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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_population_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Major population centres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_population_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Present_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Present status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputed_Golden_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputed_Golden_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Reputed Golden Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputed_Golden_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Economic decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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href="#Prince_Edward_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Prince Edward Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prince_Edward_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Brunswick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Brunswick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>New Brunswick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Brunswick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">The Maritimes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="المقاطعات البحرية في كندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المقاطعات البحرية في كندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincies_mar%C3%ADtimes_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Provincies marítimes de Canadá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Provincies marítimes de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncies_mar%C3%ADtimes_del_Canad%C3%A0" title="Províncies marítimes del Canadà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Províncies marítimes del Canadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pob%C5%99e%C5%BEn%C3%AD_provincie" title="Pobřežní provincie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pobřežní provincie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Provinser" title="Maritime Provinser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maritime Provinser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeprovinzen" title="Seeprovinzen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seeprovinzen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_mereprovintsid" title="Kanada mereprovintsid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kanada mereprovintsid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincias_mar%C3%ADtimas_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Provincias marítimas de Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Provincias marítimas de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marprovincoj" title="Marprovincoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marprovincoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsas_Probintziak" title="Itsas Probintziak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsas Probintziak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="منطقه کرانه‌ای کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منطقه کرانه‌ای کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_maritimes" title="Provinces maritimes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Provinces maritimes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustprovinsjes_(Kanada)" title="Kustprovinsjes (Kanada) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kustprovinsjes (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%B4%EC%A3%BC" title="캐나다 연해주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다 연해주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi_Maritimes" title="Provinsi Maritimes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Provinsi Maritimes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_marittime" title="Province marittime – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Province marittime" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinciae_Maritimae" title="Provinciae Maritimae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Provinciae Maritimae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengeri_tartom%C3%A1nyok" title="Tengeri tartományok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tengeri tartományok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritieme_Provincies" title="Maritieme Provincies – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maritieme Provincies" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B7%9E_(%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80)" title="沿海州 (カナダ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="沿海州 (カナダ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_kanadiske_kystprovinser" title="De kanadiske kystprovinser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De kanadiske kystprovinser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncias_mar%C3%ADtimas" title="Províncias marítimas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Províncias marítimas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Приморские провинции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Приморские провинции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Maritimes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Provinces" title="Maritime Provinces – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maritime Provinces" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadensiska_kustprovinserna" title="Kanadensiska kustprovinserna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanadensiska kustprovinserna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Приморські провінції – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Приморські провінції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%9C%81%E4%BB%BD" title="加拿大海洋省份 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加拿大海洋省份" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Maritime_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Maritime (disambiguation)">Maritime (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/The_Maritimes" title="Special:EditPage/The Maritimes">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Maritimes%22">"The Maritimes"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Maritimes%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Maritimes%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Maritimes%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Maritimes%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Maritimes%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">The Maritimes</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Maritimes</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Maritimes_in_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Maritime provinces (red) within the rest of Canada"><img alt="The Maritime provinces (red) within the rest of Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Maritimes_in_Canada.svg/250px-The_Maritimes_in_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Maritimes_in_Canada.svg/375px-The_Maritimes_in_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Maritimes_in_Canada.svg/500px-The_Maritimes_in_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="435" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">The Maritime provinces (red) within the rest of Canada</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Composition</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="line-height: inherit;"><li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest metro</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">130,017.11 km<sup>2</sup> (50,199.89 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2021)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,899,324</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">15/km<sup>2</sup> (38/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Maritimer</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−4:00">UTC−4:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Standard Time">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%923:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−3:00">UTC−3:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Daylight Time">ADT</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>The Maritimes</b>, also called the <b>Maritime provinces</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada#National_regions" title="List of regions of Canada">region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> consisting of three <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>. The Maritimes had a population of 1,899,324 in 2021, which makes up 5.1% of Canada's population.