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id="toc-Nehru_era_(1947–1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nehru_era_(1947–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Nehru era (1947–1964) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nehru_era_(1947–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shastri_era_(1964–1966)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shastri_era_(1964–1966)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Shastri era (1964–1966) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shastri_era_(1964–1966)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indira_Gandhi_era_(1966–1984)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indira_Gandhi_era_(1966–1984)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Indira Gandhi era (1966–1984) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indira_Gandhi_era_(1966–1984)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Congress_split,_1969" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_split,_1969"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Congress split, 1969 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_split,_1969-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_Congress_(I)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_Congress_(I)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Formation of Congress (I) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_Congress_(I)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjab_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjab_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Punjab crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjab_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rajiv_Gandhi_era_(1984–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rajiv_Gandhi_era_(1984–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Rajiv Gandhi era (1984–1991) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rajiv_Gandhi_era_(1984–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-P._V._Narasimha_Rao_era_(1991–1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#P._V._Narasimha_Rao_era_(1991–1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 P. V. Narasimha Rao era (1991–1998) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-P._V._Narasimha_Rao_era_(1991–1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonia_Gandhi_and_Manmohan_Singh_era_(1998–2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonia_Gandhi_and_Manmohan_Singh_era_(1998–2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Sonia Gandhi and Manmohan Singh era (1998–2014) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonia_Gandhi_and_Manmohan_Singh_era_(1998–2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rahul_Gandhi_and_modern_era_(2014–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rahul_Gandhi_and_modern_era_(2014–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Rahul Gandhi and modern era (2014–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rahul_Gandhi_and_modern_era_(2014–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 General election results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Political positions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political positions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Social affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Economic policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_defence_and_home_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_defence_and_home_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 National defence and home affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_defence_and_home_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Education and healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Foreign policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Structure and composition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_and_composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure and composition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Election symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Dynasticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presence_in_states_and_Union_Territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presence_in_states_and_Union_Territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Presence in states and Union Territories </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presence_in_states_and_Union_Territories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presence in states and Union Territories subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presence_in_states_and_Union_Territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislative_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Legislative Assembly </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Legislative Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legislative leaders </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislative_leaders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legislative leaders subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legislative_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_prime_ministers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_prime_ministers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 List of prime ministers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_prime_ministers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_deputy_prime_ministers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_deputy_prime_ministers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 List of deputy prime ministers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_deputy_prime_ministers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Indian National Congress</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Indian National Congress" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="भारतीय राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भारतीय राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="المؤتمر الوطني الهندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المؤتمر الوطني الهندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B" title="ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="भारतीय काङ्ग्रेस पार्टी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भारतीय काङ्ग्रेस पार्टी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan_Milli_Konqresi" title="Hindistan Milli Konqresi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hindistan Milli Konqresi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="ভারতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্রেস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্রেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-t%C5%8D%CD%98_Kok-b%C3%AEn_G%C4%AB-h%C5%8De" title="Ìn-tō͘ Kok-bîn Gī-hōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-tō͘ Kok-bîn Gī-hōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Індыйскі нацыянальны кангрэс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Індыйскі нацыянальны кангрэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Індыйскі нацыянальны кангрэс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Індыйскі нацыянальны кангрэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Индийски национален конгрес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индийски национален конгрес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A9s_Nacional_Indi" title="Congrés Nacional Indi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Congrés Nacional Indi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indick%C3%BD_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_kongres" title="Indický národní kongres – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indický národní kongres" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indian National Congress" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indischer_Nationalkongress" title="Indischer Nationalkongress – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indischer Nationalkongress" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BF_(%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1)" title="Ινδικό Εθνικό Κογκρέσο (κόμμα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδικό Εθνικό Κογκρέσο (κόμμα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_Nacional_Indio" title="Congreso Nacional Indio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Congreso Nacional Indio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barata_Nacia_Kongreso" title="Barata Nacia Kongreso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Barata Nacia Kongreso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiako_Kongresu_Nazionala" title="Indiako Kongresu Nazionala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indiako Kongresu Nazionala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="کنگره ملی هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنگره ملی هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Indian National Congress" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_national_indien" title="Congrès national indien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Congrès national indien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8" title="ભારતીય રાષ્ટ્રીય કોંગ્રેસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભારતીય રાષ્ટ્રીય કોંગ્રેસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84_%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98" title="인도 국민회의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도 국민회의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Հնդկական ազգային կոնգրես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնդկական ազգային կոնգրես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijski_nacionalni_kongres" title="Indijski nacionalni kongres – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indijski nacionalni kongres" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Nacionala_Kongreso" title="Indiana Nacionala Kongreso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Indiana Nacionala Kongreso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongres_Nasional_India" title="Kongres Nasional India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kongres Nasional India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indverski_%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0arr%C3%A1%C3%B0sflokkurinn" title="Indverski þjóðarráðsflokkurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Indverski þjóðarráðsflokkurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congresso_Nazionale_Indiano" title="Congresso Nazionale Indiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Congresso Nazionale Indiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99" title="הקונגרס הלאומי ההודי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקונגרס הלאומי ההודי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕಾಂಗ್ರೆಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕಾಂಗ್ರೆಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ინდოეთის ეროვნული კონგრესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდოეთის ეროვნული კონგრესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%90%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%B2%D9%86%D8%A0_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ہِندوستٲنؠ قومی کانٛگرٛیس – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہِندوستٲنؠ قومی کانٛگرٛیس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijas_Nacion%C4%81lais_kongress" title="Indijas Nacionālais kongress – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indijas Nacionālais kongress" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiai_Nemzeti_Kongresszus" title="Indiai Nemzeti Kongresszus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indiai Nemzeti Kongresszus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="भारतीय राष्ट्रिय काङ्ग्रेस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भारतीय राष्ट्रिय काङ्ग्रेस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇന്ത്യൻ നാഷണൽ കോൺഗ്രസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യൻ നാഷണൽ കോൺഗ്രസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="भारतीय राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारतीय राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ინდოეთიშ ერუანული კონგრესი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინდოეთიშ ერუანული კონგრესი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongres_Kebangsaan_India" title="Kongres Kebangsaan India – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kongres Kebangsaan India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congrespartij" title="Congrespartij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Congrespartij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="भारतीय राष्ट्रिय काङ्ग्रेस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारतीय राष्ट्रिय काङ्ग्रेस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0" title="インド国民会議 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド国民会議" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongresspartiet" title="Kongresspartiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongresspartiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongresspartiet" title="Kongresspartiet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongresspartiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_Nacional_Indian" title="Congrès Nacional Indian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Congrès Nacional Indian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8" title="ଭାରତୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାରତୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਕਾਂਗਰਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਕਾਂਗਰਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="انڈین نیشنل کانگرس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انڈین نیشنل کانگرس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%B3" title="هند ملي کانګرېس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هند ملي کانګرېس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/INC" title="INC – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="INC" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indyjski_Kongres_Narodowy" title="Indyjski Kongres Narodowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Indyjski Kongres Narodowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congresso_Nacional_Indiano" title="Congresso Nacional Indiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Congresso Nacional Indiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congresul_Na%C8%9Bional_Indian" title="Congresul Național Indian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Congresul Național Indian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81" title="Индийский национальный конгресс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индийский национальный конгресс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="भारतीयराष्ट्रियकाङ्ग्रेस् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भारतीयराष्ट्रियकाङ्ग्रेस्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="انڈین نیشنل کانگریس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="انڈین نیشنل کانگریس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Naitional_Congress" title="Indian Naitional Congress – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Indian Naitional Congress" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongresi_Kombetar_Indian" title="Kongresi Kombetar Indian – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kongresi Kombetar Indian" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉන්දියානු ජාතික කොන්ග්‍රසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්දියානු ජාතික කොන්ග්‍රසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indian National Congress" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Indian_National_Congress" title="I-Indian National Congress – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="I-Indian National Congress" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijski_nacionalni_kongres" title="Indijski nacionalni kongres – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Indijski nacionalni kongres" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Индијски национални конгрес – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индијски национални конгрес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijski_nacionalni_kongres" title="Indijski nacionalni kongres – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indijski nacionalni kongres" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intian_kongressipuolue" title="Intian kongressipuolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intian kongressipuolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongresspartiet" title="Kongresspartiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kongresspartiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Indian National Congress" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இந்திய தேசிய காங்கிரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்திய தேசிய காங்கிரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_milli_kongress%C4%B1" title="Hind milli kongressı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Hind milli kongressı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="คองเกรสแห่งชาติอินเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คองเกรสแห่งชาติอินเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Конгресси миллии Ҳинд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Конгресси миллии Ҳинд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕಾಂಗ್ರೆಸ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕಾಂಗ್ರೆಸ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan_Ulusal_Kongresi" title="Hindistan Ulusal Kongresi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hindistan Ulusal Kongresi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Індійський національний конгрес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індійський національний конгрес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian political party</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For similarly named parties, see <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Indian National Congress (disambiguation)">Indian National Congress (disambiguation)</a>. Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian political party</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #00BFFF; border-bottom:2px solid #00BFFF; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Indian National Congress</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg/150px-Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg/225px-Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg/300px-Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="860" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">INC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a><a href="#cite_note-indiatimes1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-thehindu1-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">General Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Pandey" title="Avinash Pandey">Avinash Pandey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jitendra_Singh_(Congress_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jitendra Singh (Congress politician)">Jitendra Singh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Venugopal" title="K. C. Venugopal">K. C. Venugopal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mukul_Wasnik" title="Mukul Wasnik">Mukul Wasnik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Priyanka_Gandhi" title="Priyanka Gandhi">Priyanka Gandhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Randeep_Singh_Surjewala" class="mw-redirect" title="Randeep Singh Surjewala">Randeep Singh Surjewala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sachin_Pilot" title="Sachin Pilot">Sachin Pilot</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Presidium" title="Presidium">Presidium</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliamentary</a> Chairperson</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> Leader</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_in_Lok_Sabha" title="Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha">LoP in Lok Sabha</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> Leader</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_in_Rajya_Sabha" title="Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha">LoP in Rajya Sabha</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Treasurer</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Maken" title="Ajay Maken">Ajay Maken</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Octavian_Hume" title="Allan Octavian Hume">A.O. Hume</a> <a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">W.C. Bonnerjee</a> <a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">S.N. Banerjee</a> <a href="/wiki/Monomohun_Ghose" title="Monomohun Ghose">Monomohun Ghose</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a> <a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a> <a href="/wiki/Badruddin_Tyabji" title="Badruddin Tyabji">Badruddin Tyabji</a> <a href="/wiki/Pherozeshah_Mehta" title="Pherozeshah Mehta">Pherozeshah Mehta</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinshaw_Edulji_Wacha" title="Dinshaw Edulji Wacha">Dinshaw Wacha</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Ranade</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">28 December 1885 (138 years ago) (1885-12-28)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">24, <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Road" title="Akbar Road">Akbar Road</a>, New Delhi-110001<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Congress Sandesh <a href="/wiki/National_Herald" title="National Herald">National Herald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Student_wing" title="Student wing">Student wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Indian Youth Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_wing" title="Women's wing">Women's wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/All_India_Mahila_Congress" title="All India Mahila Congress">All India Mahila Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Labour wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Indian National Trade Union Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Peasant's wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kisan_and_Khet_Mazdoor_Congress" title="Kisan and Khet Mazdoor Congress">Kisan and Khet Mazdoor Congress</a><a href="#cite_note-Kisan_Wing-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">55 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Big tent</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">Indian</a>)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a><a href="#cite_note-J.Soper-18">[18]</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-J.Soper-18">[18]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sheffer1993-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Saffron, white and green (official; <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">Indian national colours</a>)<a href="#cite_note-26">[a]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Sky blue (customary)<a href="#cite_note-27">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">ECI</a> Status</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">National Party</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Alliance</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>National Alliance <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" title="Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance">INDIA</a> (since 2023)</li> <li>Regional Alliances <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">UDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>) <a href="/wiki/Secular_Progressive_Alliance" title="Secular Progressive Alliance">SPA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>) <a href="/wiki/Manipur_Progressive_Secular_Alliance" title="Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance">MPSA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>) <a href="/wiki/Maha_Vikas_Aghadi" title="Maha Vikas Aghadi">MVA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>) <a href="/wiki/Secular_Democratic_Alliance" title="Secular Democratic Alliance">SDA</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>) <a href="/wiki/Mahagathbandhan_(Jharkhand)" title="Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)">MGB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>) <a href="/wiki/Mahagathbandhan_(Bihar)" title="Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)">MGB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Former Alliances</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">UPA</a> (2004–2023 (till dissolved)) (National)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIADMK-led_Alliance" title="AIADMK-led Alliance">AIADMK-led Alliance</a> (1977, 1984-1996, 1999-2001) (Tamil Nadu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMK-led_Alliance" title="DMK-led Alliance">DMK-led Alliance</a> (1971-1974, 1980-1983, 2004–2006 (till dissolved)) (Tamil Nadu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_(India)" title="Democratic Front (India)">Democratic Front</a> (1999-2019 (till dissolved)) (Maharashtra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Progressive_Front_(2002%E2%80%932012)" title="Secular Progressive Front (2002–2012)">Secular Progressive Front</a> (2002-2012 (till dissolved)) (Manipur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Secular_Alliance" title="Mizoram Secular Alliance">Mizoram Secular Alliance</a> (2004 (till dissolved)) (Mizoram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asom_Sonmilito_Morcha" title="Asom Sonmilito Morcha">Asom Sonmilito Morcha</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mahajot_(Assam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahajot (Assam)">Mahajot</a> (2016-2024) (Assam)</li></ul></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">101 / 543<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 19%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> (540 MPs and 1 vacant)<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">27 / 245<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> (231 MPs and 14 vacant)<a href="#cite_note-pp-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State Legislative Assemblies</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">653 / 4,036<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 16%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> (4030 MLAs and 5 vacant) (<a href="#Legislative_Assembly">see complete list</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in <a href="/wiki/State_Legislative_Council_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislative Council (India)">State Legislative Councils</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">60 / 426<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> (390 MLCs and 36 vacant) (<a href="#Legislative_Council">see complete list</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Number of states and union territories in government</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">6 / 31<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 19%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> (28 States and 3 UTs)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Election symbol</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_INC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hand_INC.svg/150px-Hand_INC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hand_INC.svg/225px-Hand_INC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hand_INC.svg/300px-Hand_INC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="478" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/180px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/270px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/360px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="562" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inc.in/">www.inc.in</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10225#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0.45em;">This article is part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Congress" title="Category:Indian National Congress">series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#00CCFF;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian National Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.55em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_INC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hand_INC.svg/150px-Hand_INC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hand_INC.svg/225px-Hand_INC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hand_INC.svg/300px-Hand_INC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="478" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #efefef;"> About</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="Electoral history of the Indian National Congress">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of state presidents of the Indian National Congress">State Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">United Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" title="Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance">INDIA</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #efefef;"> Committees</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Pradesh Congress Committee">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Working</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #efefef;"> Frontals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Dal" title="Seva Dal">Seva Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Mahila_Congress" title="All India Mahila Congress">All India Mahila Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">Students Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Youth Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Trade Union Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisan_and_Khet_Mazdoor_Congress" title="Kisan and Khet Mazdoor Congress">Kisan and Khet Mazdoor Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #efefef;"> Alliances</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Vikas_Aghadi" title="Maha Vikas Aghadi">Maha Vikas Aghadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">United Democratic Front (UDF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjukta_Morcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjukta Morcha">Sanjukta Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Progressive_Alliance" title="Secular Progressive Alliance">Secular Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahagathbandhan_(Bihar)" title="Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)">Mahagathbandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahagathbandhan_(Jharkhand)" title="Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)">Mahagathbandhan (JH)</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #efefef;"> International affiliation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_National_Congress_sidebar" title="Template:Indian National Congress sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_National_Congress_sidebar" title="Template talk:Indian National Congress sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_National_Congress_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian National Congress sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Indian National Congress (INC), <a href="/wiki/Colloquially" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquially">colloquially</a> the Congress Party or simply the Congress, is a <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in India">political party in India</a> with deep roots in most regions of India. Founded on 28 December 1885, it was the first modern <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist movement</a> to emerge in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in Asia and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-33">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2001-32">[30]</a> From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, the Congress became the principal leader of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-research-34">[31]</a> The Congress led India to independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chiriyankandath2016-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-KopsteinLichbach2014-37">[33]</a> and significantly influenced other <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">anti-colonial nationalist movements</a> in the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-39">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2001-32">[30]</a> The INC is a "<a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">big tent</a>" party that has been described as sitting on the <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centre</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian politics">Indian political</a> spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-Barrington2009-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-centrist-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-British-Journal-40">[34]</a> The party held its first session in 1885 in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a> where <a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">W.C. Bonnerjee</a> presided over it.<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> After Indian independence in 1947, Congress emerged as a <a href="/wiki/Catch-all_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Catch-all party">catch-all</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">secular</a> party, dominating Indian politics for the next 50 years. The party's first prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Pandit_Jawaharlal_Nehru" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru">Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, led the Congress to support <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> policies by creating the <a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(India)" title="Planning Commission (India)">Planning Commission</a>, introducing <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a>, implementing a mixed economy, and establishing a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a>. After Nehru's death and the short tenure of <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> became the leader of the party. In the 17 general elections since independence, it has won an outright majority on seven occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further three times, heading the central government for more than 54 years. There have been six prime ministers from the Congress party, the first being <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (1947–1964), and the most recent being <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> (2004–2014). Since the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> has emerged as the main rival of the Congress in both national and regional politics. In 1969, the party suffered a major split, with a faction led by <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> leaving to form the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Congress (R)</a>, with the remainder becoming the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Congress (O)</a>. The Congress (R) became the dominant faction, winning the <a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election" title="1971 Indian general election">1971 general election</a> by a huge margin. From 1975 to 1977, Indira Gandhi declared a <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">state of emergency</a> in India, resulting in widespread oppression and abuses of power. Another split in the party occurred in 1979, leading to the creation of the Congress (I), which was recognized as the Congress by the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission</a> in 1981. Under <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>'s leadership, the party won a massive victory in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Indian_general_election" title="1984 Indian general election">1984 general elections</a>, nevertheless losing the election held in 1989 to the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (India)">National Front</a>. The Congress then returned to power under <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a>, who moved the party towards an <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">economically liberal agenda</a>, a sharp break from previous leaders. However, it lost the <a href="/wiki/1996_Indian_general_election" title="1996 Indian general election">1996 general election</a> and was replaced in government by the National Front. After a record eight years out of office, the Congress-led coalition known as the <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">United Progressive Alliance</a> (UPA) under <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> formed a government the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_general_election" title="2004 Indian general election">2004 general elections</a>. Subsequently, the UPA again formed the government after winning the <a href="/wiki/2009_Indian_general_election" title="2009 Indian general election">2009 general elections</a>, and Singh became the first prime minister since <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> in 1971 to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term. However, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election" title="2014 Indian general election">2014 general election</a>, the Congress suffered a heavy defeat, winning only 44 seats of the 543-member <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/2019_Indian_general_election" title="2019 Indian general election">2019 general election</a>, the party failed to make any substantial gains and won 52 seats, failing to form the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(India)" title="Official Opposition (India)">official opposition</a> yet again. In the <a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election" title="2024 Indian general election">2024 general election</a>, the party performed better-than-expected, and won 99 seats later becoming 101, forming the official opposition with their highest seat count in a decade.