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window.loswp.workCoauthors = [510016]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":89648324,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “RESEARCH ARTICLE Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/89648324/mini_magick20220814-1-nq4j9p.png?1660507079" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">RESEARCH ARTICLE Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="510016" href="https://hud.academia.edu/MartinRichards"><img alt="Profile image of Martin B Richards" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/510016/177348/206766/s65_martin.richards.jpg" />Martin B Richards</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2016</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":89648324,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/84726048/RESEARCH_ARTICLE_Genetic_Stratigraphy_of_Key_Demographic_Events_in_Arabia"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":89648324,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/84726048/RESEARCH_ARTICLE_Genetic_Stratigraphy_of_Key_Demographic_Events_in_Arabia"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="89648324" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/84726048/RESEARCH_ARTICLE_Genetic_Stratigraphy_of_Key_Demographic_Events_in_Arabia" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="13016593" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13016593/Genetic_Stratigraphy_of_Key_Demographic_Events_in_Arabia">Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2185599" href="https://eva-mpg.academia.edu/ZuzanaHofmanov%C3%A1">Zuzana Hofmanová</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">At the crossroads between Africa and Eurasia, Arabia is necessarily a melting pot, its peoples enriched by successive gene flow over the generations. Estimating the timing and impact of these multiple migrations are important steps in reconstructing the key demographic events in the human history. However, current methods based on genome-wide information identify admixture events inefficiently, tending to estimate only the more recent ages, as here in the case of admixture events across the Red Sea (~8–37 generations for African input into Arabia, and 30–90 generations for “back-to-Africa” migrations). An mtDNA-based founder analysis, corroborated by detailed analysis of the whole-mtDNA genome, affords an alternative means by which to identify, date and quantify multiple migration events at greater time depths, across the full range of modern human history, albeit for the maternal line of descent only. In Arabia, this approach enables us to infer several major pulses of dispersal between the Near East and Arabia, most likely via the Gulf corridor. Although some relict lineages survive in Arabia from the time of the out-of-Africa dispersal, 60 ka, the major episodes in the peopling of the Peninsula took place from north to south in the Late Glacial and, to a lesser extent, the immediate post-glacial/Neolithic. Exchanges across the Red Sea were mainly due to the Arab slave trade and maritime dominance (from ~2.5 ka to very recent times), but had already begun by the early Holocene, fuelled by the establishment of maritime networks since ~8 ka. The main “back-to-Africa” migrations, again undetected by genome-wide dating analyses, occurred in the Late Glacial period for introductions into eastern Africa, whilst the Neolithic was more significant for migrations towards North Africa.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia","attachmentId":37918743,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13016593/Genetic_Stratigraphy_of_Key_Demographic_Events_in_Arabia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13016593/Genetic_Stratigraphy_of_Key_Demographic_Events_in_Arabia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="115210540" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115210540/Eurasian_back_migration_into_Northeast_Africa_was_a_complex_and_multifaceted_process">Eurasian back-migration into Northeast Africa was a complex and multifaceted process</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2840281" href="https://uppsala.academia.edu/CarinaSchlebusch">Carina Schlebusch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLOS ONE</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Recent studies have identified Northeast Africa as an important area for human movements during the Holocene. Eurasian populations have moved back into Northeastern Africa and contributed to the genetic composition of its people. By gathering the largest reference dataset to date of Northeast, North, and East African as well as Middle Eastern populations, we give new depth to our knowledge of Northeast African demographic history. By employing local ancestry methods, we isolated the Non-African parts of modern-day Northeast African genomes and identified the best putative source populations. Egyptians and Sudanese Copts bore most similarities to Levantine populations whilst other populations in the region generally had predominantly genetic contributions from the Arabian peninsula rather than Levantine populations for their Non-African genetic component. We also date admixture events and investigated which factors influenced the date of admixture and find that major linguistic famil...