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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wire_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wire_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Wire transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wire_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Wireless transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telephone_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telephone_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Telephone transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telephone_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_facsimile_interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_facsimile_interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Computer facsimile interface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_facsimile_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>In the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Capabilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Capabilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Capabilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Capabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Analog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_transmission_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_transmission_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Data transmission rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_transmission_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modified_Huffman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modified_Huffman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Modified Huffman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modified_Huffman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modified_READ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modified_READ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Modified READ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modified_READ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modified_Modified_READ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modified_Modified_READ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Modified Modified READ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modified_Modified_READ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JBIG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JBIG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>JBIG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JBIG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matsushita_Whiteline_Skip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matsushita_Whiteline_Skip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Matsushita Whiteline Skip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matsushita_Whiteline_Skip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Typical characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printing_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printing_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Printing process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printing_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stroke_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stroke_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Stroke speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stroke_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fax_paper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fax_paper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Fax paper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fax_paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fax_tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fax_tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Fax tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fax_tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_fax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_fax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Internet fax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_fax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Related standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fax</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3" title="فاكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faks" title="Faks – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Faks" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="فاکس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فاکس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্যাক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্যাক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Факс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Факс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Факс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Факс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelleiler" title="Pelleiler – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pelleiler" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefax" title="Telefax – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Telefax" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faks" title="Faks – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Faks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BE" title="Φαξ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαξ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faksilo" title="Faksilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Faksilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="فکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9copieur" title="Télécopieur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télécopieur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facs" title="Facs – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Facs" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%A9%EC%8B%9C%EB%B0%80%EB%A6%AC" title="팩시밀리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팩시밀리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefaks" title="Telefaks – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Telefaks" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faksimile" title="Faksimile – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Faksimile" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isihlanzandaba" title="Isihlanzandaba – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isihlanzandaba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADmbr%C3%A9f" title="Símbréf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Símbréf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="פקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ფაქსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფაქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Факс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Факс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipepesi" title="Kipepesi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kipepesi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faks" title="Faks – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Faks" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faks" title="Faks – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Faks" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Факс – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Факс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakss" title="Fakss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fakss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Факс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Факс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫാക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫാക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3" title="فاكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="فکس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فکس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faks" title="Faks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Faks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AA" title="ファクシミリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファクシミリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefaks" title="Telefaks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Telefaks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faks" title="Faks – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Faks" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefaks" title="Telefaks – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Telefaks" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Факс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Факс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax_(zariadenie)" title="Fax (zariadenie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fax (zariadenie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefaks" title="Telefaks – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Telefaks" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="فاکس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فاکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Факс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Факс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faksi" title="Faksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Faksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefax" title="Telefax – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Telefax" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makinang_wangisan" title="Makinang wangisan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Makinang wangisan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="தொலைப்பிரதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொலைப்பிரதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫ్యాక్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్యాక్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="โทรสาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทรสาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faks" title="Faks – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Faks" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Факс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Факс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="فیکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فیکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facse" title="Facse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Facse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fax" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%9C%9F" title="传真 