<a href="#cite_note-44">[g]</a> On social issues, it advocates secular policies that encourage <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">equal opportunity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">right to health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil liberty">civil liberty</a>, and support <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>, and a strong <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. Being a centrist party, its policies predominantly reflected balanced positions including <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>. The INC supports contemporary economic reforms such as <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">liberalisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatization in India">privatisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">globalization</a>. A total of 61 people have served as the president of the INC since its formation. <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a> is the longest-serving president of the party, having held office for over twenty years from 1998 to 2017 and again from 2019 to 2022 (as interim). <a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a> is the current party <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Indian National Congress">President</a>. The district party is the smallest functional unit of Congress. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Pradesh Congress Committee">Pradesh Congress Committee</a> (PCC), present at the state level in every state. Together, the delegates from the districts and PCCs form the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a> (AICC). The party is additionally structured into various committees and segments including the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Working Committee</a> (CWC), <a href="/wiki/Seva_Dal" title="Seva Dal">Seva Dal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Indian Youth Congress</a> (IYC), <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Indian National Trade Union Congress</a> (INTUC), and <a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a> (NSUI). The party holds the annual plenary sessions, at which senior Congress figures promote party policy. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History of the Indian National Congress</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_INC1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Leaders of the Congress Party gathered in 1885" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1st_INC1885.jpg/220px-1st_INC1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1st_INC1885.jpg/330px-1st_INC1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1st_INC1885.jpg/440px-1st_INC1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption> First session of Indian National Congress, Bombay, 28–31 December 1885</figcaption></figure> During the latter part of the 1870s, there were concerted efforts among Indians to establish a <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">pan-Indian</a> organization for nationalist political influence.<a href="#cite_note-Gehlot_1991_35-45">[38]</a> In 1883, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Octavian_Hume" title="Allan Octavian Hume">Allan Octavian Hume</a>, a retired British <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Civil Service (British India)">Civil Servant</a> also known for his pro-Indian activities, outlined his idea for a body representing Indian interests in an open letter to graduates of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gehlot_1991_35-45">[38]</a> The aim was to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians and to create a platform for civic and political dialogue between them and the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. Hume initiated contact with prominent leaders in India and a notice convening the first meeting of the Indian National Union to be held in <a href="/wiki/Poona" class="mw-redirect" title="Poona">Poona</a> the following December, was issued.<a href="#cite_note-pattabhi-46">[39]</a> However, due to a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> outbreak in Poona it was moved to Bombay.<a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a> Subsequently, the first session of the Indian National Congress held in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> from 28 to 31 December 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College.<a href="#cite_note-First_Session-49">[42]</a> Hume organized the first meeting in Bombay with the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">Lord Dufferin</a>. Hume assumed office as the General Secretary, while <a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Umesh Chandra Banerjee</a> was appointed as the first president of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-GS-50">[43]</a> The first session was attended by 72 delegates, with the majority being lawyers, representing each province of India.<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> Notable representatives included Scottish <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Civil Service">ICS</a> officer <a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badruddin_Tyabji" title="Badruddin Tyabji">Badruddin Tyabji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pherozeshah_Mehta" title="Pherozeshah Mehta">Pherozeshah Mehta</a> of the Bombay Presidency Association, <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Vasudeo_Joshi" title="Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi">Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Poona_Sarvajanik_Sabha" title="Poona Sarvajanik Sabha">Poona Sarvajanik Sabha</a>, social reformer and newspaper editor <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a>, Justice <a href="/wiki/Kashinath_Trimbak_Telang" title="Kashinath Trimbak Telang">K. T. Telang</a>, <a href="/wiki/N._G._Chandavarkar" title="N. G. Chandavarkar">N. G. Chandavarkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinshaw_Wacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinshaw Wacha">Dinshaw Wacha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behramji_Malabari" title="Behramji Malabari">Behramji Malabari</a>, journalist, and activist <a href="/wiki/Gooty_Kesava_Pillai" title="Gooty Kesava Pillai">Gooty Kesava Pillai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/P._Rangaiah_Naidu" title="P. Rangaiah Naidu">P. Rangaiah Naidu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Mahajana_Sabha" title="Madras Mahajana Sabha">Madras Mahajana Sabha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-INC-54">[47]</a> Notably, there were no women present at this session.<a href="#cite_note-GS-50">[43]</a> During the first session, the Indian delegates presented 9 resolutions to the British authorities including; India Council in London should be abolished, creation of legislative councils for the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> (NWFP), <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Civil Services</a> Reform, and Appointment of a commission to enquire into the working of the Indian Administration from 1858- till date.<a href="#cite_note-Resolutions1885-55">[48]</a> Though, Hume believed that while the British helped bring peace to India, they still had not solved the country’s economic problems.<a href="#cite_note-Hume1885-56">[49]</a> In its early years, Congress was an assembly for politically active individuals who sought reforms within the British Empire. However, there were two distinct factions within the party. One group was in favor of seeking complete independence from British rule, while the other aimed to bring about reforms within the existing system, with a focus on <a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a>. This division marked the early phase of Congress, as different leaders and members had varied visions for the future of India, ranging from moderate reforms to a push for full sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-Roots-57">[50]</a> They primarily advocated for the 'Indianisation' of administrative services, emphasizing that India should be governed by Indians, with British collaboration. The majority of the founding members of Congress has been educated or lived in Britain. As a result, unrepresentative of the Indian masses at the time,<a href="#cite_note-SissonWolpert1988-58">[51]</a> it functioned more as a stage for elite Indian ambitions than a political party for the first two decade of its existence.<a href="#cite_note-SissonWolpert1988_2-59">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3></div> Since its establishment, the Congress was led by Moderate leaders, who were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political ideas</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>. They emphasized <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">individual dignity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to freedom">right to freedom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a> for all, regardless of caste, creed, or sex. This philosophy guided them in opposing British autocracy, demanding the rule of law, equality before the law, and advocating for <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Approach-60">[53]</a> However, by 1905, two factions had emerged within the party, leading to different approaches and ideologies regarding the methods to achieve <a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">self-rule</a> for India. A division arose between the Moderates, led by <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a>, who believed in a peaceful and constitutional approach to achieve reforms and self-governance within the framework of the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Moderates-61">[54]</a> The moderates preferred to avoid direct conflict with the Britishers, aiming instead to reform their governance to better serve the country's interests. They aimed to collaborate with British authorities and use constitutional means, such as petitions, resolutions, and dialogue, to address the grievances of Indians.<a href="#cite_note-Approach-60">[53]</a> Over time, as they recognized the impact of British rule, many moderate leaders shifted their stance and started advocating for Swaraj or self-government for India within the British Empire. Herfeafter, the Moderates followed a two-fold approach to achieve their goals. First, they aimed to build strong public opinion to inspire a sense of national consciousness and unity, while educating the masses on shared political issues. Second, they sought to influence both the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> and public opinion, advocating for reforms in India that aligned with the demands of the nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-Approach-60">[53]</a> In 1889, a <a href="/wiki/British_Committee_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="British Committee of the Indian National Congress">British branch</a> of the Indian National Congress was set up in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-INC_Branch-62">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a>, a member of the sister <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Association" title="Indian National Association">Indian National Association</a>, was elected president of the Congress in 1886. He was the first Indian Member of Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a> (1892–1895) and spent a large part of his life and resources to campaigning for India’s cause on the international stage. The Moderates were able to analyzed the political and economic impacts of <a href="/wiki/British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="British rule">British rule</a> in India. Dadabhai Naoroji, <a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dinshaw_Wacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinshaw Wacha">Dinshaw Wacha</a> and others introduced the <a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji#Drain_theory_and_poverty" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Drain Theory</a> to highlight how Britain exploited India's resources.<a href="#cite_note-Drain_Theory-63">[56]</a> The Drain Theory, proposed by these leaders, challenged the notion that British rule was beneficial for India, shaping a nationwide public opinion that British colonialism was the primary reason for India’s poverty and economic exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-Poverty-64">[57]</a> The moderate leaders had several demands, including proper representation of Indians on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1892" title="Indian Councils Act 1892">Legislative Councils</a> and an increase in the powers of these councils. They also advocated for administrative reforms and voiced their opinions on international issues. They opposed the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, the military actions in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and the treatment of tribal people in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern India">northwestern India</a>. Additionally, they called for better conditions for Indian workers who had migrated to countries such as <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="British Guyana">British Guyana</a>. Congress was transformed into a mass movement by <a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">partition of Bengal in 1905</a>, and the resultant <a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-INC-54">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Aurobindo_presiding_over_a_meeting_of_the_Nationalists_after_the_Surat_Congress,_with_Tilak_speaking,_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Early Nationalists" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sri_Aurobindo_presiding_over_a_meeting_of_the_Nationalists_after_the_Surat_Congress%2C_with_Tilak_speaking%2C_1907.jpg/220px-Sri_Aurobindo_presiding_over_a_meeting_of_the_Nationalists_after_the_Surat_Congress%2C_with_Tilak_speaking%2C_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sri_Aurobindo_presiding_over_a_meeting_of_the_Nationalists_after_the_Surat_Congress%2C_with_Tilak_speaking%2C_1907.jpg/330px-Sri_Aurobindo_presiding_over_a_meeting_of_the_Nationalists_after_the_Surat_Congress%2C_with_Tilak_speaking%2C_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Sri_Aurobindo_presiding_over_a_meeting_of_the_Nationalists_after_the_Surat_Congress%2C_with_Tilak_speaking%2C_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a> speaking in 1907 as the Party split into moderates and extremists. Seated at the table is <a href="/wiki/Aurobindo_Ghosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurobindo Ghosh">Aurobindo Ghosh</a> and to his right (in the chair) is <a href="/wiki/G._S._Khaparde" title="G. S. Khaparde">G. S. Khaparde</a>, both allies of Tilak.</figcaption></figure> On the other hand, the faction led by extremist or radical leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a>, colloquially, "Lal, Bal, Pal", was more radical in their approach. They believed in direct action and criticized the moderate approach, advocating for more assertive and aggressive means to achieve self-rule (Swaraj). They were less willing to compromise with the British and focused on building mass support instilling in them a sense of self -respect, self-reliance, pride in their ancient heritage and national unity to attain their objectives.<a href="#cite_note-Extremists-65">[58]</a> The Extremist leaders opposed the use of violence against British rule and did not condone methods such as political murder and assassination. They successfully engaged the urban middle and lower classes, as well as mobilized peasants and workers. The Extremist leaders utilized religious symbols to inspire the masses, but they did not intertwine religion with politics. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, tried to mobilise Hindu Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity displayed in the annual public <a href="/wiki/Sarvajanik_Ganeshotsav" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav">Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Jayanti" title="Shiv Jayanti">Shiv Jayanti</a> festivals that he inaugurated in western India.<a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a> Tilak, along with his friend <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a>, believed that educating the people was the best way to serve the country. In 1876, they founded the <a href="/wiki/New_English_School" class="mw-disambig" title="New English School">New English School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>. However, Tilak soon realized that education alone was not sufficient; the people also needed to be aware of the country's condition. To achieve this, he started two weekly publications in 1881: the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> in English and <a href="/wiki/Kesari_(Marathi_newspaper)" title="Kesari (Marathi newspaper)">Kesari</a> in Marathi. The ideological differences between the extremists and moderates led to a deep divide. During its session held in Surat in December 1907, a split occurred between two factions within the Congress known as <a href="/wiki/Surat_Split" title="Surat Split">Surat Split</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Surat_Split-67">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>, an Irish theosophist, moved to India in 1893 and became actively involved in the Congress.<a href="#cite_note-Besant_India-68">[61]</a> Recognizing the importance of full cooperation from the extremists for the success of the movement, both Tilak and Besant realized that it was necessary to secure the full cooperation of the moderates. In 1915, during the annual session of the Congress held at <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Ambica_Charan_Mazumdar" title="Ambica Charan Mazumdar">Ambica Charan Mazumdar</a>, it was decided that the extremists led by Tilak would be admitted to the Congress. Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish Home Rule movement</a>, which sought greater autonomy from Britain, Tilak and Besant were influenced by the concept of self-government (Home Rule) and began calling for similar rights for India.<a href="#cite_note-IHR-69">[62]</a> However, Tilak and Besant were unable to convince the Indian National Congress to support their proposal to set up Home Rule leagues. As a result, they established separate leagues. Tilak launched the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Home Rule League">Indian Home Rule League</a> in April 1916 at <a href="/wiki/Belgaum" title="Belgaum">Belgaum</a>, with its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Poona" class="mw-redirect" title="Poona">Poona</a>. His league operated primarily in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> (excluding Bombay), <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces and Berar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHR-69">[62]</a> In contrast, Besant set up her All-India Home Rule League in September 1916 in <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, which grew to include over 200 branches across the country.<a href="#cite_note-Besant_India-68">[61]</a> Prominent leaders who joined or supported the Home Rule movement included <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhulabhai_Desai" title="Bhulabhai Desai">Bhulabhai Desai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Kitchlew" title="Saifuddin Kitchlew">Saifuddin Kitchlew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malviya" class="mw-redirect" title="Madan Mohan Malviya">Madan Mohan Malviya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Jinnah">Mohammad Ali Jinnah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tej_Bahadur_Sapru" title="Tej Bahadur Sapru">Tej Bahadur Sapru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress_as_a_mass_movement">Congress as a mass movement</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru_gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nehru_gandhi.jpg/170px-Nehru_gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nehru_gandhi.jpg/255px-Nehru_gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nehru_gandhi.jpg/340px-Nehru_gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru during a meeting of the All India Congress, in 1946</figcaption></figure> In 1915, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> returned from South Africa and joined Congress.<a href="#cite_note-70">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sailed_1915-71">[64]</a> His efforts in South Africa were well known not only among the educated but also among the masses. During 1917 and 1918, Mahatma Gandhi was involved in three struggles– known as <a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a>, Ahmedabad Mill Strike and <a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-experiments-72">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mill-74">[67]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the party came to be associated with Gandhi, who remained its unofficial spiritual leader and icon.<a href="#cite_note-M.Ghandi1-75">[68]</a> He formed an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a> in 1920 as part of his opposition to British rule in India,<a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a> and fought for the rights for Indians using civil disobedience or <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a> as the tool for agitation.<a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a> In 1922, after the deaths of policemen at <a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura</a>, Gandhi suspended the agitation. With the help of the moderate group led by Gokhale, in 1924 Gandhi became president of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[72]</a> The rise of Gandhi's popularity and his satyagraha art of revolution led to support from <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandit_Jawaharlal_Nehru" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru">Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Mohammad_Abbas_Khan" title="Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan">Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajgopalachari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha" title="Anugrah Narayan Sinha">Anugrah Narayan Sinha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jivatram_Kripalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivatram Kripalani">Jivatram Kripalani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Abul Kalam Azad">Maulana Abul Kalam Azad</a>. As a result of prevailing nationalism, Gandhi's popularity, and the party's attempts at eradicating <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> differences, <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</a>, poverty, and religious and ethnic divisions, Congress became a forceful and dominant group.<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a> Although its members were predominantly Hindu, it had members from other religions, economic classes, and ethnic and linguistic groups.<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Indian_National_Congress.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Indian_National_Congress.png/220px-Flag_of_Indian_National_Congress.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Indian_National_Congress.png/330px-Flag_of_Indian_National_Congress.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Indian_National_Congress.png/440px-Flag_of_Indian_National_Congress.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Flag adopted by INC, 1931</figcaption></figure> At the Congress 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, <a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a> (complete independence) was declared as the party's goal, declaring 26 January 1930 as Purna Swaraj Diwas (Independence Day).<a href="#cite_note-Remarks-84">[77]</a> The same year, Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the party for demanding full independence, not just <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> as demanded by Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a> After the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a>, <a href="/wiki/1937_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1937 Indian provincial elections">provincial elections</a> were held in India in the winter of 1936–37 in eleven provinces: <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces" title="Central Provinces">Central Provinces</a>, Bihar, Orissa, <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>, Assam, NWFP, Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh. The final results of the elections were declared in February 1937.<a href="#cite_note-Manglik2020-86">[79]</a> The Indian National Congress gained power in eight of them – the three exceptions being Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, and Sindh.<a href="#cite_note-Manglik2020-86">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> failed to form a Government in any Province.<a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a> Congress <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Ministers</a> resigned in October and November 1939 in protest against Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Lord Linlithgow</a>'s declaration that India was a belligerent in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> without consulting the <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> In 1939, <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>, the elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> in both 1938 and 1939, resigned from Congress over the selection of the working committee.<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> Congress was an umbrella organisation, sheltering radical socialists, traditionalists, and Hindu and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conservatism">Muslim conservatives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> expelled all the socialist groupings, including the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Socialist_Party" title="Congress Socialist Party">Congress Socialist Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Krishak_Sramik_Party" title="Krishak Sramik Party">Krishak Praja Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>, in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-M.Ghandi1-75">[68]</a> After the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a> launched by the British government to gain Indian support for the British war effort, Mahatma Gandhi made a call to "Do or Die" in his <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_speech" title="Quit India speech">Quit India</a> movement delivered in Bombay on 8 August 1942 at the <a href="/wiki/Gowalia_Tank" title="Gowalia Tank">Gowalia Tank Maidan</a> and opposed any help to the British in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a> The British government responded with mass arrests including that of Gandhi and Congress leaders and killed over 1,000 Indians who participated in this movement.<a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> A number of violent attacks were also carried out by the nationalists against the British government.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-92">[85]</a> The movement played a role in weakening the control over the South Asian region by the British regime and ultimately paved the way for Indian independence.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-92">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-herman467-93">[86]</a> In 1945, when World War 2 almost came to an end, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party of the United Kingdom</a> won elections with a promise to provide independence to India.<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> The jailed political prisoners of the Quit India movement were released in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi,_Patel_and_Maulana_Azad_Sept_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Moderate INC leaders during a meet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gandhi%2C_Patel_and_Maulana_Azad_Sept_1940.jpg/170px-Gandhi%2C_Patel_and_Maulana_Azad_Sept_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gandhi%2C_Patel_and_Maulana_Azad_Sept_1940.jpg/255px-Gandhi%2C_Patel_and_Maulana_Azad_Sept_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gandhi%2C_Patel_and_Maulana_Azad_Sept_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Azad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Patel">Patel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a> at an AICC meeting in Bombay, 1940</figcaption></figure> In 1946, the British tried the soldiers of Japanese-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/INA_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="INA trials">INA trials</a>. In response, Congress helped form the <a href="/wiki/INA_Defence_Committee" title="INA Defence Committee">INA Defence Committee</a>, which assembled a legal team to defend the case of the soldiers of the Azad Hind government. The team included several famous lawyers, including <a href="/wiki/Bhulabhai_Desai" title="Bhulabhai Desai">Bhulabhai Desai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asaf_Ali" title="Asaf Ali">Asaf Ali</a>, and Jawaharlal Nehru.<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> eventually backtracked in the face of opposition by the Congress.<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h2></div> After Indian independence in 1947, the Indian National Congress became the dominant political party in the country. In 1952, in the <a href="/wiki/1951_Indian_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Indian general election">first general election</a> held after Independence, the party swept to power in the national parliament and most state legislatures. It held power nationally until 1977 when it was defeated by the Janata coalition. It returned to power in 1980 and ruled until 1989 when it was once again defeated. The party formed the government in 1991 at the head of a coalition, as well as in 2004 and 2009 when it led the United Progressive Alliance. During this period the Congress remained centre-left in its social policies while steadily shifting from a socialist to a <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> economic outlook.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> The Party's rivals at state level have been national parties including the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP), the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> (CPIM), and various regional parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Party" title="Telugu Desam Party">Telugu Desam Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Trinamool Congress">Trinamool Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party" title="Aam Aadmi Party">Aam Aadmi Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> A post-<a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a> successor to the party survived as the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_National_Congress" title="Pakistan National Congress">Pakistan National Congress</a>, a party which represented the rights of religious minorities in the state. The party's support was strongest in the Bengali-speaking province of <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>. After the Bangladeshi War of Independence, it became known as the <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi National Congress">Bangladeshi National Congress</a>, but was dissolved in 1975 by the government.<a href="#cite_note-A-102">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-B-103">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-C-104">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nehru_era_(1947–1964)">Nehru era (1947–1964)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Nehru_ministry" title="First Nehru ministry">First Nehru ministry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Nehru_ministry" title="Second Nehru ministry">Second Nehru ministry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Nehru_ministry" title="Third Nehru ministry">Third Nehru ministry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Nehru_ministry" title="Fourth Nehru ministry">Fourth Nehru ministry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Constitution">Indian Constitution</a> c.1950</figcaption></figure> From 1951 until his death in 1964, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> was the paramount leader of the party. Congress gained power in landslide victories in the general elections of 1951–52, 1957, and 1962.<a href="#cite_note-career-105">[98]</a> During his tenure, Nehru implemented policies based on <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Import substitution industrialisation">import substitution industrialisation</a>, and advocated a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> where the government-controlled <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> co-existed with the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-economic_policy-106">[99]</a> He believed the establishment of basic and heavy industries was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy.<a href="#cite_note-career-105">[98]</a> The Nehru government directed investment primarily into key public sector industries—steel, iron, coal, and power—promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies.<a href="#cite_note-economic_policy-106">[99]</a> Nehru embraced secularism, <a href="/wiki/Socialistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialistic">socialistic</a> economic practices based on state-driven industrialisation, and a <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-aligned</a> and non-confrontational foreign policy that became typical of the modern Congress Party.<a href="#cite_note-root-107">[100]</a> The policy of non-alignment during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> meant Nehru received financial and technical support from both the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Blocs</a> to build India's industrial base from nothing.<a href="#cite_note-movement-108">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Non-Aligned-109">[102]</a> During his period in office, there were four known assassination attempts on Nehru.