <a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a>). All Finnish words containing <span class="nowrap">⟨å⟩</span> are names; there it represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span> (identically to <span class="nowrap">⟨oo⟩</span>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä</a>, ä </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ää</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æː/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a>, ö </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">öö</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/øː/</span> </td> <td>The precise pronunciation tends to be between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[œ]</span>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a>⟩</span> is sometimes listed separately and after <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span>, although officially it is merely a variant of the latter and can be alphabetized as <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Korpela_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korpela-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/S-caron" class="mw-redirect" title="S-caron">š</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Z-caron" class="mw-redirect" title="Z-caron">ž</a>⟩</span> are variants of <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span>, but they are often overlooked, as they are only used in some relatively new loanwords and foreign names, and may be replaced with <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨zh⟩</span>, respectively,<sup id="cite_ref-Saukkonen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saukkonen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if it is technically impossible to reproduce <span class="nowrap">⟨š⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ž⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Finnish keyboard layout on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> does not include <span class="nowrap">⟨š⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨ž⟩</span>; thus, in practice, only highly formal sources such as official texts, encyclopedias or <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a> use them. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Glyphs </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Name pronunciation </th> <th>Notes on usage (for more, see <a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish phonology</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S-caron" class="mw-redirect" title="S-caron">Š</a>, š </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">hattu-äs</i></span>, <br /><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">hattu-ässä</i></span>; <br /><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">suhu-äs</i></span>, <br /><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">suhu-ässä</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈhat.tu.æs/</span>, <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈhat.tu.æsæ/</span>; <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈsu.hu.æs/</span>, <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈsu.hu.æsæ/</span> </td> <td>The "<span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> with <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a>" is a rare variant of <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>. It occurred in some relatively new loanwords, such as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">šakki</i></span> '<a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>' and <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">šillinki</i></span> '<a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shilling</a>', but is often replaced with <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">šampoo</i></span> → <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">shampoo</a></i></span>) or, in more established loanwords, with plain <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">sampoo</i></span>). In theory it represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> but actual pronunciation may vary. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Z-caron" class="mw-redirect" title="Z-caron">Ž</a>, ž </td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">hattu-tset</i></span>, <br /><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">hattu-tseta</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈhat.tuˌtset/</span>, <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈhat.tuˌtse.tɑ/</span> </td> <td>The "<span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> with <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a>" is a rare variant of <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span>. It occurs in some unestablished loanwords, such as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">džonkki</i></span> '<a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junk</a>', and foreign proper names, but is often replaced with <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨zh⟩</span>. In theory represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> but the actual pronunciation may vary. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_extra_letters_⟨ä⟩_and_⟨ö⟩"><span id="The_extra_letters_.E2.9F.A8.C3.A4.E2.9F.A9_and_.E2.9F.A8.C3.B6.E2.9F.A9"></span>The extra letters <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_orthography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The extra letters ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨ö⟩"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mynamaki_bus_station_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mynamaki_bus_station_sign.jpg/220px-Mynamaki_bus_station_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mynamaki_bus_station_sign.jpg/330px-Mynamaki_bus_station_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mynamaki_bus_station_sign.jpg/440px-Mynamaki_bus_station_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The sign at the bus station of the Finnish municipality <a href="/wiki/Myn%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki" title="Mynämäki">Mynämäki</a>, illustrating a stylized variation of ⟨ä⟩.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main peculiarities in the Finnish alphabet are the two extra <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ (and Swedish ⟨å⟩, which is not actually needed in Finnish). In Finnish, these extra letters are collectively called <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ääkköset</i></span> when they need to be distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a>; the word is a somewhat playful modification of <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">aakkoset</i></span>, which is Finnish for "alphabet". Another informal term is <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">skandit</i></span> or <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">skandimerkit</i></span>, short for <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">skandinaaviset merkit</i></span> "<a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> characters" (however, the <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">ø</a>⟩ are usually not taken into account). </p><p>In Finnish, ⟨ä⟩, ⟨ö⟩ and ⟨y⟩ are the "front vowel" counterparts to the "back vowels" ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩ and ⟨u⟩; grammatical endings and suffixes using these letters, use either the front or back form depending on the <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony#Finnish" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> of the word. The <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a> for ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are derived from the similar-looking German <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlauted</a> letters, but as with ⟨y⟩ versus ⟨u⟩, they are considered letters in their own right and thus <a href="/wiki/Alphabetize" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabetize">alphabetized</a> separately (after ⟨z⟩). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a> or convention of considering <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> ⟨ae⟩ equivalent to ⟨ä⟩, and ⟨oe⟩ equivalent to ⟨ö⟩ is inapplicable in Finnish. Moreover, in Finnish, both ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩ are vowel sequences, not single letters, and they have independent meanings (e.g. <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">haen</i></span> "I seek" vs. <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">hän</i></span> "he, she"). </p><p>In handwritten text, the actual form of the extra marking may vary from a pair of dots to a pair of short vertical bars, to a single horizontal bar, or to a wavy line resembling a <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a>. In practice, almost any <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> situated above the base glyph (such as, á ā ã) would probably be interpreted as a carelessly written pair of dots (ä). However, in computerized <a href="/wiki/Character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Character set">character sets</a>, these alternatives are incorrect. The front-vowel counterpart of ⟨u⟩ using ⟨y⟩ rather than ⟨ü⟩ is carried over from Swedish, and also avoids confusion in cursive script with ⟨ii⟩, which is common in Finnish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-native_letters_in_the_Finnish_alphabet">Non-native letters in the Finnish alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_orthography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Non-native letters in the Finnish alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank_of_Aland_and_Nokia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bank_of_Aland_and_Nokia.jpg/220px-Bank_of_Aland_and_Nokia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bank_of_Aland_and_Nokia.jpg/330px-Bank_of_Aland_and_Nokia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bank_of_Aland_and_Nokia.jpg/440px-Bank_of_Aland_and_Nokia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%85landsbanken" class="mw-redirect" title="Ålandsbanken">Ålandsbanken</a> 'Bank of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>' uses a stylized letter <span class="nowrap">⟨å⟩</span> in its logotype.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Finnish writing system, some basic Latin letters are considered redundant, and other letters generally represent sounds that are not inherent in the Finnish language. Thus, they are not used in established Finnish words, but they may occur in newer <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> as well as in foreign <a href="/wiki/Proper_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper names">proper names</a>, and they are included in the Finnish alphabet in order to maintain interlingual compatibility. The pronunciation of these letters varies quite a lot. </p> <ul><li>The redundant letters are often replaced with more common alternatives in Finnish, except in proper names. They include <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> (which may be replaced with either <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>), <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span> (which is usually replaced with <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span>, and particularly <span class="nowrap">⟨qu⟩</span> with <span class="nowrap">⟨kv⟩</span>), and <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> (which is replaced with <span class="nowrap">⟨ks⟩</span>). In addition, the Swedish <span class="nowrap">⟨å⟩</span> is redundant from the Finnish point of view, as its pronunciation is more or less equivalent to the Finnish way of pronouncing <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span>. It is officially included in the Finnish alphabet so that keyboards etc. would be compatible with Swedish, which is one of the two official languages in Finland, as well as for the reproduction of Swedish proper names, which are quite common in Finland, even as surnames of monolingual speakers of Finnish.</li> <li>The letters representing foreign sounds can be found in relatively new loanwords, but in more established loanwords they have been replaced with alternatives that better reflect the typical Finnish pronunciation, e.g. <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kahvi</i></span> 'coffee', <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">parta</i></span> 'beard'. The letters include <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> (which is also used to mark the inherent <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>, however). From a historical point of view, even <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> could be said to belong to this group, but the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> sound has long been an established part of standard language.</li> <li>The letters <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> could be classified into both of the aforementioned groups. The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> sound is not regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> in Finnish, but historically <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> was used to mark <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> (or, rather, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋ]</span>), as in Dutch, German or Polish. Although this is today considered archaic and <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> is used instead, <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> may still occur in some old surnames as a variant of <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span>. Occasionally this can also be applied for faux-archaic effect, as in <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/Wanha_Satama" title="Wanha Satama">Wanha Satama</a></i></span> "Ye Olde Harbour". Likewise, the <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> is not native to Finnish, but <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> (or <span class="nowrap">⟨tz⟩</span>) was formerly used to denote <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span> (as in German). It is still often represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span>, but its pronunciation varies greatly: some speakers may pronounce it <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span>, or sometimes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span>.</li> <li>The letters <span class="nowrap">⟨š⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ž⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> (<span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> with <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a>) are officially recommended instead of <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨zh⟩</span> for transliteration from another alphabet, although in practice, <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨zh⟩</span> are often used. For example, Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Бре́жнев</span></span> (transcribed <i>Brezhnev</i> in English) is transliterated <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Brežnev</i></span>. However, these sounds are foreign to the Finnish language, the letters do not appear on Finnish keyboards and their pronunciation is not consistent. The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> sound is familiar to most Finnish speakers and quite commonly used in many loanwords, e.g. <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">šakki</i></span> 'chess', <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">shampoo</i></span>, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> is restricted to foreign words only.