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="传真" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="傳真 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="傳真" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faks" title="Faks – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Faks" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faksos" title="Faksos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Faksos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E7%9C%9F" title="傳真 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="傳真" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q132744#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Method of transmitting images, often of documents</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"T.30" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/T30_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="T30 (disambiguation)">T30 (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fax_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fax (disambiguation)">Fax (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung_SF-3100_Inkjet_Fax_Machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Samsung_SF-3100_Inkjet_Fax_Machine.jpg/260px-Samsung_SF-3100_Inkjet_Fax_Machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Samsung_SF-3100_Inkjet_Fax_Machine.jpg/390px-Samsung_SF-3100_Inkjet_Fax_Machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Samsung_SF-3100_Inkjet_Fax_Machine.jpg/520px-Samsung_SF-3100_Inkjet_Fax_Machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>This fax machine from 1999 used relatively new <a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printing" title="Inkjet printing">inkjet printing</a> technology on normal paper.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panasonic_KX-F90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Panasonic_KX-F90.jpg/260px-Panasonic_KX-F90.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Panasonic_KX-F90.jpg/390px-Panasonic_KX-F90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Panasonic_KX-F90.jpg/520px-Panasonic_KX-F90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Like many fax machines, this 1990 model used <a href="/wiki/Thermal_printing" title="Thermal printing">thermal printing</a> on relatively expensive <a href="/wiki/Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">thermal paper</a> which came in rolls. The roll was inserted into a compartment in the machine.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fax</b> (short for <b>facsimile</b>), sometimes called <b>telecopying</b> or <b>telefax</b> (short for <b>telefacsimile</b>), is the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephonic</a> transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. The original document is scanned with a <b>fax machine</b> (or a <b>telecopier</b>), which processes the contents (text or images) as a single fixed graphic image, converting it into a <a href="/wiki/Bitmap" title="Bitmap">bitmap</a>, and then transmitting it through the telephone system in the form of audio-frequency tones. The receiving fax machine interprets the tones and reconstructs the image, printing a paper copy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early systems used direct conversions of image darkness to audio tone in a continuous or analog manner. Since the 1980s, most machines transmit an audio-encoded digital representation of the page, using <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a> to transmit areas that are all-white or all-black, more quickly. </p><p>Initially a niche product, fax machines became ubiquitous in offices in the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they have largely been rendered obsolete by <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>-based technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, but are still used in some medical administration and law enforcement settings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wire_transmission">Wire transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wire transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wirephoto" title="Wirephoto">Wirephoto</a></div> <p>Scottish inventor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(inventor)" title="Alexander Bain (inventor)">Alexander Bain</a> worked on chemical-mechanical fax-type devices and in 1846 Bain was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments. He received British patent 9745 on May 27, 1843, for his "Electric Printing Telegraph".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Bakewell" title="Frederick Bakewell">Frederick Bakewell</a> made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pantelegraph" title="Pantelegraph">Pantelegraph</a> was invented by the Italian physicist <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Caselli" title="Giovanni Caselli">Giovanni Caselli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He introduced the first commercial telefax service between Paris and Lyon in 1865, some 11 years before the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-italianunivbio_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-italianunivbio-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hebrewuniversity_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hebrewuniversity-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1880, English inventor <a href="/wiki/Shelford_Bidwell" title="Shelford Bidwell">Shelford Bidwell</a> constructed the <i>scanning phototelegraph</i> that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An account of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)#Facsimile" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton's "telephane"</a> was published in 1896. Around 1900, German physicist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Korn" title="Arthur Korn">Arthur Korn</a> invented the <i><a href="/wiki/Wirephoto" title="Wirephoto">Bildtelegraph</a></i>, widespread in continental Europe especially following a widely noticed transmission of a wanted-person photograph from Paris to London in 1908,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used until the wider distribution of the radiofax.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main competitors were the <i>Bélinographe</i> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Belin" title="Édouard Belin">Édouard Belin</a> first, then since the 1930s the <i><a href="/wiki/Hellschreiber" title="Hellschreiber">Hellschreiber</a></i>, invented in 1929 by German inventor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hell" title="Rudolf Hell">Rudolf Hell</a>, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V44_D062_Sample_work_of_telautograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/PSM_V44_D062_Sample_work_of_telautograph.jpg/220px-PSM_V44_D062_Sample_work_of_telautograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/PSM_V44_D062_Sample_work_of_telautograph.jpg/330px-PSM_V44_D062_Sample_work_of_telautograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/PSM_V44_D062_Sample_work_of_telautograph.jpg/440px-PSM_V44_D062_Sample_work_of_telautograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>Input (left) and output (right) of a telautograph transmission</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1888 invention of the <a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">telautograph</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a> marked a further development in fax technology, allowing users to send signatures over long distances, thus allowing the verification of identification or ownership over long distances.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 19, 1924, scientists of the AT&T Corporation "by a new process of transmitting pictures by electricity" sent 15 photographs by telephone from Cleveland to New York City, such photos being suitable for newspaper reproduction. Previously, photographs had been sent over the radio using this process.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Western Union "Deskfax" fax machine, announced in 1948, was a compact machine that fit comfortably on a desktop, using special <a href="/wiki/Spark_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark printer">spark printer</a> paper.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridings1949_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridings1949-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_transmission">Wireless transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wireless transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radiofax" title="Radiofax">Radiofax</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krant_per_fax_-_Faxed_newspaper_(4193509648).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Krant_per_fax_-_Faxed_newspaper_%284193509648%29.jpg/260px-Krant_per_fax_-_Faxed_newspaper_%284193509648%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Krant_per_fax_-_Faxed_newspaper_%284193509648%29.jpg/390px-Krant_per_fax_-_Faxed_newspaper_%284193509648%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Krant_per_fax_-_Faxed_newspaper_%284193509648%29.jpg/520px-Krant_per_fax_-_Faxed_newspaper_%284193509648%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption> Children read a wirelessly transmitted newspaper in 1938.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a designer for the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Corporation of America">Radio Corporation of America</a> (RCA), in 1924, <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Ranger" title="Richard H. Ranger">Richard H. Ranger</a> invented the wireless photoradiogram, or transoceanic <a href="/wiki/Radiofax" title="Radiofax">radio facsimile</a>, the forerunner of today's "fax" machines. A photograph of President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> sent from New York to London on November 29, 1924, became the first photo picture reproduced by transoceanic radio facsimile. Commercial use of Ranger's product began two years later. Also in 1924, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Ives" title="Herbert E. Ives">Herbert E. Ives</a> of <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a> transmitted and reconstructed the first color facsimile, a natural-color photograph of silent film star <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino" title="Rudolph Valentino">Rudolph Valentino</a> in period costume, using red, green and blue color separations.