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with Canada's easternmost province, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, the Maritime provinces make up the region of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Located along the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> coast, various aquatic sub-basins are located in the Maritimes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a>. The region is located northeast of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> in the United States, south and southeast of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé Peninsula</a>, and southwest of the island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>. The notion of a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Union" title="Maritime Union">Maritime Union</a> has been proposed at various times in Canada's history; the first discussions in 1864 at the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference</a> contributed to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>. This movement formed the larger <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Dominion of Canada</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Maliseet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passamaquoddy" title="Passamaquoddy">Passamaquoddy</a> people are indigenous to the Maritimes, while <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a> and British settlements date to the 17th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maritimes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Maritimes.png/220px-Maritimes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Maritimes.png/330px-Maritimes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Maritimes.png/440px-Maritimes.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>The Maritimes: New Brunswick (green), Nova Scotia (blue) and Prince Edward Island (red)</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>maritime</i> is an adjective that means <i>of the sea</i>; from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">maritimus</i></span> "of the sea, near the sea", from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mare</i></span> "sea". Thus any land adjacent to the sea can be considered maritime. But the term <i>Maritimes</i> has historically been collectively applied to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, all of which border the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Canadian_Maritimes" title="Prehistory of the Canadian Maritimes">pre-history of the Canadian Maritimes</a> begins after the northerly retreat of glaciers at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a> over 10,000 years ago; human settlement by <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> began in the Maritimes with <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a> during the <i>Early Period</i>, ending around 6,000 years ago. </p><p>The <i>Middle Period</i>, starting 6,000 years ago, and ending 3,000 years ago, was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Past_sea_level" title="Past sea level">rising sea levels</a> from the melting glaciers in polar regions. This is when what is called the <i>Laurentian tradition</i> started among <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic Indians</a>, the term used for First Nations peoples of the time. Evidence of Archaic Indian <a href="/wiki/Tumulus#Canada" title="Tumulus">burial mounds</a> and other ceremonial sites existing in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(Bay_of_Fundy)" title="Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)">Saint John River</a> valley has been uncovered. </p><p>The <i>Late Period</i> extended from 3,000 years ago until first contact with European settlers. This period was dominated by the organization of First Nations peoples into the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a> Nation, which occupied territory largely in present-day interior <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, and the Mi'kmaq Nation, which inhabited all of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, eastern New Brunswick and the southern <a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé</a>. The primarily agrarian <a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Maliseet</a> Nation settled throughout the Saint John River and <a href="/wiki/Allagash_River" title="Allagash River">Allagash River</a> valleys of present-day New Brunswick and Maine. The <a href="/wiki/Passamaquoddy" title="Passamaquoddy">Passamaquoddy</a> Nation inhabited the northwestern coastal regions of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a>. The Mi'kmaq Nation is also believed to have crossed the present-day <a href="/wiki/Cabot_Strait" title="Cabot Strait">Cabot Strait</a> at around this time to settle on the south coast of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, but they were a minority compared to the <a href="/wiki/Beothuk" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> Nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_contact">European contact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Newfoundland, the Maritimes were the second area in Canada to be settled by Europeans. There is evidence that <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a> explorers discovered and settled in the <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a> region around 1000 AD, which is when the <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a> settlement in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> has been dated. They may have made further exploration into the present-day Maritimes and northeastern United States. </p><p>Both <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Giovanni Caboto</a> (John Cabot) and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a> are reported to have sailed in or near Maritime waters during their voyages of discovery for England and France, respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Several Portuguese explorers / cartographers have also documented various parts of the Maritimes, namely <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Homem" title="Diogo Homem">Diogo Homem</a>. However, it was French explorer <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a> who made the first detailed reconnaissance of the region for a European power and, in so doing, claimed the region for the King of France. Cartier was followed by nobleman <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dugua,_Sieur_de_Mons" title="Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons">Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons</a>, who was accompanied by explorer / cartographer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> in a 1604 expedition. During this they established the second permanent European settlement in what is now the United States and Canada, following Spain's settlement at <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a> in present-day Florida in the American South. Champlain's settlement at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_Island,_Maine" title="Saint Croix Island, Maine">Saint Croix Island</a>, later moved to <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a>), survived. By contrast, the ill-fated English settlement at <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a> off the southern American coast did not. The French settlement pre-dated the more successful English settlement at <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> in present-day Virginia by three years. Champlain was considered the founder of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>'s province of Canada, which comprises much of the present-day lower <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> valley in the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acadia">Acadia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Acadia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Champlain's success in the region, which came to be called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadie</a></i></span>, led to the fertile tidal marshes surrounding the southeastern and northeastern reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> being populated by French immigrants who called themselves <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadien</a></i></span>. The Acadians eventually built small settlements throughout what is today mainland <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, as well as Île-Saint-Jean (<a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>), Île-Royale (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>), and other shorelines of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. Acadian settlements had primarily agrarian economies. Early