<a href="#cite_note-Sahgal2010-110">[103]</a> The first attempt on his life was during partition in 1947 while he was visiting the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%932010)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)">North-West Frontier Province</a> in a car. The second was by a knife-wielding rickshaw-puller in Maharashtra in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-111">[104]</a> A third attempt happened in <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay</a> in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-112">[105]</a> The fourth was a failed bombing attempt on railway tracks in Maharashtra in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-Sahgal2010-110">[103]</a> Despite threats to his life, Nehru despised having excess security personnel around him and did not like his movements to disrupt traffic.<a href="#cite_note-Sahgal2010-110">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a> became the president of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a> in 1963 during the last year of Nehru's life.<a href="#cite_note-life-113">[106]</a> Prior to that, he had been the chief minister of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Madras state</a> for nine years.<a href="#cite_note-Kingmakers-114">[107]</a> Kamaraj had also been a member of "the syndicate", a group of right wing leaders within Congress. In 1963 the Congress lost popularity following the defeat in the Indo-Chinese war of 1962. To revitalise the party, Kamaraj proposed the <a href="/wiki/Kamaraj_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamaraj Plan">Kamaraj Plan</a> to Nehru that encouraged six Congress chief ministers (including himself) and six senior cabinet ministers to resign to take up party work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahendra_Prasad_Singh198146-115">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jeyaraman2013-116">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gehlot1991-117">[110]</a> In 1964, Nehru <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru">died</a> because of an <a href="/wiki/Aortic_dissection" title="Aortic dissection">aortic dissection</a>, raising questions about the party's future.<a href="#cite_note-death-118">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nehru_death-119">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nehru_dies-120">[113]</a> Following the death of Nehru, <a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a> was appointed as the interim prime minister on 27 May 1964, pending the election of a new parliamentary leader of the Congress party who would then become prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-Interim_PM-121">[114]</a> During the leadership contest to succeed Nehru, the preference was between Morarji Desai and Lal Bahadur Shashtri. Eventually, Shashtri was selected as the next parliamentary leader thus the Prime Minister. Kamaraj was widely credited as the "kingmaker" in for ensuring the victory of <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> over Morarji Desai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahendra_Prasad_Singh198142-122">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shastri_era_(1964–1966)">Shastri era (1964–1966)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Premiership of Lal Bahadur Shastri">Premiership of Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inauguration_of_MNREC_Building_Allahabad_by_Indian_PM_Shri_Lal_Bahadur_Shashtri.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inauguration_of_MNREC_Building_Allahabad_by_Indian_PM_Shri_Lal_Bahadur_Shashtri.JPG/220px-Inauguration_of_MNREC_Building_Allahabad_by_Indian_PM_Shri_Lal_Bahadur_Shashtri.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inauguration_of_MNREC_Building_Allahabad_by_Indian_PM_Shri_Lal_Bahadur_Shashtri.JPG/330px-Inauguration_of_MNREC_Building_Allahabad_by_Indian_PM_Shri_Lal_Bahadur_Shashtri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inauguration_of_MNREC_Building_Allahabad_by_Indian_PM_Shri_Lal_Bahadur_Shashtri.JPG/440px-Inauguration_of_MNREC_Building_Allahabad_by_Indian_PM_Shri_Lal_Bahadur_Shashtri.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="2443" /></a><figcaption>Inauguration of MNREC Building Allahabad by <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></figcaption></figure> As prime minister, Shastri retained most of members of Nehru's <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of the Republic of India">Council of Ministers</a>; <a href="/wiki/T._T._Krishnamachari" title="T. T. Krishnamachari">T. T. Krishnamachari</a> was retained as <a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister of India">Finance Minister of India</a>, as was Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PradhanGodbole1999-123">[116]</a> Shastri appointed <a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a> to succeed him as <a href="/wiki/External_Affairs_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="External Affairs Minister">External Affairs Minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Affairs2008-124">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Shastri</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, Jawaharlal Nehru's daughter and former party president, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Information_and_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Information and Broadcasting">Minister of Information and Broadcasting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ministry-125">[118]</a> Gulzarilal Nanda continued as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (India)">Minister of Home Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-home_affairs-126">[119]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a>, Shastri continued Nehru's policy of <a href="/wiki/Non-aligned_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-aligned Movement">non-alignment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NarayanShastri2006-127">[120]</a> but built closer relations with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> of 1962, and the formation of military ties between China and Pakistan, Shastri's government expanded the defence budget of India's armed forces. He also promoted the White Revolution—a national campaign to increase the production and supply of milk by creating the <a href="/wiki/National_Dairy_Development_Board" title="National Dairy Development Board">National Dairy Development Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Revolution-128">[121]</a> The Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965 occurred during Shastri's tenure.<a href="#cite_note-Dasgupta1970-129">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-conflict-130">[123]</a> Shastri became a national hero following victory in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a>.<a href="#cite_note-war-131">[124]</a> His slogan, "<a href="/wiki/Jai_Jawan_Jai_Kisan" title="Jai Jawan Jai Kisan">Jai Jawan Jai Kisan</a>" ("Hail the soldier, Hail the farmer"), became very popular during the war.<a href="#cite_note-slogan-132">[125]</a> On 11 January 1966, a day after signing the <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a>, Shastri died in Tashkent, reportedly of a heart attack; but the circumstances of his death remain mysterious.<a href="#cite_note-controversy-133">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-diminutive_leader-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shashtri-135">[128]</a> After Shastri's death, Congress elected <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> as leader over <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a>. Once again, <a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a> was instrumental in achieving this result. The differences among the top leadership of the Congress regarding the future of the party during resulted in the formation of several breakaway parties such as <a href="/wiki/Orissa_Jana_Congress" title="Orissa Jana Congress">Orissa Jana Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangla_Congress" title="Bangla Congress">Bangla Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utkal_Congress" title="Utkal Congress">Utkal Congress</a>, and, <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kranti_Dal" title="Bharatiya Kranti Dal">Bharatiya Kranti Dal</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indira_Gandhi_era_(1966–1984)">Indira Gandhi era (1966–1984)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency (India)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">Assassination of Indira Gandhi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Indian_general_election,_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian general election, 1977">Indian general election, 1977</a>; and <a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_and_Nixon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Indira_and_Nixon.JPG/170px-Indira_and_Nixon.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Indira_and_Nixon.JPG/255px-Indira_and_Nixon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Indira_and_Nixon.JPG/340px-Indira_and_Nixon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, 1971</figcaption></figure> In 1967, following a poor performance in the <a href="/wiki/1967_Indian_general_election" title="1967 Indian general election">1967 Indian general election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> started moving toward the political left. On 12 July 1969, Congress Parliamentary Board nominated <a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a> as Congress's candidate for the post of <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> by a vote of four to two. <a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> and <a href="/wiki/S._K._Patil" title="S. K. Patil">S. K. Patil</a> voted for Reddy. <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a> voted for <a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a> and Congress President <a href="/wiki/S._Nijalingappa" title="S. Nijalingappa">S. Nijalingappa</a>, Home Minister <a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a> and Agriculture Minister <a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a> abstained from voting.<a href="#cite_note-:0-136">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a> In mid-1969, she was involved in a dispute with senior party leaders on several issues. Notably – Her support for the independent candidate, <a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a>, rather than the official Congress party candidate, <a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a>, for the vacant post of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahendra_Prasad_Singh198165–80-138">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> and Gandhi's abrupt nationalisation of the 14 biggest banks in India. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Congress_split,_1969">Congress split, 1969</h4></div> In November 1969, the Congress party president, <a href="/wiki/S._Nijalingappa" title="S. Nijalingappa">S. Nijalingappa</a>, expelled Indira Gandhi from the party for indiscipline.<a href="#cite_note-socialism-140">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-expelled-141">[134]</a> Subsequently, Gandhi launched her own faction of the INC which came to be known as Congress (R).<a href="#cite_note-142">[h]</a> The original party then came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Congress_(O)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (O)">Indian National Congress (O)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[i]</a> Its principal leaders were Kamraj, Morarji Desai, Nijalingappa and <a href="/wiki/S._K._Patil" title="S. K. Patil">S. K. Patil</a> who stood for a more right-wing agenda.<a href="#cite_note-book-144">[135]</a> The split occurred when a united opposition under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Samyukt_Vidhayak_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyukt Vidhayak Dal">Samyukt Vidhayak Dal</a>, won control over several states in the <a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindi Belt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[136]</a> Indira Gandhi, on the other side, wanted to use a populist agenda in order to mobilise popular support for the party.<a href="#cite_note-book-144">[135]</a> Her faction, called Congress (R), was supported by most of the Congress MPs while <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">the original party</a> had the support of only 65 MPs.<a href="#cite_note-Rosser-146">[137]</a> In the All India Congress Committee, 446 of its 705 members walked over to Indira's side. The "Old Congress" retained the party symbol of a pair of bullocks carrying a yoke while Indira's breakaway faction was given a new symbol of a cow with a suckling calf by the Election Commission as the party election symbol. The Congress (O) eventually merged with other opposition parties to form the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #CCDDFF;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "India might be an ancient country but was a young democracy and as such should remain vigilant against the domination of few over the social, economic or political systems. Banks should be publicly owned so that they catered to not just large industries and big businesses but also agriculturists, small industries and entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the private banks had been functioning erratically with hundreds of them failing and causing loss to the depositors who were given no guarantee against such loss." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Gandhi's remarks after the nationalisation of private banks.<a href="#cite_note-Quote-147">[138]</a></cite></div> </div> In the mid-term <a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election" title="1971 Indian general election">1971 Indian general election</a>, the Gandhi-led Congress (R) won a landslide victory on a platform of progressive policies such as the elimination of poverty (<a href="/wiki/Garibi_Hatao" title="Garibi Hatao">Garibi Hatao</a>).<a href="#cite_note-1971_result-148">[139]</a> The policies of the Congress (R) under Gandhi before the 1971 elections included proposals to abolish the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Purse_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Purse in India">Privy Purse</a> to former rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">Princely states</a>, and the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalisation</a> of India's 14 largest banks.<a href="#cite_note-nationalisation-149">[140]</a> The 1969 attempt by Indira Gandhi government to abolish privy purse and the official recognition of the titles did not meet with success. The constitutional Amendment bill to this effect was passed in Lok Sabha, but it failed to get the required two-thirds majority in the Rajya Sabha. However, in 1971, with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Twenty-sixth Amendment</a> to the Constitution of India, the privy purses were abolished. Due to <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> 1962, India faced a huge budgetary deficit resulting in its treasury being almost empty, high inflation, and dwindling forex reserves. The brief War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>. The government found itself short of resources to fund the Third Plan (1961–1966). <a href="/wiki/Subhadra_Joshi" title="Subhadra Joshi">Subhadra Joshi</a> a senior party member, proposed a non-official resolution asking for the nationalisation of private banks stating that nationalisation would help in mobilising resources for development.<a href="#cite_note-Bank_Act-150">[141]</a> In July 1969, Indira Gandhi through the ordinance nationalised fourteen major private banks.<a href="#cite_note-151">[142]</a> After being re-elected in 1971 on a campaign that endorsed nationalisation, Indira Gandhi went on to nationalise the coal, steel, copper, refining, cotton textiles and insurance industries. The main reason was to protect employment and the interest of the organised labour.<a href="#cite_note-Bank_Act-150">[141]</a> On 12 June 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">High Court of Allahabad</a> declared Indira Gandhi's election to the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, the lower house of India's parliament, void on the grounds of electoral malpractice.<a href="#cite_note-emergency-152">[143]</a> However, Gandhi rejected calls to resign and announced plans to appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a>. In response to increasing disorder and lawlessness, Gandhi's ministry recommended that President <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a> declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_Emergency_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Emergency in India">State of Emergency</a>, based on the provisions of <a href="/wiki/Part_Eleven_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Eleven of the Constitution of India">Article 352</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">nineteen-month emergency</a>, widespread oppression and abuse of power by Gandhi's unelected younger son and political heir <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a> and his close associates occurred.<a href="#cite_note-154">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Life_of_Indira_Gandhi-156">[147]</a> Implemented on 25 June 1975, the Emergency officially ended on 21 March 1977.<a href="#cite_note-proved-157">[148]</a> All political prisoners were released and fresh elections for the Lok Sabha were called.<a href="#cite_note-union-158">[149]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">parliamentary elections</a> held in March, the Janata alliance of anti-Indira opposition parties won a landslide victory over Congress, winning 295 seats in the Lok Sabha against Congress' 153. Gandhi lost her seat to her Janata opponent <a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formation_of_Congress_(I)">Formation of Congress (I)</h4></div> On 2 January 1978, Indira and her followers seceded and formed a new opposition party, popularly called Congress (I)—the "I" signifying Indira.<a href="#cite_note-159">[150]</a> During the next year, her new party attracted enough members of the legislature to become the official opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Basu2016-160">[151]</a> In November 1978, Gandhi regained a parliamentary seat. In January 1980, following a <a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">landslide victory</a> for Congress (I), she was again elected prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-1980_report-161">[152]</a> The national election commission declared Congress (I) to be the real Indian National Congress for the <a href="/wiki/1984_Indian_general_election" title="1984 Indian general election">1984 general election</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, the designation I was dropped only in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-Basu2016-160">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-1980_report-161">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punjab_crisis">Punjab crisis</h4></div> Gandhi's premiership witnessed increasing turmoil in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, with demands for <a href="/wiki/Khalistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistan">Sikh autonomy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a> and his militant followers.<a href="#cite_note-operation-162">[153]</a> In 1983, Bhindranwale with his armed followers headquartered themselves in the <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Golden Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> and started accumulating weapons.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph_report-163">[154]</a> In June 1984, after several futile negotiations, Gandhi ordered the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> to enter the Golden Temple to establish control over the complex and remove Bhindranwale and his armed followers. This event is known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blue_star-164">[155]</a> On 31 October 1984, two of Gandhi's bodyguards, <a href="/wiki/Satwant_Singh" title="Satwant Singh">Satwant Singh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(assassin)" title="Beant Singh (assassin)">Beant Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">shot her</a> with their service weapons in the garden of the prime minister's residence in response to her authorisation of Operation Blue Star.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph_report-163">[154]</a> Gandhi was due to be interviewed by British actor <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ustinov" title="Peter Ustinov">Peter Ustinov</a>, who was filming a documentary for Irish television.<a href="#cite_note-assassination-165">[156]</a> Her assassination prompted the <a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a>, during which 3,000–17,000 people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-violence-166">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-SAGE-167">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-168">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rajiv_Gandhi_era_(1984–1991)">Rajiv Gandhi era (1984–1991)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War">Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister_Shri_Rajiv_Gandhi_addressing_the_Special_Session_of_the_United_nations_on_Disarmament,_in_New_York_in_June,_1988_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Prime_Minister_Shri_Rajiv_Gandhi_addressing_the_Special_Session_of_the_United_nations_on_Disarmament%2C_in_New_York_in_June%2C_1988_%281%29.jpg/220px-The_Prime_Minister_Shri_Rajiv_Gandhi_addressing_the_Special_Session_of_the_United_nations_on_Disarmament%2C_in_New_York_in_June%2C_1988_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Prime_Minister_Shri_Rajiv_Gandhi_addressing_the_Special_Session_of_the_United_nations_on_Disarmament%2C_in_New_York_in_June%2C_1988_%281%29.jpg/330px-The_Prime_Minister_Shri_Rajiv_Gandhi_addressing_the_Special_Session_of_the_United_nations_on_Disarmament%2C_in_New_York_in_June%2C_1988_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Prime_Minister_Shri_Rajiv_Gandhi_addressing_the_Special_Session_of_the_United_nations_on_Disarmament%2C_in_New_York_in_June%2C_1988_%281%29.jpg/440px-The_Prime_Minister_Shri_Rajiv_Gandhi_addressing_the_Special_Session_of_the_United_nations_on_Disarmament%2C_in_New_York_in_June%2C_1988_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> (1984–1989) addressing the Special Session of the United Nations on <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disarmament_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs">Disarmament</a>, in New York City in June 1988</figcaption></figure> In 1984, Indira Gandhi's son <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> became nominal head of Congress, and went on to become prime minister upon her assassination.<a href="#cite_note-pm_rajiv-170">[161]</a> In December, he led Congress to a landslide victory, where it secured 401 seats in the parliament.<a href="#cite_note-1984_election_result-171">[162]</a> His administration took measures to reform the government bureaucracy and liberalise the country's economy.<a href="#cite_note-tenure-172">[163]</a> Rajiv Gandhi's attempts to discourage separatist movements in Punjab and Kashmir backfired. After his government became embroiled in several financial scandals, his leadership became increasingly ineffectual.<a href="#cite_note-movements-173">[164]</a> Gandhi was regarded as a non-abrasive person who consulted other party members and refrained from hasty decisions.<a href="#cite_note-consult-174">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bofors_scandal" title="Bofors scandal">Bofors scandal</a> damaged his reputation as an honest politician, but he was posthumously cleared of bribery allegations in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-175">[166]</a> On 21 May 1991, Gandhi was killed by a bomb concealed in a basket of flowers carried by a woman associated with the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Tamil Tigers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-176">[167]</a> He was campaigning in Tamil Nadu for upcoming <a href="/wiki/1991_Indian_general_election_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="1991 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu">parliamentary elections</a>. In 1998, an Indian court convicted 26 people in the conspiracy to assassinate Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-kiled-177">[168]</a> The conspirators, who consisted of Tamil militants from Sri Lanka and their Indian allies, had sought revenge against Gandhi because the Indian troops he sent to Sri Lanka in 1987 to help enforce <a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Accord">a peace accord</a> there had fought with Tamil Militant guerrillas.<a href="#cite_note-RajuRaju2008-178">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murder-179">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visit_of_Narasimha_Rao,_Indian_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs,_to_the_CEC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Visit_of_Narasimha_Rao%2C_Indian_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs%2C_to_the_CEC.jpg/220px-Visit_of_Narasimha_Rao%2C_Indian_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs%2C_to_the_CEC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Visit_of_Narasimha_Rao%2C_Indian_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs%2C_to_the_CEC.jpg/330px-Visit_of_Narasimha_Rao%2C_Indian_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs%2C_to_the_CEC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Visit_of_Narasimha_Rao%2C_Indian_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs%2C_to_the_CEC.jpg/440px-Visit_of_Narasimha_Rao%2C_Indian_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs%2C_to_the_CEC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption>Visit of erstwhile Minister for Foreign Affairs, <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Thorn" title="Gaston Thorn">Gaston Thorn</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a></figcaption></figure> The mid-1990s marked a period of political flux in India, with frequent changes in government and coalition dynamics. Rajiv Gandhi was succeeded as party leader by <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a>, who was elected prime minister in June 1991.<a href="#cite_note-rao-180">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="P._V._Narasimha_Rao_era_(1991–1998)">P. V. Narasimha Rao era (1991–1998)</h3></div> His rise to the prime ministership was politically significant because he was the first person from South India to hold the office, marking a shift from the traditionally northern-dominated leadership in Indian politics. After the election, he formed a minority government. Rao himself did not contest elections in 1991, but after he was sworn in as prime minister, he won in a by-election from <a href="/wiki/Nandyal_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)">Nandyal</a> in Andhra Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-Rao_AP_Won-181">[172]</a> His administration oversaw major <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">economic change</a> and experienced several domestic incidents that affected India's national security.<a href="#cite_note-Reforming-182">[173]</a> Rao, who held the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Industries portfolio</a>, was personally responsible for the dismantling of the <a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a>, which came under the purview of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.<a href="#cite_note-DNAArticle-183">[174]</a> Rao accelerated the dismantling of the Licence Raj, reversing the socialist policies of previous governments.<a href="#cite_note-reinvention-184">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-policies_by_rao-185">[176]</a> He employed Manmohan Singh as his finance minister to begin historic economic changes. With Rao's mandate, Singh launched reforms for India's <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalisation</a> that involved implementing <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) policies to prevent India's impending <a href="/wiki/1991_India_economic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 India economic crisis">economic collapse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DNAArticle-183">[174]</a> Future prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> and Manmohan Singh continued the economic reform policies begun by Rao's government. He is often called the "Father of Indian economic reforms".<a href="#cite_note-186">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Narasimha_Rao_was_father_of_economic_reform:_Pranab-187">[178]</a> Rao was also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a> for his ability to push tough economic and political legislation through the parliament while heading a minority government.<a href="#cite_note-frontline-188">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[180]</a> By 1996, party found itself in a complex political landscape. It faced internal challenges, including factionalism and leadership struggles, allegations of corruption, and a degree of anti-incumbency sentiment. The <a href="/wiki/1996_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 general elections">1996 general elections</a> witnessed the emergence of a fractured mandate, leading to the absence of a clear majority for any single party. Congress was reduced to 140 seats in elections that year, its lowest number in the Lok Sabha yet. Rao later resigned as prime minister and, in September, as party president.<a href="#cite_note-resign-190">[181]</a> He was succeeded as president by <a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Kesri" title="Sitaram Kesri">Sitaram Kesri</a>, the party's first non-<a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> leader.<a href="#cite_note-Kesari-191">[182]</a> During the tenure of both Rao and Kesri, the two leaders conducted internal elections to the Congress working committees and their own posts as party presidents.<a href="#cite_note-MitraEnskat2004-192">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonia_Gandhi_and_Manmohan_Singh_era_(1998–2014)">Sonia Gandhi and Manmohan Singh era (1998–2014)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_President_Dr._A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam_authorizing_the_Prime_Minister_designate_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_to_form_the_next_Government_in_New_Delhi_on_May_19,_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_President_Dr._A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam_authorizing_the_Prime_Minister_designate_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_to_form_the_next_Government_in_New_Delhi_on_May_19%2C_2004.jpg/250px-The_President_Dr._A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam_authorizing_the_Prime_Minister_designate_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_to_form_the_next_Government_in_New_Delhi_on_May_19%2C_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_President_Dr._A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam_authorizing_the_Prime_Minister_designate_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_to_form_the_next_Government_in_New_Delhi_on_May_19%2C_2004.jpg/375px-The_President_Dr._A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam_authorizing_the_Prime_Minister_designate_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_to_form_the_next_Government_in_New_Delhi_on_May_19%2C_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_President_Dr._A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam_authorizing_the_Prime_Minister_designate_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_to_form_the_next_Government_in_New_Delhi_on_May_19%2C_2004.jpg/500px-The_President_Dr._A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam_authorizing_the_Prime_Minister_designate_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_to_form_the_next_Government_in_New_Delhi_on_May_19%2C_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>11th <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> <a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a> authorizing the Prime Minister designate <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> to form the next Government in New Delhi on 19 May 2004.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/1998_Indian_general_election" title="1998 Indian general election">1998 general elections</a> saw Congress win 141 seats in the Lok Sabha, its lowest tally until then.<a href="#cite_note-193">[184]</a> To boost its popularity and improve its performance in the forthcoming election, Congress leaders urged <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a>, Rajiv Gandhi's widow, to assume leadership of the party.<a href="#cite_note-194">[185]</a> She had previously declined offers to become actively involved in party affairs and had stayed away from politics.<a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a> After her election as party leader, a section of the party that objected to the choice because of her Italian ethnicity broke away and formed the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party" title="Nationalist Congress Party">Nationalist Congress Party</a> (NCP), led by <a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[187]</a> Sonia Gandhi struggled to revive the party in her early years as its president; she was under continuous scrutiny for her foreign birth and lack of political acumen. In the snap elections called by the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Alliance (India)">National Democratic Alliance</a> (NDA) government in <a href="/wiki/1999_Indian_general_election" title="1999 Indian general election">1999</a>, Congress' tally further plummeted to just 114 seats.<a href="#cite_note-negi-197">[188]</a> Although the leadership structure was unaltered as the party campaigned strongly in the assembly elections that followed, Gandhi began to make such strategic changes as abandoning the party's 1998 Pachmarhi resolution of ekla chalo (go it alone) policy, and formed alliances with other like-minded parties. In the intervening years, the party was successful at various legislative assembly elections; at one point, Congress ruled 15 states.<a href="#cite_note-198">[189]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_general_election" title="2004 Indian general election">2004 general election</a>, Congress forged alliances with regional parties including the NCP and the <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[190]</a> The party's campaign emphasised social inclusion and the welfare of the common masses—an ideology that Gandhi herself endorsed for Congress during her presidency—with slogans such as Congress ka haath, aam aadmi ke saath ("Congress hand in hand with the common man"), contrasting with the NDA's "<a href="/wiki/India_Shining" title="India Shining">India Shining</a>" campaign.<a href="#cite_note-negi-197">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[192]</a> The Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) won 222 seats in the new parliament, defeating the NDA by a substantial margin. With the subsequent support of the communist front, Congress won a majority and formed a new government.<a href="#cite_note-Naqshbandi-202">[193]</a> Despite massive support from within the party, Gandhi declined the post of prime minister, choosing to appoint <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-203">[194]</a> She remained as party president and headed the <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="National Advisory Council">National Advisory Council</a> (NAC).<a href="#cite_note-204">[195]</a> During its first term in office, the UPA government passed several social reform bills. These included an <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_National_Rural_Employment_Guarantee_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act">employment guarantee</a> bill, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_Information_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to Information Act">Right to Information Act</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Right_of_Children_to_Free_and_Compulsory_Education_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act">right to education</a> act. The NAC, as well as <a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(West_Bengal)" title="Left Front (West Bengal)">the Left Front</a> that supported the government from the outside, were widely seen as being the driving force behind such legislation. The Left Front withdrew its support of the government over disagreements about the <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93India_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement">U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement</a>. Despite the effective loss of 62 seats in parliament, the government survived the trust vote that followed.