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Eurasian back-migration into Northeast Africa was a complex and multifaceted process","attachmentId":111686906,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115210540/Eurasian_back_migration_into_Northeast_Africa_was_a_complex_and_multifaceted_process","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115210540/Eurasian_back_migration_into_Northeast_Africa_was_a_complex_and_multifaceted_process"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="18024848" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18024848/Early_modern_human_dispersal_from_Africa_genomic_evidence_for_multiple_waves_of_migration">Early modern human dispersal from Africa: genomic evidence for multiple waves of migration</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6661654" href="https://ferrara.academia.edu/GuidoBarbujani">Guido Barbujani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: Anthropological and genetic data agree in indicating the African continent as the main place of origin for anatomically modern humans. However, it is unclear whether early modern humans left Africa through a single, major process, dispersing simultaneously over Asia and Europe, or in two main waves, first through the Arab Peninsula into southern Asia and Oceania, and later through a northern route crossing the Levant. Results: Here, we show that accurate genomic estimates of the divergence times between European and African populations are more recent than those between Australo-Melanesia and Africa and incompatible with the effects of a single dispersal. This difference cannot possibly be accounted for by the effects of either hybridization with archaic human forms in Australo-Melanesia or back migration from Europe into Africa. Furthermore, in several populations of Asia we found evidence for relatively recent genetic admixture events, which could have obscured the signatures of the earliest processes. Conclusions: We conclude that the hypothesis of a single major human dispersal from Africa appears hardly compatible with the observed historical and geographical patterns of genome diversity and that Australo-Melanesian populations seem still to retain a genomic signature of a more ancient divergence from Africa Keywords: Human demographic history, Migration, Evolutionary divergence, Admixture, Linkage disequilibrium, Population structure</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Early modern human dispersal from Africa: genomic evidence for multiple waves of migration","attachmentId":39834638,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18024848/Early_modern_human_dispersal_from_Africa_genomic_evidence_for_multiple_waves_of_migration","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18024848/Early_modern_human_dispersal_from_Africa_genomic_evidence_for_multiple_waves_of_migration"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="5983973" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5983973/Genomic_Ancestry_of_North_Africans_Supports_Back_to_Africa_Migrations">Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8932332" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KarimaFadhlaoui">Karima Fadhlaoui</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLOS Genetics, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations","attachmentId":49067365,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5983973/Genomic_Ancestry_of_North_Africans_Supports_Back_to_Africa_Migrations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5983973/Genomic_Ancestry_of_North_Africans_Supports_Back_to_Africa_Migrations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="47839537" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47839537/Mapping_human_dispersals_into_the_Horn_of_Africa_from_Arabian_Ice_Age_refugia_using_mitogenomes">Mapping human dispersals into the Horn of Africa from Arabian Ice Age refugia using mitogenomes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="510016" href="https://hud.academia.edu/MartinRichards">Martin B Richards</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Scientific reports, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Rare mitochondrial lineages with relict distributions can sometimes be disproportionately informative about deep events in human prehistory. We have studied one such lineage, haplogroup R0a, which uniquely is most frequent in Arabia and the Horn of Africa, but is distributed much more widely, from Europe to India. We conclude that: (1) the lineage ancestral to R0a is more ancient than previously thought, with a relict distribution across the Mediterranean/Southwest Asia; (2) R0a has a much deeper presence in Arabia than previously thought, highlighting the role of at least one Pleistocene glacial refugium, perhaps on the Red Sea plains; (3) the main episode of dispersal into Eastern Africa, at least concerning maternal lineages, was at the end of the Late Glacial, due to major expansions from one or more refugia in Arabia; (4) there was likely a minor Late Glacial/early postglacial dispersal from Arabia through the Levant and into Europe, possibly alongside other lineages from a Lev...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mapping human dispersals into the Horn of Africa from Arabian Ice Age refugia using mitogenomes","attachmentId":66756074,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47839537/Mapping_human_dispersals_into_the_Horn_of_Africa_from_Arabian_Ice_Age_refugia_using_mitogenomes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47839537/Mapping_human_dispersals_into_the_Horn_of_Africa_from_Arabian_Ice_Age_refugia_using_mitogenomes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="115210500" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115210500/Eurasian_back_migrations_into_Northeast_Africa_was_a_complex_and_multifaceted_process">Eurasian back-migrations into Northeast Africa was a complex and multifaceted process</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2840281" href="https://uppsala.academia.edu/CarinaSchlebusch">Carina