<sup id="cite_ref-Sipley_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sipley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the late 1930s, the Finch Facsimile system was used to transmit a "radio newspaper" to private homes via commercial AM radio stations and ordinary radio receivers equipped with Finch's printer, which used thermal paper. Sensing a new and potentially golden opportunity, competitors soon entered the field, but the printer and special paper were expensive luxuries, AM radio transmission was very slow and vulnerable to static, and the newspaper was too small. After more than ten years of repeated attempts by Finch and others to establish such a service as a viable business, the public, apparently quite content with its cheaper and much more substantial home-delivered daily newspapers, and with conventional spoken radio bulletins to provide any "hot" news, still showed only a passing curiosity about the new medium.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1940s, radiofax receivers were sufficiently miniaturized to be fitted beneath the dashboard of <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>'s "Telecar" <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegram</a> delivery vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridings1949_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridings1949-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> transmitted the first photograph via satellite <a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">facsimile</a> to <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Deal_Test_Site" title="Deal Test Site">Deal Test Site</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Courier_1B" title="Courier 1B">Courier satellite</a>. </p><p>Radio fax is still in limited use today for transmitting weather charts and information to ships at sea. The closely related technology of <a href="/wiki/Slow-scan_television" title="Slow-scan television">slow-scan television</a> is still used by <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> operators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telephone_transmission">Telephone transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Telephone transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Schmidt_fax.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Jean_Schmidt_fax.jpg/170px-Jean_Schmidt_fax.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Jean_Schmidt_fax.jpg/255px-Jean_Schmidt_fax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Jean_Schmidt_fax.jpg/340px-Jean_Schmidt_fax.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>A two-page fax message sent in 2006</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External images</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalprinting.blogs.xerox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2012/08/Xerox-LDX-Image.jpg">LDX system, Scanner and Printer</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biztechmagazine.com/sites/default/files/Q0416-BT-TOT-Xerox-What.jpg">Magnafax Telecopier by Xerox</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1964, Xerox Corporation introduced (and patented) what many consider to be the first commercialized version of the modern fax machine, under the name (LDX) or Long Distance Xerography. This model was superseded two years later with a unit that would set the standard for fax machines for years to come. Up until this point facsimile machines were very expensive and hard to operate. In 1966, Xerox released the Magnafax Telecopiers, a smaller, 46 lb (21 kg) facsimile machine. This unit was far easier to operate and could be connected to any standard telephone line. This machine was capable of transmitting a letter-sized document in about six minutes. The first sub-minute, digital fax machine was developed by <a href="/wiki/Dacom" title="Dacom">Dacom</a>, which built on digital data compression technology originally developed at <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a> for satellite communication.<sup id="cite_ref-etd.ohiolink.edu_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etd.ohiolink.edu-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fax_1971,_Pages_112-114_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fax_1971,_Pages_112-114-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1970s, many companies around the world (especially Japanese firms) had entered the fax market. Very shortly after this, a new wave of more compact, faster and efficient fax machines would hit the market. Xerox continued to refine the fax machine for years after their ground-breaking first machine. In later years it would be combined with copier equipment to create the hybrid machines we have today that copy, scan and fax. Some of the lesser known capabilities of the Xerox fax technologies included their Ethernet enabled Fax Services on their 8000 workstations in the early 1980s. </p><p>Prior to the introduction of the ubiquitous fax machine, one of the first being the <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">Exxon</a> Qwip<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the mid-1970s, facsimile machines worked by optical scanning of a document or drawing spinning on a drum. The reflected light, varying in intensity according to the light and dark areas of the document, was focused on a <a href="/wiki/Photocell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocell">photocell</a> so that the current in a circuit varied with the amount of light. This current was used to control a tone generator (a <a href="/wiki/Modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulator">modulator</a>), the current determining the frequency of the tone produced. This audio tone was then transmitted using an <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_coupler" title="Acoustic coupler">acoustic coupler</a> (a speaker, in this case) attached to the microphone of a common <a href="/wiki/Handset" title="Handset">telephone handset</a>. At the receiving end, a handset's speaker was attached to an acoustic coupler (a microphone), and a <a href="/wiki/Fax_demodulator" title="Fax demodulator">demodulator</a> converted the varying tone into a variable current that controlled the mechanical movement of a pen or pencil to reproduce the image on a blank sheet of paper on an identical drum rotating at the same rate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_facsimile_interface">Computer facsimile interface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Computer facsimile interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Hank_Magnuski" title="Hank Magnuski">Hank Magnuski</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/GammaLink" title="GammaLink">GammaLink</a>, produced the first computer fax board, called <a href="/wiki/GammaFax" title="GammaFax">GammaFax</a>. Such boards could provide voice telephony via <a href="/wiki/Analog_Expansion_Bus" title="Analog Expansion Bus">Analog Expansion Bus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_21st_century">In the 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laserfax.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Laserfax.JPG/220px-Laserfax.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Laserfax.JPG/330px-Laserfax.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Laserfax.JPG/440px-Laserfax.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Laser fax having a compact, built-in <a href="/wiki/Laser_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser printer">laser printer</a>, 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Although businesses usually maintain some kind of fax capability, the technology has faced increasing competition from <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>-based alternatives. In some countries, such as Germany, because <a href="/wiki/Electronic_signature" title="Electronic signature">electronic signatures</a> on contracts are not yet <a href="/wiki/Electronic_signature#Enforceability" title="Electronic signature">recognized by law</a>, while faxed contracts with copies of signatures are, fax machines enjoy continuing support in business.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, faxes are still used extensively as of September 2020 for cultural and <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grapheme" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:grapheme">graphemic</a> reasons.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="(May 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are available for sending to both domestic and international recipients from over 81% of all <a href="/wiki/Convenience_stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Convenience stores">convenience stores</a> nationwide. Convenience-store fax machines commonly print the slightly re-sized content of the sent fax in the electronic confirmation-slip, in <a href="/wiki/A4_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="A4 paper">A4 paper</a> size.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of fax machines for reporting cases during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> has been criticised in Japan for introducing data errors and delays in reporting, slowing response efforts to contain the spread of infections and hindering the transition to <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">remote work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many corporate environments, freestanding fax machines have been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Fax_server" title="Fax server">fax servers</a> and other computerized systems capable of receiving and storing incoming faxes electronically, and then routing them to users on paper or via an <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> (which may be secured).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such systems have the advantage of reducing costs by eliminating unnecessary printouts and reducing the number of inbound analog phone lines needed by an office. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canon_Laser_Class_710_fax_machine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Canon_Laser_Class_710_fax_machine.JPG/220px-Canon_Laser_Class_710_fax_machine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Canon_Laser_Class_710_fax_machine.JPG/330px-Canon_Laser_Class_710_fax_machine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Canon_Laser_Class_710_fax_machine.JPG/440px-Canon_Laser_Class_710_fax_machine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Professional laser fax machine for office use with the Super G3 standard for faster fax transmission.