CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a2612a0f-20c1-4a4c-a6d6-04843ff0b397","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Council_on_Foreign_Relations","wgTitle":"Council on Foreign Relations","wgCurRevisionId":1248721170,"wgRevisionId":1248721170,"wgArticleId":211372,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from August 2019","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from August 2017","Council on Foreign Relations","1921 establishments in New York City","Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States","Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.", "Organizations based in Manhattan","Think tanks established in 1921","Realist think tanks","Rockefeller Foundation"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Council_on_Foreign_Relations","wgRelevantArticleId":211372,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q594712","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Council_on_Foreign_Relations.svg/1200px-Council_on_Foreign_Relations.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="578"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Council_on_Foreign_Relations.svg/800px-Council_on_Foreign_Relations.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="385"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Council_on_Foreign_Relations.svg/640px-Council_on_Foreign_Relations.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="308"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Council on Foreign Relations - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Council_on_Foreign_Relations rootpage-Council_on_Foreign_Relations skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Council+on+Foreign+Relations" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Council+on+Foreign+Relations" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Council+on+Foreign+Relations" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Council+on+Foreign+Relations" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins,_1918_to_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins,_1918_to_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins, 1918 to 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins,_1918_to_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_era,_1945_to_1979" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_era,_1945_to_1979"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cold War era, 1945 to 1979</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_era,_1945_to_1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Board members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_charity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_charity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>As a charity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_charity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Periodicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Periodicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_Affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span><i>Foreign Affairs</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Council on Foreign Relations</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مجلس العلاقات الخارجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجلس العلاقات الخارجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="কাউন্সিল অন ফরেন রিলেশন্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাউন্সিল অন ফরেন রিলেশন্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Council on Foreign Relations" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%82%D1%88%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%C4%95" title="Тĕнчери хутшăнусен канашĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕнчери хутшăнусен канашĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada_pro_mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_vztahy" title="Rada pro mezinárodní vztahy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rada pro mezinárodní vztahy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Council on Foreign Relations" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Council on Foreign Relations" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Council on Foreign Relations" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsilio_pri_Eksterlandaj_Rilatoj" title="Konsilio pri Eksterlandaj Rilatoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konsilio pri Eksterlandaj Rilatoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="شورای روابط خارجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورای روابط خارجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Council on Foreign Relations" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EA%B5%90%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C" title="외교협회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외교협회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE)" title="विदेश संबंध परिषद (अमेरिका) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विदेश संबंध परिषद (अमेरिका)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Hubungan_Internasional" title="Dewan Hubungan Internasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dewan Hubungan Internasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samt%C3%B6k_um_al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0asamskipti" title="Samtök um alþjóðasamskipti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samtök um alþjóðasamskipti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Council on Foreign Relations" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B6%D3%A9%D0%BDi%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B3i_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Халықаралық қатынастар жөнiндегi кеңес – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Халықаралық қатынастар жөнiндегi кеңес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Hubungan_Luar_Negeri" title="Majlis Hubungan Luar Negeri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Majlis Hubungan Luar Negeri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Council on Foreign Relations" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E8%A9%95%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A" title="外交問題評議会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="外交問題評議会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Council on Foreign Relations" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Council on Foreign Relations" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Council on Foreign Relations" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiliul_pentru_Rela%C8%9Bii_Externe" title="Consiliul pentru Relații Externe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consiliul pentru Relații Externe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Совет по международным отношениям – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Совет по международным отношениям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Council on Foreign Relations" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Савет за иностране односе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Савет за иностране односе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savet_za_inostrane_odnose" title="Savet za inostrane odnose – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Savet za inostrane odnose" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Council on Foreign Relations" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рада з міжнародних відносин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рада з міжнародних відносин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" title="美国外交关系协会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国外交关系协会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q594712#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Council_on_Foreign_Relations" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&oldid=1248721170" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&id=1248721170&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCouncil_on_Foreign_Relations"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCouncil_on_Foreign_Relations"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Council_on_Foreign_Relations" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q594712" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American think tank on foreign policy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations</a> or <a href="/wiki/European_Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="European Council on Foreign Relations">European Council on Foreign Relations</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Council on Foreign Relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_on_Foreign_Relations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Council_on_Foreign_Relations.svg/220px-Council_on_Foreign_Relations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Council_on_Foreign_Relations.svg/330px-Council_on_Foreign_Relations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Council_on_Foreign_Relations.svg/440px-Council_on_Foreign_Relations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="144" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">CFR</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">1921<span class="noprint">; 103 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1921</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/501(c)3_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)3 organization">501(c)3 organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">Tax ID no.