Schlebusch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Eurasian back-migrations into Northeast Africa was a complex and multifaceted process","attachmentId":111684625,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115210500/Eurasian_back_migrations_into_Northeast_Africa_was_a_complex_and_multifaceted_process","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115210500/Eurasian_back_migrations_into_Northeast_Africa_was_a_complex_and_multifaceted_process"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="9986120" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9986120/Dating_the_Out_of_Africa_Migration_of_Modern_Humans">Dating the Out of Africa Migration of Modern Humans</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="267713" href="https://ucalgary.academia.edu/HowardWestergard">Howard Westergard</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dating the Out of Africa Migration of Modern Humans","attachmentId":36128045,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9986120/Dating_the_Out_of_Africa_Migration_of_Modern_Humans","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9986120/Dating_the_Out_of_Africa_Migration_of_Modern_Humans"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="54443515" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54443515/The_Levant_versus_the_Horn_of_Africa_Evidence_for_Bidirectional_Corridors_of_Human_Migrations">The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25151054" href="https://usc-es.academia.edu/JavierRodriguez">Javier Rodriguez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The American Journal of Human Genetics, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations","attachmentId":70803549,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54443515/The_Levant_versus_the_Horn_of_Africa_Evidence_for_Bidirectional_Corridors_of_Human_Migrations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54443515/The_Levant_versus_the_Horn_of_Africa_Evidence_for_Bidirectional_Corridors_of_Human_Migrations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="91252478" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91252478/Migration_Route_Out_of_Africa_Unresolved_by_225_Egyptian_and_Ethiopian_Whole_Genome_Sequences">Migration Route Out of Africa Unresolved by 225 Egyptian and Ethiopian Whole Genome Sequences</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6098474" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SOKeita">S. O. Keita</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers in Genetics, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Migration Route Out of Africa Unresolved by 225 Egyptian and Ethiopian Whole Genome Sequences","attachmentId":94592140,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91252478/Migration_Route_Out_of_Africa_Unresolved_by_225_Egyptian_and_Ethiopian_Whole_Genome_Sequences","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91252478/Migration_Route_Out_of_Africa_Unresolved_by_225_Egyptian_and_Ethiopian_Whole_Genome_Sequences"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="530868" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/530868/Upper_Pleistocene_Human_Dispersals_Out_of_Africa_A_Review_of_the_Current_State_of_the_Debate">Upper Pleistocene Human Dispersals Out of Africa: A Review of the Current State of the Debate</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="403038" href="https://louisville.academia.edu/AmanuelBeyin">Amanuel Beyin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Although there is a general consensus on African origin of early modern humans, there is disagreement about how and when they dispersed to Eurasia. This paper reviews genetic andMiddle Stone Age/Middle Paleolithic archaeological literature from northeast Africa, Arabia, and the Levant to assess the timing and geographic backgrounds of Upper Pleistocene human colonization of Eurasia. At the center of the discussion lies the question of whether eastern Africa alone was the source of Upper Pleistocene human dispersals into Eurasia or were there other loci of human expansions outside of Africa? The reviewed literature hints at two modes of early modern human colonization of Eurasia in the Upper Pleistocene: (i) from multiple Homo sapiens source populations that had entered Arabia, South Asia, and the Levant prior to and soon after the onset of the Last Interglacial (MIS-5), (ii) from a rapid dispersal out of East Africa via the Southern Route (across the Red Sea basin), dating to ∼74–60 kya.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Upper Pleistocene Human Dispersals Out of Africa: A Review of the Current State of the Debate","attachmentId":2931480,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/530868/Upper_Pleistocene_Human_Dispersals_Out_of_Africa_A_Review_of_the_Current_State_of_the_Debate","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/530868/Upper_Pleistocene_Human_Dispersals_Out_of_Africa_A_Review_of_the_Current_State_of_the_Debate"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":89648324,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":89648324,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_89648324" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="7396925" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7396925/Early_Back_to_Africa_Migration_into_the_Horn_of_Africa">Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47987" href="https://lehman.academia.edu/RyanRaaum">Ryan Raaum</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLoS Genetics, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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