<a href="#cite_note-205">[196]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2009_Indian_general_election" title="2009 Indian general election">Lok Sabha elections held soon after</a>, Congress won 207 seats, the highest tally of any party since 1991. The UPA won 262, enabling it to form a government for the second time. The social welfare policies of the first UPA government, and the perceived divisiveness of the BJP, are broadly credited with the victory.<a href="#cite_note-206">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rahul_Gandhi_and_modern_era_(2014–present)">Rahul Gandhi and modern era (2014–present)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharat_Jodo_Yatra.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gandhi during Bharat Jodo Yatra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bharat_Jodo_Yatra.webp/220px-Bharat_Jodo_Yatra.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bharat_Jodo_Yatra.webp/330px-Bharat_Jodo_Yatra.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bharat_Jodo_Yatra.webp/440px-Bharat_Jodo_Yatra.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Former INC president <a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a> during <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Jodo_Yatra" title="Bharat Jodo Yatra">Bharat Jodo Yatra</a></figcaption></figure> By the <a href="/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election" title="2014 Indian general election">2014 election</a>, the party had lost much of its popular support, mainly due to several years of poor economic conditions in the country, and growing discontent over a series of corruption allegations involving government officials, including the <a href="/wiki/2G_spectrum_case" title="2G spectrum case">2G spectrum case</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_coal_allocation_scam" title="Indian coal allocation scam">Indian coal allocation scam</a>, as well as the ineptness towards national security, particularly the insensitivity in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Mumbai_bombings" title="2011 Mumbai bombings">2011 Mumbai bombings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-2G-208">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-coal-209">[200]</a> The Congress won only 44 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, compared to the 336 of the BJP and the NDA.<a href="#cite_note-performance-210">[201]</a> The UPA suffered a landslide defeat, which was the party's worst-ever national electoral performance with its vote share dipping below 20 per cent for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-result-211">[202]</a> Sonia Gandhi retired as party president in December 2017, having served for a record nineteen years. She was succeeded by her son <a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a>, who was elected unopposed in the 2017 INC presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-Naqshbandi-202">[193]</a> Rahul Gandhi resigned from his post after the <a href="/wiki/2019_Indian_general_election" title="2019 Indian general election">2019 election</a>, due to the party's dismal electoral performance.<a href="#cite_note-212">[203]</a> The party only won 52 seats, eight more than the previous election. Its vote percentage once again fell below 20 per cent. Following Gandhi's resignation, party leaders began deliberations for a suitable candidate to replace him. The Congress Working Committee met on 10 August to make a final decision on the matter and passed a resolution asking Sonia Gandhi to take over as interim president until a consensus candidate could be picked.<a href="#cite_note-2019_president-213">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[205]</a> Following the election, <a href="/wiki/Adhir_Ranjan_Chowdhury" title="Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury">Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury</a> was chosen as the leader of the Congress in the Lok Sabha,<a href="#cite_note-Pioneer-215">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaurav_Gogoi" title="Gaurav Gogoi">Gaurav Gogoi</a> was chosen as the deputy leader in Lok Sabha, and <a href="/wiki/Ravneet_Singh_Bittu" title="Ravneet Singh Bittu">Ravneet Singh Bittu</a> was chosen as the party whip.<a href="#cite_note-216">[207]</a> Based on an analysis of the candidates' poll affidavits, a report by the National Election Watch (NEW) and the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Democratic_Reforms" title="Association for Democratic Reforms">Association for Democratic Reforms</a> (ADR) says that, the Congress has highest <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">political defection</a> rate since 2014. According to the report, a total of 222 electoral candidates had left the Congress to join other parties during elections held between 2014 and 2021, as 177 MPs and MLAs quit the party.<a href="#cite_note-Analysis-217">[208]</a> The defections resulted in a loss of the party's established governments in <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Arunachal_Pradesh_political_crisis" title="2015–2016 Arunachal Pradesh political crisis">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_Madhya_Pradesh_political_crisis" title="2020 Madhya Pradesh political crisis">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_Karnataka_political_crisis" title="2019 Karnataka political crisis">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mallikarjun_Kharge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mallikarjun_Kharge.jpg/220px-Mallikarjun_Kharge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mallikarjun_Kharge.jpg/330px-Mallikarjun_Kharge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mallikarjun_Kharge.jpg/440px-Mallikarjun_Kharge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a>, INC's incumbent president and leader in <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></figcaption></figure> On 28 August 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a> (CWC) held an <a href="/wiki/2022_Indian_National_Congress_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Indian National Congress presidential election">election</a> for the next president of the INC, to succeed Rahul Gandhi. The election was held on 17 October 2022 and counting took place on 19 October 2022.<a href="#cite_note-218">[209]</a> The candidates in the race were Kerala MP <a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a> and Karnataka MP <a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[210]</a> Mallikarjun Kharge won the election in a landslide,<a href="#cite_note-indiatimes1-1">[1]</a> securing 7,897 out of the 9,385 votes cast. His rival, Shashi Tharoor, secured 1,072 votes.<a href="#cite_note-thehindu1-2">[2]</a> Kharge would lead the party into the <a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election" title="2024 Indian general election">2024 Indian general election</a>, where the party made significant gains in <a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="2024 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and other states, securing 99 seats — enough to elect <a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a> as leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha. The election was the best result for the party since 2009. The party was the principal opposition party within the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" title="Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance">Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance</a> (INDIA), which was formed in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-220">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_election_results">General election results</h2></div> In the <a href="/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Indian_general_election" title="1951–52 Indian general election">first parliamentary</a> elections held in 1952, the INC won 364 seats, which was 76 per cent of the 479 contested seats.<a href="#cite_note-India_Today_2007-222">[213]</a> The vote share of the INC was 45 per cent of all votes cast.<a href="#cite_note-Ganguly_2022-223">[214]</a> Till the <a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election" title="1971 Indian general election">1971 general elections</a>, the party's voting percentage remain intact at 40 per cent. However, the <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">1977 general elections</a> resulted in a heavy defeat for the INC. Many notable INC party leader lost their seats, winning only 154 seats in the Lok Sabha.<a href="#cite_note-Analysisb-224">[215]</a> The INC again returned to power in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">1980 Indian general election</a> securing a 42.7 per cent vote share of all votes, winning 353 seats. INC's vote share kept increasing till 1980 and then to a record high of 48.1 per cent by 1984/85. <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> on assuming the post of prime minister in October 1984 recommended <a href="/wiki/1984_Indian_general_election" title="1984 Indian general election">early elections</a>. The general elections were to be held in January 1985; instead, they were held in December 1984. The Congress won an overwhelming majority, securing 415 seats out of 533, the largest ever majority in independent India's Lok Sabha elections history.<a href="#cite_note-Hindustan_Times_2003-225">[216]</a> This winning recorded a vote share of 49.1 per cent resulting in an overall increase to 48.1 per cent. The party got 32.14 per cent of voters in polls held in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-Ganguly_2022-223">[214]</a> In November 1989, general elections were held to elect the members of the 9th Lok Sabha.<a href="#cite_note-Anon-226">[217]</a> The Congress did badly in the elections, though it still managed to be the largest single party in the Lok Sabha. Its vote share started decreasing to 39.5 per cent in the 1989 general elections. The 13th Lok Sabha term was to end in October 2004, but the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance" title="National Democratic Alliance">National Democratic Alliance</a> (NDA) government decided on early polls. The Lok Sabha was dissolved in February itself and the country went to the polls in April–May 2004. The INC, led by Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly emerged as the single largest party.<a href="#cite_note-2004_Result-227">[218]</a> After the elections, Congress joined up with minor parties to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">United Progressive Alliance</a> (UPA). The UPA with external support from the <a href="/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Party" title="Bahujan Samaj Party">Bahujan Samaj Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samajwadi_Party" title="Samajwadi Party">Samajwadi Party</a>, Kerala Congress, and the Left Front managed a comfortable majority.<a href="#cite_note-2004_Result-227">[218]</a> Congress has lost nearly 20% of its vote share in general elections held between 1996 and 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Analysis-217">[208]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">Year </th> <th style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">Legislature </th> <th style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">Party leader </th> <th style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">Seats won </th> <th style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">Change in seats </th> <th style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">Percentage of votes </th> <th style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">Vote swing </th> <th style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">Outcome </th> <th style="background:#00bfff; color:white;" class="unsortable">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1934_Indian_general_election" title="1934 Indian general election">1934</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Legislative_Assembly" title="Central Legislative Assembly">5th Central Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhulabhai_Desai" title="Bhulabhai Desai">Bhulabhai Desai</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">42 / 147<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 29%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 42 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-T1-228">[219]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1945_Indian_general_election" title="1945 Indian general election">1945</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Legislative_Assembly" title="Central Legislative Assembly">6th Central Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">59 / 102<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 58%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 17 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_India" title="Interim Government of India">Interim Government of India</a> (1946–1947) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-229">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1951_Indian_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Indian general election">1951</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_Lok_Sabha" title="1st Lok Sabha">1st Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">364 / 489<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 74%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 364 </td> <td>44.99% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-230">[221]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1957_Indian_general_election" title="1957 Indian general election">1957</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_Lok_Sabha" title="2nd Lok Sabha">2nd Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">371 / 494<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 75%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 7 </td> <td>47.78% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2.79% </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-GE1957V1-231">[222]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1962_Indian_general_election" title="1962 Indian general election">1962</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_Lok_Sabha" title="3rd Lok Sabha">3rd Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">361 / 494<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 73%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 10 </td> <td>44.72% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 3.06% </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-232">[223]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1967_Indian_general_election" title="1967 Indian general election">1967</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_Lok_Sabha" title="4th Lok Sabha">4th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">283 / 520<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 54%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 78 </td> <td>40.78% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2.94% </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority (1967–69) Coalition (1969–71) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-General_Election_of_India_1967-233">[224]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election" title="1971 Indian general election">1971</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_Lok_Sabha" title="5th Lok Sabha">5th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">352 / 518<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 68%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 69 </td> <td>43.68% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2.90% </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-234">[225]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">1977</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_Lok_Sabha" title="6th Lok Sabha">6th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">153 / 542<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 28%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 199 </td> <td>34.52% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 9.16% </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-235">[226]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">1980</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_Lok_Sabha" title="7th Lok Sabha">7th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">351 / 542<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 65%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 198 </td> <td>42.69% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 8.17% </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-1980_report-161">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_Indian_general_election" title="1984 Indian general election">1984</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_Lok_Sabha" title="8th Lok Sabha">8th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">415 / 533<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 78%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 64 </td> <td>49.01% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 6.32% </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-236">[227]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1989_Indian_general_election" title="1989 Indian general election">1989</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_Lok_Sabha" title="9th Lok Sabha">9th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">197 / 545<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 36%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 218 </td> <td>39.53% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 9.48% </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-237">[228]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1991_Indian_general_election" title="1991 Indian general election">1991</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_Lok_Sabha" title="10th Lok Sabha">10th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">244 / 545<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 47 </td> <td>35.66% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 3.87% </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Coalition </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-IPU-238">[229]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_Indian_general_election" title="1996 Indian general election">1996</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_Lok_Sabha" title="11th Lok Sabha">11th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">140 / 545<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 26%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 104 </td> <td>28.80% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 7.46% </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Opposition, later <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">outside support</a> for <a href="/wiki/United_Front_(India,_1996)" title="United Front (India, 1996)">UF</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-239">[230]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1998_Indian_general_election" title="1998 Indian general election">1998</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_Lok_Sabha" title="12th Lok Sabha">12th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Kesri" title="Sitaram Kesri">Sitaram Kesri</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">141 / 545<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 26%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </td> <td>25.82% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2.98% </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-240">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[232]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1999_Indian_general_election" title="1999 Indian general election">1999</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_Lok_Sabha" title="13th Lok Sabha">13th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">114 / 545<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 21%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 27 </td> <td>28.30% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2.48% </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[234]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_general_election" title="2004 Indian general election">2004</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_Lok_Sabha" title="14th Lok Sabha">14th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">145 / 543<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 31 </td> <td>26.7% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1.6% </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Coalition </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-244">[235]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2009_Indian_general_election" title="2009 Indian general election">2009</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_Lok_Sabha" title="15th Lok Sabha">15th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">206 / 543<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 61 </td> <td>28.55% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2.02% </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Coalition </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-245">[236]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election" title="2014 Indian general election">2014</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/16th_Lok_Sabha" title="16th Lok Sabha">16th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">44 / 543<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 162 </td> <td>19.3% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 9.25% </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pibgoi-246">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-ecir14-247">[238]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_Indian_general_election" title="2019 Indian general election">2019</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/17th_Lok_Sabha" title="17th Lok Sabha">17th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">52 / 543<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 8 </td> <td>19.5% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.2% </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-248">[239]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election" title="2024 Indian general election">2024</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/18th_Lok_Sabha" title="18th Lok Sabha">18th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">99 / 543<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 18%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 47 </td> <td>21.19% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1.7% </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-249">[240]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:none; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"> <tbody><tr style="background:#eee" align="center"><td>All time-INC Lok Sabha seat count</td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffffff" align="center"> <td><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_c907jbk3x8015kf9a8ajbcqu4pq0ok4"></map><img usemap="#timeline_c907jbk3x8015kf9a8ajbcqu4pq0ok4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/c907jbk3x8015kf9a8ajbcqu4pq0ok4.png" /></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #C5C12B; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Liberalism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobdenism" title="Cobdenism">Cobdenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Arizona School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Feminist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_affairs">Social affairs</h3></div> The Congress party emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (political)">freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">equal opportunity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NSGehlot1991-250">[241]</a> Its political position is generally considered to be in the centre.<a href="#cite_note-British-Journal-40">[34]</a> Historically, the party has represented farmers, labourers, and <a href="/wiki/National_Rural_Employment_Guarantee_Act,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005">Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act</a> (MGNREGA).<a href="#cite_note-MGNREGA-251">[242]</a> The MGNREGA was initiated with the objective of "enhancing livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year, to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work." Another aim of MGNREGA is to create durable assets (such as roads, canals, ponds, and wells).<a href="#cite_note-MGNREGA-251">[242]</a> The Congress has positioned itself as both pro-Hindu and protector of the minorities. The party supports <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>'s doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Sarva_Dharma_Sama_Bhava" title="Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava">Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava</a>, collectively termed by its party members as secularism. Former Chief Minister of Punjab and senior Congress member <a href="/wiki/Amarinder_Singh" title="Amarinder Singh">Amarinder Singh</a> said, "India belongs to all religions, which is its strength, and the Congress would not allow anyone to destroy its cherished secular values."<a href="#cite_note-Captain_CM-252">[243]</a> On 9 November 1989, Rajiv Gandhi had allowed Shilanyas (foundation stone-laying ceremony) adjacent to the then disputed <a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">Ram Janmabhoomi</a> site.<a href="#cite_note-Ram_Temple_Rajiv-253">[244]</a> Subsequently, his government faced heavy criticism over the passing of <a href="/wiki/The_Muslim_Women_(Protection_of_Rights_on_Divorce)_Act_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986">The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986</a>, which nullified the Supreme Court's judgment in the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Bano_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Bano case">Shah Bano case</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 violence</a> damaged the Congress's party moral argument over secularism. The BJP questioned the Congress party's moral authority in questioning it about the <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ThePrint-254">[245]</a> The Congress has distanced itself from <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> ideology, though the party has softened its stance after defeat in the 2014 and 2019 general elections.<a href="#cite_note-Hindutva-255">[246]</a> Under Narsimha Rao's premiership, the <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj_in_India" title="Panchayati raj in India">Panchayati Raj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation_(India)" title="Municipal corporation (India)">Municipal Government</a> got constitutional status. With the enactment of the 73rd and 74th amendments to the constitution, a new chapter, Part- IX added to the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-73rd-256">[247]</a> States have been given the flexibility to take into consideration their geographical, politico-administrative, and other consideration while adopting the Panchayati-raj system. In both panchayats and municipal bodies, in an attempt to ensure that there is inclusiveness in <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_India" title="Local government in India">local self-government</a>, reservations for SC/ST and women were implemented.<a href="#cite_note-Self_Governance-257">[248]</a> After independence, Congress advocated the idea of establishing <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> as the sole national language of India. Nehru led the faction of the Congress party which promoted Hindi as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the Indian nation.<a href="#cite_note-Lingua-258">[249]</a> However, the non-Hindi-speaking Indian states, especially <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, opposed it and wanted the continued use of the English language. Lal Bahadur Shastri's tenure witnessed several protests and riots including the Madras <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">anti-Hindi agitation of 1965</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tamil_protest-259">[250]</a> Shashtri's appealed to agitators to withdraw the movement and assured them that the English would continue to be used as the official language as long as the non-Hindi speaking states wanted.<a href="#cite_note-Assurance-260">[251]</a> Indira Gandhi assuaged the sentiments of the non-Hindi speaking states by getting the Official Languages Act amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English could continue until a resolution to end the use of the language was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted use Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Language_1967-261">[252]</a> This was a guarantee of de facto use of both Hindi and English as official languages, thus establishing bilingualism in India.<a href="#cite_note-Language_Act-262">[253]</a> The step led to the end of the anti-Hindi protests and riots in states. <a href="/wiki/Section_377_of_the_Indian_Penal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code">Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code</a>, which, among other things, criminalizes homosexuality; former Congress president Rahul Gandhi said, "Sexuality is a matter of personal freedom and should be left to individuals". Leading party figure and former Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a> stated that the <a href="/wiki/Navtej_Singh_Johar_v._Union_of_India" title="Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India">Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India</a> judgment must be quickly reversed". On 18 December 2015, <a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a> leading member of the party introduced a <a href="/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill" title="Private member's bill">private member's bill</a> to replace Section 377 in the Indian Penal Code and decriminalize consensual same-sex relations. The bill was defeated in the first reading. In March 2016, Tharoor again reintroduce the private member's bill to decriminalize homosexuality but was voted down for the second time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policies">Economic policies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation in India</a></div> The history of the economic policy of Congress-led governments can be divided into two periods. The first period lasted from independence, in 1947, to 1991 and put great emphasis on the public sector.<a href="#cite_note-263">[254]</a> The second period began with <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalisation</a> in 1991. At present, Congress endorses a mixed economy in which the private sector and the state both direct the economy, which has characteristics of both <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economies</a>. The Congress advocates import substitution industrialisation—the replacement of imports with the domestic product, and believes the Indian economy should be liberalised to increase the pace of development.<a href="#cite_note-264">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[256]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pranab_Mukherjee_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pranab_Mukherjee_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2009.jpg/220px-Pranab_Mukherjee_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pranab_Mukherjee_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2009.jpg/330px-Pranab_Mukherjee_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pranab_Mukherjee_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2009.jpg/440px-Pranab_Mukherjee_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption> Then-Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Summit</a> 2009 in New Delhi</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the first period, erstwhile prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru implemented policies based on <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">import substitution industrialisation</a> and advocated a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> where the government-controlled <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> would co-exist with the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>. He believed that the establishment of basic and heavy industry was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy. The government, therefore, directed investment primarily into key public-sector industries—steel, iron, coal, and power—promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies. This period was called the <a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a>, or Permit Raj,<a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a> which was the elaborate system of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">licences</a>, regulations, and accompanying <a href="/wiki/Red_tape" title="Red tape">red tape</a> that were required to set up and run businesses in India between 1947 and 1990.<a href="#cite_note-267">[258]</a> The Licence Raj was a result of Nehru and his successors' desire to have a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> where all aspects of the economy were controlled by the state, and licences were given to a select few. Up to 80 government agencies had to be satisfied before private companies could produce something; and, if the licence were granted, the government would regulate production.<a href="#cite_note-bbcindia1998-268">[259]</a> The licence raj system continued under Indira Gandhi. In addition, many key sectors such as banking, steel coal, and oil were nationalized.<a href="#cite_note-Rosser-146">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kapila1-269">[260]</a> Under Rajiv Gandhi, the trade regime were liberalised with reduction in duties on several import items and incentives to promote exports.<a href="#cite_note-princeton.edu-270">[261]</a> Tax rates were reduced and curbs on company assets loosened.<a href="#cite_note-271">[262]</a> In 1991, the new Congress government, led by <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a>, initiated reforms to avert the impending <a href="/wiki/1991_India_economic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 India economic crisis">1991 economic crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Narasimha_Rao_was_father_of_economic_reform:_Pranab-187">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-272">[263]</a> The reforms known as <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> (NEP) or "1991 economic reforms" or "LPG reforms", progressed furthest in opening up areas to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a>, reforming <a href="/wiki/Capital_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital markets">capital markets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulating</a> domestic business, and reforming the trade regime. The reforms were implemented during a time when India grappled with a balance of payments crisis, elevated inflation, underperforming public sector undertakings (PSUs), and a substantial fiscal deficit.<a href="#cite_note-LPG_Rao-273">[264]</a> It also aimed to transition the economy from a socialist model to a market economy.<a href="#cite_note-Economy_Reforms-274">[265]</a> The goals of Rao's government were to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscal deficit">fiscal deficit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatise</a> the public sector, and increase investment in infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-275">[266]</a> Trade reforms and changes in the regulation of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> were introduced to open India to foreign trade while stabilising external loans.<a href="#cite_note-276">[267]</a> Rao chose <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> for the job. Singh, an acclaimed economist and former <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">governor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>, played a central role in implementing these reforms.