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collation_order">Collation order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_orthography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Collation order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Finnish, words are ordered alphabetically according to the <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> rules specified in the official standard SFS 4600.<sup id="cite_ref-Korpela_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korpela-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a few cases where Finnish collation is different from the rules applied in English: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>⟩</span> are regarded as distinct letters and collated after <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a>⟩</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a>⟩</span> is generally regarded as equivalent to <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a>⟩</span> (in a multilingual context it may, however, be collated separately after <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a>⟩</span>, as in English).</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">Diacritics</a> are never added to letters in native Finnish words (as the dots above the Finnish graphemes <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span> are not considered diacritics). Generally, diacritics are retained in foreign-language proper names, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9n_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Vilén (disambiguation)">Vilén</a></i>, if possible, but when arranging words alphabetically, diacritics are usually ignored (this also applies to <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">š</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%BD" title="Ž">ž</a>⟩</span>, despite them being an officially recognized part of Finnish orthography). There are, however, some exceptions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>⟩</span> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">ű</a>⟩</span> are alphabetized as <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span>, not as <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">ø</a>⟩</span>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%95#Estonian" title="Õ">õ</a>⟩</span> and Hungarian <span class="nowrap">⟨ő⟩</span> are alphabetized as <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span>, not as <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span>.</li></ul> <p>The standard does not specify how one should alphabetize the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span> when used in other languages than German, but at least as regards the Estonian or Hungarian <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span>, it seems consistent to treat it as equivalent to <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> (and even more so, since <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span> in Estonian and Hungarian is not considered a mere variant of <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>, as it is in German). It would seem problematic, however, to apply the same principle to e.g. <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%9C#U-diaeresis" title="Ü">u-diaeresis</a>) as used in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> or <span class="nowrap">⟨õ⟩</span> (<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a>) as used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, as these letters represent quite different <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> traditions. </p><p>Other special cases: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a>⟩</span> (<i>eng</i>) is alphabetized as <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a>⟩</span></li> <li>Sami <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Đ">đ</a>⟩</span> (<span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> with stroke) and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a>⟩</span> (eth) are alphabetized as <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a>⟩</span></li> <li>Icelandic <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a>⟩</span> (<i>thorn</i>) is alphabetized as <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">ł</a>⟩</span> (<span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> with stroke) is alphabetized as <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a>⟩</span>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">Ligatures</a> are alphabetized as two individual letters: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a>⟩</span> is alphabetized as <span class="nowrap">⟨ae⟩</span> (not as <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">œ</a>⟩</span> is alphabetized as <span class="nowrap">⟨oe⟩</span> (not as <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a>⟩</span> is alphabetized as <span class="nowrap">⟨ss⟩</span>.</li></ul> <p>Letters and characters taken from other alphabets (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Σ</a> 'Greek capital letter sigma') or writing systems are collated after Latin letters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthographic_principles">Orthographic principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_orthography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Orthographic principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish phonology</a></div> <p>When writing Finnish, the foundational principle is that each letter stands for one sound and each sound is always represented by the same letter, within the bounds of a single morpheme. The most notable exception to this rule is the <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>, which does not have an allotted letter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_and_long_sounds">Short and long sounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_orthography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Short and long sounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Finnish, both <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> may be either <a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">short or long</a>. A short sound is written with a single letter, and a long sound is written with a double letter (<a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a>). It is necessary to recognize the difference between such words as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">tuli</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtu.li/</span> 'fire', <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">tuuli</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtuː.li/</span> 'wind' and <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">tulli</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtul.li/</span> 'customs'. However, long consonants are sometimes written as short consonants in morpheme boundaries (see <a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology#Sandhi" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish phonology#Sandhi</a> for this phenomenon), thus, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈhɑ.kel.lɑ.vɑ/</span> is written as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">hake<b>l</b>ava</i></span> "open-box bed for wood chips" instead of expected <i>*hake<b>ll</b>ava</i>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtu.let.tæn.ne/</span> is <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">tule <b>t</b>änne</i></span> "come here" instead of <i>*tule <b>tt</b>änne</i> or <i>*tule<b>t t</b>änne</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">syllabification</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Long_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Long