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href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printing_conventions_in_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printing_conventions_in_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Printing conventions in German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printing_conventions_in_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borrowing_of_German_umlaut_notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borrowing_of_German_umlaut_notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Borrowing of German umlaut notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borrowing_of_German_umlaut_notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_the_umlaut_for_special_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_the_umlaut_for_special_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Use of the umlaut for special effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_the_umlaut_for_special_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subscript_umlaut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subscript_umlaut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Subscript umlaut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subscript_umlaut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Умлаут – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Умлаут" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%9E%D1%82_(%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA)" title="Умляўт (дыякрытычны знак) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Умляўт (дыякрытычны знак)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umlautzeichen" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the use of the two dots mark to indicate the vowel-fronting sound change. For other uses of the same mark, see <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">Two dots (diacritic)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Diacritic mark to indicate sound shift</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">◌̈ </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Umlaut</div></th></tr><tr style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0308</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̈</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING DIAERESIS</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Umlaut</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a name for the <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">two dots</a> <a href="/wiki/Diacritical_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical mark">diacritical mark</a> (<b><span style="font-family: serif"><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">◌̈</span></span></b>) as used to indicate in writing (as part of the letters <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span>) the result of the historical <a href="/wiki/Sound_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound shift">sound shift</a> due to which former <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back vowels</a> are now pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a> (for example <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[a]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɔ]</a></span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ʊ]</a></span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɛ]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[œ]</a></span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ʏ]</a></span>). (The term <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a> is also used for the underlying historical sound shift process.) </p><p>In its contemporary printed form, the mark consists of two dots placed over the letter to represent the changed vowel sound. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DE_A3_km193.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/DE_A3_km193.jpg/220px-DE_A3_km193.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/DE_A3_km193.jpg/330px-DE_A3_km193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/DE_A3_km193.jpg/440px-DE_A3_km193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C#U-umlaut" title="Ü">U-umlauts</a> on a German traffic sign</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_origin_and_current_usage">German origin and current usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umlaut_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: German origin and current usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Umlaut" class="extiw" title="wikt:Umlaut">Umlaut</a></i></span> (literally "changed sound") is the German name of the sound shift phenomenon also known as <i><a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">i-mutation</a></i>. In German, this term is also used for the corresponding letters ä, ö, and ü (and the diphthong äu) and the sounds that these letters represent. In German, the combination of a letter with the diacritical mark is called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Umlaut</i></span>, while the marks themselves are called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Umlautzeichen</i></span> (literally "umlaut sign"). </p><p>In German, the umlaut diacritic indicates that the short back vowels and the diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[aʊ]</a></span> are pronounced ("shifted forward in the mouth") as follows: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[a]</a></span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɛ]</a></span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɔ]</a></span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[œ]</a></span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ʊ]</a></span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ʏ]</a></span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[aʊ]</a></span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɔʏ]</a></span></li></ul> <p>And the long back vowels are pronounced in the front of the mouth as follows: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[aː]</a></span> → very formal/old fashioned and in southern accents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɛː]</a></span>, in most speakers <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[eː]</a></span> (resulting in a merger with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span>)</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[oː]</a></span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[øː]</a></span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[uː]</a></span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[yː]</a></span></li></ul> <p>In modern German orthography, the affected graphemes <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨au⟩</span> are written as <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨äu⟩</span>, i.e. they are written with the umlaut diacritic, which looks identical to the <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis mark</a> used in other European languages and is represented by the same Unicode character. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umlaut_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Umlaut_history"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umlaut_forms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Umlaut_forms.png/100px-Umlaut_forms.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Umlaut_forms.png/150px-Umlaut_forms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Umlaut_forms.png/200px-Umlaut_forms.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Modern and old forms of umlaut</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umlaut_Development.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Umlaut_Development.png/220px-Umlaut_Development.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Umlaut_Development.png/330px-Umlaut_Development.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Umlaut_Development.png/440px-Umlaut_Development.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="168" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the development of umlaut: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">schoen</i></span> ⇨ <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">schoͤn</i></span> ⇨ <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">schön</i></span> ('beautiful'). The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Sütterlin script">Sütterlin script</a> used here is a later development, however.