<a href="#cite_note-277">[268]</a> In 2004, Singh became prime minister of the Congress-led UPA government. Singh remained prime minister after the UPA won the 2009 general elections. The UPA government introduced policies aimed at reforming the banking and financial sectors, as well as public sector companies.<a href="#cite_note-278">[269]</a> It also introduced policies aimed at relieving farmers of their debt.<a href="#cite_note-279">[270]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/First_Manmohan_Singh_ministry" title="First Manmohan Singh ministry">Singh government</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Value_added_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value added tax">value-added tax</a>, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a>. India was able to resist the worst effects of the global <a href="/wiki/Economic_crisis_of_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic crisis of 2008">economic crisis of 2008</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[272]</a> Singh's government continued the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Quadrilateral" title="Golden Quadrilateral">Golden Quadrilateral</a>, the Indian highway modernisation program that was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a>'s government.<a href="#cite_note-282">[273]</a> Then Finance Minister of India <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a> implemented many tax reforms, notably scrapping the <a href="/wiki/Fringe_Benefits_Tax_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fringe Benefits Tax (India)">Fringe Benefits Tax</a> and the Commodities Transaction Tax.<a href="#cite_note-283">[274]</a> He implemented the <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(India)" title="Goods and Services Tax (India)">Goods and Services Tax</a> (GST) during his tenure.<a href="#cite_note-284">[275]</a> His reforms were well received by major corporate executives and economists. The introduction of retrospective taxation, however, has been criticised by some economists.<a href="#cite_note-285">[276]</a> Mukherjee expanded funding for several social sector schemes including the <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Urban_Renewal_Mission" title="Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission">Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission</a> (JNNURM). He also supported budget increases for improving <a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">literacy</a> and health care. He expanded infrastructure programmes such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Development_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway Development Programme">National Highway Development Programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[277]</a> Electricity coverage was also expanded during his tenure. Mukherjee also reaffirmed his commitment to the principle of fiscal prudence as some economists expressed concern about the rising fiscal deficits during his tenure, the highest since 1991. Mukherjee declared the expansion in government spending was only temporary.<a href="#cite_note-287">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_defence_and_home_affairs">National defence and home affairs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_and_his_wife,_Smt._Gursharan_Kaur_during_the_Passing_Out_Parade_at_the_Platinum_Jubilee_Course_of_Indian_Military_Academy,_in_Dehradun,_on_December_10,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_and_his_wife%2C_Smt._Gursharan_Kaur_during_the_Passing_Out_Parade_at_the_Platinum_Jubilee_Course_of_Indian_Military_Academy%2C_in_Dehradun%2C_on_December_10%2C_2007.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_and_his_wife%2C_Smt._Gursharan_Kaur_during_the_Passing_Out_Parade_at_the_Platinum_Jubilee_Course_of_Indian_Military_Academy%2C_in_Dehradun%2C_on_December_10%2C_2007.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_and_his_wife%2C_Smt._Gursharan_Kaur_during_the_Passing_Out_Parade_at_the_Platinum_Jubilee_Course_of_Indian_Military_Academy%2C_in_Dehradun%2C_on_December_10%2C_2007.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1262" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> and his wife during the passing out parade at the Platinum Jubilee Course of IMA on 10 December 2007; with foreign gentleman cadets.</figcaption></figure> Since its independence, India was in pursuing of nuclear capabilities, as Nehru felt that nuclear energy could take the country forward and help achieve its developmental goals.<a href="#cite_note-Vision-288">[279]</a> Consequently, Nehru began to seek assistance from the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Skardon2010-289">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-Assistance-290">[281]</a> In 1958 the government of India with the help of <a href="/wiki/Homi_J._Bhabha" title="Homi J. Bhabha">Homi J. Bhabha</a> adopted a three-phase power production plan and the <a href="/wiki/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre" title="Bhabha Atomic Research Centre">Nuclear Research Institute</a> was established in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-Perkovich2001-291">[282]</a> Indira Gandhi witnessed continuous nuclear testing by <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> from 1964 onwards, which she considered an existential threat to India.<a href="#cite_note-JSTOR-292">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-LATimes1998-293">[284]</a> India conducted its first nuclear test in the <a href="/wiki/Pokhran" title="Pokhran">Pokhran</a> desert in Rajasthan on 18 May 1974, under the name <a href="/wiki/Operation_Smiling_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Smiling Buddha">Operation Smiling Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-First_Test-294">[285]</a> India asserted that the test was for "<a href="/wiki/Peaceful_nuclear_explosion" title="Peaceful nuclear explosion">peaceful purposes</a>", However, the test was criticized by other countries and the United States and Canada suspended all nuclear support to India.<a href="#cite_note-PNE-295">[286]</a> Despite intense international criticism, the nuclear test was domestically popular and caused an immediate revival of Indira Gandhi's popularity, which had flagged considerably from its heights after the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971 war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buddha-296">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-Popularity-297">[288]</a> The transition to statehood for parts of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a> was successfully overseen under Indira Gandhi's premiership.<a href="#cite_note-Statehood_NE-298">[289]</a> In 1972, her administration granted statehood to <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, Manipur and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/North-East_Frontier_Agency" title="North-East Frontier Agency">North-East Frontier Agency</a> was declared a union territory and renamed <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[291]</a> This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum" title="1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum">annexation of Sikkim</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-301">[292]</a> In the late 1960s and 1970s, Gandhi ordered the Indian army to <a href="/wiki/Naxalite#Violence_in_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">militant Communist uprisings</a> in the state of West Bengal. The <a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a> in India was entirely suppressed during the <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">state of emergency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Naxalite-302">[293]</a> Manmohan Singh's administration initiated a massive reconstruction effort in Kashmir to stabilize the region and strengthened anti-terrorism laws with amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_Activities_(Prevention)_Act" title="Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act">Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act</a> (UAPA).<a href="#cite_note-UAPA-303">[294]</a> After a period of initial success, insurgent infiltration and terrorism in Kashmir have increased since 2009. However, the Singh administration was successful in reducing terrorism in Northeast India.<a href="#cite_note-Buzz7-304">[295]</a> Under the background of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab insurgency">Punjab insurgency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_and_Disruptive_Activities_(Prevention)_Act" title="Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act">Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act</a> (TADA) was passed. The aim of the law is mainly directed toward eliminating the infiltrators from Pakistan. The law gave wide powers to <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement agencies">law enforcement agencies</a> for dealing with national terrorist and socially disruptive activities. The police were not obliged to produce a detainee before a judicial magistrate within 24 hours. The law was widely criticized by human rights organizations. After the <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">November 2008 Mumbai terror attacks</a>, the UPA government created the <a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency</a> (NIA), in response to the need for a central agency to combat terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-305">[296]</a> The Unique Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009 to implement the proposed <a href="/wiki/Multipurpose_National_Identity_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipurpose National Identity Card">Multipurpose National Identity Card</a>, to increase national security.<a href="#cite_note-306">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_healthcare">Education and healthcare</h3></div> The Congress government under Nehru oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences">All India Institute of Medical Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management" title="Indian Institutes of Management">Indian Institutes of Management</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institutes of Technology">National Institutes of Technology</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Educational_Research_and_Training" title="National Council of Educational Research and Training">National Council of Educational Research and Training</a> (NCERT) was established in 1961 as a literary, scientific, and charitable Society under the Societies Registration Act.<a href="#cite_note-NCERT-307">[298]</a> Jawahar Lal Nehru outlined a commitment in his <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">five-year plans</a> to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of India's children. Rajiv Gandhi's premiership pioneered public information infrastructure and innovation in India.<a href="#cite_note-Rajiv_Modern-308">[299]</a> His government allowed the import of fully assembled <a href="/wiki/Motherboards" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherboards">motherboards</a>, which led to the price of computers being reduced.<a href="#cite_note-computer-309">[300]</a> The concept of having <a href="/wiki/Navodaya_Vidyalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Navodaya Vidyalaya">Navodaya Vidyalaya</a> in every district of India was born as a part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Policy_on_Education" title="National Policy on Education">National Policy on Education</a> (NPE).<a href="#cite_note-NPE_TOI-310">[301]</a> In 2005, The Congress-led government started the National Rural Health Mission, which employed about 500,000 community health workers. It was praised by economist <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timepoverty-311">[302]</a> In 2006, it implemented a proposal to reserve 27 per cent of seats in the All India Institute of Medical Studies (AIIMS), the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a> (IITs), the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management" title="Indian Institutes of Management">Indian Institutes of Management</a> (IIMs), and other central higher education institutions, for <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Other Backward Classes">Other Backward Classes</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/2006_Indian_anti-reservation_protests" title="2006 Indian anti-reservation protests">2006 Indian anti-reservation protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[303]</a> The Singh government also continued the <a href="/wiki/Sarva_Shiksha_Abhiyan" title="Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan">Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan</a> program, which includes the introduction and improvement of mid-day school meals and the opening of new schools throughout India, especially in rural areas, to fight <a href="/wiki/Illiteracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiteracy">illiteracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[304]</a> During Manmohan Singh's prime ministership, eight Institutes of Technology were opened in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Orissa, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Himachal Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-314">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policies">Foreign policies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_(1949-1990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg/220px-NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg/330px-NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg/440px-NATO_vs._Warsaw_Pact_%281949-1990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>The aligned countries on the northern hemisphere: <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in blue and the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> in red.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stevan_Kragujevic,_Tito,_Naser,_Nehru,_Dolazak_na_Brione.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Tito%2C_Naser%2C_Nehru%2C_Dolazak_na_Brione.jpg/220px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Tito%2C_Naser%2C_Nehru%2C_Dolazak_na_Brione.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Tito%2C_Naser%2C_Nehru%2C_Dolazak_na_Brione.jpg/330px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Tito%2C_Naser%2C_Nehru%2C_Dolazak_na_Brione.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Tito%2C_Naser%2C_Nehru%2C_Dolazak_na_Brione.jpg/440px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Tito%2C_Naser%2C_Nehru%2C_Dolazak_na_Brione.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, pioneers of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></figcaption></figure> Throughout much of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> period, Congress supported a foreign policy of <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-alignment</a> that called for India to form ties with both the Western and Eastern Blocs, but to avoid formal alliances with either.<a href="#cite_note-315">[306]</a> US support for Pakistan led the party to endorse a friendship treaty with the Soviet Union in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-316">[307]</a> Congress has continued the foreign policy started by P. V. Narasimha Rao. This includes the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="India–Pakistan relations">peace process with Pakistan</a>, and the exchange of high-level visits by leaders from both countries.<a href="#cite_note-peace-317">[308]</a> The UPA government has tried to end the border dispute with the People's Republic of China through negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-Economist_news-318">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-republic-319">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Afghanistan–India relations">Relations with Afghanistan</a> have also been a concern for Congress.<a href="#cite_note-320">[311]</a> During Afghan President <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a>'s visit to New Delhi in August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of schools, health clinics, infrastructure, and defence.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2-321">[312]</a> India is now one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2-321">[312]</a> To nourish political, security, cultural and economical connections with central Asian countries, it launched <a href="/wiki/Connect_Central_Asia" title="Connect Central Asia">Connect Central Asia</a> policy in 2012. This policy is aimed at strengthening and expanding India's relations with <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">Look East policy</a> was initiated in 1992 by <a href="/wiki/Narsimha_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Narsimha Rao">Narasimha Rao</a> to cultivate extensive economic and strategic relations with the nations of Southeast Asia to bolster its standing as a regional power and a counterweight to the strategic influence of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1992 Rao decided to bring into open India's relations with Israel, which had been kept covertly active for a few years during his tenure as a Foreign Minister, and permitted Israel to open an embassy in New Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-IsraelRao-322">[313]</a> Rao decided to maintain a distance from the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> to avoid aggravating Beijing's suspicions and concerns, and made successful overtures to <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Irish1996-323">[314]</a> Even though the Congress foreign policy doctrine stands for maintaining friendly relations with all the countries of the world, it has always exhibited a special bias towards the Afro-Asian nations. It played active role in forming <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a> (1964, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Group of 15</a> (1990), <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SAARC" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC">SAARC</a>. Indira Gandhi firmly tied Indian anti-imperialist interests in Africa to those of the Soviet Union. She openly and enthusiastically supported liberation struggles in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-MEAIndira-324">[315]</a> In April 2006, New Delhi hosted an India–Africa summit attended by the leaders of 15 African states.<a href="#cite_note-325">[316]</a> The party opposes arms race and advocates disarmament, both conventional and nuclear.<a href="#cite_note-IndiaToday2000-326">[317]</a> When in power between 2004 and 2014, Congress worked on <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="India–United States relations">India's relationship with the United States</a>. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited the US in July 2005 to negotiate an <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement" title="India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement">India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement</a>. US president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> visited India in March 2006; during this visit, a nuclear agreement that would give India access to nuclear fuel and technology in exchange for the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a> inspection of its civil <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> was proposed. Over two years of negotiations, followed by approval from the IAEA, the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Suppliers_Group" title="Nuclear Suppliers Group">Nuclear Suppliers Group</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, the agreement was signed on 10 October 2008.<a href="#cite_note-327">[318]</a> However, it has not signed <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> (NPT) and <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a> (CTBT) due to their discriminatory and hegemonistic nature.<a href="#cite_note-NTI2019-328">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sipri2010-329">[320]</a> Congress' policy has been to cultivate friendly relations with Japan as well as <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries including the United Kingdom, France, and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-conversation-330">[321]</a> Diplomatic relations with Iran have continued, and negotiations over the <a href="/wiki/Iran-Pakistan-India_gas_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline">Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline</a> have taken place.<a href="#cite_note-Iran_relations-331">[322]</a> Congress' policy has also been to improve relations with other developing countries, particularly Brazil and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-332">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_composition">Structure and composition</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">List of presidents of the Indian National Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_India_-_1985_-_Colnect_167209_-_Indian_National_Congress.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Stamp_of_India_-_1985_-_Colnect_167209_-_Indian_National_Congress.jpeg/200px-Stamp_of_India_-_1985_-_Colnect_167209_-_Indian_National_Congress.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Stamp_of_India_-_1985_-_Colnect_167209_-_Indian_National_Congress.jpeg/300px-Stamp_of_India_-_1985_-_Colnect_167209_-_Indian_National_Congress.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Stamp_of_India_-_1985_-_Colnect_167209_-_Indian_National_Congress.jpeg/400px-Stamp_of_India_-_1985_-_Colnect_167209_-_Indian_National_Congress.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Stamps commemorating centenary of the Congress</figcaption></figure> At present, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">president</a> and the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a> (AICC) are elected by delegates from state and district parties at an annual national conference; in every Indian state and union territory—or pradesh—there is a <a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Pradesh Congress Committee">Pradesh Congress Committee</a> (PCC),<a href="#cite_note-Committee-333">[324]</a> which is the state-level unit of the party responsible for directing political campaigns at local and state levels, and assisting the campaigns for parliamentary constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-334">[325]</a> Each PCC has a working committee of twenty members, most of whom are appointed by the party president, the leader of the state party, who is chosen by the national president. Those elected as members of the states' legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies; their chairperson is usually the party's nominee for Chief Ministership. The party is also organised into various committees, and sections; it publishes a daily newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/The_National_Herald_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Herald (India)">National Herald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kumar1990-335">[326]</a> Despite being a party with a structure, Congress under Indira Gandhi did not hold any organisational elections after 1972.<a href="#cite_note-336">[327]</a> Nonetheless, in 2004, when the Congress was voted back into power, <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> became the first prime minister not to be the president of the party since establishment of the practice of the president holding both positions.<a href="#cite_note-337">[328]</a> The AICC is composed of delegates sent from the PCCs.<a href="#cite_note-Kumar1990-335">[326]</a> The delegates elect Congress committees, including the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a>, consisting of senior party leaders and office-bearers. The AICC takes all-important executive and political decisions. Since Indira Gandhi formed Congress (I) in 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress President">President of the Indian National Congress</a> has effectively been the party's national leader, head of the organisation, head of the Working Committee and all chief Congress committees, chief spokesman, and Congress' choice for <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>. Constitutionally, the president is elected by the PCCs and members of the AICC; however, this procedure has often been bypassed by the Working Committee, which has elected its candidate.<a href="#cite_note-Kumar1990-335">[326]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NSUI_National_Convention_INQUILAB_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Congress student wing annual conference" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/NSUI_National_Convention_INQUILAB_1.jpg/220px-NSUI_National_Convention_INQUILAB_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/NSUI_National_Convention_INQUILAB_1.jpg/330px-NSUI_National_Convention_INQUILAB_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/NSUI_National_Convention_INQUILAB_1.jpg/440px-NSUI_National_Convention_INQUILAB_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a> (NSUI) National Convention Inquilab-1 in Jaipur</figcaption></figure> The Congress Parliamentary Party (CPP) consists of elected MPs in the Lok Sabha and <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>. There is also a Congress Legislative Party (CLP) leader in each state. The CLP consists of all Congress <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">Members of the Legislative Assembly</a> (MLAs) in each state. In cases of states where the Congress is single-handedly ruling the government, the CLP leader in the <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister" title="Chief minister">chief minister</a>. Other directly affiliated groups include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a> (NSUI), the students' wing of the Congress.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Indian Youth Congress</a>, the party's youth wing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Indian National Trade Union Congress</a>, the labour union.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Mahila_Congress" title="All India Mahila Congress">All India Mahila Congress</a>, its women's division.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisan_and_Khet_Mazdoor_Congress" title="Kisan and Khet Mazdoor Congress">Kisan and Khet Mazdoor Congress</a>, its peasant's wing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Professionals_Congress" title="All India Professionals Congress">All India Professionals Congress</a>, its working professionals wing.</li> <li>Congress <a href="/wiki/Seva_Dal" title="Seva Dal">Seva Dal</a>, its voluntary organisation.<a href="#cite_note-338">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[330]</a></li> <li>All India Congress Minority Department, also referred to as Minority Congress is the minority wing of the Congress party. It is represented by the Pradesh Congress Minority Department in all the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">states of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[331]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_symbols">Election symbols</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Approved symbol of Indira Gandhi Congress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg/150px-Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg/225px-Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg/300px-Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption> Election symbol of Congress (R) party during the period 1971–1977</figcaption></figure> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_National_Congress&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Election_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Election symbol">election symbol</a> of Congress, as approved by the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a>, is an image of a right hand with its palm facing front and its fingers pressed together;<a href="#cite_note-hand-341">[332]</a> this is usually shown in the centre of a tricolor flag. The hand symbol was first used by Indira Gandhi when she split from the Congress (R) faction following the 1977 elections and created the New Congress (I).<a href="#cite_note-hand_symbol-342">[333]</a> The hand is symbolic of strength, energy, and unity. The party under the stewardship of Nehru had the symbol 'Pair of bullocks carrying a yoke' which struck a chord with masses who were predominantly farmers.<a href="#cite_note-bullocks-343">[334]</a> In 1969, due to internal conflicts within the Congress party, Indira Gandhi decided to break out and form a party of her own, with the majority of the Congress party members in support of her in the new party which was named Congress(R). The symbol of Indira's <a href="/wiki/Congress_(R)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (R)">Congress (R)</a> or Congress (Requisitionists) during the 1971–1977 period was a cow with a suckling calf.<a href="#cite_note-Electoral_Symbol-344">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-book-144">[135]</a> After losing the support of 76 out of the party's 153 members in the Lok Sabha, Indira's new political outfit the Congress (I) or Congress (Indira) evolved and she opted for the hand (open palm) symbol. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynasticism">Dynasticism</h3></div> Dynasticism is fairly common in many <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">political parties</a> in India, including the Congress party.<a href="#cite_note-Denyer2014-345">[336]</a> Six members of the <a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a> have been presidents of the party.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_presidents-346">[337]</a> The party started being controlled by Indira Gandhi's family during <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">the emergency</a> with her younger son, Sanjay taking on a prominent role.<a href="#cite_note-Tarlo2003-347">[338]</a> This was characterized by servility and sycophancy towards the family which later led to a hereditary succession of Rajiv Gandhi as successor after Indira Gandhi's assassination, as well as the party's selection of Sonia Gandhi as Rajiv's successor after his assassination, which she turned down.<a href="#cite_note-Bose2013-348">[339]</a> Since the formation of Congress (I) by Indira Gandhi in 1978 till 2022, the party president has been from her family except for the period between 1991 and 1998. In the last three elections to the Lok Sabha combined, 37 per cent of Congress party MPs had family members precede them in politics.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra2016-349">[340]</a> However, in recent times there have been calls from within the party to restructure the organization. A group of senior leaders wrote a letter to the party president to reform the Congress allowing others to take charge. There was also visible discontent post the loss in 2019 elections after which a <a href="/wiki/G-23_(political_group)" title="G-23 (political group)">group of 23 senior leaders</a> wrote to the Congress President to restructure the party.<a href="#cite_note-350">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presence_in_states_and_Union_Territories">Presence in states and Union Territories</h2></div> Indian National Congress is the only political party in India, which has experience of running the state government of every Indian states in post-independence Indian history. From the first general election in 1952 when Jawaharlal Nehru led it to a landslide victory, the Congress won in the majority of the following state elections and paved the way for a Nehruvian era of single-party dominance. The party during the post-independence era has governed most of the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dominance-351">[342]</a> As of October 2024, the INC is in power in the states of <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, it shares power as a junior ally with <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Mukti_Morcha" title="Jharkhand Mukti Morcha">Jharkhand Mukti Morcha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JH_Alliance-352">[343]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Tamil Nadu</a> its a junior ally of the <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">DMK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchi" title="Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi">VCK</a> under the coalition <a href="/wiki/Secular_Progressive_Alliance" title="Secular Progressive Alliance">Secular Progressive Alliance</a> or SPA and in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> is shares power as a junior ally with <a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conference" title="Jammu & Kashmir National Conference">JKNC</a>. The Congress has previously been the sole party in power in Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, Haryana, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Union Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>. Congress has enjoyed overwhelming electoral majority for over decades in <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, Delhi, Kerala, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>. It has a regional political alliance in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> it is named as <a href="/wiki/Mahagathbandhan_(Bihar)" title="Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)">Mahagathbandhan</a>, in Tamil Nadu it is the <a href="/wiki/Secular_Progressive_Alliance" title="Secular Progressive Alliance">Secular Progressive Alliance</a>, and in Kerala, it is the <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">United Democratic Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TN_Alliance-353">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-KL_Alliance-354">[345]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">State </th> <th rowspan="3">Govt Since </th> <th colspan="5">Chief Minister </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="3">Alliances </th> <th rowspan="3">Seats in Assembly </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Photo </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Seats </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10">INC Government </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Himachal Pradesh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Himachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election">8 December 2022</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu" title="Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu">Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu.jpg/80px-Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu.jpg/120px-Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu.jpg/160px-Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1042" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#00BFFF;"> </td> <td>INC </td> <td>40<a href="#cite_note-355">[346]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">- </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">40 / 68<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BBFF; width: 59%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly" title="Karnataka Legislative Assembly">Karnataka</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2023_Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election">14 May 2023</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Siddaramaiah" title="Siddaramaiah">Siddaramaiah</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddaramaiah_at_the_function_Akshaya_Patra_Foundation_in_Karnataka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Siddaramaiah_at_the_function_Akshaya_Patra_Foundation_in_Karnataka.jpg/80px-Siddaramaiah_at_the_function_Akshaya_Patra_Foundation_in_Karnataka.