consonant">long consonant</a> is always regarded as having a syllable break in the middle (as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtɑ<b>p.p</b>ɑː/</span>), but a long vowel (or a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>) is regarded as a single unit that functions as the nucleus of a syllable. Either a long or short vowel may occur in a <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed</a> as well as unstressed syllable. The phonetic quality of a vowel remains the same regardless of whether the vowel is long or short, or whether it is stressed or unstressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Velar_nasal">Velar nasal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_orthography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Velar nasal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> (generally referred to as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">äng-äänne</i></span> 'the eng sound') does not have a letter of its own. Natively, a short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> only occurs before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, and it is simply written with <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>, as in <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ke<b>n</b>kä</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkeŋ.kæ/</span> 'shoe'. Since the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal">alveolar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> can not occur in such a position, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> can be seen as an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>. However, if the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> is weakened (because of a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">consonant gradation</a> that occurs when the word is <a href="/wiki/Inflected" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected">inflected</a>), the result is a long, or <a href="/wiki/Geminated" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminated">geminated</a>, velar nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋː/</span> that is written with <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span>, as in <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ke<b>ng</b>ät</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkeŋ.ŋæt/</span> 'shoes'. The geminated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋː/</span> is not an allophone of geminated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nː/</span>, since <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> do exist: <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kangas</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkɑŋ.ŋɑs/</span> '<a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a>' vs. <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kannas</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkɑn.nɑs/</span> '<a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a>'. </p><p>The treatment of the velar nasal in loanwords is highly inconsistent, often mixing the original spelling of the word with an applied Finnish pronunciation pattern. <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">E<b>ng</b>lanti</i></span> "England" is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈeŋ.lɑn.ti/</span> (with a short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> but no <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>), and even <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ma<b>gn</b>eetti</i></span> "<a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a>" is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmɑŋ.neːt.ti/</span> (with plain <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> being pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> when followed by <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>, as in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">classical Latin</a>) – cf. a more specialized term <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">diagnoosi</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/di.aɡ.noː.si/</span> '<a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnosis</a>', and in a word-initial position <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi"><b>gn</b>uu</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡnuː/</span> "<a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">gnu</a>". Following the typical Finnish pronunciation pattern, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ko<b>ng</b>estio</i></span> "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congestion" class="extiw" title="wikt:congestion">congestion</a>" is often pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkoŋ.ŋes.ti.o/</span>, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkoŋ.ɡes.ti.o/</span> may also occur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voiced_plosives">Voiced plosives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_orthography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Voiced plosives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> are not counted as Finnish phonemes, since they only appear in loanwords. However, these borrowings being relatively common, they are nowadays considered part of the educated norm. The failure to use them correctly is sometimes ridiculed, e.g. if a news reporter or a high official consistently and publicly pronounces <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Belgia</i></span> 'Belgium' as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈpel.ki.a/</span>. Even many educated speakers, however, still make no distinction between voiced and voiceless plosives in regular speech, although minimal pairs exist: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbus.si/</span> '<a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus</a>' vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈpus.si/</span> 'bag', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɡo.ril.lɑ/</span> '<a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorilla</a>' vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈko.ril.lɑ/</span> 'with/at a <a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">basket</a>'. </p><p>The status of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> is somewhat different from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>, since it appears in native Finnish words, too, as a regular "weak" correspondence of the voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> (as a result of <a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">consonant gradation</a>), and even in the infinitives of many verbs, such as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">syödä</i></span>, "to eat". At the time when <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a>, the "father" of literary Finnish, devised a system for writing the language, this sound still had the value of the voiced dental fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span>, as in English "then". Since neither <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> nor <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> of that time had a separate sign for this sound, Agricola chose to mark it with <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨dh⟩</span>. </p><p>Later on, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span> sound developed in a variety of ways in different Finnish dialects: it was deleted, or became a <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">flap consonant</a>, or any of <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨jj⟩</span>. For example, historical and rare dialectal <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">meiðän</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">käðen</i></span> "our" <i>(gen.),</i> "hand" <i>(gen.)