examples of Acadian fishing settlements developed in southwestern Nova Scotia and in Île-Royale, as well as along the south and west coasts of Newfoundland, the <a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé Peninsula</a>, and the present-day <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Nord" title="Côte-Nord">Côte-Nord</a> region of Quebec. Most Acadian fishing activities were overshadowed by the much larger seasonal European fishing fleets that were based out of Newfoundland and took advantage of proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland" title="Grand Banks of Newfoundland">Grand Banks</a>. </p><p>The growing English colonies along the American seaboard to the south and various European wars between England and France during the 17th and 18th centuries brought Acadia to the centre of world-scale geopolitical forces. In 1613, Virginian raiders captured Port-Royal, and in 1621 France ceded Acadia to Scotland's <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_1st_Earl_of_Stirling" title="William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling">Sir William Alexander</a>, who renamed it <i>Nova Scotia</i>. </p><p>By 1632, Acadia was returned from Scotland to France under the <i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1632)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>.</i> The Port Royale settlement was moved to the site of nearby present-day <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a>. More French immigrant settlers, primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vienne_(department)" title="Vienne (department)">Vienne</a> regions of France, continued to populate the colony of Acadia during the latter part of the 17th and early part of the 18th centuries. Important settlements also began in the <a href="/wiki/Tantramar_Marshes" title="Tantramar Marshes">Beaubassin</a> region of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Chignecto" title="Isthmus of Chignecto">Isthmus of Chignecto</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(Bay_of_Fundy)" title="Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)">Saint John River</a> valley, as well as smaller communities on Île-Saint-Jean and Île-Royale. </p><p>In 1654, raiders from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> attacked Acadian settlements on the <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Basin" title="Annapolis Basin">Annapolis Basin</a>. Acadians lived with uncertainty throughout the English constitutional crises under <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, and it was not until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breda_(1667)" title="Treaty of Breda (1667)">Treaty of Breda</a> in 1667 that France's claim to the region was reaffirmed. Colonial administration by France throughout the history of Acadia was of low priority. France's priorities were in settling and strengthening its claim on the larger territory of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> and the exploration and settlement of interior North America and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> valley. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_wars">Colonial wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over 74 years (1689–1763) there were six colonial wars, which involved continuous warfare between New England and <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (see the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">French and Indian Wars</a> reflecting English and French tensions in Europe, as well as <a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War</a> (Dummer's War) and <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a>). Throughout these wars, New England was allied with the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois#Iroquois_Confederacy" title="Iroquois">Iroquois Confederacy</a> based around the southern <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and west of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>. Acadian settlers were allied with the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a>. In the first war, <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (the North American theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>), natives from the Maritime region participated in numerous attacks with the French on the Acadia / New England border in southern Maine (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Salmon_Falls" title="Raid on Salmon Falls">Raid on Salmon Falls</a>). New England retaliatory raids on Acadia, such as the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chignecto_(1696)" title="Raid on Chignecto (1696)">Raid on Chignecto</a>, were conducted by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Church_(ranger)" title="Benjamin Church (ranger)">Benjamin Church</a>. In the second war, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (the North American theatre of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>), the British conducted the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">Conquest of Acadia</a>, while the region remained primarily in control of <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Maliseet" title="Military history of the Maliseet">Maliseet militia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Acadia militia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%27kmaq" title="Military history of the Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaw militia</a>. </p><p>In 1719, to further protect strategic interests in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>, France began the 20-year construction of a large <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">fortress at Louisbourg</a> on Île-Royale. Massachusetts was increasingly concerned over reports of the capabilities of this fortress, and of <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> staging out of its harbour to raid New England fishermen on the Grand Banks. In the fourth war, <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (the North American theatre of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>), the British engaged successfully in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">Siege of Louisbourg</a>. The British returned control of Île-Royale to France with the fortress virtually intact three years later under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> and the French reestablished their forces there. </p><p>In 1749, to counter the rising threat of Louisbourg, <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> was founded and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> established a major naval base and <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Hill_(Fort_George)" title="Citadel Hill (Fort George)">citadel</a>. The founding of Halifax sparked <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross,_by_Thomas_Davies,_1758.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG/220px-A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG/330px-A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG/440px-A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4535" data-file-height="3035" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._John_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John River Campaign">St. John River Campaign</a>: <i>A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grimross</i> (present day <a href="/wiki/Arcadia,_New_Brunswick" title="Arcadia, New Brunswick">Arcadia, New Brunswick</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davies_(British_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Davies (British Army officer)">Thomas Davies</a> in 1758. This is the only contemporaneous image of the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the sixth and final colonial war, the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (the North American theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>), the military conflicts in Nova Scotia continued. The British <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">Conquest of Acadia</a> happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British began the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy_campaign" title="Bay of Fundy campaign">Bay of Fundy campaign</a> in 1775. Over the next nine years over 12,000 Acadians of 15,000 were removed from Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg/220px-Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg/330px-Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg/440px-Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1321" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">Siege of Louisbourg (1758)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1758, the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">Louisbourg