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Siddaramaiah_at_the_function_Akshaya_Patra_Foundation_in_Karnataka.jpg/120px-Siddaramaiah_at_the_function_Akshaya_Patra_Foundation_in_Karnataka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Siddaramaiah_at_the_function_Akshaya_Patra_Foundation_in_Karnataka.jpg/160px-Siddaramaiah_at_the_function_Akshaya_Patra_Foundation_in_Karnataka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="388" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;"> </td> <td rowspan="2">INC </td> <td rowspan="2">138 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya_Karnataka_Paksha" title="Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha">SKP</a> (1) </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;">140 / 224<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BBFF; width: 63%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">IND</a>(1) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Legislative_Assembly" title="Telangana Legislative Assembly">Telangana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Telangana_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election">7 December 2023</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revanth_Reddy" title="Revanth Reddy">Revanth Reddy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Telangana_CM_Revanth_Reddy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Portrait_of_Telangana_CM_Revanth_Reddy.png/80px-Portrait_of_Telangana_CM_Revanth_Reddy.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Portrait_of_Telangana_CM_Revanth_Reddy.png/120px-Portrait_of_Telangana_CM_Revanth_Reddy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Portrait_of_Telangana_CM_Revanth_Reddy.png/160px-Portrait_of_Telangana_CM_Revanth_Reddy.png 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="1259" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#00BFFF;"> </td> <td>INC </td> <td>75 </td> <td style="background-color:#f50222; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> (1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">76 / 119<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BBFF; width: 64%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10">Alliance Government </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly" title="Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly">Jammu and Kashmir</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/2024_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election">16 October 2024</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdullah" title="Omar Abdullah">Omar Abdullah</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Omar_Abdullah_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Omar_Abdullah_%28Cropped%29.jpg/80px-Omar_Abdullah_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Omar_Abdullah_%28Cropped%29.jpg/120px-Omar_Abdullah_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Omar_Abdullah_%28Cropped%29.jpg/160px-Omar_Abdullah_%28Cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="648" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#fe0000;"> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conference" title="Jammu & Kashmir National Conference">JKNC</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">42 </td> <td bgcolor="#00BFFF"> </td> <td>INC(6) </td> <td rowspan="4"><div style="width: 100px;">56 / 95<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BBFF; width: 59%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#cc0d0d; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a> (1) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#0072B0; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party" title="Aam Aadmi Party">AAP</a> (1) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_Politician" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Politician">IND</a> (6) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="Jharkhand Legislative Assembly">Jharkhand</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/2024_Jharkhand_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election">28 November 2024</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Hemant_Soren" title="Hemant Soren">Hemant Soren</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemant_Soren_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hemant_Soren_2024.jpg/67px-Hemant_Soren_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hemant_Soren_2024.jpg/100px-Hemant_Soren_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hemant_Soren_2024.jpg/133px-Hemant_Soren_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#337316;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Mukti_Morcha" title="Jharkhand Mukti Morcha">JMM</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">34 </td> <td bgcolor="#00BFFF"> </td> <td>INC(16) </td> <td rowspan="3"><div style="width: 100px;">56 / 81<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BBFF; width: 69%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#056D05; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dal" title="Rashtriya Janata Dal">RJD</a> (4) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#C41301; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Liberation" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation">CPI(ML)L</a> (2) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Tamil Nadu</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/2021_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election">7 May 2021</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Hon_CM_Photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hon_CM_Photo.jpg/80px-Hon_CM_Photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hon_CM_Photo.jpg/120px-Hon_CM_Photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hon_CM_Photo.jpg/160px-Hon_CM_Photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="4250" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#FF0D0D;"> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">DMK</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">133 </td> <td bgcolor="#00BFFF"> </td> <td>INC(18) </td> <td rowspan="4"><div style="width: 100px;">159 / 234<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BBFF; width: 68%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#1E90FF; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchi" title="Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi">VCK</a> (4) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f50222; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> (2) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#cc0d0d; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a> (2) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_Assembly">Legislative Assembly</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State/UT Assembly </th> <th>Overall Tally </th> <th>Legislative Leader </th> <th>PCC President </th> <th>Status </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 175<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y._S._Sharmila" title="Y. S. Sharmila">Y.S. Sharmila</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Others </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">1 / 60<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Waii" title="Kumar Waii">Kumar Waii</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabam_Tuki" title="Nabam Tuki">Nabam Tuki</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Others </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assam_Legislative_Assembly" title="Assam Legislative Assembly">Assam Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">23 / 126<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 18%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Debabrata_Saikia" title="Debabrata Saikia">Debabrata Saikia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Kumar_Borah" title="Bhupen Kumar Borah">Bhupen Kumar Borah</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bihar Legislative Assembly">Bihar Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">17 / 243<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shakeel_Ahmad_Khan" title="Shakeel Ahmad Khan">Shakeel Ahmad Khan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akhilesh_Prasad_Singh" title="Akhilesh Prasad Singh">Akhilesh Prasad Singh</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly">Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">35 / 90<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charan_Das_Mahant" title="Charan Das Mahant">Charan Das Mahant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Baij" title="Deepak Baij">Deepak Baij</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Legislative_Assembly" title="Delhi Legislative Assembly">Delhi Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 70<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Devender_Yadav" title="Devender Yadav">Devender Yadav</a> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Alliance </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goa_Legislative_Assembly" title="Goa Legislative Assembly">Goa Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">3 / 40<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00B7EB; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Alemao" title="Yuri Alemao">Yuri Alemao</a> </td> <td>Amit Patkar </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Legislative_Assembly" title="Gujarat Legislative Assembly">Gujarat Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">13 / 182<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amit_Chavda" title="Amit Chavda">Amit Chavda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaktisinh_Gohil" title="Shaktisinh Gohil">Shaktisinh Gohil</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Legislative_Assembly" title="Haryana Legislative Assembly">Haryana Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">37 / 90<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhupinder_Singh_Hooda" title="Bhupinder Singh Hooda">Bhupinder Singh Hooda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Udai_Bhan" title="Udai Bhan">Udai Bhan</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">40 / 68<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 59%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu" title="Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu">Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratibha_Patil" title="Pratibha Patil">Pratibha Patil</a> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly" title="Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly">Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">6 / 90<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmad_Mir" title="Ghulam Ahmad Mir">Ghulam Ahmad Mir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Hameed_Karra" title="Tariq Hameed Karra">Tariq Hameed Karra</a> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Coalition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="Jharkhand Legislative Assembly">Jharkhand Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">16 / 81<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 20%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rameshwar_Oraon" title="Rameshwar Oraon">Rameshwar Oraon</a> </td> <td>Keshav Mahto Kamlesh </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Coalition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly" title="Karnataka Legislative Assembly">Karnataka Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">138 / 224<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 62%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siddaramaiah" title="Siddaramaiah">Siddaramaiah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D._K._Shivakumar" title="D. K. Shivakumar">D.K. Shivakumar</a> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">21 / 140<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00B7EB; width: 15%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V._D._Satheesan" title="V. D. Satheesan">V. Damodaran Satheesan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K._Sudhakaran" title="K. Sudhakaran">K. Sudhakaran</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">65 / 230<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 28%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Umang_Singhar" title="Umang Singhar">Umang Singhar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jitu_Patwari" title="Jitu Patwari">Jitu Patwari</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Legislative_Assembly" title="Maharashtra Legislative Assembly">Maharashtra Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">16 / 288<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>Nana Patole </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nana_Patole" title="Nana Patole">Nana Patole</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manipur_Legislative_Assembly" title="Manipur Legislative Assembly">Manipur Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">5 / 60<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Okram_Ibobi_Singh" title="Okram Ibobi Singh">Okram Ibobi Singh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keisham_Meghachandra_Singh" title="Keisham Meghachandra Singh">Keisham Meghachandra Singh</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_Legislative_Assembly" title="Meghalaya Legislative Assembly">Meghalaya Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">1 / 60<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_V._Lyngdoh" title="Ronnie V. Lyngdoh">RV Lyngdoh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Pala" title="Vincent Pala">Vincent Pala</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Legislative_Assembly" title="Mizoram Legislative Assembly">Mizoram Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">1 / 40<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C._Ngunlianchunga" title="C. Ngunlianchunga">C. Ngunlianchunga</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lal_Thanzara" title="Lal Thanzara">Lal Thanzara</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Others </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Legislative_Assembly" title="Nagaland Legislative Assembly">Nagaland Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 40<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S._Supongmeren_Jamir" title="S. Supongmeren Jamir">S. Supongmeren Jamir</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Others </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Legislative_Assembly" title="Odisha Legislative Assembly">Odisha Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">14 / 147<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rama_Chandra_Kadam" title="Rama Chandra Kadam">Rama Chandra Kadam</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Pattanayak" title="Sarat Pattanayak">Sarat Pattanayak</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Others </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_Legislative_Assembly" title="Puducherry Legislative Assembly">Puducherry Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">2 / 33<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M._Vaithianathan" title="M. Vaithianathan">M. Vaithianathan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V._Vaithilingam" title="V. Vaithilingam">V. Vaithilingam</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Punjab Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">16 / 117<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Partap_Singh_Bajwa" title="Partap Singh Bajwa">Partap Singh Bajwa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amrinder_Singh_Raja_Warring" title="Amrinder Singh Raja Warring">Amrinder Singh Raja Warring</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Legislative_Assembly" title="Rajasthan Legislative Assembly">Rajasthan Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">66 / 200<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 33%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tika_Ram_Jully" title="Tika Ram Jully">Tika Ram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Govind_Singh_Dotasra" title="Govind Singh Dotasra">Govind Singh Dotasra</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Legislative_Assembly" title="Sikkim Legislative Assembly">Sikkim</a> <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 40<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td>Gopal Chhettri </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Others </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">18 / 234<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S._Rajeshkumar" title="S. Rajeshkumar">S. Rajeshkumar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K._Selvaperunthagai" title="K. Selvaperunthagai">K. Selvaperunthagai</a> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Coalition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Legislative_Assembly" title="Telangana Legislative Assembly">Telangana Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">75 / 119<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 63%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revanth_Reddy" title="Revanth Reddy">Revanth Reddy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bomma_Mahesh_Kumar_Goud" title="Bomma Mahesh Kumar Goud">Bomma Mahesh Kumar Goud</a> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tripura Legislative Assembly">Tripura Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">3 / 60<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 5%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sudip_Roy_Barman" title="Sudip Roy Barman">Sudip Roy Barman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashish_Kumar_Saha" title="Ashish Kumar Saha">Ashish Kumar Saha</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">2 / 403<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 0.5%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aradhana_Misra" title="Aradhana Misra">Aradhana Misra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Rai" title="Ajay Rai">Ajay Rai</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">20 / 70<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 29%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yashpal_Arya" title="Yashpal Arya">Yashpal Arya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karan_Mahara" title="Karan Mahara">Karan Mahara</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">West Bengal Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 294<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subhankar_Sarkar" title="Subhankar Sarkar">Shubhankar Sarkar</a> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Alliance </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_Council">Legislative Council</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>State/UT </th> <th>Overall Tally </th> <th>Legislative Leader </th> <th>Status </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Council" title="Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council">Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council</a> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#CDCDCD">No Representation </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Others </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Legislative_Council" title="Bihar Legislative Council">Bihar Legislative Council</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">2 / 75<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akhilesh_Prasad_Singh" title="Akhilesh Prasad Singh">Akhilesh Prasad Singh</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Legislative_Council" title="Karnataka Legislative Council">Karnataka Legislative Council</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">35 / 75<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N._S._Boseraju" title="N. S. Boseraju">N. S. Boseraju</a> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Legislative_Council" title="Maharashtra Legislative Council">Maharashtra Legislative Council</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">7 / 51<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Jagtap" title="Bhai Jagtap">Bhai Jagtap</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Legislative_Council" title="Telangana Legislative Council">Telangana Legislative Council</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><div style="width: 100px;">14 / 40<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00BFFF; width: 35%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bomma_Mahesh_Kumar_Goud" title="Bomma Mahesh Kumar Goud">Bomma Mahesh Kumar Goud</a> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Government </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Council" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council">Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council</a> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="#CDCDCD">No Representation </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Others </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_leaders">Legislative leaders</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_prime_ministers">List of prime ministers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">List of prime ministers of India</a></div> The Congress has governed a majority of the period of independence in India (for 55 years), whereby <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> are the country's longest-serving <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">prime ministers</a>. The first general election the Congress contested after the Indian independence was in <a href="/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Indian_general_election" title="1951–52 Indian general election">1951–52 general elections</a>, in which it won 364 of the 489 seats and 45 per cent of the total votes.<a href="#cite_note-1952_GE_Results-356">[347]</a> The Indian National Congress became the largest party in the Lok Sabha for next four consecutive general elections viz. <a href="/wiki/2nd_Lok_Sabha" title="2nd Lok Sabha">2nd Lok Sabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Lok_Sabha" title="3rd Lok Sabha">3rd Lok Sabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Lok_Sabha" title="4th Lok Sabha">4th Lok Sabha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/5th_Lok_Sabha" title="5th Lok Sabha">5th Lok Sabha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a> took office in 1966 following the death of <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> for 13 days as the <a href="/wiki/Acting_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Acting Prime Minister">acting Prime Minister</a> of India.<a href="#cite_note-357">[348]</a> His earlier 13-day stint as the second Prime Minister of India followed the death of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964. Indira Gandhi, also the first and so far the only woman Prime Minister of India, served the second-longest term as a prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-indira-358">[349]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> served from 1984 to 1989. He took office on the day of the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">assassination of Indira Gandhi</a> in 1984 after the Sikh riots and at age 40 was the youngest PM of India. Known for economic reforms that were brought under his tenure, <a href="/wiki/PV_Narasimha_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="PV Narasimha Rao">PV Narasimha Rao</a> served as the 10th prime minister of India. He was also the first PM to come from <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">southern India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rao-359">[350]</a> The Congress party and its allies achieved a majority in the Lok Sabha in 2004 and 2009 general elections. Manmohan Singh served two complete terms as the Prime Minister and headed United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments two times. Though party suffered a heavy defeat in general elections held in 2014 and 2019. As of January 2024, there are 30 members of the party in Rajya Sabha (upper house of the parliament).<a href="#cite_note-pp-30">[28]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">No. </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">Prime ministers </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">Portrait </th> <th colspan="3" style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">Term in office<a href="#cite_note-360">[351]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">Lok Sabha </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">Constituency </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">Start </th> <th style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">End </th> <th style="background:#00bfff; color:white;">Tenure </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1 </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Jnehru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jnehru.jpg/80px-Jnehru.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jnehru.jpg/120px-Jnehru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jnehru.jpg/160px-Jnehru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1962" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="4">15 August 1947 </td> <td rowspan="4">27 May 1964 </td> <td rowspan="4">16 years, 286 days </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_Lok_Sabha" title="1st Lok Sabha">1st</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Phulpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Phulpur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_Lok_Sabha" title="2nd Lok Sabha">2nd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/3rd_Lok_Sabha" title="3rd Lok Sabha">3rd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acting </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gulzarilal_Nanda_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gulzarilal_Nanda_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg/80px-Gulzarilal_Nanda_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gulzarilal_Nanda_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg/120px-Gulzarilal_Nanda_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gulzarilal_Nanda_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg/160px-Gulzarilal_Nanda_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="941" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2">27 May 1964 </td> <td rowspan="2">11 January 1966 </td> <td>13 days </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabarkantha_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabarkantha (Lok Sabha constituency)">Sabarkantha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="369" /></a> </td> <td>1 year, 216 days </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)">Allahabad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acting </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gulzarilal_Nanda_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gulzarilal_Nanda_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg/80px-Gulzarilal_Nanda_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gulzarilal_Nanda_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg/120px-Gulzarilal_Nanda_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gulzarilal_Nanda_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg/160px-Gulzarilal_Nanda_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="941" /></a> </td> <td>11 January 1966 </td> <td>24 January 1966 </td> <td>13 days </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabarkantha_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabarkantha (Lok Sabha constituency)">Sabarkantha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">3 </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg/80px-Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg/120px-Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg/160px-Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1542" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="3">24 January 1966 </td> <td rowspan="3">24 March 1977 </td> <td rowspan="4">15 years, 350 days </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh">Rajya Sabha MP from Uttar Pradesh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_Lok_Sabha" title="4th Lok Sabha">4th</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rae_Bareli_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)">Rae Bareli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_Lok_Sabha" title="5th Lok Sabha">5th</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 January 1980 </td> <td>31 October 1984 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/7th_Lok_Sabha" title="7th Lok Sabha">7th</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medak_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)">Medak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">4 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:RajivGandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/RajivGandhi.jpg/80px-RajivGandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/RajivGandhi.jpg/120px-RajivGandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/RajivGandhi.jpg/160px-RajivGandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="230" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2">31 October 1984 </td> <td rowspan="2">2 December 1989 </td> <td rowspan="2">5 years, 32 days </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Amethi_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)">Amethi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_Lok_Sabha" title="8th Lok Sabha">8th</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Visit_of_Narasimha_Rao,_Indian_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs,_to_the_CEC_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Visit_of_Narasimha_Rao%2C_Indian_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs%2C_to_the_CEC_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Visit_of_Narasimha_Rao%2C_Indian_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs%2C_to_the_CEC_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Visit_of_Narasimha_Rao%2C_Indian_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs%2C_to_the_CEC_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Visit_of_Narasimha_Rao%2C_Indian_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs%2C_to_the_CEC_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Visit_of_Narasimha_Rao%2C_Indian_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs%2C_to_the_CEC_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Visit_of_Narasimha_Rao%2C_Indian_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs%2C_to_the_CEC_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="528" /></a> </td> <td>21 June 1991 </td> <td>16 May 1996 </td> <td>4 years, 330 days </td> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_Lok_Sabha" title="10th Lok Sabha">10th</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nandyal_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)">Nandyal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">6 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_in_March_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Prime_Minister_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_in_March_2014.jpg/80px-Prime_Minister_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_in_March_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Prime_Minister_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_in_March_2014.jpg/120px-Prime_Minister_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_in_March_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Prime_Minister_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_in_March_2014.jpg/160px-Prime_Minister_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_in_March_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="1106" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2">22 May 2004 </td> <td rowspan="2">26 May 2014 </td> <td rowspan="2">10 years, 4 days </td> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_Lok_Sabha" title="14th Lok Sabha">14th</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_Assam" title="List of Rajya Sabha members from Assam">Rajya Sabha MP from Assam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_Lok_Sabha" title="15th Lok Sabha">15th</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_deputy_prime_ministers">List of deputy prime ministers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister of India</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#19AAED;color:black">No. </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#19AAED;color:black">Portrait </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#19AAED;color:black">Name (Birth–Death) </th> <th colspan="3" style="background-color:#19AAED;color:black">Term in office </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#19AAED;color:black"><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Election</a>) </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#19AAED;color:black">Constituency (House) </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#19AAED;color:black"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#19AAED;color:black">Assumed office </th> <th style="background-color:#19AAED;color:black">Left office </th> <th style="background-color:#19AAED;color:black">Time in office </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sardar_patel_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Sardar_patel_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="605" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a> (1875–1950) </td> <td>15 August 1947 </td> <td>15 December 1950 (death) </td> <td>3 years, 122 days </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly</a> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Morarji_Desai_During_his_visit_to_the_United_States_of_America_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Morarji_Desai_During_his_visit_to_the_United_States_of_America_.jpg/100px-Morarji_Desai_During_his_visit_to_the_United_States_of_America_.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Morarji_Desai_During_his_visit_to_the_United_States_of_America_.jpg/150px-Morarji_Desai_During_his_visit_to_the_United_States_of_America_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Morarji_Desai_During_his_visit_to_the_United_States_of_America_.jpg/200px-Morarji_Desai_During_his_visit_to_the_United_States_of_America_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2352" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> (1896–1995) </td> <td>13 March 1967 </td> <td>19 July 1969 </td> <td>2 years, 128 days </td> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_Lok_Sabha" title="4th Lok Sabha">4th</a> (<a href="/wiki/1967_Indian_general_election" title="1967 Indian general election">1967</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Surat Lok Sabha constituency">Surat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/26px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/39px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/52px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/48px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/64px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="Electoral history of the Indian National Congress">Electoral history of the Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_command_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="High command culture">High command culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" title="Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance">Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress">List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_National_Congress_breakaway_parties" title="List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties">List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">List of political parties in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">List of presidents of the Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of state presidents of the Indian National Congress">List of state presidents of the Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Pradesh Congress Committee">Pradesh Congress Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">United Progressive Alliance</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> The Indian national colours of the Indian flag serve as the official visual identification of the Indian National Congress. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Sky blue is used as customary color </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> "The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire, and one that became an inspiration for many others, was the Indian Congress."<a href="#cite_note-Marshall2001-32">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> "South Asian parties include several of the oldest in the post-colonial world, foremost among them the 129-year-old Indian National Congress that led India to independence in 1947"<a href="#cite_note-Chiriyankandath2016-35">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> "The organization that led India to independence, the Indian National Congress, was established in 1885."<a href="#cite_note-KopsteinLichbach2014-37">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> "... anti-colonial movements ... which, like many other nationalist movements elsewhere in the empire, were strongly influenced by the Indian National Congress."