</figcaption></figure> <p>The once ubiquitous fax machine has also begun to disappear from the small office and home office environments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Remotely hosted fax-server services are widely available from VoIP and e-mail providers allowing users to send and receive faxes using their existing e-mail accounts without the need for any hardware or dedicated fax lines. Personal computers have also long been able to handle incoming and outgoing faxes using analog modems or <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a>, eliminating the need for a stand-alone fax machine. These solutions are often ideally suited for users who only very occasionally need to use fax services. In July 2017 the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> was said to be the world's largest purchaser of fax machines because the digital revolution has largely bypassed it.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> said that the NHS had at least 11,620 fax machines in operation<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in December the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Department of Health and Social Care">Department of Health and Social Care</a> said that no more fax machines could be bought from 2019 and that the existing ones must be replaced by secure email by March 31, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Teaching_Hospitals_NHS_Trust" title="Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust">Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust</a>, generally viewed as digitally advanced in the NHS, was engaged in a process of removing its fax machines in early 2019. This involved quite a lot of <a href="/wiki/E-fax" class="mw-redirect" title="E-fax">e-fax</a> solutions because of the need to communicate with pharmacies and nursing homes which may not have access to the NHS email system and may need something in their paper records.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 two-thirds of Canadian doctors reported that they primarily used fax machines to communicate with other doctors. Faxes are still seen as safer and more secure and electronic systems are often unable to communicate with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hospitals are the leading users for fax machines in the United States where some doctors prefer fax machines over emails, often due to concerns about accidentally violating <a href="/wiki/HIPAA" class="mw-redirect" title="HIPAA">HIPAA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capabilities">Capabilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Capabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several indicators of fax capabilities: group, class, data transmission rate, and conformance with <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/CCITT" class="mw-redirect" title="CCITT">CCITT</a>) recommendations. Since the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Carterfone_decision" class="mw-redirect" title="Carterfone decision">Carterfone decision</a>, most fax machines have been designed to connect to standard <a href="/wiki/PSTN" class="mw-redirect" title="PSTN">PSTN</a> lines and telephone numbers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group">Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Analog">Analog</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Analog"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Group 1 and 2 faxes are sent in the same manner as a frame of <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog television</a>, with each scanned line transmitted as a continuous analog signal. Horizontal resolution depended upon the quality of the scanner, transmission line, and the printer. Analog fax machines are obsolete and no longer manufactured. ITU-T Recommendations T.2 and T.3 were withdrawn as obsolete in July 1996. </p> <ul><li>Group 1 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendation T.2. Group 1 faxes take six minutes to transmit a single page, with a vertical resolution of 96 <a href="/wiki/Scan_line" title="Scan line">scan lines</a> per inch. Group 1 fax machines are obsolete and no longer manufactured.</li> <li>Group 2 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.3 and T.30. Group 2 faxes take three minutes to transmit a single page, with a vertical resolution of 96 scan lines per inch. Group 2 fax machines are almost obsolete, and are no longer manufactured. Group 2 fax machines can interoperate with Group 3 fax machines.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital">Digital</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Digital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dacom_DFC-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/Dacom_DFC-10.jpg/260px-Dacom_DFC-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/Dacom_DFC-10.jpg/390px-Dacom_DFC-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ac/Dacom_DFC-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>The Dacom DFC-10—the first digital fax machine<sup id="cite_ref-etd.ohiolink.edu_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etd.ohiolink.edu-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faxchip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Faxchip.jpg/260px-Faxchip.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Faxchip.jpg/390px-Faxchip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Faxchip.jpg/520px-Faxchip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> single-row image sensor in a fax machine. Only about one quarter of the length is shown. The thin line in the middle consists of photosensitive <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a>. The read-out circuit is at left.</figcaption></figure> <p>A major breakthrough in the development of the modern facsimile system was the result of digital technology, where the analog signal from scanners was digitized and then compressed, resulting in the ability to transmit high rates of data across standard phone lines. The first digital fax machine was the <a href="/wiki/Dacom" title="Dacom">Dacom</a> Rapidfax first sold in late 1960s, which incorporated digital data compression technology developed by <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a> for transmission of images from satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-etd.ohiolink.edu_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etd.ohiolink.edu-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fax_1971,_Pages_112-114_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fax_1971,_Pages_112-114-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Group 3 and 4 faxes are digital formats and take advantage of digital compression methods to greatly reduce transmission times. </p> <ul><li>Group 3 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.30 and T.4. Group 3 faxes take between 6 and 15 seconds to transmit a single page (not including the initial time for the fax machines to handshake and synchronize). The horizontal and vertical resolutions are allowed by the T.4 standard to vary among a set of fixed resolutions: <ul><li>Horizontal: 100 scan lines per inch <ul><li>Vertical: 100 scan lines per inch ("Basic")</li></ul></li> <li>Horizontal: 200 or 204 scan lines per inch <ul><li>Vertical: 100 or 98 scan lines per inch ("Standard")</li> <li>Vertical: 200 or 196 scan lines per inch ("Fine")</li> <li>Vertical: 400 or 391 (note not 392) scan lines per inch ("Superfine")</li></ul></li> <li>Horizontal: 300 scan lines per inch <ul><li>Vertical: 300 scan lines per inch</li></ul></li> <li>Horizontal: 400 or 408 scan lines per inch <ul><li>Vertical: 400 or 391 scan lines per inch ("Ultrafine")</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Group 4 faxes are designed to operate over 64 kbit/s digital <a href="/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN">ISDN</a> circuits. They conform to the ITU-T Recommendations <ul><li>T.563 (Terminal characteristics for Group 4 facsimile apparatus),</li> <li>T.503 (Document application profile for the interchange of Group 4 facsimile documents),</li> <li>T.521 (Communication application profile BT0 for document bulk transfer based on the session service),</li> <li>T.6 (Facsimile coding schemes and coding control functions for Group 4 facsimile apparatus) specifying resolutions, a superset of the resolutions from T.4,<sup id="cite_ref-T6_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T6-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>T.62 (Control procedures for teletex and Group 4 facsimile services),</li> <li>T.70 (Network-independent basic transport service for the telematic services), and</li> <li>T.411 to T.417 (concerned with aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">Open Document Architecture</a>).</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Fax Over IP (<a href="/wiki/FoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="FoIP">FoIP</a>) can transmit and receive pre-digitized documents at near-realtime<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (March 2022)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> speeds using <a href="/wiki/T.38_ITU-T_recommendation" class="mw-redirect" title="T.38 ITU-T recommendation">ITU-T recommendation T.38</a> to send digitised images over an <a href="/wiki/IP_network" class="mw-redirect" title="IP network">IP network</a> using <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> compression. T.38 is designed to work with <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a> services and often supported by <a href="/wiki/Analog_telephone_adapter" title="Analog telephone adapter">analog telephone adapters</a> used by legacy fax machines that need to connect through a VoIP service. Scanned documents are limited to the amount of time the user takes to load the document in a scanner and for the device to process a digital file. The resolution can vary from as little as 150 DPI to 9600 DPI or more. This type of faxing is not related to the e-mail–to–fax service that still uses fax modems at least one way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class">Class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computer modems are often designated by a particular fax class, which indicates how much processing is offloaded from the computer's CPU to the fax modem. </p> <ul><li>Class 1 (also known as Class 1.0) fax devices do fax data transfer, while the T.4/T.6 data compression and T.30 session management are performed by software on a controlling computer. This is described in ITU-T recommendation T.31.