</i> could be: </p> <ul><li><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">meij(j)än</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">käen/käjen</i></span></li> <li><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">meirän</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kären</i></span></li> <li><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">meilän</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kälen</i></span></li> <li>(rare) <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">meidän</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">käden</i></span></li></ul> <p>In the middle of the 19th century, a significant portion of the Swedish-speaking upper class in Finland decided that Finnish had to be made equal in usage to Swedish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They even started using Finnish as their home language, even while very few of them really mastered it well. Since the historical <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ð/</span> no more had a common way of pronunciation between different Finnish dialects and since it was usually written as <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span>, many started using the Swedish pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span>, which eventually became the educated norm. </p><p>Initially, few native speakers of Finnish acquired the foreign plosive realisation of the native phoneme. Still some decades ago it was not entirely exceptional to hear loanwords like <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">deodorantti</i></span> '<a href="/wiki/Deodorant" title="Deodorant">deodorant</a>' pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/teotorantti/</span>, while native Finnish words with a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> were pronounced in the usual dialectal way. Nowadays, the Finnish language spoken by native Swedish speakers is not anymore considered paradigmatic, but as a result of their long-lasting prestige, many people particularly in the capital district acquired the new <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> sound. Due to diffusion of the standard language through mass media and basic education, and due to the dialectal prestige of the capital area, the plosive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> can now be heard in all parts of the country, at least in loanwords and in formal speech. Nowadays replacing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> with a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> is considered rustic, for example <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nyt<span class="wrap"> </span>tarvittais<span class="wrap"> </span>uutta<span class="wrap"> </span>tirektiiviä/</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nyt<span class="wrap"> </span>tarvittaisiin<span class="wrap"> </span>uutta<span class="wrap"> </span>direktiiviä/</span> 'now we could use a new directive'. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_slang" title="Helsinki slang">Helsinki slang</a>, the slang used by some, more rarely nowadays, in Helsinki, the voiced stops are found in native words even in positions which are not the result of consonant gradation, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dallas/</span> 's/he walked' (← native verb root <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">talla-</i></span>), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bonjata/</span> 'to understand' (← Russian <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ponʲiˈmatʲ/</span> понимать). In the Southwestern dialects of Rauma-Eurajoki-Laitila area, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> are commonplace, since the voicing of nasals spread to phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, making them half-voiced, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sendä/</span> ← <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">sentään</i></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ninɡo/</span> ← <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">niin kuin</i></span>. They are also found in those coastal areas where Swedish influenced the speech. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_spelling_alphabet">The spelling alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_orthography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The spelling alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>spelling name </th></tr> <tr> <td>A, a</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Aarne</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>B, b</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Bertta</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>C, c</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Celsius</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>D, d</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Daavid</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>E, e</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Eemeli</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>F, f</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Faarao</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G, g</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Gideon</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>H, h</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Heikki</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I, i</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Iivari</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>J, j</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Jussi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>K, k</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Kalle</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>L, l</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Lauri</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>M, m</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Matti</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>N, n</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Niilo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>O, o</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Otto</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P, p</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Paavo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q, q</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Kuu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>R, r</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Risto</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>S, s</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Sakari</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>T, t</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Tyyne</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U, u</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Urho</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>V, v</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Vihtori</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>W, w</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Wiski</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>X, x</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Äksä</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y, y</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Yrjö</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z, z</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Tseta</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Å, å</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Åke</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ä, ä</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Äiti</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ö, ö</td> <td><span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Öljy</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_orthography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Länsimäki-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Länsimäki_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maija Länsimäki, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kotus.fi/index.phtml?s=1002">Ällätikku</a>. Research Institute for the Languages of Finland, updated 2007-06-26. Originally published in <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a> 2003-08-19. <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korpela-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Korpela_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korpela_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jukka Korpela, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jkorpela.fi/abc.html">Aakkostus Suomessa: standardin SFS 4600 lyhyt selitys ja kommentaari</a> [the standard for Finnish alphabet, SFS 4600, explained in Finnish]. 