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13-1628168</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Pratt_House" title="Harold Pratt House">Harold Pratt House</a>, 58 East 68th Street, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, U.S.</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Froman" title="Michael Froman">Michael Froman</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Rubenstein" title="David Rubenstein">David Rubenstein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data">$102,605,000<sup id="cite_ref-FR_2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FR_2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in 2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Expenses</th><td class="infobox-data">$79,073,100<sup id="cite_ref-FR_2022_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FR_2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in 2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org">www<wbr />.cfr<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q594712#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Council on Foreign Relations</b> (<b>CFR</b>) is an American <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> specializing in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">U.S. foreign policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>. Founded in 1921, it is an independent and nonpartisan <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CFR is based in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, with an additional office in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, D.C.</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Members of the Council on Foreign Relations">membership</a> has included senior politicians, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">secretaries of state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> directors, bankers, lawyers, professors, corporate directors, CEOs, and prominent <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a> figures. </p><p>CFR meetings convene government officials, global business leaders, and prominent members of the intelligence and foreign-policy communities to discuss international issues. CFR publishes the bi-monthly journal <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> since 1922. It also runs the <a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a> Studies Program, which makes recommendations to presidential administrations and the <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic</a> community, testifies before <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, interacts with the media, and publishes research on foreign policy issues. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Froman" title="Michael Froman">Michael Froman</a> is the organization's 15th president. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins,_1918_to_1945"><span id="Origins.2C_1918_to_1945"></span>Origins, 1918 to 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins, 1918 to 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elihu_Root,_bw_photo_portrait,_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Elihu_Root%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1902.jpg/220px-Elihu_Root%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Elihu_Root%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1902.jpg/330px-Elihu_Root%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Elihu_Root%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1902.jpg/440px-Elihu_Root%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="2898" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a> (1845–1937) served as the first honorary president (1921–1937) of the Council on Foreign Relations.<sup id="cite_ref-CFR_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Pictured 1902, age 57).</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1917, near the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> established a working fellowship of about 150 <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholars</a> called "<a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry" title="The Inquiry">The Inquiry</a>", tasked with briefing him about options for the postwar world after Germany was defeated. This academic group, directed by Wilson's closest adviser and long-time friend "Colonel" <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._House" title="Edward M. House">Edward M. House</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a> as Head of Research, met to assemble the strategy for the postwar world.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoup_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoup-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13–14">: 13–14 </span></sup> The team produced more than 2,000 documents detailing and analyzing the political, economic, and social facts globally that would be helpful for Wilson in the peace talks. Their reports formed the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a>, which outlined Wilson's strategy for peace after the war's end. These scholars then traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference 1919">Paris Peace Conference 1919</a> and participated in the discussions there.<sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–5">: 1–5 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DAVIS,_JOHN_W._HONORABLE_LCCN2016857882.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DAVIS%2C_JOHN_W._HONORABLE_LCCN2016857882.jpg/220px-DAVIS%2C_JOHN_W._HONORABLE_LCCN2016857882.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DAVIS%2C_JOHN_W._HONORABLE_LCCN2016857882.jpg/330px-DAVIS%2C_JOHN_W._HONORABLE_LCCN2016857882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DAVIS%2C_JOHN_W._HONORABLE_LCCN2016857882.jpg/440px-DAVIS%2C_JOHN_W._HONORABLE_LCCN2016857882.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8148" data-file-height="10254" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> was the first elected CFR president<sup id="cite_ref-CFR_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of discussions at the Peace Conference, a small group of British and American diplomats and scholars met on May 30, 1919, at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Majestic_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Majestic (Paris)">Hotel Majestic</a> in Paris. They decided to create an Anglo-American organization called "The Institute of International Affairs", which would have offices in London and New York.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoup_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoup-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Ultimately, the British and American delegates formed separate institutes, with the British developing the Royal Institute of International Affairs (known as <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a>) in London. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Isolationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolationist">isolationist</a> views prevalent in American society at that time, the scholars had difficulty gaining traction with their plan and turned their focus instead to a set of discreet meetings which had been taking place since June 1918 in New York City, under the name "Council on Foreign Relations". The meetings were headed by <a href="/wiki/Corporate_lawyer" title="Corporate lawyer">corporate lawyer</a> <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a>, who had served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, and attended by 108 "high-ranking officers of banking, manufacturing, trading and finance companies, together with many lawyers". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Drennan_Cravath.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Paul_Drennan_Cravath.png/220px-Paul_Drennan_Cravath.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Paul_Drennan_Cravath.png/330px-Paul_Drennan_Cravath.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Paul_Drennan_Cravath.png/440px-Paul_Drennan_Cravath.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>First CFR vice-president, attorney <a href="/wiki/Paul_Drennan_Cravath" title="Paul Drennan Cravath">Paul Drennan Cravath</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The members were proponents of Wilson's <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a>, but they were particularly concerned about "the effect that the war and the treaty of peace might have on postwar business".<sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6–7">: 6–7 </span></sup> The scholars from the inquiry saw an opportunity to create an organization that brought diplomats, high-level government officials, and <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">academics</a> together with lawyers, bankers, and <a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">industrialists</a> to influence government policy. On July 29, 1921, they filed a certification of <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(association)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporation (association)">incorporation</a>, officially forming the Council on Foreign Relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8–9">: 8–9 </span></sup> Founding members included its first honorary president, <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a>, and first elected president, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a>, vice-president <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Cravath" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul D. Cravath">Paul D. Cravath</a>, and secretary–treasurer <a href="/wiki/Edwin_F._Gay" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin F. Gay">Edwin F. Gay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CFR_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwin_Francis_Gay_in_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Edwin_Francis_Gay_in_1908.jpg/220px-Edwin_Francis_Gay_in_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Edwin_Francis_Gay_in_1908.jpg/330px-Edwin_Francis_Gay_in_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Edwin_Francis_Gay_in_1908.jpg/440px-Edwin_Francis_Gay_in_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Francis_Gay" title="Edwin Francis Gay">Edwin F. Gay</a>, 1908.