<sup id="cite_ref-peterson2000_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peterson2000-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>What is commonly known as "Class 2" is an unofficial class of fax devices that perform T.30 session management themselves, but the T.4/T.6 data compression is performed by software on a controlling computer. Implementations of this "class" are based on draft versions of the standard that eventually significantly evolved to become Class 2.0.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All implementations of "Class 2" are manufacturer-specific.<sup id="cite_ref-Multi-Tech_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multi-Tech-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Class 2.0 is the official ITU-T version of Class 2 and is commonly known as Class 2.0 to differentiate it from many manufacturer-specific implementations of what is commonly known as "Class 2". It uses a different but standardized command set than the various manufacturer-specific implementations of "Class 2". The relevant ITU-T recommendation is T.32.<sup id="cite_ref-Multi-Tech_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multi-Tech-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Class 2.1 is an improvement of Class 2.0 that implements faxing over V.34 (33.6 kbit/s), which boosts faxing speed from fax classes "2" and 2.0, which are limited to 14.4 kbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-Multi-Tech_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multi-Tech-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relevant ITU-T recommendation is T.32 Amendment 1.<sup id="cite_ref-Multi-Tech_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multi-Tech-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Class 2.1 fax devices are referred to as "super G3".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_transmission_rate">Data transmission rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Data transmission rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several different telephone-line modulation techniques are used by fax machines. They are negotiated during the fax-<a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> <a href="/wiki/Handshake_(computing)" title="Handshake (computing)">handshake</a>, and the fax devices will use the highest data rate that both fax devices support, usually a minimum of 14.4 kbit/s for Group 3 fax. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>ITU standard </th> <th>Released date </th> <th>Data rates (bit/s) </th> <th>Modulation method </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.27" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.27">V.27</a> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td>4800, 2400 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">PSK</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.29" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.29">V.29</a> </td> <td>1988 </td> <td>9600, 7200, 4800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.17" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.17">V.17</a> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004144000000000000♠"></span>14<span style="margin-left:.25em;">400</span></span>, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004120000000000000♠"></span>12<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span>, 9600, 7200 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trellis_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trellis modulation">TCM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.34" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.34">V.34</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004288000000000000♠"></span>28<span style="margin-left:.25em;">800</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.34bis" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.34bis">V.34bis</a> </td> <td>1998 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004336000000000000♠"></span>33<span style="margin-left:.25em;">600</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">QAM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN">ISDN</a> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004640000000000000♠"></span>64<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span></span> </td> <td>4B3T / 2B1Q (line coding) </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>"Super Group 3" faxes use V.34bis modulation that allows a data rate of up to 33.6 kbit/s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compression">Compression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as specifying the resolution (and allowable physical size) of the image being faxed, the ITU-T T.4 recommendation specifies two compression methods for decreasing the amount of data that needs to be transmitted between the fax machines to transfer the image. The two methods defined in T.4 are:<sup id="cite_ref-T4_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified Huffman</a> (MH).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modified_READ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modified READ (page does not exist)">Modified READ</a> (MR) (<i>Relative Element Address Designate</i><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), optional.</li></ul> <p>An additional method is specified in T.6:<sup id="cite_ref-T6_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T6-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_compression" title="Group 4 compression">Modified Modified READ</a> (MMR).</li></ul> <p>Later, other compression techniques were added as options to ITU-T recommendation T.30, such as the more efficient <a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">JBIG</a> (T.82, T.85) for bi-level content, and <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> (T.81), T.43, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">MRC</a> (T.44), and T.45 for grayscale, palette, and colour content.<sup id="cite_ref-T30_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T30-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fax machines can negotiate at the start of the T.30 session to use the best technique implemented on both sides. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modified_Huffman">Modified Huffman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modified Huffman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified Huffman coding</a></div> <p>Modified Huffman (MH), specified in T.4 as the one-dimensional coding scheme, is a codebook-based run-length encoding scheme optimised to efficiently compress whitespace.<sup id="cite_ref-T4_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As most faxes consist mostly of white space, this minimises the transmission time of most faxes. Each line scanned is compressed independently of its predecessor and successor.<sup id="cite_ref-T4_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modified_READ">Modified READ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modified READ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modified READ, specified as an optional two-dimensional coding scheme in T.4, encodes the first scanned line using MH.<sup id="cite_ref-T4_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next line is compared to the first, the differences determined, and then the differences are encoded and transmitted.<sup id="cite_ref-T4_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is effective, as most lines differ little from their predecessor. This is not continued to the end of the fax transmission, but only for a limited number of lines until the process is reset, and a new "first line" encoded with MH is produced. This limited number of lines is to prevent errors propagating throughout the whole fax, as the standard does not provide for error correction. This is an optional facility, and some fax machines do not use MR in order to minimise the amount of computation required by the machine. The limited number of lines is 2 for "Standard"-resolution faxes, and 4 for "Fine"-resolution faxes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modified_Modified_READ">Modified Modified READ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modified Modified READ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Group_4_compression" title="Group 4 compression">Group 4 compression</a></div> <p>The ITU-T T.6 recommendation adds a further compression type of Modified Modified READ (MMR), which simply allows a greater number of lines to be coded by MR than in T.4.<sup id="cite_ref-T6_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T6-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because T.6 makes the assumption that the transmission is over a circuit with a low number of line errors, such as digital <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a>. In this case, the number of lines for which the differences are encoded is not limited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="JBIG">JBIG</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: JBIG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, ITU-T recommendation T.30 added <a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">JBIG</a> (ITU-T T.82) as another <a href="/wiki/Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless">lossless</a> <a href="/wiki/Binary_image" title="Binary image">bi-level</a> compression algorithm, or more precisely a "fax profile" subset of JBIG (ITU-T T.85). JBIG-compressed pages result in 20% to 50% faster transmission than MMR-compressed pages, and up to 30 times faster transmission if the page includes <a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftone</a> images. </p><p><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">JBIG</a> performs <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compression" title="Adaptive compression">adaptive compression</a>, that is, both the encoder and decoder collect statistical information about the transmitted image from the pixels transmitted so far, in order to predict the probability for each next pixel being either black or white. For each new pixel, JBIG looks at ten nearby, previously transmitted pixels. It counts, how often in the past the next pixel has been black or white in the same neighborhood, and estimates from that the probability distribution of the next pixel. This is fed into an <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coder" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetic coder">arithmetic coder</a>, which adds only a small fraction of a bit to the output sequence if the more probable pixel is then encountered. </p><p>The ITU-T T.85 "fax profile" constrains some optional features of the full JBIG standard, such that codecs do not have to keep data about more than the last three pixel rows of an image in memory at any time. This allows the streaming of "endless" images, where the height of the image may not be known until the last row is transmitted. </p><p>ITU-T T.30 allows fax machines to negotiate one of two options of the T.85 "fax profile": </p> <ul><li>In "basic mode", the JBIG encoder must split the image into horizontal stripes of 128 lines (parameter L0 = 128) and restart the arithmetic encoder for each stripe.