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a> is a specific historical phenomenon of vowel-fronting in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, including English. English examples are 'man ~ men' and 'foot ~ feet' (from Proto-Germanic <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">fōts</i></span>, pl. <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">fōtiz</i></span>), but English orthography does not indicate this vowel change using the umlaut diacritic. </p><p>German <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">phonological umlaut</a> was present in the <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> period and continued to develop in <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a>. From the Middle High German period, it was sometimes denoted in written German by adding an <i>e</i> to the affected vowel, either after the vowel or, in small form, above it. This can still be seen in some names, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goebbels" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels">Goebbels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staedtler" title="Staedtler">Staedtler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In medieval German manuscripts, other <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> were also commonly written using superscripts. In <i>bluome</i> ("flower"), for example, the <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> was frequently placed above the <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> (<i>blůme</i>). This letter survives now only in <a href="/wiki/Czech_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech alphabet">Czech</a>. Compare also <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">ñ</a>⟩</span> for the digraph <i>nn</i>, with the <a href="/wiki/Tilde#Diacritical_use" title="Tilde">tilde</a> as a superscript <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> handwriting, as used in German manuscripts of the later Middle Ages, and also in many printed texts of the early modern period, the superscript <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> still had a form that would be recognisable as an <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>, but in manuscript writing, umlauted vowels could be indicated by two dots since the late medieval period. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">forms of handwriting</a> that emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> (of which <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a> is the latest and best-known example) the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> was composed of two short vertical lines very close together, and the superscript <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> looked like two tiny strokes. Even from the 16th century, the handwritten convention of indicating umlaut by two dots placed above the affected vowel is also found in printed texts. </p><p>Unusual umlaut designs are sometimes also created for graphic design purposes, such as to fit umlaut dots into tightly spaced lines of text.<sup id="cite_ref-Unusual_Umlauts_(German)_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unusual_Umlauts_(German)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may include umlaut dots placed vertically or inside the body of the letter.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flickr_collection:_vertical_umlauts_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flickr_collection:_vertical_umlauts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Compact_umlaut_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compact_umlaut-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Printing_conventions_in_German">Printing conventions in German</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umlaut_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Printing conventions in German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When typing German with a keyboard that doesn't have umlaut letters, it is usual to replace them with the underlying vowel followed by an <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>. So, for example, "Schröder" becomes "Schroeder". As the pronunciation differs greatly between the normal letter and the umlaut, simply omitting the dots would be incorrect. The result would often be a different word, as in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">schon</i></span> "already", <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">schön</i></span> "beautiful"; or a different grammatic form, e.g. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mutter</i></span> "mother", <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mütter</i></span> "mothers". </p><p>Despite this, the umlauted letters are not considered to be separate letters of the alphabet in German, in contrast to the situation in other Germanic languages. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">alphabetically sorting</a> German words, the umlaut is usually not distinguished from the underlying vowel, although if two words differ only by an umlaut, the umlauted one comes second, for example: </p> <ol><li>schon</li> <li>schön</li> <li>schonen</li></ol> <p>There is a second system in limited use, mostly for sorting names (such as in telephone directories),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which treats letters with umlauts as their base equivalents followed by e. </p> <ol><li>schön</li> <li>schon</li> <li>schonen</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> telephone directories insert ö after oz. </p> <ol><li>schon</li> <li>schonen</li> <li>schön</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KB_Swiss.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/KB_Swiss.svg/220px-KB_Swiss.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/KB_Swiss.svg/330px-KB_Swiss.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/KB_Swiss.svg/440px-KB_Swiss.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Swiss keyboard layout</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, capital umlauts are sometimes printed as <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>, in other words, <span class="nowrap">⟨Ae⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨Oe⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨Ue⟩</span>, instead of <span class="nowrap">⟨Ä⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨Ö⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨Ü⟩</span> (see <a href="/wiki/German_alphabet#Umlaut_diacritic_usage" title="German alphabet">German alphabet § Umlaut diacritic usage</a> for an elaboration). This is because<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/QWERTZ#Swiss_(German,_French,_Italian,_Romansh),_Liechtenstein,_Luxembourg" title="QWERTZ">Swiss typewriter keyboards</a> use the same keys for French accents (in Swiss French) as are used for German umlauts (in Swiss German) and which version is active (on a computer) is chosen by system setting. Consequently to apply an accent or umlaut to a capital letter requires use of a <a href="/wiki/Dead_key" title="Dead key">dead key</a> mechanism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Borrowing_of_German_umlaut_notation">Borrowing of German umlaut notation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umlaut_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Borrowing of German umlaut notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some languages have borrowed some of the forms of the German letters <a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a>, or <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ü</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a>, some of the <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>. This indicates sounds similar to the corresponding umlauted letters in German. In spoken Scandinavian languages the grammatical umlaut change is used (singular to plural, derivations, etc.) but the character used differs between languages. In Finnish, a/ä and o/ö change systematically in suffixes according