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1922, Gay, who was a former dean of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a> and director of the <a href="/wiki/Shipping_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping Board">Shipping Board</a> during the war, headed the Council's efforts to begin publication of a magazine that would be the "authoritative" source on foreign policy. He gathered US$125,000 (equivalent to $2,275,348 in 2023) from the wealthy members on the council, as well as by sending letters soliciting funds to "the thousand richest Americans". Using these funds, the first issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> was published in September 1922. Within a few years, it had gained a reputation as the "most authoritative American review dealing with international relations".<sup id="cite_ref-Shoup_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoup-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17–18">: 17–18 </span></sup> </p><p>In the late 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> began financially supporting the Council.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, they created various Committees on Foreign Relations, which later became governed by the American Committees on Foreign Relations in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, throughout the country, funded by a grant from the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Corporation">Carnegie Corporation</a>. Influential men were to be chosen in a number of cities, and would then be brought together for discussions in their own communities as well as participating in an annual conference in New York. These local committees served to influence local leaders and shape public opinion to build support for the Council's policies, while also acting as "useful listening posts" through which the Council and U.S. government could "sense the mood of the country".<sup id="cite_ref-Shoup_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoup-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30–31">: 30–31 </span></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the Council achieved much greater prominence within the government and the <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a>, when it established the strictly confidential <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_Studies" title="War and Peace Studies">War and Peace Studies</a></i>, funded entirely by the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> The secrecy surrounding this group was such that the Council members who were not involved in its deliberations were completely unaware of the study group's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> It was divided into four functional topic groups: economic and financial; security and <a href="/wiki/Armament" class="mw-redirect" title="Armament">armaments</a>; territorial; and political. The security and armaments group was headed by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Welsh_Dulles" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Welsh Dulles">Allen Welsh Dulles</a>, who later became a pivotal figure in the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>'s predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS). CFR ultimately produced 682 memoranda for the State Department, which were marked <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified</a> and circulated among the appropriate government departments.<sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23–26">: 23–26 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War_era,_1945_to_1979"><span id="Cold_War_era.2C_1945_to_1979"></span>Cold War era, 1945 to 1979</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cold War era, 1945 to 1979"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Rockefeller_-_NARA_-_195929_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/David_Rockefeller_-_NARA_-_195929_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-David_Rockefeller_-_NARA_-_195929_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/David_Rockefeller_-_NARA_-_195929_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-David_Rockefeller_-_NARA_-_195929_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/David_Rockefeller_-_NARA_-_195929_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-David_Rockefeller_-_NARA_-_195929_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a> (1915–2017) joined the Council in 1941 and was appointed as a director in 1949.</figcaption></figure> <p>A critical study found that of 502 government officials surveyed from 1945 to 1972, more than half were members of the Council.<sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower administration">Eisenhower administration</a> 40% of the top U.S. foreign policy officials were CFR members (Eisenhower himself had been a council member); under <a href="/wiki/Truman_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman Administration">Truman</a>, 42% of the top posts were filled by council members. During the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy administration">Kennedy administration</a>, this number rose to 51%, and peaked at 57% under the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Administration">Johnson administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoup_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoup-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62–64">: 62–64 </span></sup> </p><p>In an anonymous piece called "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" that appeared in <i>Foreign Affairs</i> in 1947, CFR study group member <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George Kennan</a> coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>". The essay would prove to be highly influential in US foreign policy for seven upcoming presidential administrations. Forty years later, Kennan explained that he had never suspected the Russians of any desire to launch an attack on America; he thought that it was obvious enough and he did not need to explain it in his essay. <a href="/wiki/William_Bundy" title="William Bundy">William Bundy</a> credited CFR's study groups with helping to lay the framework of thinking that led to the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. Due to new interest in the group, membership grew towards 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35–39">: 35–39 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Pratt_House_004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Harold_Pratt_House_004.JPG/220px-Harold_Pratt_House_004.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Harold_Pratt_House_004.JPG/330px-Harold_Pratt_House_004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Harold_Pratt_House_004.JPG/440px-Harold_Pratt_House_004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>CFR Headquarters, located in the former <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pratt_House" title="Harold Pratt House">Harold Pratt House</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> chaired a CFR study group while he served as President of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. One member later said, "whatever General Eisenhower knows about economics, he has learned at the study group meetings."<sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35–44">: 35–44 </span></sup> The CFR study group devised an expanded study group called "Americans for Eisenhower" to increase his chances for the presidency. Eisenhower would later draw many Cabinet members from CFR ranks and become a CFR member himself. His primary CFR appointment was Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a>. Dulles gave a public address at the <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pratt_House" title="Harold Pratt House">Harold Pratt House</a> in New York City in which he announced a new direction for Eisenhower's foreign policy: "There is no local defense which alone will contain the mighty land power of the communist world. Local defenses must be reinforced by the further deterrent of massive retaliatory power." After this speech, the council convened a session on "Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy" and chose <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> to head it. Kissinger spent the following academic year working on the project at Council headquarters. The book of the same name that he published from his research in 1957 gave him national recognition, topping the national bestseller lists.<sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39–41">: 39–41 </span></sup> </p><p>CFR played an important role in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CFR promoted a blueprint of the ECSC and helped <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a> promote the ESCS.