</li> <li>In "option mode", there is no such constraint.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Matsushita_Whiteline_Skip">Matsushita Whiteline Skip</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Matsushita Whiteline Skip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A proprietary compression scheme employed on Panasonic fax machines is Matsushita Whiteline Skip (MWS). It can be overlaid on the other compression schemes, but is operative only when two Panasonic machines are communicating with one another. This system detects the blank scanned areas between lines of text, and then compresses several blank scan lines into the data space of a single character. (JBIG implements a similar technique called "typical prediction", if header flag TPBON is set to 1.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_characteristics">Typical characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Typical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Group 3 fax machines transfer one or a few printed or handwritten pages per minute in black-and-white (bitonal) at a <a href="/wiki/Optical_resolution" title="Optical resolution">resolution</a> of 204×98 (normal) or 204×196 (fine) dots per square inch. The transfer rate is 14.4 kbit/s or higher for modems and some fax machines, but fax machines support speeds beginning with 2400 bit/s and typically operate at 9600 bit/s. The transferred image formats are called <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> (formerly CCITT) fax group 3 or 4. Group 3 faxes have the <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">suffix</a> <code>.g3</code> and the <a href="/wiki/MIME_type" class="mw-redirect" title="MIME type">MIME type</a> <code>image/g3fax</code>. </p><p>The most basic fax mode transfers in black and white only. The original page is scanned in a resolution of 1728 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a>/line and 1145 lines/page (for <a href="/wiki/A4_paper_size" class="mw-redirect" title="A4 paper size">A4</a>). The resulting raw data is <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compressed</a> using a modified <a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman code</a> optimized for written text, achieving average compression factors of around 20. Typically a page needs 10 s for transmission, instead of about three minutes for the same uncompressed raw data of 1728×1145 bits at a speed of 9600 bit/s. The compression method uses a Huffman codebook for run lengths of black and white runs in a single scanned line, and it can also use the fact that two adjacent scanlines are usually quite similar, saving bandwidth by encoding only the differences. </p><p>Fax classes denote the way fax programs interact with fax hardware. Available classes include Class 1, Class 2, Class 2.0 and 2.1, and Intel CAS. Many modems support at least class 1 and often either Class 2 or Class 2.0. Which is preferable to use depends on factors such as hardware, software, modem firmware, and expected use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printing_process">Printing process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Printing process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fax machines from the 1970s to the 1990s often used direct <a href="/wiki/Thermal_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal printer">thermal printers</a> with rolls of thermal paper as their printing technology, but since the mid-1990s there has been a transition towards plain-paper faxes: <a href="/wiki/Thermal_transfer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal transfer printer">thermal transfer printers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkjet printer">inkjet printers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laser_printing" title="Laser printing">laser printers</a>. </p><p>One of the advantages of inkjet printing is that inkjets can affordably print in <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>; therefore, many of the inkjet-based fax machines claim to have color fax capability. There is a standard called ITU-T30e (formally ITU-T Recommendation T.30 Annex E <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for faxing in color; however, it is not widely supported, so many of the color fax machines can only fax in color to machines from the same manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stroke_speed">Stroke speed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Stroke speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stroke speed in facsimile systems is the rate at which a fixed line perpendicular to the direction of <a href="/wiki/Image_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="Image scanning">scanning</a> is crossed in one direction by a scanning or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_spot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recording spot (page does not exist)">recording spot</a>. Stroke speed is usually expressed as a number of strokes per minute. When the fax system scans in both directions, the stroke speed is twice this number. In most conventional 20th century mechanical systems, the stroke speed is equivalent to drum speed.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fax_paper">Fax paper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fax paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThermalPaperG3-TMG.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/ThermalPaperG3-TMG.JPG/220px-ThermalPaperG3-TMG.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/ThermalPaperG3-TMG.JPG/330px-ThermalPaperG3-TMG.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/ThermalPaperG3-TMG.JPG/440px-ThermalPaperG3-TMG.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">Paper</a> roll for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_printing" title="Thermal printing">direct thermal</a> fax machine</figcaption></figure> <p>As a precaution, thermal fax paper is typically not accepted in archives or as documentary evidence in some courts of law unless photocopied. This is because the image-forming coating is eradicable and brittle, and it tends to detach from the medium after a long time in storage.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fax_tone">Fax tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fax tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A CNG tone is an 1100 Hz tone transmitted by a fax machine when it calls another fax machine. Fax tones can cause complications when implementing <a href="/wiki/Fax_over_IP" class="mw-redirect" title="Fax over IP">fax over IP</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet_fax">Internet fax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Internet fax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internet_fax" title="Internet fax">Internet fax</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fax" title="Special:EditPage/Fax">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One popular alternative is to subscribe to an <a href="/wiki/Internet_fax" title="Internet fax">Internet fax</a> service, allowing users to send and receive faxes from their <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> using an existing <a href="/wiki/Email_account" class="mw-redirect" title="Email account">email account</a>. No software, fax server or fax machine is needed. Faxes are received as attached <a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a> or <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> files, or in proprietary formats that require the use of the service provider's software. Faxes can be sent or retrieved from anywhere at any time that a user can get Internet access. Some services offer secure faxing to comply with stringent <a href="/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act" title="Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act">HIPAA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act" title="Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a> requirements to keep medical information and financial information private and secure. Utilizing a fax service provider does not require paper, a dedicated fax line, or consumable resources.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another alternative to a physical fax machine is to make use of computer <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> which allows people to send and receive faxes using their own computers, utilizing <a href="/wiki/Fax_server" title="Fax server">fax servers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unified_messaging" title="Unified messaging">unified messaging</a>. A virtual (email) fax can be printed out and then signed and scanned back to computer before being emailed. Also the sender can attach a digital signature to the document file. </p><p>With the surging popularity of mobile phones, virtual fax machines can now be downloaded as applications for Android and iOS. These applications make use of the phone's internal camera to scan fax documents for upload or they can import from various cloud services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_standards">Related standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Related standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>T.4 is the umbrella specification for fax. It specifies the standard image sizes, two forms of image-data compression (encoding), the image-data format, and references, T.30 and the various modem standards.</li> <li>T.6 specifies a compression scheme that reduces the time required to transmit an image by roughly 50-percent.