2000–2010. <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saukkonen-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saukkonen_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pauli Saukkonen & Anneli Räikkälä, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.tkk.fi/~tuhkanen/Sery-C/Kotus-sz-hatut-EN.html">Finnish orthography and the characters š and ž</a>. Research Institute for the Languages of Finland, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This rule is stated in the standard SFS 4900 (Transliteration of Cyrillic characters: Slavic languages), p. 7.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_orthography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926141539/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/finnish.htm">Omniglot: writing systems and languages of the world: Finnish</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jkorpela.fi/lang/finnish-letters.html">Letters in Finnish</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jkorpela.fi/finnish.pronunciation.html">Finnish pronunciation</a> (compared to English, IPA available)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language orthographies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orthographies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthographies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><b>Orthographies</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans alphabet">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_orthography" title="Danish orthography">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_orthography" title="Faroese orthography">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Norwegian</a></li> <li>Swedish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_alphabet" title="West Frisian alphabet">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_orthography" title="Yiddish orthography">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language#Orthography" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language#Orthography" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cornish" title="Modern Cornish">Modern Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language#Orthography" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_alphabet" title="Istro-Romanian alphabet">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian</a></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Phonology & ortography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_orthography" title="Sicilian orthography">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_orthography" title="Walloon orthography">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_orthography" title="Latvian orthography">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_orthography" title="Lithuanian orthography">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet" title="Belarusian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara%C5%A1kievica" title="Taraškievica">Classical orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian</a></li> <li>Polish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_orthography" title="Silesian orthography">Silesian</a></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography" title="Slovak orthography">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_alphabet" title="Slovene alphabet">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_alphabet" title="Sorbian alphabet">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography" title="Ukrainian orthography">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_orthography" title="Hindustani orthography">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_alphabets" title="Romani alphabets">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_orthography" title="Estonian orthography">Estonian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finnish</a></li> <li>Hungarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_orthography" title="Hungarian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_alphabet" title="Karelian alphabet">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_alphabets" title="Komi alphabets">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_alphabets" title="Mansi alphabets">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_alphabets" title="Mordvinic alphabets">Mordvinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Sámi orthography">Sámi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Kildin Sámi orthography">Kildin Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_alphabets" title="Udmurt alphabets">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_alphabet" title="Bashkir alphabet">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_alphabet" title="Gagauz alphabet">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_alphabets" title="Khakas alphabets">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_alphabets" title="Nogai alphabets">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabets" title="Uyghur alphabets">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_scripts" title="Yakut scripts">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungus—Manchu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Even_alphabets" title="Even alphabets">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_orthography" title="Evenki orthography">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_alphabets" title="Udege alphabets">Udege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_alphabet" title="Abkhaz alphabet">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargin_writing" title="Dargin writing">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li>Aramaic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_alphabets" title="Somali alphabets">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_orthography" title="Sesotho orthography">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_scripts" title="Okinawan scripts">Okinawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan alphabet">Dungan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_alphabets" title="Nivkh alphabets">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet" title="Hawaiian alphabet">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_orthography" title="Malay orthography">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_writing_systems" title="Massachusett writing systems">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_orthography" title="Nahuatl orthography">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole alphabet">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento_orthography" title="Papiamento orthography">Papiamento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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