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 24, 1953, a study group heard a report from political scientist William Henderson regarding the ongoing conflict between <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and Vietnamese Communist leader <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> forces, a struggle that would later become known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>. Henderson argued that Ho's cause was primarily <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> in nature and that Marxism had "little to do with the current revolution." Further, the report said, the United States could work with Ho to guide his movement away from Communism. State Department officials, however, expressed skepticism about direct American intervention in Vietnam and the idea was tabled. Over the next twenty years, the United States would find itself allied with anti-Communist <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> and against Ho and his supporters in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40, 49–67">: 40, 49–67 </span></sup> </p><p>The Council served as a "breeding ground" for important American policies such as <a href="/wiki/Mutual_deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual deterrence">mutual deterrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">arms control</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_non-proliferation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear non-proliferation">nuclear non-proliferation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40–42">: 40–42 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1962 the group began a program of bringing select Air Force officers to the Harold Pratt House to study alongside its scholars. The Army, Navy and Marine Corps requested they start similar programs for their own officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> </p><p>A four-year-long study of <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">relations between America and China</a> was conducted by the Council between 1964 and 1968. One study published in 1966 concluded that American citizens were more open to talks with China than their elected leaders. Henry Kissinger had continued to publish in <i>Foreign Affairs</i> and was appointed by President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> to serve as <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Adviser</a> in 1969. In 1971, he embarked on a secret trip to Beijing to broach talks with Chinese leaders. Nixon went to China in 1972, and diplomatic relations were completely normalized by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">President Carter</a>'s Secretary of State, another Council member, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42–44">: 42–44 </span></sup> </p><p>The Vietnam War created a rift within the organization. When <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_Armstrong" title="Hamilton Fish Armstrong">Hamilton Fish Armstrong</a> announced in 1970 that he would be leaving the helm of <i>Foreign Affairs</i> after 45 years, new chairman <a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a> approached a family friend, <a href="/wiki/William_Bundy" title="William Bundy">William Bundy</a>, to take over the position. Anti-war advocates within the Council rose in protest against this appointment, claiming that Bundy's hawkish record in the State and Defense Departments and the CIA precluded him from taking over an independent journal. Some considered Bundy a <a href="/wiki/War_criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="War criminal">war criminal</a> for his prior actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Grose_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50–51">: 50–51 </span></sup> </p><p>In November 1979, while chairman of CFR, David Rockefeller became embroiled in an international incident when he and Henry Kissinger, along with <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a> and Rockefeller aides, persuaded President Jimmy Carter through the State Department to admit the Shah of Iran, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, into the US for hospital treatment for <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>. This action directly precipitated what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> and placed Rockefeller under intense media scrutiny (particularly from <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>) for the first time in his public life.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book, <i><a href="/wiki/White_House_Diary" title="White House Diary">White House Diary</a></i>, Carter wrote of the affair, "April 9 [1979] David Rockefeller came in, apparently to induce me to let the shah come to the United States. Rockefeller, Kissinger, and <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Brzezinski</a> seem to be adopting this as a joint project".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Members of the Council on Foreign Relations">Members of the Council on Foreign Relations</a></div> <p>The CFR has two types of membership: life membership; and term membership, which lasts for 5 years and is available only to those between the ages of 30 and 36. Only U.S. citizens (native born or naturalized) and permanent residents who have applied for U.S. citizenship are eligible. A candidate for life membership must be nominated in writing by one Council member and seconded by a minimum of three others. Visiting fellows are prohibited from applying for membership until they have completed their fellowship tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corporate membership is divided into "Associates", "Affiliates", "President's Circle", and "Founders". All corporate executive members have opportunities to hear speakers, including foreign heads of state, chairmen and CEOs of multinational corporations, and U.S. officials and Congressmen. President and premium members are also entitled to attend small, private dinners or receptions with senior American officials and world leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CFR has a Young Professionals Briefing Series designed for young leaders interested in international relations to be eligible for term membership.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women were excluded from membership until the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Board_members">Board members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Board members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2024, members of CFR's board of directors include:<sup id="cite_ref-Officers_and_Directors_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Officers_and_Directors-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Rubenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="David M. Rubenstein">David M. Rubenstein</a> (chairman) – cofounder and co-chief executive officer, <a href="/wiki/The_Carlyle_Group" title="The Carlyle Group">The Carlyle Group</a>, regent of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, chairman of the board for <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, co-chair of the board at the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Club_of_Washington,_D.C." title="The Economic Club of Washington, D.C.">Economic Club of Washington</a>, and owner of the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles" title="Baltimore Orioles">Baltimore Orioles</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Effron" title="Blair Effron">Blair Effron</a> (vice chairman) – cofounder, <a href="/wiki/Centerview_Partners" title="Centerview Partners">Centerview Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami_Miscik" title="Jami Miscik">Jami Miscik</a> (vice chairman) – senior advisor at Lazard Geopolitical Advisory and chief executive officer of Global Strategic Insights; former chief executive officer and vice chairman, <a href="/wiki/Kissinger_Associates,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Kissinger Associates, Inc.">Kissinger Associates, Inc.</a> Ms. Miscik served as the global head of sovereign risk at <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a>. She also serves as a senior advisor to <a href="/wiki/Barclays_Capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclays Capital">Barclays Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Froman" title="Michael Froman">Michael Froman</a> (president) – former vice chairman and president, strategic growth, at <a href="/wiki/Mastercard" title="Mastercard">Mastercard</a>; former U.S. trade representative (2013–2017) under President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li>Nicholas F. Beim − partner at <a href="/wiki/Venrock" title="Venrock">Venrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsaneh_Mashayekhi_Beschloss" title="Afsaneh Mashayekhi Beschloss">Afsaneh Mashayekhi Beschloss</a> − founder and chief executive officer, RockCreek</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Brennan" title="Margaret Brennan">Margaret Brennan</a> − moderator, <a href="/wiki/Face_the_Nation" title="Face the Nation">Face the Nation</a>; chief foreign affairs correspondent, <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a> – president, <a href="/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a>; former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">United States Secretary of Health and Human Services</a> (2014–2017) under President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Chenault" title="Kenneth Chenault">Kenneth I. Chenault</a> − chairman and managing director, <a href="/wiki/General_Catalyst" title="General Catalyst">General Catalyst</a></li> <li>Tony Coles − executive chairman, <a href="/wiki/Cerevel_Therapeutics" title="Cerevel Therapeutics">Cerevel Therapeutics</a>; co-founder and co-chair for the <a href="/wiki/Black_Economic_Alliance" title="Black Economic Alliance">Black Economic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Conde" title="Cesar Conde">Cesar Conde</a> – chairman, <a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal_Television_and_Streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="NBCUniversal Television and Streaming">NBCUniversal News Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Flournoy" title="Michèle Flournoy">Michèle Flournoy</a> – cofounder and managing partner, <a href="/wiki/WestExec_Advisors" title="WestExec Advisors">WestExec Advisors</a>; cofounder, former chief executive officer, and now chair of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_a_New_American_Security" title="Center for a New American Security">Center for a New American Security</a> (CNAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fraser_(executive)" title="Jane Fraser (executive)">Jane Fraser</a> – chief executive officer, <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citi</a></li> <li>Stephen Freidheim – chief investment officer, founder, managing partner, Cyrus Capital Partners L.P.