</li> <li>T.30 specifies the procedures that a sending and receiving terminal use to set up a fax call, determine the image size, encoding, and transfer speed, the demarcation between pages, and the termination of the call. T.30 also references the various modem standards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.21" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.21">V.21</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.27ter" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.27ter">V.27ter</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.29" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.29">V.29</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.17" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.17">V.17</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.34" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.34">V.34</a>: ITU modem standards used in facsimile. The first three were ratified prior to 1980, and were specified in the original T.4 and T.30 standards. V.34 was published for fax in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T.37_(ITU-T_recommendation)" class="mw-redirect" title="T.37 (ITU-T recommendation)">T.37</a> The ITU standard for sending a fax-image file via e-mail to the intended recipient of a fax.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T.38" title="T.38">T.38</a> The ITU standard for sending Fax over IP (FoIP).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.711" title="G.711">G.711</a> pass through - this is where the T.30 fax call is carried in a VoIP call encoded as audio. This is sensitive to network <a href="/wiki/Packet_loss" title="Packet loss">packet loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jitter" title="Jitter">jitter</a> and clock synchronization. When using voice high-compression encoding techniques such as, but not limited to, <a href="/wiki/G.729" title="G.729">G.729</a>, some fax tonal signals may not be correctly transported across the packet network.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style>RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3362">3362</a> image/t38 MIME-type</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hylafax.sourceforge.io/sslfax.php">SSL Fax</a> An emerging standard that allows a telephone based fax session to negotiate a fax transfer over the internet, but only if both sides support the standard. The standard is partially based on T.30 and is being developed by Hylafax+ developers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_Fax" title="3D Fax">3D Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_fax" title="Black fax">Black fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Called_subscriber_identification" title="Called subscriber identification">Called subscriber identification</a> (CSID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_correction_mode" title="Error correction mode">Error correction mode</a> (ECM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_art" title="Fax art">Fax art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_demodulator" title="Fax demodulator">Fax demodulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_server" title="Fax server">Fax server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faxlore" title="Faxlore">Faxlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fultograph" title="Fultograph">Fultograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_fax" title="Internet fax">Internet fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_fax" title="Junk fax">Junk fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiofax" title="Radiofax">Radiofax</a>—image transmission over HF radio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow-scan_television" title="Slow-scan television">Slow-scan television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T.38" title="T.38">T.38</a> Fax-over-IP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletex" title="Teletex">Teletex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmitting_Subscriber_Identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmitting Subscriber Identification">Transmitting Subscriber Identification</a> (TSID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirephoto" title="Wirephoto">Wirephoto</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouse2006" class="citation web cs1">Rouse, Margaret (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/fax">"What is fax?"</a>. SearchNetworking<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+fax%3F&rft.pub=SearchNetworking&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchnetworking.techtarget.com%2Fdefinition%2Ffax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiroVarian1999" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Carl; Varian, Hal R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aE_J4Iv_PVEC"><i>Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy</i></a>. Harvard Business Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87584-863-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87584-863-1"><bdi>978-0-87584-863-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Rules%3A+A+Strategic+Guide+to+the+Network+Economy&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87584-863-1&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Varian%2C+Hal+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaE_J4Iv_PVEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigney2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Haigney, Sophie (18 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118233042/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/11/why-people-still-use-fax-machines/576070/">"The Fax Is Not Yet Obsolete"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/11/why-people-still-use-fax-machines/576070/">the original</a> on 2018-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Fax+Is+Not+Yet+Obsolete&rft.date=2018-11-18&rft.aulast=Haigney&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2018%2F11%2Fwhy-people-still-use-fax-machines%2F576070%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(Staff)1844" class="citation journal cs1">(Staff) (20 April 1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=whEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA268">"Mr. Bain's electric printing telegraph"</a>. <i>Mechanics' Magazine</i>. <b>40</b> (1080): <span class="nowrap">268–</span>270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanics%27+Magazine&rft.atitle=Mr.+Bain%27s+electric+printing+telegraph&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1080&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E268-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.date=1844-04-20&rft.au=%28Staff%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwhEFAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bain, Alexander <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00005957">"Improvement in copying surfaces by electricity"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514193846/https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00005957">Archived</a> 2021-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> U.S. patent no. 5,957 (5 December 1848).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuddock2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ruddock, Ivan S. (Summer 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slhf.org/sites/default/files/publications/slhf12_alexanderbain.pdf">"Alexander Bain: The real father of television?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scottish Local History</i> (83): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Local+History&rft.atitle=Alexander+Bain%3A+The+real+father+of+television%3F&rft.ssn=summer&rft.issue=83&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ruddock&rft.aufirst=Ivan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slhf.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fslhf12_alexanderbain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakewell, Frederick Collier <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nypl.org/sites/default/files/Bakewell-12352.pdf">"Electric telegraphs"</a> English patent no. 12,352 (filed: 2 December 1848; issued: 2 June 1849).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakewell1851" class="citation journal cs1">Bakewell, F.C. (November 1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002152392/page/278/mode/2up">"On the copying telegraph"</a>. <i>American Journal of Science</i>. 2nd series. <b>12</b>: 278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=On+the+copying+telegraph&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=278&rft.date=1851-11&rft.aulast=Bakewell&rft.aufirst=F.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmobot31753002152392%2Fpage%2F278%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/1851_Great_Exhibition:_Official_Catalogue:_Class_X.:_Frederick_Collier_Bakewell">"1851 Great Exhibition: Official Catalogue: Class X.: Frederick Collier Bakewell"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1851+Great+Exhibition%3A+Official+Catalogue%3A+Class+X.%3A+Frederick+Collier+Bakewell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracesguide.co.uk%2F1851_Great_Exhibition%3A_Official_Catalogue%3A_Class_X.%3A_Frederick_Collier_Bakewell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caselli, Giovanni <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00020698">"Improved pantographic telegraph"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514184535/https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00020698">Archived</a> 2021-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> U.S. patent no. 20,698 (June 29, 1858).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-italianunivbio-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-italianunivbio_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817223601/http://www.itisgalileiroma.it/shed/shed0/shed0/caselli.htm">"Istituto Tecnico Industriale, Italy. Italian biography of Giovanni Caselli"</a>. Itisgalileiroma.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itisgalileiroma.it/shed/shed0/shed0/caselli.htm">the original</a> on 2020-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Istituto+Tecnico+Industriale%2C+Italy.+Italian+biography+of+Giovanni+Caselli&rft.pub=Itisgalileiroma.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itisgalileiroma.it%2Fshed%2Fshed0%2Fshed0%2Fcaselli.