was laid siege for a second time</a> within 15 years, this time by more than 27,000 British soldiers and sailors with over 150 warships. After the French surrender, Louisbourg was thoroughly destroyed by British engineers to ensure it would never be reclaimed. With the fall of Louisbourg, French and Mi'kmaw resistance in the region crumbled. British forces seized remaining French control over Acadia in the coming months, with Île-Saint-Jean falling in 1759 to British forces on their way to Quebec City for the first siege of Quebec and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Battle of the Plains of Abraham</a>. </p><p>The war ended and Britain had gained control over the entire Maritime region and the Indigenous people signed the <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Friendship_Treaties#The_Halifax_Treaties" title="Peace and Friendship Treaties">Halifax Treaties</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, empty Acadian lands were settled first by 8,000 <a href="/wiki/New_England_Planters" title="New England Planters">New England Planters</a> and then by immigrants <a href="/wiki/Migration_from_Yorkshire_to_Nova_Scotia" title="Migration from Yorkshire to Nova Scotia">brought from Yorkshire</a>. Île-Royale was renamed Cape Breton Island and incorporated into the Colony of Nova Scotia. Some of the Acadians who had been deported came back but went to the eastern coasts of New Brunswick. </p><p>Both the colonies of Nova Scotia (present-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) and St. John's Island (Prince Edward Island) were affected by the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, largely by privateering against American shipping, but several coastal communities were also the targets of American raiders. Charlottetown, the capital of the new colony of St. John's Island, was ransacked in 1775 with the provincial secretary kidnapped and the Great Seal stolen. The largest military action in the Maritimes during the revolutionary war was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Cumberland_(1776)" title="Battle of Fort Cumberland (1776)">attack on Fort Cumberland</a> (the renamed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Fort Beauséjour">Fort Beauséjour</a>) in 1776 by a force of American sympathizers led by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Eddy" title="Jonathan Eddy">Jonathan Eddy</a>. The fort was partially overrun after a month-long siege, but the attackers were ultimately repelled after the arrival of British reinforcements from Halifax. </p><p>The most significant impact from this war was the settling of large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> refugees in the region (34,000 to the 17,000 settlers already there), especially in <a href="/wiki/Shelburne,_Nova_Scotia" title="Shelburne, Nova Scotia">Shelburne</a> and Parrtown (Saint John). Following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1783, Loyalist settlers in what would become New Brunswick persuaded British administrators to split the Colony of Nova Scotia to create the new colony of New Brunswick in 1784. At the same time, another part of the Colony of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, was split off to become the Colony of Cape Breton Island. The Colony of St. John's Island was renamed <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> on November 29, 1798. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> had some effect on the shipping industry in the Maritime colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Breton Island; however, the significant <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> presence in Halifax and other ports in the region prevented any serious attempts by American raiders. Maritime and American <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> targeted unprotected shipping of both the United States and Britain respectively, further reducing trade. New Brunswick's section of the Canada–US border did not have any significant action during this conflict, although British forces did occupy a portion of coastal <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(Maine)" title="New Ireland (Maine)">Maine</a> at one point. The most significant incident from this war which occurred in the Maritimes was the British capture and detention of <a href="/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)" title="USS Chesapeake (1799)">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> in Halifax. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1820, the Colony of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> was merged back into the Colony of Nova Scotia for the second time by the British government. </p><p>British settlement of the Maritimes, as the colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island came to be known, accelerated throughout the late 18th century and into the 19th century with significant immigration to the region as a result of Scottish migrants displaced by the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish</a> escaping the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Irish Famine</a> (1845–1849). As a result, significant portions of the three provinces are influenced by <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> heritages, with <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> (and to a lesser degree, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish Gaelic</a>) having been widely spoken, particularly in Cape Breton, although it is less prevalent today. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, a significant number of Maritimers volunteered to fight for the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a>, while a small handful joined the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate Army</a>. However, the majority of the conflict's impact was felt in the shipping industry. Maritime shipping boomed during the war due to large-scale Northern imports of war supplies which were often carried by Maritime ships as Union ships were vulnerable to Confederate naval raiders. Diplomatic tensions between Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Unionist North</a> had deteriorated after some interests in Britain expressed support for the secessionist <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate South</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a>, although much smaller than the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and no threat to the Maritimes, did posture off Maritime coasts at times chasing <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Confederate naval ships</a> which sought repairs and reprovisioning in Maritime ports, especially Halifax. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:288px;max-width:288px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_charles_tupper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sir_charles_tupper.jpg/140px-Sir_charles_tupper.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sir_charles_tupper.jpg/210px-Sir_charles_tupper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sir_charles_tupper.jpg/280px-Sir_charles_tupper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Charles Tupper</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Howe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Joseph_Howe.jpg/140px-Joseph_Howe.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Joseph_Howe.jpg/210px-Joseph_Howe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Joseph_Howe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Joseph Howe</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Joseph Howe and Charles Tupper competed politically on the question of confederation</div></div></div></div> <p>The immense size of the Union Army (the largest on the planet toward the end of the Civil War), however, was viewed with increasing concern by Maritimers throughout the early 1860s. Another concern was the rising threat of <a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a> on border communities in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood" title="Fenian Brotherhood">Fenian Brotherhood</a> seeking to end <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a>. This combination of events, coupled with an ongoing decline in British military and economic support to the region as the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> favoured newer colonial endeavours in Africa and elsewhere, led to a call among Maritime politicians for a conference on <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Union" title="Maritime Union">Maritime Union</a>, to be held in early September 1864 in Charlottetown – chosen in part because of Prince Edward Island's reluctance to give up its jurisdictional sovereignty in favour of uniting with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia into a single colony. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia felt that if the union conference were held in Charlottetown, they might be able to convince Island politicians to support the proposal. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference</a>, as it came to be called, was also attended by a slew of visiting delegates from the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a>, who had largely arrived at their own invitation with their own agenda. This agenda saw the conference dominated by discussions of creating an even larger union of the entire territory of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> into a united colony. The Charlottetown Conference ended with an agreement to meet the following month in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, where more formal discussions ensued, culminating with meetings in London and the signing of the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">British North America Act</a>, 1867</i> (BNA Act). Of the Maritime provinces, only Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were initially party to the BNA Act: Prince Edward Island's reluctance, combined with a booming agricultural and fishing export economy having led to that colony opting not to sign on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_population_centres">Major population centres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Major population centres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Nova_Scotia" title="List of municipalities in Nova Scotia">List of municipalities in Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of cities in New Brunswick">List of cities in New Brunswick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="List of municipalities in Prince Edward Island">List of municipalities in Prince Edward Island</a></div> <p>The major communities of the region include <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Regional_Municipality" title="Cape Breton Regional Municipality">Cape Breton</a> in Nova Scotia, <a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fredericton" title="Fredericton">Fredericton</a> in New Brunswick, and <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown" title="Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a> in Prince Edward Island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maritimes_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Maritimes_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Maritimes_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Maritimes_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Maritimes_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Maritimes_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Maritimes_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> of the Maritimes</figcaption></figure> <p>In spite of its name, The Maritimes has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> of the warm-summer subtype. Especially in coastal Nova Scotia, differences between summers and winters are narrow compared to the rest of Canada. The inland climate of New Brunswick is in stark contrast during winter, resembling more continental areas. Summers are somewhat tempered by the marine influence throughout the provinces, but due to the southerly parallels still remain similar to more continental areas further west. <a href="/wiki/Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Yarmouth, Nova Scotia">Yarmouth</a> in Nova Scotia has significant marine influence to have a borderline <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a>, but winter nights are still cold even in all coastal areas. The northernmost areas of New Brunswick are only just above <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic</a> with very cold continental winters. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in The Maritimes<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_Climate_Normals_1981–2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Climate_Normals_1981–2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>Province </th> <th>July (°C) </th> <th>July (°F) </th> <th>January (°C) </th> <th>January (°F) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a></td> <td>Nova Scotia</td> <td style="text-align:right;">23 / 14 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73 / 57</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 / −8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32 / 18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia" title="Sydney, Nova Scotia">Sydney</a></td> <td>Nova Scotia</td> <td style="text-align:right;">23 / 12 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73 / 54</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−1 / −9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30 / 16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fredericton" title="Fredericton">Fredericton</a></td> <td>New Brunswick</td> <td style="text-align:right;">25 / 13 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">77 / 55</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−4 / −15 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25 / 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a></td> <td>New Brunswick</td> <td style="text-align:right;">22 / 11 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">72 / 52</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−2 / −13 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28 / 9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a></td> <td>New Brunswick</td> <td style="text-align:right;">24 / 13 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">75 / 55</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−3 / −14 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27 / 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown" title="Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a></td> <td>Prince Edward Island</td> <td style="text-align:right;">23 / 14 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73 / 57</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−3 / −12 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27 / 10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Yarmouth, Nova Scotia">Yarmouth</a></td> <td>Nova Scotia</td> <td style="text-align:right;">21 / 12 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70 / 54</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 / −7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">34 / 19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Campbellton,_New_Brunswick" title="Campbellton, New Brunswick">Campbellton</a></td> <td>New Brunswick</td> <td style="text-align:right;">23 / 10 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73 / 50</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−9 / −20 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 / −4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenwood,_Nova_Scotia" title="Greenwood, Nova Scotia"> Greenwood </a></td> <td>Nova Scotia</td> <td style="text-align:right;">26 / 14 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">79 / 57</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−1 / −10 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30 / 14 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_maritimes_langues.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Provinces_maritimes_langues.png/220px-Provinces_maritimes_langues.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Provinces_maritimes_langues.png/330px-Provinces_maritimes_langues.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Provinces_maritimes_langues.png/440px-Provinces_maritimes_langues.png 2x" data-file-width="2535" data-file-height="1951" /></a><figcaption>Map showing first languages in the Maritimes. Red represents a majority of Anglophones and less than 33% Francophones; Orange, a majority of Anglophones and more than 33% Francophones; Blue, a Francophone majority with less than 33% Anglophones; and green, a Francophone majority with more than 33% Anglophones.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HFX_Waterfront.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HFX_Waterfront.jpg/220px-HFX_Waterfront.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HFX_Waterfront.jpg/330px-HFX_Waterfront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HFX_Waterfront.jpg/440px-HFX_Waterfront.