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Gorman" title="James P. Gorman">James P. Gorman</a> – executive chairman, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hadley" title="Stephen Hadley">Stephen Hadley</a> – principal at Rice, Hadley, Gates, and Manuel; he was the 21st <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hamburg" title="Margaret Hamburg">Margaret (Peggy) Hamburg</a> − former US FDA commissioner<i>;</i> former foreign secretary, <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Hurd" title="Will Hurd">William Hurd</a> − former <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_23rd_congressional_district" title="Texas's 23rd congressional district">Texas's 23rd congressional district</a> (2015−2021); former <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Clandestine_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="National Clandestine Service">clandestine officer</a></li> <li>Charles R. Kaye − chief executive officer, <a href="/wiki/Warburg_Pincus" title="Warburg Pincus">Warburg Pincus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Manyika" title="James Manyika">James Manyika</a> − senior vice president, head of technology and society, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>; senior partner emeritus and chair emeritus of the <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey Global Institute</a> (MGI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurene_Powell_Jobs" title="Laurene Powell Jobs">Laurene Powell Jobs</a> – founder and president, <a href="/wiki/Emerson_Collective" title="Emerson Collective">Emerson Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._McRaven" title="William H. McRaven">William H. McRaven</a> – professor of national security, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_School_of_Public_Affairs" title="Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs">Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Muzinich" title="Justin Muzinich">Justin Muzinich</a> – chief executive officer, Muzinich & Company; former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury">U.S. Deputy Secretary of the Treasury</a> (2018–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Janet Napolitano</a> – professor of public policy, <a href="/wiki/Goldman_School_of_Public_Policy" title="Goldman School of Public Policy">Goldman School of Public Policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. Attorney</a> (1993–1997), <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Attorney_General" title="Arizona Attorney General">Attorney General of Arizona</a> (1999–2003), <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Arizona">Governor of Arizona</a> (2003–2009), and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Homeland Security Secretary</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghan_O%27Sullivan" title="Meghan O'Sullivan">Meghan L. O'Sullivan</a> − director of <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</a>, Jeane Kirkpatrick Professor of the Practice of International Affairs, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy School of Government">Harvard Kennedy School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deven_Parekh" title="Deven Parekh">Deven J. Parekh</a> – managing director, <a href="/wiki/Insight_Partners" title="Insight Partners">Insight Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Phillips_(businessman)" title="Charles Phillips (businessman)">Charles Phillips</a> − managing partner and cofounder, Recognize</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Plepler" title="Richard Plepler">Richard L. Plepler</a> – founder and chief executive officer, Eden Productions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Porat" title="Ruth Porat">Ruth Porat</a> – president, chief investment officer, and chief financial officer, <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Rafael_Reif" title="Leo Rafael Reif">L. Rafael Reif</a> – president emeritus, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariko_Silver" title="Mariko Silver">Mariko Silver</a> – president and chief executive officer, The Henry Luce Foundation; former president, <a href="/wiki/Bennington_College" title="Bennington College">Bennington College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Taiclet" title="James D. Taiclet">James D. Taiclet</a> – chairman, president, and chief executive officer, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>; associate fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Townsend" title="Frances Townsend">Frances Fragos Townsend</a> − executive vice president of corporate affairs, corporate secretary, chief compliance officer, <a href="/wiki/Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a></li> <li>Tracey T. Travis – executive vice president of finance and chief financial officer, <a href="/wiki/The_Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies" title="The Estée Lauder Companies">Estée Lauder Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria" title="Fareed Zakaria">Fareed Zakaria</a> – host, CNN's <i><a href="/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria_GPS" title="Fareed Zakaria GPS">Fareed Zakaria GPS</a>;</i> columnist for the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>, contributing editor for the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">Atlantic</a>;</i> former managing editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> (1992–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Zegart" title="Amy Zegart">Amy Zegart</a> – Morris Arnold and Nona Jean Cox senior fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>; professor of political science by courtesy at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_charity">As a charity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: As a charity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Council on Foreign Relations received a three-star rating (out of four stars) from <a href="/wiki/Charity_Navigator" title="Charity Navigator">Charity Navigator</a> in fiscal year 2016, as measured by an analysis of the council's financial data and "accountability and transparency".<sup id="cite_ref-CharityNav_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CharityNav-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fiscal year 2023, the council received a four-star rating (98 percent) from Charity Navigator.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an article for the <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>, Richard Harwood described the membership of the CFR as "the nearest thing we have to a ruling establishment in the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 2019, CFR was criticized for accepting a donation from <a href="/wiki/Len_Blavatnik" title="Len Blavatnik">Len Blavatnik</a>, a Ukrainian-born billionaire with close links to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council was reported to be under fire from its own members and dozens of international affairs experts over its acceptance of a $12 million gift to fund an internship program.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifty-five international relations scholars and Russia experts wrote a letter to the organization's board and CFR president <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Haass" title="Richard N. Haass">Richard N. Haass</a>: </p><blockquote><p>"It is our considered view that Blavatnik uses his 'philanthropy'—funds obtained by and with the consent of the Kremlin, at the expense of the state budget and the Russian people—at leading western academic and cultural institutions to advance his access to political circles. We regard this as another step in the longstanding effort of Mr. Blavatnik—who ... has close ties to the Kremlin and its kleptocratic network—to launder his image in the West."