to the rules of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>. In Hungarian, where long vowels are indicated with an acute accent, the umlaut notation has been expanded with a version of the umlaut which looks like <a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">double acute accents</a>, indicating a blend of umlaut and acute. Contrast: short ö; long ő. </p><p>The Estonian alphabet has borrowed <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span> from German; Swedish and Finnish have <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span>; and Slovak has <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span>. In Estonian, Swedish, Finnish, and Sami <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span> denote <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø]</span>, respectively. Hungarian and Turkish have <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slovak_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak (language)">Slovak</a> uses the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span> to denote <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">[e]</a></span> (or a bit archaic but still correct <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">[ɛɐ]</a></span>). The sign is called <span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">dve bodky</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">[ˈdʋe<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbɔtki]</a></span> ("two dots"), and the full name of the letter <i>ä</i> is <span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">široké e</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">[ˈʂirɔkeː<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈe]</a></span> ("wide e"). The similar word <span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">dvojbodka</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">[ˈdʋɔjbɔtka]</a></span> ("double dot") however refers to the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a>. </p><p>In these languages, with the exception of Hungarian, the replacement rule for situations where the umlaut character is not available, is to simply use the underlying unaccented character instead. Hungarian follows the German rules and replaces <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span> with <span class="nowrap">⟨oe⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ue⟩</span> respectively <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – at least for telegrams and telex messages. The same rule is followed for the near-lookalikes <span class="nowrap">⟨ő⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ű⟩</span>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a> (<i>Lëtzebuergesch</i>), <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ë⟩</span> represent stressed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>) respectively. The letters <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span> do not occur in native Luxembourgish words, but at least the former is common in words borrowed from standard German. </p><p>When Turkish switched from the Arabic to the Latin alphabet in 1928, it adopted a number of diacritics borrowed from various languages, including <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span> from German (probably reinforced by their use in languages like Swedish, Hungarian, etc.). These Turkish graphemes represent sounds similar to their respective values in German (see <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a>). </p><p>As the borrowed diacritic has lost its relationship to Germanic i-mutation, they are in some languages considered independent <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a>, and cannot be replaced with <span class="nowrap">⟨ae⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨oe⟩</span>, or <span class="nowrap">⟨ue⟩</span> as in German. In Estonian and Finnish, for example, these latter diphthongs have independent meanings. Even some Germanic languages, such as Swedish (which <i>does</i> have a transformation analogous to the German umlaut, called <span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">omljud</i></span>), treat them always as independent letters. In <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a>, this means they have their own positions in the alphabet, for example at the end ("A–Ö" or "A–Ü", not "A–Z") as in Swedish, Estonian and Finnish, which means that the dictionary order is different from German. The transformations <i>ä</i> → <i>ae</i> and <i>ö</i> → <i>oe</i> can, therefore, be considered less appropriate for these languages, although Swedish and Finnish passports use the transformation to render ö and ä (and <i>å</i> as <i>aa</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_passport" title="Machine-readable passport">machine-readable zone</a>. In contexts of technological limitation, e.g. in English based systems, Swedes can either be forced to omit the diacritics or use the two letter system. </p><p>When typing in <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, the letters <a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">Ø</a> might be replaced with <a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a> respectively if the former are not available. If <i>ä</i> is not available either, it is appropriate to use <i>ae</i>. The same goes for <i>ö</i> and <i>oe</i>. While <i>ae</i> has a great resemblance to the letter <i>æ</i> and, therefore, does not impede legibility, the digraph <i>oe</i> is likely to reduce the legibility of a Norwegian text. This especially applies to the digraph <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%98y" class="mw-redirect" title="Øy">øy</a></i>, which would be rendered in the more cryptic form <i>oey</i>. Also in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, Ö has been used in place of Ø in some older texts and to distinguish between open and closed ö-sounds and when confusion with other symbols could occur, e.g. on maps. The Danish/Norwegian Ø is like the German Ö a development of OE, to be compared with the French <a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">Œ</a>. </p><p>Early <a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a> used <a href="/wiki/Fraktur_(typeface_sub-classification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraktur (typeface sub-classification)">Fraktur</a> <i>a</i>, <i>o</i> and <i>u</i> as different from <a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a> ones. Later, the Fraktur forms were replaced with umlauted vowels. </p><p>The usage of umlaut-like diacritic vowels, particularly <i>ü</i>, occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of languages that do not use the Roman alphabet, such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">女</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ny˨˩˦]</span> ("female") is romanized as <i>nǚ</i> in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">Tibetan pinyin</a> uses <i>ä, ö, ü</i> with approximately their German values. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> letters <a href="/wiki/%D3%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӓ">ӓ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӧ">ӧ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӱ">ӱ</a> are used in <a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a>, and other languages for approximately <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span>. These directly parallel the German umlaut <i>ä, ö, ü</i>. Other vowels using a double dot to modify their values in various minority languages of Russia are <a href="/wiki/%D3%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӛ">ӛ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӫ">ӫ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%D3%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӹ">ӹ</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_the_umlaut_for_special_effect">Use of the umlaut for special effect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umlaut_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use of the umlaut for special effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Metal umlaut</a></div> <p>The two dot diacritic can be used in "<a href="/wiki/Sensational_spelling" title="Sensational spelling">sensational spellings</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Foreign_branding" title="Foreign branding">foreign branding</a>, for example in advertising, or for other special effects, where it is usually called an umlaut (rather than a diaeresis). <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe" title="Mötley Crüe">Mötley Crüe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_%C3%96yster_Cult" title="Blue Öyster Cult">Blue Öyster Cult</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead" title="Motörhead">Motörhead</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4agen-Dazs" title="Häagen-Dazs">Häagen-Dazs</a> are examples of such usage. The <a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Brontë sisters">Brontë sisters</a> are so-called because their Irish father, Patrick Brunty, used the device to Anglicise the family name.