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Halifax skyline from Dartmouth, Nova Scotia</figcaption></figure> <p>The Maritimes were predominantly rural until recent decades, having resource-based economies of fishing, agriculture, forestry, and coal mining. </p><p>Maritimers are predominantly of west European origin: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English Canadians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>. New Brunswick, in general, differs from the other two Maritime provinces in that it has a much higher <a href="/wiki/Francophone_Canadians" title="Francophone Canadians">Francophone population</a>. There was once a significant <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a> speaking population. <a href="/wiki/Helen_Creighton" title="Helen Creighton">Helen Creighton</a> recorded Celtic traditions of rural Nova Scotia in the mid-1900s. </p><p>There are <a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black Canadians</a> who are mostly descendants of <a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_refugee_(War_of_1812)" title="Black refugee (War of 1812)">black refugees from the War of 1812</a>. This Maritime population is mainly among <a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Black Nova Scotians</a>. </p><p>There are Mi'kmaq reserves in all three provinces, and a smaller population of the <a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Maliseet</a> in western New Brunswick. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sjnb-skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skyline of Saint John, New Brunswick, 2002"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sjnb-skyline.jpg/1000px-Sjnb-skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Sjnb-skyline.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="239" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sjnb-skyline.jpg" title="File:Sjnb-skyline.jpg"> </a></div>Skyline of Saint John, New Brunswick, 2002</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monctonskyline_857.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Skyline of Moncton, New Brunswick"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Monctonskyline_857.png" decoding="async" width="1000" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Monctonskyline_857.png" title="File:Monctonskyline 857.png"> </a></div>Skyline of Moncton, New Brunswick</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_status">Present status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Present status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fredericton_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Fredericton_City_Hall.jpg/170px-Fredericton_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Fredericton_City_Hall.jpg/255px-Fredericton_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Fredericton_City_Hall.jpg/340px-Fredericton_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Fredericton City Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>Given the small population of the region (compared with the Central Canadian provinces or the New England states), the regional economy is a net exporter of natural resources, manufactured goods, and services. The regional economy has long been tied to natural resources such as fishing, logging, farming, and mining activities. Significant industrialization in the second half of the 19th century brought steel to <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_Nova_Scotia" title="Trenton, Nova Scotia">Trenton, Nova Scotia</a>, and subsequent creation of a widespread industrial base to take advantage of the region's large underground coal deposits. After Confederation, however, this industrial base withered with technological change, and trading links to Europe and the U.S. were reduced in favour of those with Ontario and Quebec. In recent years, however, the Maritime regional economy has begun increased contributions from manufacturing again and the steady transition to a service economy. </p><p>Important manufacturing centres in the region include <a href="/wiki/Pictou_County" title="Pictou County">Pictou County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truro,_Nova_Scotia" title="Truro, Nova Scotia">Truro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Valley" title="Annapolis Valley">Annapolis Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nova_Scotia" title="Southern Nova Scotia">South Shore</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Canso" title="Strait of Canso">Strait of Canso</a> area in Nova Scotia, as well as <a href="/wiki/Summerside,_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Summerside, Prince Edward Island">Summerside</a> in Prince Edward Island, and the <a href="/wiki/Miramichi,_New_Brunswick" title="Miramichi, New Brunswick">Miramichi</a> area, the <a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(New_Brunswick)" title="North Shore (New Brunswick)">North Shore</a> and the upper <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(Bay_of_Fundy)" title="Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)">Saint John River</a> valley of New Brunswick. </p><p>Some predominantly coastal areas have become major tourist centres, such as parts of Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island, the South Shore of Nova Scotia and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> coasts of New Brunswick. Additional service-related industries in <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, pharmaceuticals, insurance and financial sectors—as well as research-related spin-offs from the region's numerous universities and colleges—are significant economic contributors. </p><p>Another important contribution to Nova Scotia's provincial economy is through spin-offs and royalties relating to off-shore <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> exploration and development. Mostly concentrated on the continental shelf of the province's Atlantic coast in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Sable_Island" title="Sable Island">Sable Island</a>, exploration activities began in the 1960s and resulted in the first commercial production field for oil beginning in the 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a> was also discovered in the 1980s during exploration work, and this is being commercially recovered, beginning in the late 1990s. Initial optimism in Nova Scotia about the potential of off-shore resources appears to have diminished with the lack of new discoveries, although exploration work continues and is moving farther off-shore into waters on the <a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">continental margin</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlottetown_quay.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Charlottetown_quay.JPG/220px-Charlottetown_quay.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Charlottetown_quay.JPG/330px-Charlottetown_quay.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Charlottetown_quay.JPG/440px-Charlottetown_quay.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Peakes Quay on the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown" title="Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a> waterfront</figcaption></figure> <p>Regional transportation networks have also changed significantly in recent decades with port modernizations, with new <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">freeway</a> and ongoing <a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">arterial highway</a> construction, the abandonment of various low-capacity railway <a href="/wiki/Branch_line" title="Branch line">branch lines</a> (including the entire railway system of Prince Edward Island and southwestern Nova Scotia), and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Canso_Causeway" title="Canso Causeway">Canso Causeway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Bridge" title="Confederation Bridge">Confederation Bridge</a>. There have been airport improvements at various centres providing improved connections to markets and destinations in the rest of North America and overseas. </p><p>Improvements in infrastructure and the regional economy notwithstanding, the three provinces remain one of the poorer regions of Canada. While urban areas are growing and thriving, economic adjustments have been harsh in rural and resource-dependent communities, and emigration has been an ongoing phenomenon for some parts of the region. Another problem is seen in the lower average wages and family incomes within the region. Property values are depressed, resulting in a smaller tax base for these three provinces, particularly when compared with the national average which benefits from central and western Canadian economic growth. </p><p>This has been particularly problematic with the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> in Canada since the 1950s, resulting in the need to draw upon <a href="/wiki/Equalization_payments" title="Equalization payments">equalization payments</a> to provide nationally mandated social services. Since