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodicals">Periodicals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Periodicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_Affairs"><i>Foreign Affairs</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign Affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The council publishes the international affairs magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. It also establishes independent task forces, which bring together various experts to produce reports offering both findings and policy prescriptions on foreign policy topics. CFR has sponsored more than fifty reports, including the Independent Task Force on the Future of North America that published report No. 53, entitled <i>Building a North American Community</i>, in May 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Prespage_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prespage-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The United States in World Affairs</i> (annual)<sup id="cite_ref-civ_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civ-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Political Handbook of the World</i> (annual)<sup id="cite_ref-civ_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civ-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Tobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Tobin">Tobin, Harold J.</a> & Bidwell, Percy W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/ldpd_11345811_000/ldpd_11345811_000.pdf"><i>Mobilizing Civilian America</i></a>. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1940.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Savord" title="Ruth Savord">Savord, Ruth</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.74200/2015.74200.American-Agencies-Interested-In-International-Affairs.pdf"><i>American Agencies Interested in International Affairs</i></a>. Council on Foreign Relations, 1942.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Doak_Barnett" title="A. Doak Barnett">Barnett, A. Doak</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communistchinaan013656mbp"><i>Communist China and Asia: Challenge To American Policy</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Brothers">Harper & Brothers</a>, 1960. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/60005956">60-5956</a></li> <li>Bundy, William P. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twohundredyearso00bund"><i>Two Hundred Years of American Foreign Policy.</i></a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>, 1977. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814709900" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814709900">978-0814709900</a></li> <li>Clough, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_-74AV_A24k4C"><i>Free at Last? U.S. Policy Toward Africa and the End of the Cold War</i></a>. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876091001" title="Special:BookSources/0876091001">0876091001</a></li> <li>Mandelbaum, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/bub_gb_-74AV_A24k4C/bub_gb_-74AV_A24k4C.pdf"><i>The Rise of Nations in the Soviet Union: American Foreign Policy and the Disintegration of the USSR.</i></a> New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0876091005" title="Special:BookSources/978-0876091005">978-0876091005</a></li> <li>Gottlieb, Gidon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/bub_gb_hBw49OofkEkC/bub_gb_hBw49OofkEkC.pdf"><i>Nation Against State: A New Approach to Ethnic Conflicts and the Decline of Sovereignty.</i></a> New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876091591" title="Special:BookSources/0876091591">0876091591</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hoffman" title="Bruce Hoffman">Bruce Hoffman</a> & Jacob Ware <i>God, Guns, Sedition: Far Right Terrorism in America</i></li></ul> <dl><dd>A Council on Foreign Relations book, Columbia University Press, New York, 2024, 448 pages</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231211222" title="Special:BookSources/9780231211222">9780231211222</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reports">Reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Confronting Reality in Cyberspace: Foreign Policy for a Fragmented Internet"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recommends reconsideration of U.S. cyber, digital trade and online freedom policies which champion a free and open internet, as having failed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/task-force-report/us-taiwan-relations-in-a-new-era">US-Taiwan Relations in a New Era - Responding to a More Assertive China</a>, Independent Task Force Report No. 81,</i> co-chaired by Susan M. Gordon and Michael G. Mullen, directed by David Sacks.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Members of the Council on Foreign Relations">Members of the Council on Foreign Relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/michael-froman">"Michael Froman"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230804215848/https://www.cfr.org/expert/michael-froman">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Froman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fexpert%2Fmichael-froman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FR_2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FR_2022_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FR_2022_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/131628168/202320239349301607/full">Council On Foreign Relations Inc — 2022</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806183945/https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/131628168/202320239349301607/full">Archived</a> August 6, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>projects.propublica.org</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240705161259/https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/council-on-foreign-relations/">"Council on Foreign Relations"</a>. <i>influencewatch.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Capital_Research_Center#InfluenceWatch" title="Capital Research Center">InfluenceWatch</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/council-on-foreign-relations/">the original</a> on July 5, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=influencewatch.org&rft.atitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.influencewatch.org%2Fnon-profit%2Fcouncil-on-foreign-relations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFR-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CFR_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFR_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFR_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/historical-roster-directors-and-officers">"Directors and Officers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209051526/https://www.cfr.org/historical-roster-directors-and-officers">Archived</a> December 9, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> cfr.org. Retrieved November 29, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoup-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shoup_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoup_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoup_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoup_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoup_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoup,_Lawrence_H.Minter,_William1977" class="citation book cs1">Shoup, Lawrence H.; Minter, William (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialbraintru0000shou"><i>Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy</i></a></span>. Monthly Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85345-393-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85345-393-4"><bdi>0-85345-393-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Brain+Trust%3A+The+Council+on+Foreign+Relations+and+United+States+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-85345-393-4&rft.au=Shoup%2C+Lawrence+H.&rft.au=Minter%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialbraintru0000shou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grose-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grose_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrose,_Peter2006" class="citation book cs1">Grose, Peter (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/continuinginquir0000gros"><i>Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996</i></a></span>. Council on Foreign Relations Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876091923" title="Special:BookSources/0876091923"><bdi>0876091923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuing+the+Inquiry%3A+The+Council+on+Foreign+Relations+from+1921+to+1996&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0876091923&rft.au=Grose%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontinuinginquir0000gros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/pdf/cfrcentennialbook.pdf">"The Council on Foreign Relations A Short History"</a> by George Gavrilis, Council on Foreign Relations, 2021, page 10. Retrieved November 29, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130221730/https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/pdf/cfrcentennialbook.pdf">Archived</a> November 30, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien,_Thomas_F.1999" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Thomas F. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EMVF8jtZy0oC&pg=PA105"><i>The Century of U.S. Capitalism in Latin America</i></a>. UNM Press. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826319968" title="Special:BookSources/9780826319968"><bdi>9780826319968</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240418040827/https://books.google.com/books?id=EMVF8jtZy0oC&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Century+of+U.S.