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hebrewuniversity-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hebrewuniversity_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506061432/http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/caselli.html">"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem – Giovanni Caselli biography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/caselli.html">the original</a> on May 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem+%E2%80%93+Giovanni+Caselli+biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchem.ch.huji.ac.il%2Fhistory%2Fcaselli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidwell1880" class="citation journal cs1">Bidwell, Shelford (November 18, 1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012106640&view=1up&seq=84">"The photophone"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>23</b> (577): <span class="nowrap">58–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1880Natur..23...58B">1880Natur..23...58B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F023058a0">10.1038/023058a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4127035">4127035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+photophone&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=577&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=1880-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4127035%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F023058a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1880Natur..23...58B&rft.aulast=Bidwell&rft.aufirst=Shelford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015012106640%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidwell1881" class="citation journal cs1">Bidwell, Shelford (February 10, 1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012106640&view=1up&seq=374">"Tele-photography"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>23</b> (589): <span class="nowrap">344–</span>346. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1881Natur..23..344B">1881Natur..23..344B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F023344a0">10.1038/023344a0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Tele-photography&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=589&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E344-%3C%2Fspan%3E346&rft.date=1881-02-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F023344a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1881Natur..23..344B&rft.aulast=Bidwell&rft.aufirst=Shelford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015012106640%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(Staff)1881" class="citation journal cs1">(Staff) (March 1, 1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=msu.31293007807963&view=1up&seq=144">"Tele-photography"</a>. <i>Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review</i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">82–</span>84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraphic+Journal+and+Electrical+Review&rft.atitle=Tele-photography&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1881-03-01&rft.au=%28Staff%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmsu.31293007807963%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorn1927" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Korn, Arthur (1927). <i>Die Bildtelegraphie im Dienste der Polizei</i> [<i>Tele-photography in service to the police</i>] (in German). Graz, Austria: Ulrich Mosers Buchhandlung.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Bildtelegraphie+im+Dienste+der+Polizei&rft.place=Graz%2C+Austria&rft.pub=Ulrich+Mosers+Buchhandlung&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Korn&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorn1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Korn, Arthur (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAUjmgEACAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Elektrisches Fernphotograhie und Ähnliches</i></a> [<i>Electrical transmission of images and similar [systems]</i>] (in German) (2nd ed.). Leipzig, Germany: S. 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ITU-T. 2014-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T.30%3A+Procedures+for+document+facsimile+transmission+in+the+general+switched+telephone+network&rft.pub=ITU-T&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Frec%2FT-REC-T.30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtsbmail" class="citation web cs1">tsbmail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.30-200509-I/en">"T.30 : Procedures for document facsimile transmission in the general switched telephone network"</a>. Itu.int<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Peerless Systems Corporation, El Segundo, California: IS&Ts NIP16: 2000 International Conference on Digital Printing Technologies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Color+Conversion+between+sRGB+and+Internet+FAX+Standards+-&rft.place=Peerless+Systems+Corporation%2C+El+Segundo%2C+California&rft.pub=IS%26Ts+NIP16%3A+2000+International+Conference+on+Digital+Printing+Technologies&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=Henry+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.imaging.org%2Fadmin%2Fapis%2Fpublic%2Fapi%2Fist%2Fwebsite%2FdownloadArticle%2Fprint4fab%2F16%2F1%2Fart00062_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation FS1037C MS188"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122224547/https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm"><i>Federal Standard 1037C</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm">the original</a> on 2022-01-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal+Standard+1037C&rft.pub=General+Services+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.its.bldrdoc.gov%2Ffs-1037%2Ffs-1037c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span> (in support of <a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-188" title="MIL-STD-188">MIL-STD-188</a>).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"4.12 Filing rules: 19.Newspaper extracts or thermal facsimile paper should not be preserved as archives. Such extracts should be photocopied and the copy preserved. The original can then be destroyed." Office of Corporate & Legal Affairs, University College Cork, Ireland</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.efax.com/blog/online-fax-2/five-reasons-to-adopt-online-fax">"Online Fax vs Traditional Fax"</a>. eFax. 16 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Fax+vs+Traditional+Fax&rft.pub=eFax&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.efax.com%2Fblog%2Fonline-fax-2%2Ffive-reasons-to-adopt-online-fax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228020937/http://www.itwissen.info/definition/lexikon/V-34-V-34.html">"V.34"</a>. <i>www.itwissen.info</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itwissen.info/definition/lexikon/V-34-V-34.html">the original</a> on 2016-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.itwissen.info&rft.atitle=V.34&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itwissen.info%2Fdefinition%2Flexikon%2FV-34-V-34.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Coopersmith, Jonathan, <i>Faxed: The Rise and Fall of the Fax Machine</i> (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015) 308 pp.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f50oAQAAMAAJ">Transmitting Photographs by Telegraph</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> article, 12 May 1877, p. 297</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fax&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fax" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fax">fax</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/facsimile" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:facsimile">facsimile</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fax_machines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fax machines">Fax machines</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garretwilson.com/essays/computers/group3fax.html">Group 3 Facsimile Communication</a>—A '97 essay with technical details on compression and error codes, and call establishment and release.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.30/en">ITU T.30 Recommendation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/About_URI_scheme" title="About URI scheme">about</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acct_URI_scheme" title="Acct URI scheme">acct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_reference_identifier" title="Content reference identifier">crid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_URI_scheme" title="Data URI scheme">data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_URI_scheme" title="File URI scheme">file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">ftp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_URI_scheme" title="Geo URI scheme">geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">gopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP#Technical_overview" title="HTTP">http</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">https</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Info_URI_scheme" title="Info URI scheme">info</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol#URI_scheme" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">ldap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailto" title="Mailto">mailto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">nfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">nntp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIP_URI_scheme" title="SIP URI scheme">sip / sips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_URI_scheme" title="Tag URI scheme">tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View-source_URI_scheme" title="View-source URI scheme">view-source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket#Overview" title="WebSocket">ws / wss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">xmpp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyper_Text_Coffee_Pot_Control_Protocol#Commands_and_replies" title="Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol">coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed2k_URI_scheme" title="Ed2k URI scheme">ed2k</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(protocol)" title="Gemini (protocol)">gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_URI_scheme" title="Feed URI scheme">feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_(protocol)" title="Finger (protocol)">finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat#URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">irc / irc6 / ircs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol#URI_scheme" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">ldaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_URI_scheme" title="Magnet URI scheme">magnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rsync" title="Rsync">rsync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Messenger#URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Messenger">ymsgr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_network_protocols_(OSI_model)" title="List of network protocols (OSI model)">Protocol list</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in 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