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subscript_umlaut">Subscript umlaut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umlaut_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subscript umlaut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> uses a double dot below a letter, a notation it calls "<b>subscript umlaut</b>" to indicate <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy (murmured) voice</a>, (for example Hindi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʊm̤ar]</span> "potter".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup>) The <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC romanization</a> system provides for its use and is one of the <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian#Main_romanization_schemes" title="Romanization of Persian">main schemes to romanize Persian</a> (for example, rendering <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ض</span></span>⟩</span> as <span class="nowrap">⟨z̤⟩</span>). The notation was used to write some Asian languages in Latin script, for example <a href="/wiki/Red_Karen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Karen language">Red Karen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umlaut_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Two dots (disambiguation)">Two dots (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trema_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Trema (disambiguation)">Trema (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umlaut_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The code-point shown here is for the generic <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">combining character</a> that may be used with any other symbol. When writing in European languages, it is generally more conventional (and convenient) to use a <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed character</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that not all such combinations are necessarily umlauts: In the town names <a href="/wiki/Coesfeld" title="Coesfeld">Coesfeld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raesfeld" title="Raesfeld">Raesfeld</a>, for example, the <i>e</i> merely lengthens the preceding vowel (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span>, respectively).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>IPA Handbook</i> calls the mark "subscript umlaut", in contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>'s choice of "diaeresis below".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umlaut_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Unusual_Umlauts_(German)-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unusual_Umlauts_(German)_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHardwig" class="citation web cs1">Hardwig, Florian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaune.hardwig.com/news/ungewohnliche-umlaute">"Unusual Umlauts (German)"</a>. Typojournal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unusual+Umlauts+%28German%29&rft.pub=Typojournal&rft.aulast=Hardwig&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkaune.hardwig.com%2Fnews%2Fungewohnliche-umlaute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmlaut+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardwig2013" class="citation web cs1">Hardwig, Florian (2013-05-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fontsinuse.com/uses/4006/jazz-in-town-poster">"<i>Jazz in Town</i> Poster"</a>. <i>Fonts in Use</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fonts+in+Use&rft.atitle=Jazz+in+Town+Poster&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft.aulast=Hardwig&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffontsinuse.com%2Fuses%2F4006%2Fjazz-in-town-poster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmlaut+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flickr_collection:_vertical_umlauts-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flickr_collection:_vertical_umlauts_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/vertical%20umlaut">"Flickr collection: vertical umlauts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flickr&rft.atitle=Flickr+collection%3A+vertical+umlauts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Ftags%2Fvertical%2520umlaut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmlaut+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Compact_umlaut-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Compact_umlaut_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardwig2014" class="citation web cs1">Hardwig, Florian (17 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fontsinuse.com/uses/8308/gipfelstuermer-by-unheilig">"Compact umlaut"</a>. <i>Fonts in Use</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fonts+in+Use&rft.atitle=Compact+umlaut&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.aulast=Hardwig&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffontsinuse.com%2Fuses%2F8308%2Fgipfelstuermer-by-unheilig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmlaut+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.din.de/de/mitwirken/normenausschuesse/nid/veroeffentlichungen/wdc-beuth:din21:2751570">"DIN 5007-2: Ordnen von Schriftzeichenfolgen - Teil 2: Ansetzungsregeln für die alphabetische Ordnung von Namen"</a> [DIN 5007-2: Ordering of character strings - Part 2: Preceding rules for the alphabetical order of names]. <i>din.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=din.de&rft.atitle=DIN+5007-2%3A+Ordnen+von+Schriftzeichenfolgen+-+Teil+2%3A+Ansetzungsregeln+f%C3%BCr+die+alphabetische+Ordnung+von+Namen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.din.de%2Fde%2Fmitwirken%2Fnormenausschuesse%2Fnid%2Fveroeffentlichungen%2Fwdc-beuth%3Adin21%3A2751570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmlaut+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afz.bremen.de/it-kompetenz/office/access/sortierreihenfolge-auf-telefonbuch-regeln-umstellen-2010-8698">"Tipps & Tricks zu Access: Sortierreihenfolge auf Telefonbuch-Regeln umstellen"</a> [Tips & Tricks for Access: Switch sorting order to phone book rules]. <i>afz.bremen.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=afz.bremen.de&rft.atitle=Tipps+%26+Tricks+zu+Access%3A+Sortierreihenfolge+auf+Telefonbuch-Regeln+umstellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afz.bremen.de%2Fit-kompetenz%2Foffice%2Faccess%2Fsortierreihenfolge-auf-telefonbuch-regeln-umstellen-2010-8698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmlaut+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2024" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Mark (26 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/sep/26/bronte-sisters-dots-names-corrected-westminster-abbey">"Brontë sisters finally get their dots as names corrected at Westminster Abbey"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bront%C3%AB+sisters+finally+get+their+dots+as+names+corrected+at+Westminster+Abbey&rft.date=2024-09-26&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2024%2Fsep%2F26%2Fbronte-sisters-dots-names-corrected-westminster-abbey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmlaut+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Phonetic_Association2021" class="citation book cs1">International Phonetic Association (2021). <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association : a guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521652360" title="Special:BookSources/9780521652360"><bdi>9780521652360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association+%3A+a+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780521652360&rft.au=International+Phonetic+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmlaut+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umlaut_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌́ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̋ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">double acute</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᷄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_apex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese apex">apex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̆ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̑ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverted_breve" title="Inverted breve">inverted breve</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron, háček</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̧ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̈ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">umlaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">other</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̇ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̣ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dot</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̀ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̏ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_grave_accent" title="Double grave accent">double grave</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̉ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hook_above" title="Hook above">hook above</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̡ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̢ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">palatal hook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant#Transcription" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex hook</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̛ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Horn_(diacritic)" title="Horn (diacritic)">horn</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ͅ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̨ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nosin%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosinė">nosinė</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̊ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̥ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Overring" title="Ring (diacritic)">overring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Underring" title="Ring (diacritic)">underring</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">perispomene</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sicilicus" title="Sicilicus">sicilicus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌῾ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᾿ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet#Numerals,_diacritics_and_punctuation" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Kamora_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamora (diacritic)">kamora</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҇ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pokrytie" title="Pokrytie">pokrytie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Titlo" title="Titlo">titlo</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ं</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ং</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଂ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ം</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ऽ</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">྅</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ँ</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఁ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ྃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">chandrabindu</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">़</span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta">nuqta</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">्</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">్</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">್</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">්</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">်</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ः</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet#Other_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī alphabet">Gurmukhī diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Hebrew diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Diacritics" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">diacritics in IPA</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kana#Diacritics" title="Kana">kana diacritics</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゙</span></span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゚</span></span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dakuten_and_handakuten" title="Dakuten and handakuten">dakuten, handakuten</a></span></span> </li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet#Other_symbols_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai diacritics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marks used as diacritics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌’ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̸ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌: </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Diacritical_usage" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌, </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Comma#Diacritical_usage" title="Comma">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌. </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop/period</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌˗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌′ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-diacritic uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ^ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">caret (computing)</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ° </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ~ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde#Mathematics" title="Tilde">tilde § Mathematics</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dotted_circle" title="Dotted circle">dotted circle</a> (placeholder glyph character)</span></span> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character#Unicode_ranges" title="Combining character">combining character § Unicode ranges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>See also: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks" title="English terms with diacritical marks">English terms with diacritical marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Metal umlaut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diacritics" title="Category:Diacritics">Category: Diacritics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters using <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">umlaut or diaeresis</a> sign (<span style="font-weight:100; font-size:125%;"> ◌̈, ◌̤ </span>)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ää </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/C%CC%88" title="C̈">C̈c̈</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">Ëë </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḧ">Ḧḧ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">Ï ï </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/N-diaeresis" class="mw-redirect" title="N-diaeresis">N̈n̈ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Öö </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/S%CC%88" title="S̈">S̈s̈ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/T%CC%88" title="T̈">T̈ẗ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Üü </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṳ">Ṳṳ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẅ">Ẅẅ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẍ">Ẍẍ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C5%B8" title="Ÿ">Ÿÿ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" 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