+Capitalism+in+Latin+America&rft.pages=105-106&rft.pub=UNM+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780826319968&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEMVF8jtZy0oC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiappi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ciappi, Enrico (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00220094231200453">"A Reappraisal of the Origins of European Integration: From Wartime Planning to the Schuman Plan"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>58</b> (4): 676–696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00220094231200453">10.1177/00220094231200453</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:262030757">262030757</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240418040827/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00220094231200453">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=A+Reappraisal+of+the+Origins+of+European+Integration%3A+From+Wartime+Planning+to+the+Schuman+Plan&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=676-696&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A262030757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00220094231200453&rft.aulast=Ciappi&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F00220094231200453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard, Murray</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/ir/Ch27.html">Why the War? The Kuwait Connection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205132652/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/ir/Ch27.html">Archived</a> February 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (May 1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scrutiny by NYT over the Shah of Iran – David Rockefeller, <i>Memoirs</i> (pp. 356–75)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2010" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Jimmy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IDKNVdWVMlEC"><i>White House Diary</i></a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IDKNVdWVMlEC&pg=PA312">312</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-9065-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-9065-3"><bdi>978-1-4299-9065-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240418040829/https://books.google.com/books?id=IDKNVdWVMlEC">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+House+Diary&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-9065-3&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIDKNVdWVMlEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/membership/individual-membership">"Individual Membership"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917153014/https://www.cfr.org/membership/individual-membership">Archived</a> September 17, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CFR.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/content/about/annual_report/ar_2006/11_corporate_044-047.pdf">"Corporate Program"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616100051/http://www.cfr.org/content/about/annual_report/ar_2006/11_corporate_044-047.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corporate+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fcontent%2Fabout%2Fannual_report%2Far_2006%2F11_corporate_044-047.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330 KB)</span> CFR.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/event-series/young-professionals-briefing-series">"Young Professionals Briefing Series"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129062037/https://www.cfr.org/event-series/young-professionals-briefing-series">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Young+Professionals+Briefing+Series&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fevent-series%2Fyoung-professionals-briefing-series&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330 KB)</span> CFR.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRietzler2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rietzler, Katharina (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhac015">"U.S. Foreign Policy Think Tanks and Women's Intellectual Labor, 1920–1950"</a>. <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 575–601. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhac015">10.1093/dh/dhac015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240418040831/https://academic.oup.com/dh/article/46/3/575/6565893">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=U.S.+Foreign+Policy+Think+Tanks+and+Women%27s+Intellectual+Labor%2C+1920%E2%80%931950&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=575-601&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhac015&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft.aulast=Rietzler&rft.aufirst=Katharina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhac015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Officers_and_Directors-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Officers_and_Directors_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/board-directors">"Board of Directors"</a>. <i>Council on Foreign Relations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191113143900/https://www.cfr.org/board-directors">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Board+of+Directors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fboard-directors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CharityNav-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CharityNav_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharity_Navigator" class="citation web cs1">Charity Navigator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=3580#.VWAShUaGOT8">"Council on Foreign Relations – A nonpartisan resource for information and analysis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charity_Navigator" title="Charity Navigator">Charity Navigator</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713082308/https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=3580#.VWAShUaGOT8">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations+%E2%80%93+A+nonpartisan+resource+for+information+and+analysis&rft.pub=Charity+Navigator&rft.au=Charity+Navigator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charitynavigator.org%2Findex.cfm%3Fbay%3Dsearch.summary%26orgid%3D3580%23.VWAShUaGOT8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charitynavigator.org/ein/131628168">"Charity Navigator"</a>. <i>www.charitynavigator.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.charitynavigator.org&rft.atitle=Charity+Navigator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charitynavigator.org%2Fein%2F131628168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarwood1993" class="citation news cs1">Harwood, Richard (October 30, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1993/10/30/ruling-class-journalists/761e7bf8-025d-474e-81cb-92dcf271571e/">"Ruling Class Journalists"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608095148/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1993/10/30/ruling-class-journalists/761e7bf8-025d-474e-81cb-92dcf271571e/">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ruling+Class+Journalists&rft.date=1993-10-30&rft.aulast=Harwood&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F1993%2F10%2F30%2Fruling-class-journalists%2F761e7bf8-025d-474e-81cb-92dcf271571e%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldevang2019" class="citation web cs1">Haldevang, Max de (October 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1721240/council-of-foreign-relations-criticized-for-russia-tied-donation">"Top US think tank criticized for taking $12 million from a Russia-tied oligarch"</a>. <i>Quartz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230804154844/https://qz.com/1721240/council-of-foreign-relations-criticized-for-russia-tied-donation">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Top+US+think+tank+criticized+for+taking+%2412+million+from+a+Russia-tied+oligarch&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft.aulast=Haldevang&rft.aufirst=Max+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1721240%2Fcouncil-of-foreign-relations-criticized-for-russia-tied-donation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldevang2019" class="citation web cs1">Haldevang, Max de (October 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1721240/council-of-foreign-relations-criticized-for-russia-tied-donation">"Top US think tank criticized for taking $12 million from a Russia-tied oligarch"</a>. <i>Quartz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Top+US+think+tank+criticized+for+taking+%2412+million+from+a+Russia-tied+oligarch&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft.aulast=Haldevang&rft.aufirst=Max+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1721240%2Fcouncil-of-foreign-relations-criticized-for-russia-tied-donation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman" class="citation web cs1">Friedman, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/10/council-on-foreign-relations-leonard-blavatnik-russia/">"A Soviet-born billionaire is buying influence at US institutions. Anti-corruption activists are worried"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213116/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/10/council-on-foreign-relations-leonard-blavatnik-russia/">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=A+Soviet-born+billionaire+is+buying+influence+at+US+institutions.+Anti-corruption+activists+are+worried.&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F10%2Fcouncil-on-foreign-relations-leonard-blavatnik-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prespage-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prespage_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/about/">"President's Welcome"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060717190718/http://www.cfr.org/about/">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President%27s+Welcome&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-civ-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-civ_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-civ_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Tobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Tobin">Tobin, Harold J.