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[{"id":4757318,"identifier":"Attachment_4757318","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":796592,"created_at":"2011-08-02T01:30:28.604-07:00","from_world_paper_id":4730241,"updated_at":"2024-11-11T14:36:18.735-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"biomedcentral.com","grobid_abstract":"Background: A proportion of 1/4 to 1/2 of North African female pool is made of typical sub-Saharan lineages, in higher frequencies as geographic proximity to sub-Saharan Africa increases. The Sahara was a strong geographical barrier against gene flow, at least since 5,000 years ago, when desertification affected a larger region, but the Arab trans-Saharan slave trade could have facilitate enormously this migration of lineages. Till now, the genetic consequences of these forced trans-Saharan movements of people have not been ascertained. Results: The distribution of the main L haplogroups in North Africa clearly reflects the known trans-Saharan slave routes: West is dominated by L1b, L2b, L2c, L2d, L3b and L3d; the Center by L3e and some L3f and L3w; the East by L0a, L3h, L3i, L3x and, in common with the Center, L3f and L3w; while, L2a is almost everywhere. Ages for the haplogroups observed in both sides of the Saharan desert testify the recent origin (holocenic) of these haplogroups in sub-Saharan Africa, claiming a recent introduction in North Africa, further strengthened by the no detection of local expansions. Conclusions: The interpolation analyses and complete sequencing of present mtDNA sub-Saharan lineages observed in North Africa support the genetic impact of recent trans-Saharan migrations, namely the slave trade initiated by the Arab conquest of North Africa in the seventh century. Sub-Saharan people did not leave traces in the North African maternal gene pool for the time of its settlement, some 40,000 years ago.","publication_date":"2010,1,1","publication_name":"BMC Evolutionary …","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"4757318"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The trans-Saharan slave trade- clues from interpolation analyses and high-resolution characterization of mitochondrial DNA lineages","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [638537]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div 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data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96613303/A_Genetic_Perspective_on_African_Prehistory">A Genetic Perspective on African Prehistory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="510016" href="https://hud.academia.edu/MartinRichards">Martin B Richards</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Genetic Perspective on African Prehistory","attachmentId":98463400,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96613303/A_Genetic_Perspective_on_African_Prehistory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96613303/A_Genetic_Perspective_on_African_Prehistory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="36176193" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36176193/The_historical_spread_of_Arabian_Pastoralists_to_the_eastern_African_Sahel_evidenced_by_the_lactase_persistence_13_915_G_allele_and_mitochondrial_DNA">The historical spread of Arabian Pastoralists to the eastern African Sahel evidenced by the lactase persistence 13,915*G allele and mitochondrial DNA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55991843" href="https://cuni.academia.edu/Martina%C4%8C%C3%AD%C5%BEkov%C3%A1">Martina Čížková</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objectives: Thanks to the ability to digest lactose, Arabian nomads had become less dependent upon their sedentary neighbors and some of these populations spread to Africa. When and by which route they migrated to their current locations have previously been addressed only by historical and archaeological data. Methods: To address the question of Arab expansion into Africa, we collected samples from several Arabic populations, especially the Baggara in Chad and Sudan. We analyzed mutations associated with lactase persistence and reconstructed the surrounding haplotypes defined by SNP polymorphisms. We also sequenced their mitochondrial DNA to investigate relative proportions of sub-Saharan and Eurasian origins. Results: We estimated the expansion age of the 213,915*G mutation in four different Arabian datasets. The oldest age was identified in Yemen (1,356–1,799 ya) and the youngest in a Sudanese group of Rashaayda Arabs (219–312 ya). We also found a negative correlation between the frequency of the 213,915*G allele and the frequency of sub-Saharan mtDNA haplotypes. Conclusions: Even if the age of the most recent common ancestor of 213,915*G is 4 ka as shown in a previous study, our results suggest that its spread to Africa was more recent, which is consistent with the migrations of Arabic tribes. Because the incidence of sub-Saharan mtDNA haplotypes is negatively correlated with the occurrence of 213,915*G, we suggest that the decrease of its frequency in Africa has been caused by progressive admixture of the Arabian nomads with sub-Saharan populations.