<a href="#cite_note-Marshall2001-32">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Two more Congress members also fought as independent outside the alliance and supported Congress after elected as MP, taking the tally to 101. Later, one independent MP supported Congress, taking the tally to 102. Later Rahul Gandhi vacated <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency">Wayanad</a>, one of the two seats won by him and <a href="/wiki/Priyanka_Gandhi" title="Priyanka Gandhi">Priyanka Gandhi</a> was announced as the Congress candidate for bypoll, taking the tally to 101.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> The "R" stood for Requisition or Ruling </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> The "O" stands for organisation/Old Congress. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-indiatimes1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indiatimes1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indiatimes1_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mallikarjun-kharge-wins-congress-presidential-elections-set-to-become-first-non-gandhi-head-of-party-in-24-years/articleshow/94961760.cms">"Mallikarjun Kharge wins Congress Presidential elections, set to become first non-Gandhi head of party in 24 years"</a>. The Economic Times. 3 June 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Mallikarjun+Kharge+wins+Congress+Presidential+elections%2C+set+to+become+first+non-Gandhi+head+of+party+in+24+years&rft.date=2021-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fmallikarjun-kharge-wins-congress-presidential-elections-set-to-become-first-non-gandhi-head-of-party-in-24-years%2Farticleshow%2F94961760.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thehindu1-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thehindu1_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thehindu1_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhukan2022" class="citation news cs1">Phukan, Sandeep (19 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-president-poll-mallikarjun-kharge-set-to-be-partys-new-chief-polls-over-7000-votes/article66030419.ece">"Mallikarjun Kharge wins Congress presidential election with over 7,800 votes"</a>. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=heFSAQAAQBAJ&dq=Centrist+Indian+National+Congress&pg=PR10">Inside India Today (Routledge Revivals)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04823-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04823-5"><bdi>978-1-135-04823-5</bdi></a>. <q>... were either guarded in their criticism of the ruling party – the centrist Indian National Congress – or attacked it almost invariably from a rightist position. 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India TV News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rahul+Gandhi+to+visit+Rae+Bareli+today+to+thank+people+of+constituency+for+his+Lok+Sabha+election+victory&rft.pub=India+TV+News&rft.date=2024-07-09&rft.aulast=Roushan&rft.aufirst=Anurag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatvnews.com%2Futtar-pradesh%2Frahul-gandhi-rae-bareli-visit-thank-people-of-constituency-for-his-lok-sabha-election-victory-2024-latest-updates-2024-07-09-940897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gehlot_1991_35-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gehlot_1991_35_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gehlot_1991_35_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGehlot1991" class="citation book cs1">Gehlot, N.S. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=06HLD2_3Qj4C&pg=PA35">The Congress Party in India: Policies, Culture, Performance</a>. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-306-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-306-8"><bdi>978-81-7100-306-8</bdi></a>. <q>The activities of Mr. A.O. 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University of California Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06041-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06041-8"><bdi>978-0-520-06041-8</bdi></a>. <q>Those fewer than 100 English-educated gentlemen of means and property, mostly lawyers and journalists, could hardly claim to 'represent' some 250 million illiterate impoverished peasants</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congress+and+Indian+Nationalism%3A+The+Pre-independence+Phase&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06041-8&rft.au=Richard+Sisson&rft.au=Stanley+A.+Wolpert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQfOSxFVQa8IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SissonWolpert1988_2-59"><a href="#cite_ref-SissonWolpert1988_2_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_SissonStanley_A._Wolpert1988" class="citation book cs1">Richard Sisson; Stanley A. 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University of California Press. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06041-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06041-8"><bdi>978-0-520-06041-8</bdi></a>. <q>Without any funds or any secretariat, however (other than Hume) Congress remained, during its first decade at least, more of a sounding board for elite Indian aspirations than a political party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congress+and+Indian+Nationalism%3A+The+Pre-independence+Phase&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06041-8&rft.au=Richard+Sisson&rft.au=Stanley+A.+Wolpert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQfOSxFVQa8IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Approach-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Approach_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Approach_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Approach_60-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/63797/1/Block-4.pdf">"MODERATES, EXTREMISTS AND REVOLUTIONARIES"</a> (PDF). eGyanKosh, IGNOU. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03965-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03965-8"><bdi>978-1-000-03965-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Inclusive+Leadership&rft.series=Routledge+Companions+in+Business%2C+Management+and+Marketing&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-03965-8&rft.aulast=Marques&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvCrXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonKillingray1992" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, D.; Killingray, D. 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Manchester University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3033-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3033-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-3033-8</bdi></a>. <q>Britain's hold over India weakened and an early resumption of Congress rule appeared inevitable</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+and+Decolonisation%3A+Politics%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+the+Police%2C+1917%E2%80%9365&rft.series=Studies+in+imperialism&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3033-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Killingray%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drni7AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-herman467-93"><a href="#cite_ref-herman467_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Herman2008" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Herman (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C">Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. pp. 467–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-90504-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-90504-5"><bdi>978-0-553-90504-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913065817/http://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+%26+Churchill%3A+The+Epic+Rivalry+that+Destroyed+an+Empire+and+Forged+Our+Age&rft.pages=467-70&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-553-90504-5&rft.au=Arthur+Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtquxD6dk914C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudlar2018" class="citation book cs1">Studlar, D.T. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQDFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">Great Britain: Decline Or Renewal?</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-96865-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-96865-5"><bdi>978-0-429-96865-5</bdi></a>. <q>The Labour Party promised independence for India in its campaign in the general election of 1945.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Britain%3A+Decline+Or+Renewal%3F&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-96865-5&rft.aulast=Studlar&rft.aufirst=D.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQDFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRam1997" class="citation book cs1">Ram, J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFuAAAAMAAJ">V.K. Krishna Menon: A Personal Memoir</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564228-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564228-5"><bdi>978-0-19-564228-5</bdi></a>. <q>Labour Party had promised freedom for India if they came to power</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V.K.+Krishna+Menon%3A+A+Personal+Memoir&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564228-5&rft.aulast=Ram&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPSFuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaveen_Sharma1990" class="citation book cs1">Naveen Sharma (1990). Right to Property in India. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right+to+Property+in+India&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Naveen+Sharma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barcouncilofindia.org/about/about-the-legal-profession/lawyers-in-the-indian-freedom-movement/">"Lawyers in the Indian Freedom Movement – The Bar Council of India"</a>. Barcouncilofindia.org. Retrieved 3 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lawyers+in+the+Indian+Freedom+Movement+%E2%80%93+The+Bar+Council+of+India&rft.pub=Barcouncilofindia.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barcouncilofindia.org%2Fabout%2Fabout-the-legal-profession%2Flawyers-in-the-indian-freedom-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreman2013" class="citation book cs1">Moreman, Tim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bsoy_-Ep_0EC">The Jungle, Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941–45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare</a>. 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The Indian Army and the End of the Raj. Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society, 23. 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The Times of India. 28 December 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=New+year+aspirations+%E2%80%93+Can+India+hope+for+a+centrist+progressive+liberal+party%3F&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcaptains-musings%2Fnew-year-aspirations-can-india-hope-for-a-centrist-progressive-liberal-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/04/28/why-indias-opposition-is-nearly-irrelevant">"Why India's opposition is nearly irrelevant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 28 April 2017. 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School of Social and Political Science, Edinburgh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sps.ed.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/38480/WP16_Suranjan_Das.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2015. 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Penguin Books India. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08357-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08357-2"><bdi>978-0-670-08357-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru%3A+Civilizing+a+Savage+World&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-670-08357-2&rft.au=Nayantara+Sahgal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKycnN-MlfY4C%26pg%3DPAPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-life-113"><a href="#cite_ref-life_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705202836/http://www.perunthalaivar.org/english/life-history/">"K. 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Retrieved 30 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Cong+blames+Sanjay+Gandhi+for+Emergency+%27excesses%27&rft.date=2010-12-29&rft.aulast=Ghildiyal&rft.aufirst=Subodh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FCong-blames-Sanjay-Gandhi-for-Emergency-excesses%2Farticleshow%2F7181279.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/emergency-propagandist-who-banned-kishore-kumar-songs/1127804/">"Emergency 'propagandist' who banned Kishore Kumar songs"</a>. The Indian Express. 11 June 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Emergency+%27propagandist%27+who+banned+Kishore+Kumar+songs&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Femergency-propagandist-who-banned-kishore-kumar-songs%2F1127804%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Life_of_Indira_Gandhi-156"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Life_of_Indira_Gandhi_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta1985" class="citation journal cs1">Dasgupta, Swapan (July 1985). "The Life of Indira Gandhi". Book Reviews. 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Harvard University Press. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72819-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72819-6"><bdi>978-0-674-72819-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transforming+India&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013-09-16&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72819-6&rft.au=Sumantra+Bose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DreiwAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPP8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandra2016-349"><a href="#cite_ref-Chandra2016_349-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Ziegfeld2016" class="citation book cs1">Adam Ziegfeld (28 April 2016). <a href="/wiki/Kanchan_Chandra" title="Kanchan Chandra">Kanchan Chandra</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tesIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPR10">Democratic Dynasties: State, Party and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-12344-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-12344-1"><bdi>978-1-107-12344-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Dynasties%3A+State%2C+Party+and+Family+in+Contemporary+Indian+Politics&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft.isbn=978-1-107-12344-1&rft.au=Adam+Ziegfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtesIDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/exclusive-complete-text-of-congress-letter-bomb-and-its-big-points-2286397">"Exclusive: Complete Text of Congress "Letter Bomb" And Its Big Points"</a>. NDTV. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exclusive%3A+Complete+Text+of+Congress+%22Letter+Bomb%22+And+Its+Big+Points&rft.pub=NDTV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fexclusive-complete-text-of-congress-letter-bomb-and-its-big-points-2286397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dominance-351"><a href="#cite_ref-Dominance_351-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.amu.ac.in/emp/studym/100017103.pdf">"Era of One Party Dominance"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">Aligarh Muslim University</a>. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Era+of+One+Party+Dominance&rft.pub=Aligarh+Muslim+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.amu.ac.in%2Femp%2Fstudym%2F100017103.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JH_Alliance-352"><a href="#cite_ref-JH_Alliance_352-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2019" class="citation news cs1">Joshi, Poornima (23 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/jharkhand-polls-jmm-congress-alliance-set-to-trounce-bjp/article30381608.ece">"Jharkhand polls: JMM-led alliance trounces the BJP in Jharkhand"</a>. Business Line. Chennai. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Line&rft.atitle=Jharkhand+polls%3A+JMM-led+alliance+trounces+the+BJP+in+Jharkhand&rft.date=2019-12-23&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Poornima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fjharkhand-polls-jmm-congress-alliance-set-to-trounce-bjp%2Farticle30381608.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TN_Alliance-353"><a href="#cite_ref-TN_Alliance_353-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/feb/22/dmk-led-secular-progressive-alliance-wins-21-corporations-in-sweep-of-urban-civic-polls-2422590.html">"DMK-led Secular Progressive Alliance wins 21 Corporations in sweep of urban civic polls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a>. Express Publications (Madurai) Limited. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=DMK-led+Secular+Progressive+Alliance+wins+21+Corporations+in+sweep+of+urban+civic+polls&rft.date=2022-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2022%2Ffeb%2F22%2Fdmk-led-secular-progressive-alliance-wins-21-corporations-in-sweep-of-urban-civic-polls-2422590.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KL_Alliance-354"><a href="#cite_ref-KL_Alliance_354-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandran" class="citation news cs1">Chandran, Cynthia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/oct/03/mm-hassan-takes-charge-as-the-udf-convener-2205259.html">"MM Hassan takes charge as the UDF convener"</a>. The New Indian Express. Express Publications (Madurai) Limited. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=MM+Hassan+takes+charge+as+the+UDF+convener&rft.aulast=Chandran&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Fkerala%2F2020%2Foct%2F03%2Fmm-hassan-takes-charge-as-the-udf-convener-2205259.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly/himachal-assembly-bypoll-results-2024/article68250698.ece">"Himachal Assembly bypoll results 2024: Congress wins 4 of 6 seats in Himachal Assembly bypolls, MLA strength reaches 38"</a>. The Hindu. 4 June 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Himachal+Assembly+bypoll+results+2024%3A+Congress+wins+4+of+6+seats+in+Himachal+Assembly+bypolls%2C+MLA+strength+reaches+38&rft.date=2024-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Felections%2Fhimachal-pradesh-assembly%2Fhimachal-assembly-bypoll-results-2024%2Farticle68250698.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1952_GE_Results-356"><a href="#cite_ref-1952_GE_Results_356-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/general-elections-308073-2016-02-10">"First general elections in India: All you need to know"</a>. India Today. Living Media Pvt Ltd. 10 February 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=First+general+elections+in+India%3A+All+you+need+to+know&rft.date=2016-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Feducation-today%2Fgk-current-affairs%2Fstory%2Fgeneral-elections-308073-2016-02-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahurkar1996" class="citation news cs1">Mahurkar, Uday (15 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19960515-at-98-two-time-interim-pm-gulzarilal-nanda-is-the-epitome-of-gandhian-ideals-834853-1996-05-15">"At 98, two-time interim PM Gulzarilal Nanda is the epitome of Gandhian ideals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a>. Retrieved 4 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=At+98%2C+two-time+interim+PM+Gulzarilal+Nanda+is+the+epitome+of+Gandhian+ideals&rft.date=1996-05-15&rft.aulast=Mahurkar&rft.aufirst=Uday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fprofile%2Fstory%2F19960515-at-98-two-time-interim-pm-gulzarilal-nanda-is-the-epitome-of-gandhian-ideals-834853-1996-05-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indira-358"><a href="#cite_ref-indira_358-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijaykumar2017" class="citation news cs1">Vijaykumar, Neeti (19 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/news/india/1966-indira-gandhi.html">"Today in 1966: Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Week_(Indian_magazine)" title="The Week (Indian magazine)">The Week</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216132208/http://www.theweek.in/content/archival/news/india/1966-indira-gandhi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Today+in+1966%3A+Indira+Gandhi+becomes+Prime+Minister&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft.aulast=Vijaykumar&rft.aufirst=Neeti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Fcontent%2Farchival%2Fnews%2Findia%2F1966-indira-gandhi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao-359"><a href="#cite_ref-Rao_359-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-p-v-narasimha-rao-2/">"Shri P. V. Narasimha Rao"</a>. PMO India. Retrieved 25 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shri+P.+V.+Narasimha+Rao&rft.pub=PMO+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmindia.gov.in%2Fen%2Fformer_pm%2Fshri-p-v-narasimha-rao-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009232119/http://pmindia.gov.in/en/former-prime-ministers/">"Former Prime Ministers"</a>. PM India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pmindia.gov.in/en/former-prime-ministers/">the original</a> on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Prime+Ministers&rft.pub=PM+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpmindia.gov.in%2Fen%2Fformer-prime-ministers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahendra_Prasad_Singh1981" class="citation book cs1">Mahendra Prasad Singh (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UOQRWuMXyRMC&pg=PAPA42">Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969</a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-140-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-140-9"><bdi>978-81-7017-140-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Split+in+a+Predominant+Party%3A+The+Indian+National+Congress+in+1969&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-140-9&rft.au=Mahendra+Prasad+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUOQRWuMXyRMC%26pg%3DPAPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>The Indian National Congress: An Historical Sketch, by Frederick Marion De Mello. Published by H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1934.</li> <li>The Indian National Congress, by Hemendra Nath Das Gupta. Published by J. K. Das Gupta, 1946.</li> <li>Indian National Congress: A Descriptive Bibliography of India's Struggle for Freedom, by Jagdish Saran Sharma. Published by S. Chand, 1959.</li> <li>Social Factors in the Birth and Growth of the Indian National Congress Movement, by Ramparkash Dua. Published by S. Chand, 1967.</li> <li>Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969, by Mahendra Prasad Singh. Abhinav Publications, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-140-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-140-7">81-7017-140-7</a>.</li> <li>Concise History of the Indian National Congress, 1885–1947, by B. N. Pande, Nisith Ranjan Ray, Ravinder Kumar, Manmath Nath Das. Published by Vikas Pub. House, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7069-3020-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7069-3020-7">0-7069-3020-7</a>.</li> <li>The Indian National Congress: An Analytical Biography, by Om P. Gautam. Published by B.R. Pub. Corp., 1985.</li> <li>A Century of Indian National Congress, 1885–1985, by Pran Nath Chopra, Ram Gopal, Moti Lal Bhargava. Published by Agam Prakashan, 1986.</li> <li>The Congress Ideology and Programme, 1920–1985, by Pitambar Datt Kaushik. Published by Gitanjali Pub. House, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85060-16-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-85060-16-9">81-85060-16-9</a>.</li> <li>Struggling and Ruling: The Indian National Congress, 1885–1985, by Jim Masselos. Published by Sterling Publishers, 1987.</li> <li>The Encyclopedia of Indian National Congress, by A. Moin Zaidi, Shaheda Gufran Zaidi, Indian Institute of Applied Political Research. Published by S.Chand, 1987.</li> <li>Indian National Congress: A Reconstruction, by Iqbal Singh, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. Published by Riverdale Company, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913215-32-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-913215-32-5">0-913215-32-5</a>.</li> <li>INC, the Glorious Tradition, by A. Moin Zaidi, Indian National Congress. AICC. Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, 1989.</li> <li>Indian National Congress: A Select Bibliography, by Manikrao Hodlya Gavit, Attar Chand. Published by U.D.H. Pub. House, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85044-05-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-85044-05-8">81-85044-05-8</a>.</li> <li>The Story of Congress PilgrFile: 1885–1985, by A. Moin Zaidi, Indian National Congress. Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85355-46-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-85355-46-0">81-85355-46-0</a>. (7 vols)</li> <li>Indian National Congress in England, by Harish P. Kaushik. Published by Friends Publications, 1991.</li> <li>Women in Indian National Congress, 1921–1931, by Rajan Mahan. Published by Rawat Publications, 1999.</li> <li>History of Indian National Congress, 1885–2002, by Deep Chand Bandhu. Published by Kalpaz Publications, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7835-090-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7835-090-4">81-7835-090-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipan_Chandra" title="Bipan Chandra">Bipan Chandra</a>, Amales Tripathi, Barun De. Freedom Struggle. India: National Book Struggle. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-237-0249-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-237-0249-0">978-81-237-0249-0</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inc.in/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10225#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=Indian%20National%20Congress">Congress Party</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Congress%2C%20Indian%20National%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Congress%2C%20Indian%20N%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Congress%2C%20I%2E%20N%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Indian%20National%20Congress%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Indian%20N%2E%20Congress%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22I%2E%20N%2E%20Congress%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Congress%2C%20Indian%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Indian%20Congress%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Indian%20National%20Congress%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Indian%20N%2E%20Congress%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22I%2E%20N%2E%20Congress%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22I%2E%20National%20Congress%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Congress%2C%20Indian%20National%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Congress%2C%20Indian%20N%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Congress%2C%20I%2E%20N%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Congress%2C%20I%2E%20National%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Indian%20Congress%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Congress%2C%20Indian%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Indian%20National%20Congress%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Indian%20N%2E%20Congress%22%20OR%20title%3A%22I%2E%20N%2E%20Congress%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Indian%20Congress%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Indian%20National%20Congress%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Indian%20N%2E%20Congress%22%20OR%20description%3A%22I%2E%20N%2E%20Congress%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Congress%2C%20Indian%20National%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Congress%2C%20Indian%20N%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Indian%20Congress%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Congress%2C%20Indian%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Indian National Congress</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285841">Indian National Congress</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template talk:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_National_Congress_25px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian National Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/25px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/38px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/50px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="562" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History of the Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="Electoral history of the Indian National Congress">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (Organisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Congress (I)">Indian National Congress (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_National_Congress_breakaway_parties" title="List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties">Breakaway parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Pradesh Congress Committee">Regional Congress Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pradesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Arunachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Assam Pradesh Congress Committee">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Goa Pradesh Congress Committee">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee"> Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Congress_Committee" title="Tamil Nadu Congress Committee">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Andaman and Nicobar Territorial Congress Committee">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Chandigarh Territorial Congress Committee">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Daman and Diu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Ladakh Territorial Congress Committee">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Lakshadweep Territorial Congress Committee">Lakshadweep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Regional_Congress_Committee" title="Mumbai Regional Congress Committee">Mumbai RCC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badruddin_Tyabji" title="Badruddin Tyabji">Badruddin Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yule_(businessman)" title="George Yule (businessman)">George Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherozeshah_Mehta" title="Pherozeshah Mehta">Pherozeshah Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandacharlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandacharlu">Anandacharlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Webb" title="Alfred Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahimtulla_M._Sayani" title="Rahimtulla M. Sayani">Rahimtulla M. Sayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Sankaran_Nair" title="C. Sankaran Nair">C. Sankaran Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamohan_Bose" title="Anandamohan Bose">Anandamohan Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Chandavarkar" title="N. G. Chandavarkar">N. G. Chandavarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinshaw_Edulji_Wacha" title="Dinshaw Edulji Wacha">Dinshaw Edulji Wacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ghosh" title="Lalmohan Ghosh">Lalmohan Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(civil_servant)" title="Henry Cotton (civil servant)">Henry Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Ghosh" title="Rash Behari Ghosh">Rash Behari Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishan_Narayan_Dar" title="Bishan Narayan Dar">Bishan Narayan Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Narasinha_Mudholkar" title="Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar">Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Syed_Muhammad_Bahadur" title="Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur">Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Nath_Bose" title="Bhupendra Nath Bose">Bhupendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Prasanna_Sinha,_1st_Baron_Sinha" title="Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha">Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambica_Charan_Mazumdar" title="Ambica Charan Mazumdar">Ambica Charan Mazumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Hasan_Imam" title="Syed Hasan Imam">Syed Hasan Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vijayaraghavachariar" title="C. Vijayaraghavachariar">C. Vijayaraghavachariar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="S. Srinivasa Iyengar">S. Srinivasa Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Ahmed_Ansari" title="Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari">Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhogaraju_Pattabhi_Sitaramayya" title="Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya">Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Nijalingappa" title="S. Nijalingappa">S. Nijalingappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Barooah" title="D. K. Barooah">D. K. Barooah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Kesri" title="Sitaram Kesri">Sitaram Kesri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">Prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lok Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">Chembakassery Mathai Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(Madhya_Pradesh_politician)" title="Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushilkumar_Shinde" title="Sushilkumar Shinde">Sushilkumar Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhir_Ranjan_Chowdhury" title="Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury">Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravneet_Singh_Bittu" title="Ravneet Singh Bittu">Ravneet Singh Bittu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rajya Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswamy_Ayyangar" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Chandra_Biswas" title="Charu Chandra Biswas">Charu Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Chagla" title="M. C. Chagla">M. C. Chagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodardas_Kalidas_Shah" title="Kodardas Kalidas Shah">Kodardas Kalidas Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalapati_Tripathi" title="Kamalapati Tripathi">Kamalapati Tripathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">V.P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Dutt_Tiwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayan Dutt Tiwari">Narayan Dutt Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Shiv_Shankar" title="P. Shiv Shankar">P. Shiv Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Vora" title="Motilal Vora">Motilal Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Patel" title="Ahmed Patel">Ahmed Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sharma" title="Anand Sharma">Anand Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digvijaya_Singh" title="Digvijaya Singh">Digvijaya Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhishek_Singhvi" title="Abhishek Singhvi">Abhishek Singhvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Shukla" title="Rajeev Shukla">Rajeev Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad" title="Ghulam Nabi Azad">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Dal" title="Seva Dal">Seva Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Mahila_Congress" title="All India Mahila Congress">All India Mahila Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Indian Youth Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Indian National Trade Union Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Professionals_Congress" title="All India Professionals Congress">All India Professionals Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress">Chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu" title="Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu">Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddaramaiah" title="Siddaramaiah">Siddaramaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanth_Reddy" title="Revanth Reddy">Anumula Revanth Reddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Congress" title="Category:Indian National Congress">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#00B7EB; color:var(--color-base,black);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" title="Template:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:var(--color-base,black)">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" title="Template talk:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:var(--color-base,black)">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:var(--color-base,black)">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance" title="Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance">Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00B7EB; color:var(--color-base,black);;width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00B7EB; color:var(--color-base,black);;width:1%">National parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party" title="Aam Aadmi Party">Aam Aadmi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian National Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00B7EB; color:var(--color-base,black);;width:1%">State parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Adivasi_Party" title="Bharat Adivasi Party">Bharat Adivasi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Liberation" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation">Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">Indian Union Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conference" title="Jammu & Kashmir National Conference">Jammu & Kashmir National Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Peoples_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party">Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Mukti_Morcha" title="Jharkhand Mukti Morcha">Jharkhand Mukti Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(Joseph)" title="Kerala Congress (Joseph)">Kerala Congress (Joseph)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(M)" title="Kerala Congress (M)">Kerala Congress (M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party_(Sharadchandra_Pawar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)">Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Loktantrik_Party" title="Rashtriya Loktantrik Party">Rashtriya Loktantrik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dal" title="Rashtriya Janata Dal">Rashtriya Janata Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)">Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants_and_Workers_Party_of_India" title="Peasants and Workers Party of India">Peasants and Workers Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samajwadi_Party" title="Samajwadi Party">Samajwadi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(UBT)" title="Shiv Sena (UBT)">Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchi" title="Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi">Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00B7EB; color:var(--color-base,black);;width:1%">Unrecognised parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">All India Forward Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchalik_Gana_Morcha" title="Anchalik Gana Morcha">Anchalik Gana Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Jatiya_Parishad" title="Assam Jatiya Parishad">Assam Jatiya Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Forward_Party" title="Goa Forward Party">Goa Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongunadu_Makkal_Desia_Katchi" title="Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi">Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makkal_Needhi_Maiam" title="Makkal Needhi Maiam">Makkal Needhi Maiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manithaneya_Makkal_Katchi" title="Manithaneya Makkal Katchi">Manithaneya Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marumalarchi_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raijor_Dal" title="Raijor Dal">Raijor Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikassheel_Insaan_Party" title="Vikassheel Insaan Party">Vikassheel Insaan Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00B7EB; color:var(--color-base,black);;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhilesh_Yadav" title="Akhilesh Yadav">Akhilesh Yadav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalu_Prasad_Yadav" title="Lalu Prasad Yadav">Lalu Prasad Yadav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Kejriwal" title="Arvind Kejriwal">Arvind Kejriwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamata_Banerjee" title="Mamata Banerjee">Mamata Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uddhav_Thackeray" title="Uddhav Thackeray">Uddhav Thackeray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemant_Soren" title="Hemant Soren">Hemant Soren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaiko" title="Vaiko">Vaiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Beniwal" title="Hanuman Beniwal">Hanuman Beniwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankar_Bhattacharya" title="Dipankar Bhattacharya">Dipankar Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Kader_Mohideen" title="K. M. Kader Mohideen">K. M. Kader Mohideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Abdullah" title="Farooq Abdullah">Farooq Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehbooba_Mufti" title="Mehbooba Mufti">Mehbooba Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkumar_Roat" title="Rajkumar Roat">Rajkumar Roat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Joseph" title="P. J. Joseph">P. J. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doraisamy_Raja" class="mw-redirect" title="Doraisamy Raja">Doraisamy Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_K._Mani" title="Jose K. Mani">Jose K. Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Prabhakar_Patil" title="Jayant Prabhakar Patil">Jayant Prabhakar Patil</a></li> <li>G. Devarajan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Bhattacharya" title="Manoj Bhattacharya">Manoj Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Yechury" title="Sitaram Yechury">Sitaram Yechury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Gogoi" title="Akhil Gogoi">Akhil Gogoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thol._Thirumavalavan" title="Thol. Thirumavalavan">Thol. Thirumavalavan</a></li> <li>Krishna Patel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._R._Eswaran" title="E. R. Eswaran">E. R. Eswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijai_Sardesai" title="Vijai Sardesai">Vijai Sardesai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurinjyoti_Gogoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lurinjyoti Gogoi">Lurinjyoti Gogoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Jawahirullah" title="M. H. Jawahirullah">M. H. Jawahirullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Kumar_Bhuyan" title="Ajit Kumar Bhuyan">Ajit Kumar Bhuyan</a></li> <li>Mukesh Sahni</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Haasan" title="Kamal Haasan">Kamal Haasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00B7EB; color:var(--color-base,black);;width:1%">Member fronts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Vikas_Aghadi" title="Maha Vikas Aghadi">Maha Vikas Aghadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahagathbandhan_(Bihar)" title="Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)">Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahagathbandhan_(Jharkhand)" title="Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)">Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Progressive_Alliance" title="Secular Progressive Alliance">Secular Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">United Democratic Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00B7EB; color:var(--color-base,black);;width:1%">Candidates by election</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_National_Developmental_Inclusive_Alliance_candidates_for_the_2024_Indian_general_election" title="List of Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates for the 2024 Indian general election">2024</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_political_parties" title="Template:Indian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_political_parties" title="Template talk:Indian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party" title="Aam Aadmi Party">Aam Aadmi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Party" title="Bahujan Samaj Party">Bahujan Samaj Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(India)" title="National People's Party (India)">National People's Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AJSU_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AJSU Party">AJSU Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">All India Forward Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Majlis-e-Ittehadul_Muslimeen" title="All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen">All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_N.R._Congress" title="All India N.R. Congress">All India N.R. Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_United_Democratic_Front" title="All India United Democratic Front">All India United Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apna_Dal_(Soneylal)" title="Apna Dal (Soneylal)">Apna Dal (Soneylal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asom_Gana_Parishad" title="Asom Gana Parishad">Asom Gana Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Rashtra_Samithi" title="Bharat Rashtra Samithi">Bharat Rashtra Samithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biju_Janata_Dal" title="Biju Janata Dal">Biju Janata Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodoland_People%27s_Front" title="Bodoland People's Front">Bodoland People's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Liberation" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation">Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiya_Murpokku_Dravida_Kazhagam" title="Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam">Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Forward_Party" title="Goa Forward Party">Goa Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_State_People%27s_Democratic_Party" title="Hill State People's Democratic Party">Hill State People's Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Lok_Dal" title="Indian National Lok Dal">Indian National Lok Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">Indian Union Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_People%27s_Front_of_Tripura" title="Indigenous People's Front of Tripura">Indigenous People's Front of Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_National_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir National Conference">Jammu and Kashmir National Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_People%27s_Democratic_Party" title="Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party">Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janasena_Party" title="Janasena Party">Janasena Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)" title="Janata Dal (Secular)">Janata Dal (Secular)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)" title="Janata Dal (United)">Janata Dal (United)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jannayak_Janta_Party" title="Jannayak Janta Party">Jannayak Janta Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janta_Congress_Chhattisgarh" title="Janta Congress Chhattisgarh">Janta Congress Chhattisgarh (J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Mukti_Morcha" title="Jharkhand Mukti Morcha">Jharkhand Mukti Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(M)" title="Kerala Congress (M)">Kerala Congress (M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Janshakti_Party_(Ram_Vilas)" title="Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)">Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Navnirman_Sena" title="Maharashtra Navnirman Sena">Maharashtra Navnirman Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrawadi_Gomantak_Party" title="Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party">Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_National_Front" title="Mizo National Front">Mizo National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Tamilar_Katchi" title="Naam Tamilar Katchi">Naam Tamilar Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_People%27s_Front" title="Naga People's Front">Naga People's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party" title="Nationalist Congress Party">Nationalist Congress Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party_%E2%80%93_Sharadchandra_Pawar" title="Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar">Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party">Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Arunachal" title="People's Party of Arunachal">People's Party of Arunachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Front_(Meghalaya)" title="People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)">People's Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dal" title="Rashtriya Janata Dal">Rashtriya Janata Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Janshakti_Party" title="Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party">Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Samta_Party" title="Rashtriya Lok Samta Party">Rashtriya Lok Samta Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Loktantrik_Party" title="Rashtriya Loktantrik Party">Rashtriya Loktantrik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Goans_Party" title="Revolutionary Goans Party">Revolutionary Goans Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)">Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samajwadi_Party" title="Samajwadi Party">Samajwadi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena" title="Shiv Sena">Shiv Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(UBT)" title="Shiv Sena (UBT)">Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Democratic_Front" title="Sikkim Democratic Front">Sikkim Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Krantikari_Morcha" title="Sikkim Krantikari Morcha">Sikkim Krantikari Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Party" title="Telugu Desam Party">Telugu Desam Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipra_Motha_Party" title="Tipra Motha Party">Tipra Motha Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Party_(Meghalaya)" title="United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)">United Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Party,_Liberal" title="United People's Party, Liberal">United People's Party, Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_the_People_Party_(Meghalaya)" title="Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)">Voice of the People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchi" title="Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi">Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuvajana_Sramika_Rythu_Congress_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party">Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoram_Nationalist_Party" title="Zoram Nationalist Party">Zoram Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoram_People%27s_Movement" title="Zoram People's Movement">Zoram People's Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahila_India_Naadalum_Makkal_Katchi" title="Ahila India Naadalum Makkal Katchi">Ahila India Naadalum Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Rajakulathor_Peravai" title="All India Rajakulathor Peravai">All India Rajakulathor Peravai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambedkarite_Party_of_India" title="Ambedkarite Party of India">Ambedkarite Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amma_Makkal_Munnettra_Kazagam" class="mw-redirect" title="Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam">Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana_Suraksha_Party" title="Gana Suraksha Party">Gana Suraksha Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Centre_of_India_(Communist)" title="Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)">Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apna_Dal_(Kamerawadi)" title="Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)">Apna Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Samaj_Party_(Kanshi_Ram)" title="Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)">Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahujan_Mukti_Party" title="Bahujan Mukti Party">Bahujan Mukti Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharipa_Bahujan_Mahasangh" title="Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh">Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Tribal_Party" title="Bharatiya Tribal Party">Bharatiya Tribal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Marxist_Party" title="Communist Marxist Party">Communist Marxist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_(Secular)" title="Congress (Secular)">Congress (Secular)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Azad_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Azad Party">Democratic Azad Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Party_(Prabodh_Chandra)" title="Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)">Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiya_Makkal_Sakthi_Katchi" title="Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi">Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Vikas_Party" title="Goa Vikas Party">Goa Vikas Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Ganatantra_Party" title="Gondwana Ganatantra Party">Gondwana Ganatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Janmukti_Morcha" title="Gorkha Janmukti Morcha">Gorkha Janmukti Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamro_Sikkim_Party" title="Hamro Sikkim Party">Hamro Sikkim Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Janta_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustan Janta Party">Hindustan Janta Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_Awam_Morcha" title="Hindustani Awam Morcha">Hindustani Awam Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikkjutt_Jammu" title="Ikkjutt Jammu">Ikkjutt Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indhiya_Jananayaga_Katchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi">Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_League" title="Indian National League">Indian National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Apni_Party" title="Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party">Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_People%27s_Conference" title="Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference">Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Workers_Party" title="Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party">Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Adhikar_Party_(Loktantrik)" title="Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)">Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jannayak_Janta_Party" title="Jannayak Janta Party">Jannayak Janta Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansatta_Dal_(Loktantrik)" title="Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)">Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebamani_Janata" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebamani Janata">Jebamani Janata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Party" title="Jharkhand Party">Jharkhand Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Pragnyavantha_Janatha_Party" title="Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party">Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khun_Hynniewtrep_National_Awakening_Movement" title="Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement">Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(B)" title="Kerala Congress (B)">Kerala Congress (Balakrishna Pillai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(Jacob)" title="Kerala Congress (Jacob)">Kerala Congress (Jacob)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(Thomas)" title="Kerala Congress (Thomas)">Kerala Congress (Thomas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongunadu_Makkal_Desia_Katchi" title="Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi">Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Insaaf_Party" title="Lok Insaaf Party">Lok Insaaf Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loktantrik_Janata_Dal" title="Loktantrik Janata Dal">Loktantrik Janata Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Dal" title="Mahan Dal">Mahan Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makkal_Needhi_Maiam" title="Makkal Needhi Maiam">Makkal Needhi Maiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marumalarchi_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Co-ordination_Committee" title="Marxist Co-ordination Committee">Marxist Co-ordination Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Secular_Conference" title="National Secular Conference">National Secular Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NISHAD_Party" title="NISHAD Party">NISHAD Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattali_Makkal_Katchi" title="Pattali Makkal Katchi">Pattali Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puratchi_Bharatham_Katchi" title="Puratchi Bharatham Katchi">Puratchi Bharatham Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthiya_Needhi_Katchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Puthiya Needhi Katchi">Puthiya Needhi Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthiya_Tamilagam" title="Puthiya Tamilagam">Puthiya Tamilagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raijor_Dal" title="Raijor Dal">Raijor Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Morcha" title="Rashtriya Lok Morcha">Rashtriya Lok Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Samaj_Paksha" title="Rashtriya Samaj Paksha">Rashtriya Samaj Paksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_India_(Athawale)" title="Republican Party of India (Athawale)">Republican Party of India (Athawale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_of_Kerala_(Bolshevik)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party of Kerala (Bolshevik)">Revolutionary Socialist Party of Kerala (Bolshevik)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(Leninist)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)">Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samajwadi_Janata_Party_(Rashtriya)" title="Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)">Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sangram" title="Shiv Sangram">Shiv Sangram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Democratic)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_National_People%27s_Party" title="Sikkim National People's Party">Sikkim National People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_India" title="Social Democratic Party of India">Social Democratic Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Centre_of_India_(Communist)" title="Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)">Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheldev_Bharatiya_Samaj_Party" title="Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party">Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabhimani_Paksha" title="Swabhimani Paksha">Swabhimani Paksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatantra_Bharat_Paksh" title="Swatantra Bharat Paksh">Swatantra Bharat Paksh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Maanila_Congress_(Moopanar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)">Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilaga_Vettri_Kazhagam" title="Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam">Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamizhaga_Makkal_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam">Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamizhaga_Murpokku_Makkal_Katchi" title="Tamizhaga Murpokku Makkal Katchi">Tamizhaga Murpokku Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Jana_Samithi" title="Telangana Jana Samithi">Telangana Jana Samithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipra_Motha_Party" title="Tipra Motha Party">Tipraha Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Goans_Democratic_Party" title="United Goans Democratic Party">United Goans Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Kranti_Dal" title="Uttarakhand Kranti Dal">Uttarakhand Kranti Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchit_Bahujan_Aaghadi" title="Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi">Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikassheel_Insaan_Party" title="Vikassheel Insaan Party">Vikassheel Insaan Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party_of_India" title="Welfare Party of India">Welfare Party of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_topics" title="Template:India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_topics" title="Template talk:India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10225#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10225#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10225#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000096035347">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158938534">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/63359-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80076411">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124364814">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124364814">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35220593">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2016919921&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90375795">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810619074705606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262799205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510291506706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01585500?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027440508">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_National_Congress&oldid=1260729471#Formation_of_Congress_(I)">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_National_Congress&oldid=1260729471#Formation_of_Congress_(I)</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Congress" title="Category:Indian National 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344.666 1 Template:Infobox_Indian_political_party"," 8.91% 334.863 70 Template:Cite_book"," 8.17% 307.186 1 Template:Infobox_political_party"," 7.70% 289.409 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.26% 197.722 66 Template:Composition_bar"," 4.11% 154.687 3 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.280","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":28527048,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFABP_News2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdam_Ziegfeld2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAggarwaiFrayer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAggarwal2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgrawalAggarwal1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgrawala1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonKillingray1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArthur_Herman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArvind_Panagariya_Professor_of_Economics_and_Jagdish_Bhagwati_Professor_of_Indian_Political_Economy_Columbia_University_School_of_International_\u0026amp;_Public_Affairs2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBajoria2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBala_Jeyaraman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalachandran2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBedi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBidwai\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Philip_Skardon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarl_Olson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakravarti1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakravarty2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandra2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandra2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandran\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaturvedi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiriyankandath2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChowdhary2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChundawat2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouper1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD._R._Kaarthikenyan,_Radhavinod_RajuRadhavinod_Raju2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDates_of_time_spent_in_Britain:_1919–21\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeSouza2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeka2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDugger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmiliano_BosioYusef_Waghid2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmma_Tarlo2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFField2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForrester1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabriel_Sheffer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguly2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGehlot1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_McTurnan_Kahin,_Harold_C._Hinton1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Perkovich2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhildiyal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopalaswamy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenDella-Rovere2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaass2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInder_Malhotra2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIodice2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-Pierre_Cabestan,_Jacques_deLisle2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJyotirindra_Dasgupta1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanishka_Singh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanta_Kataria2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapilaKapila2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarmakar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKedar_Nath_Kumar1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_PlumbergSteven_C._Johnson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopsteinLichbachHanson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKundu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLakshman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowell_Barrington2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahatma_Gandhi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahendra_Prasad_Singh1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahurkar1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalhotra2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarques2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarston2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathew2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendelsohn1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyerBrysac2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitra2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittal,_S._K.Habib,_Irfan1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoshe_Y._Sachs1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._S._Gehlot1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNair2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNair2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaqshbandi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaqshbandi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayan_Agrawal_NarayanLal_Bahadur_ShastriVivek_MisraSubha_Ravi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaveen_Sharma1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNayantara_Sahgal2010\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFNegi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatel1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattabhi_Sita_Ramaiah2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilippe_AghionRobin_BurgessStephen_J._ReddingFabrizio_Zilibotti2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhukan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPraveen_Davar2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._D._PradhanMadhav_Godbole1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishnan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRam1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Sisson,_Leo_E._Rose1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_SissonStanley_A._Wolpert1988\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRohit_Manglik2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosowGeorge2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosserRosser2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoushan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._M._Ikram1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSN_Sen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachs2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaezSinha2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanghvi2006\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSethi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShakti_Shekhar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShankar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_Denyer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingal2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSir_William_Wedderburn2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSitaramayya,_B._Pattabhi1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoperFetzer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff_Writer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStudlar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubrata_Kumar_MitraMike_EnskatClemens_Spiess2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumantra_Bose2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuranjan_Das2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTNN2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTempest1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiwari2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV._Venkatesan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVISANA2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenkatasubbiah2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVij2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVijaykumar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVohra2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Age in years and days\"] = 7,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Black\"] = 2,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 70,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 100,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 147,\n [\"Color box\"] = 3,\n [\"Colour box\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"Composition bar\"] = 66,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 16,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dts\"] = 16,\n [\"Efn\"] = 9,\n [\"Emdash\"] = 2,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 23,\n [\"GovPubs\"] = 1,\n [\"Hatnote group\"] = 1,\n [\"Hidden\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 8,\n [\"Increase\"] = 21,\n [\"India topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian National Congress\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian National Congress sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian political parties\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Indian political party\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Liberalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 1,\n [\"N/a\"] = 6,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"No2\"] = 34,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Official URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Partial\"] = 2,\n [\"Party color\"] = 69,\n [\"Party color cell\"] = 11,\n [\"Party colour\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 3,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"United Progressive Alliance\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vertical bar chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Yes2\"] = 20,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","420","18.9"],["dataWrapper 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