</a> & Bidwell, Percy W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/ldpd_11345811_000/ldpd_11345811_000.pdf">"Publications of the Council on Foreign Relations." <i>Mobilizing Civilian America</i></a>. Council on Foreign Relations, 1940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/report/confronting-reality-in-cyberspace">"Confronting Reality in Cyberspace: Foreign Policy for a Fragmented Internet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808020518/https://www.cfr.org/report/confronting-reality-in-cyberspace">Archived</a> August 8, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Council on Foreign Relations, May 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/how-should-us-cybersecurity-policy-develop">"How Should U.S. Cybersecurity Policy Develop?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814042847/https://www.cfr.org/blog/how-should-us-cybersecurity-policy-develop">Archived</a> August 14, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Adam Segal, Council on Foreign Relations, July 14, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/jul/15/council-on-foreign-relations-says-us-internet-poli/">"Council on Foreign Relations says U.S. internet policy has failed, urges new approach"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808215342/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/jul/15/council-on-foreign-relations-says-us-internet-poli/">Archived</a> August 8, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ryan Lovelace,<i>The Washington Times</i>, July 15, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022. (No. 80 updated: July 2022.)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Parmar, Inderjeet (2004). <i>Think Tanks and Power in Foreign Policy: A Comparative Study of the Role and Influence of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1939−1945</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulzinger,_Robert_D.1984" class="citation book cs1">Schulzinger, Robert D. (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wisemenofforeign0000schu"><i>The Wise Men of Foreign Affairs</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231055285" title="Special:BookSources/0231055285"><bdi>0231055285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wise+Men+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0231055285&rft.au=Schulzinger%2C+Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwisemenofforeign0000schu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWala,_Michael1994" class="citation book cs1">Wala, Michael (1994). <i>The Council on Foreign Relations and American Foreign Policy in the Early Cold War</i>. Providence, RI: Berghann Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/157181003X" title="Special:BookSources/157181003X"><bdi>157181003X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Council+on+Foreign+Relations+and+American+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Early+Cold+War&rft.place=Providence%2C+RI&rft.pub=Berghann+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=157181003X&rft.au=Wala%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Council on Foreign Relations</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Council+on+Foreign+Relations">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q594712#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwa00089000/">Archived website</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> (2001–2018)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/131628168">"Council on Foreign Relations Internal Revenue Service filings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a> Nonprofit Explorer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProPublica+Nonprofit+Explorer&rft.atitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations+Internal+Revenue+Service+filings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.propublica.org%2Fnonprofits%2Forganizations%2F131628168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC104">Council on Foreign Relations Papers</a> at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091208080843/http://www.cfr.org/publication/publication_list.html?groupby=4&type=interactive&filter=12">"Multimedia Crisis Guides"</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CouncilOnForeignRelations">"Council on Foreign Relations"</a>. <i>File</i>. FBI. August 27, 1931. 62-5256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=File&rft.atitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=1931-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCouncilOnForeignRelations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+on+Foreign+Relations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q594712#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q594712#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q594712#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000119549472">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123753286">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/39475-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81061396">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123532755">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123532755">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35031587">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Council on Foreign Relations"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003203436&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rada pro mezinárodní vztahy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2010591952&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/351436">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=103245">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9djnjh3qz25wj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810673617505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/28444">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007260106505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00501028?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032518072">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&oldid=1248721170">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&oldid=1248721170</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Category:Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1921_establishments_in_New_York_City" title="Category:1921 establishments in New York City">1921 establishments in New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_policy_and_strategy_think_tanks_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States">Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-profit_organizations_based_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Category:Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.">Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_based_in_Manhattan" title="Category:Organizations based in Manhattan">Organizations based in Manhattan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Think_tanks_established_in_1921" title="Category:Think tanks established in 1921">Think tanks established in 1921</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Realist_think_tanks" title="Category:Realist think tanks">Realist think tanks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Category:Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_August_2019" title="Category:Use American English from August 2019">Use American English from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2017" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2017">Use mdy dates from August 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 October 2024, at 03:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_on_Foreign_Relations&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-59b954b7fb-66mr2","wgBackendResponseTime":201,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.040","walltime":"1.235","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11101,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":91877,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6134,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":107594,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1096.566 1 -total"," 21.96% 240.859 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.44% 169.263 21 Template:Rp"," 14.74% 161.646 1 Template:Infobox_organization"," 14.31% 156.897 21 Template:R/superscript"," 13.78% 151.069 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.83% 140.718 1 Template:Authority_control"," 11.79% 129.284 13 Template:Cite_web"," 7.94% 87.059 5 Template:ISBN"," 7.35% 80.546 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.532","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9432743,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-59b954b7fb-qtjfb","timestamp":"20241206151852","ttl":2191276,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Council on Foreign Relations","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_on_Foreign_Relations","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q594712","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q594712","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-04-16T07:02:22Z","dateModified":"2024-10-01T03:04:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/8\/8f\/Council_on_Foreign_Relations.svg","headline":"think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs"}</script> </body> </html>