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The historical spread of Arabian Pastoralists to the eastern African Sahel evidenced by the lactase persistence 13,915*G allele and mitochondrial DNA","attachmentId":56075293,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36176193/The_historical_spread_of_Arabian_Pastoralists_to_the_eastern_African_Sahel_evidenced_by_the_lactase_persistence_13_915_G_allele_and_mitochondrial_DNA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36176193/The_historical_spread_of_Arabian_Pastoralists_to_the_eastern_African_Sahel_evidenced_by_the_lactase_persistence_13_915_G_allele_and_mitochondrial_DNA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="41020304" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41020304/Northeast_African_genomic_variation_shaped_by_the_continuity_of_indigenous_groups_and_Eurasian_migrations">Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2840281" href="https://uppsala.academia.edu/CarinaSchlebusch">Carina Schlebusch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Plos Genetics, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Northeast Africa has a long history of human habitation, with fossil-finds from the earliest anatomically modern humans, and housing ancient civilizations. The region is also the gateway out of Africa, as well as a portal for migration into Africa from Eurasia via the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula. We investigate the population history of northeast Africa by genotyping ~3.9 million SNPs in 221 individuals from 18 populations sampled in Sudan and South Sudan and combine this data with published genome-wide data from surrounding areas. We find a strong genetic divide between the populations from the northeastern parts of the region (Nubians, central Arab populations, and the Beja) and populations towards the west and south (Nilotes, Darfur and Kordofan populations). This differentiation is mainly caused by a large Eurasian ancestry component of the northeast populations likely driven by migration of Middle Eastern groups followed by admixture that affected the local populations in a north-to-south succession of events. Genetic evidence points to an early admix</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations","attachmentId":61300289,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41020304/Northeast_African_genomic_variation_shaped_by_the_continuity_of_indigenous_groups_and_Eurasian_migrations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41020304/Northeast_African_genomic_variation_shaped_by_the_continuity_of_indigenous_groups_and_Eurasian_migrations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="43414232" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43414232/African_population_history_an_ancient_DNA_perspective">African population history: an ancient DNA perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2840281" href="https://uppsala.academia.edu/CarinaSchlebusch">Carina Schlebusch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The history of human populations in Africa is complex and includes various demographic events that influenced patterns of genetic variation across the continent. Through genetic studies of modern-day, and most recently, ancient African genetic variation, it became evident that deep African history is captured by the relationships among hunter-gatherers. Furthermore, it was shown that agriculture had a large influence on the distribution of current-day Africans. These later population movements changed the demographic face of the continent and descendants of farming groups today form the majority populations across Africa. Ancient DNA methods are continually evolving, and we see evidence of this in how research has advanced in the last decade. With the increased availability of full genomic data from diverse sets of modern-day and prehistoric Africans we now have more power to infer human demography. Future ancient DNA research promises to reveal more detailed stories of human prehistory in Africa.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"African population history: an ancient DNA perspective","attachmentId":63714948,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43414232/African_population_history_an_ancient_DNA_perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43414232/African_population_history_an_ancient_DNA_perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":4757318,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":4757318,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_4757318" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/52334095/mtDNA_Analysis_of_Nile_River_Valley_Populations_A_Genetic_Corridor_or_a_Barrier_to_Migration">mtDNA Analysis of Nile River Valley Populations: A Genetic Corridor or a Barrier to Migration?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="159790666" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DerekWelsby1">Derek Welsby</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The American Journal of Human Genetics, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"mtDNA Analysis of Nile River Valley Populations: A Genetic Corridor or a Barrier to 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data-author-id="41834799" href="https://independent.academia.edu/antoniosalas15">antonio salas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Human Genetics, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mosaic maternal ancestry in the Great Lakes region of East Africa","attachmentId":91452699,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87164279/Mosaic_maternal_ancestry_in_the_Great_Lakes_region_of_East_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87164279/Mosaic_maternal_ancestry_in_the_Great_Lakes_region_of_East_Africa"><span 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data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="87535830" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87535830/Pleistocene_North_African_genomes_link_Near_Eastern_and_sub_Saharan_African_human_populations">Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="328715" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/NBarton">Nick Barton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Science (New York, N.Y.), 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human 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