the 1990s the region has experienced an exceptionally tumultuous period in its regional economy with the collapse of large portions of the ground fishery throughout Atlantic Canada, the closing of coal mines and a steel mill on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>, and the closure of military bases in all three provinces. That being said, New Brunswick has one of the largest military bases in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> (<a href="/wiki/CFB_Gagetown" title="CFB Gagetown">CFB Gagetown</a>), which plays a significant role in the cultural and economic spheres of Fredericton, the province's capital city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growth">Growth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlottetownConference1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CharlottetownConference1864.jpg/220px-CharlottetownConference1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CharlottetownConference1864.jpg/330px-CharlottetownConference1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CharlottetownConference1864.jpg/440px-CharlottetownConference1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Delegates of the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference</a> on the steps of <a href="/wiki/Government_House_(Prince_Edward_Island)" title="Government House (Prince Edward Island)">Government House</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SamuelCunard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/SamuelCunard.jpg/170px-SamuelCunard.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/SamuelCunard.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Maritime-born shipping magnate <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cunard" title="Samuel Cunard">Sir Samuel Cunard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While the economic underperformance of the Maritime economy has been long lasting, it has not always been present. The mid-19th century, especially the 1850s and 1860s, has long been seen as a "Golden Age" in the Maritimes. Growth was strong, and the region had one of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>'s most extensive manufacturing sectors as well as a large international shipping industry. The question of why the Maritimes fell from being a centre of Canadian manufacturing to being an economic hinterland is thus a central one to the study of the region's pecuniary difficulties. The period in which the decline occurred had a great many potential culprits. In 1867 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick merged with the Canadas in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>, with Prince Edward Island joining them six years later in 1873. Canada was formed only a year after <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> with the United States (in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian%E2%80%93American_Reciprocity_Treaty" title="Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty">Reciprocity Treaty</a>) had ended. In the 1870s <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Policy" title="National Policy">National Policy</a> was implemented, creating a system of protective <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> around the new nation. Throughout the period there was also significant technological change both in the production and transportation of goods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reputed_Golden_Age">Reputed Golden Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reputed Golden Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several scholars have explored the so-called "Golden Age" of the Maritimes in the years just before Confederation. In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, the population grew steadily from 277,000 in 1851 to 388,000 in 1871, mostly from natural increase since immigration was slight. The era has been called a Golden Age, but that was a myth created in the 1930s to lure tourists to a romantic era of <a href="/wiki/Tall_ship" title="Tall ship">tall ships</a> and antiques.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent historians using census data have shown that is a fallacy. In 1851–1871 there was an overall increase in per capita wealth holding. However most of the gains went to the urban elite class, especially businessmen and financiers living in Halifax. The wealth held by the top 10% rose considerably over the two decades, but there was little improvement in the wealth levels in rural areas, which comprised the great majority of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise Gwyn reports that gentlemen, merchants, bankers, colliery owners, shipowners, shipbuilders, and master mariners flourished. However the great majority of families were headed by farmers, fishermen, craftsmen and labourer. Most of them—and many widows as well—lived in poverty. Out migration became an increasingly necessary option.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the era was indeed a golden age but only for a small but powerful and highly visible elite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_decline">Economic decline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economic decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cause of economic malaise in the Maritimes is an issue of great debate and controversy among historians, economists, and geographers. The differing opinions can approximately be divided into the "structuralists", who argue that poor policy decisions are to blame, and the others, who argue that unavoidable technological and geographical factors caused the decline. </p><p>The exact date that the Maritimes began to fall behind the rest of Canada is difficult to determine. Historian Kris Inwood places the date very early, at least in Nova Scotia, finding clear signs that the Maritimes "Golden Age" of the mid-19th century was over by 1870, before Confederation or the National Policy could have had any significant impact. <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Caves" title="Richard E. Caves">Richard Caves</a> places the date closer to 1885. T.W. Acheson takes a similar view and provides considerable evidence that the early 1880s were in fact a booming period in Nova Scotia and this growth was only undermined towards the end of that decade. David Alexander argues that any earlier declines were simply part of the global <a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a>, and that the Maritimes first fell behind the rest of Canada when the great boom period of the early 20th century had little effect on the region. E.R. Forbes, however, emphasizes that the precipitous decline did not occur until after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> during the 1920s when new railway policies were implemented. Forbes also contends that significant Canadian defence spending during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> favoured powerful political interests in <a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> such as <a href="/wiki/C._D._Howe" title="C. D. Howe">C. D. Howe</a>, when major Maritime shipyards and factories, as well as Canada's largest steel mill, located in Cape Breton Island, fared poorly. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yarmouth_N.S_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Yarmouth_N.S_1910.jpg/220px-Yarmouth_N.S_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Yarmouth_N.S_1910.jpg/330px-Yarmouth_N.S_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Yarmouth_N.S_1910.jpg/440px-Yarmouth_N.S_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Yarmouth, Nova Scotia">Yarmouth</a> in 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most important changes, and one that almost certainly had an effect, was the revolution in transportation that occurred at this time. The Maritimes were connected to central Canada by the <a href="/wiki/Intercolonial_Railway" title="Intercolonial Railway">Intercolonial Railway</a> in the 1870s, removing a longstanding barrier to trade. For the first time this placed the Maritime manufacturers in direct competition with those of Central Canada. Maritime trading patterns shifted considerably from mainly trading with <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, Britain, and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, to being focused on commerce with the Canadian interior, enforced by the federal government's tariff policies. </p><p>Coincident with the construction of railways in the region, the age of the wooden sailing ship began to come to an end, being replaced by larger and faster steel <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamships</a>. The Maritimes had long been a centre for <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a>, and this industry was hurt by the change. The larger ships were also less likely to call on the smaller population centres such as Saint John and Halifax, preferring to travel to cities like <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. Even the <a href="/wiki/Cunard_Line" title="Cunard Line">Cunard Line</a>, founded by Maritime-born <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cunard" title="Samuel Cunard">Samuel Cunard</a>, stopped making more than a single ceremonial voyage to Halifax each year. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarysvillePlaceMarysvilleNB2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MarysvillePlaceMarysvilleNB2014.jpg/170px-MarysvillePlaceMarysvilleNB2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MarysvillePlaceMarysvilleNB2014.jpg/255px-MarysvillePlaceMarysvilleNB2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MarysvillePlaceMarysvilleNB2014.jpg/340px-MarysvillePlaceMarysvilleNB2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="2590" /></a><figcaption>Major factories like this cotton mill in Marysville, near Fredericton, failed to compete with more centralized operations in Quebec and Ontario</figcaption></figure> <p>More controversial than the role of technology is the argument over the role of politics in the origins of the region's decline. Confederation and the tariff and railway freight policies that followed have often been blamed for having a deleterious effect on the Maritime economies. Arguments have been made that the Maritimes' poverty was caused by control over policy by Central Canada which used the national structures for its own enrichment. This was the central view of the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Rights_Movement" title="Maritime Rights Movement">Maritime Rights Movement</a> of the 1920s, which advocated greater local control over the region's finances. T.W. Acheson is one of the main proponents of this theory. He notes the growth that was occurring during the early years of the National Policy in Nova Scotia demonstrates how the effects of railway fares and the tariff structure helped undermine this growth. Capitalists from Central Canada purchased the factories and industries of the Maritimes from their bankrupt local owners and proceeded to close down many of them, consolidating the industry in Central Canada. </p><p>The policies in the early years of Confederation were designed by Central Canadian interests, and they reflected the needs of that region. The unified Canadian market and the introduction of railroads created a relative weakness in the Maritime economies. Central to this concept, according to Acheson, was the lack of metropolises in the Maritimes. </p><p>Montreal and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> were well-suited to benefit from the development of large-scale manufacturing and extensive railway systems in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, these being the goals of the Macdonald and Laurier governments. In the Maritimes the situation was very different. Today New Brunswick has several mid-sized centres in Saint John, Moncton, and Fredericton but no significant population centre. Nova Scotia has a growing metropolitan area surrounding <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax</a>, but a contracting population in industrial <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_County" title="Cape Breton County">Cape Breton County</a>, and several smaller centres in <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_Nova_Scotia" title="Bridgewater, Nova Scotia">Bridgewater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentville" title="Kentville">Kentville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Yarmouth, Nova Scotia">Yarmouth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pictou_County" title="Pictou County">Pictou County</a>. Prince Edward Island's only significant population centres are in Charlottetown and <a href="/wiki/Summerside,_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Summerside, Prince Edward Island">Summerside</a>. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, just the opposite was the case with little to no population concentration in major industrial centres as the predominantly rural resource-dependent Maritime economy continued on the same path as it had since European settlement on the region's shores. </p><p>Despite the region's absence of economic growth on the same scale as other parts of the nation, the Maritimes has changed markedly throughout the 20th century, partly as a result of global and national economic trends, and partly as a result of government intervention. Each sub-region within the Maritimes has developed over time to exploit different resources and expertise. Saint John became a centre of the timber trade and shipbuilding and is currently a centre for oil refining and some manufacturing. The northern New Brunswick communities of <a href="/wiki/Edmundston" title="Edmundston">Edmundston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campbellton,_New_Brunswick" title="Campbellton, New Brunswick">Campbellton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie,_New_Brunswick" title="Dalhousie, New Brunswick">Dalhousie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_Brunswick" title="Bathurst, New Brunswick">Bathurst</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miramichi,_New_Brunswick" title="Miramichi, New Brunswick">Miramichi</a> are focused on the pulp and paper industry and some mining activity. Moncton was a centre for railways and has changed its focus to becoming a multi-modal transportation centre with associated manufacturing and retail interests. The Halifax metropolitan area has come to dominate peninsular Nova Scotia as a retail and service centre, but that province's industries were spread out from the coal and steel industries of industrial <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_County" title="Cape Breton County">Cape Breton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pictou_County" title="Pictou County">Pictou</a> counties, the mixed farming of the North Shore and <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Valley" title="Annapolis Valley">Annapolis Valley</a>, and the fishing industry was primarily focused on the South Shore and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Eastern Shore (Nova Scotia)">Eastern Shore</a>. Prince Edward Island is largely dominated by farming, fishing, and tourism. </p><p>Given the geographic diversity of the various sub-regions within the Maritimes, policies to centralize the population and economy were not initially successful, thus Maritime factories closed while those in Ontario and Quebec prospered. </p><p>The traditional <a href="/wiki/Staples_thesis" title="Staples thesis">staples thesis</a>, advocated by scholars such as S.A. Saunders, looks at the resource endowments of the Maritimes and argues that it was the decline of the traditional industries of shipbuilding and fishing that led to Maritime poverty, since these processes were rooted in geography, and thus all but inevitable. Kris Inwood has revived the staples approach and looks at a number of geographic weaknesses relative to Central Canada. He repeats Acheson's argument that the region lacks major urban centres, but adds that the Maritimes were also lacking the great rivers that led to the cheap and abundant <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydro-electric power</a>, key to Quebec and Ontario's urban and manufacturing development, that the extraction costs of Maritime resources were higher (particularly in the case of Cape Breton coal), and that the soils of the region were poorer and thus the agricultural sector weaker. </p><p>The Maritimes are the only provinces in Canada which entered Confederation in the 19th century and have kept their original colonial boundaries. All three provinces have the smallest land base in the country and have been forced to make do with resources within. By comparison, the former colony of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> (divided into the District of <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a>, and the District of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada#Canada_West" title="Province of Canada">Canada West</a>) and the western provinces were dozens of times larger and in some cases were expanded to take in territory formerly held in British Crown grants to companies such as the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>; in particular the November 19, 1869 sale of <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> to the Government of Canada under the <i><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land_Act_1868" title="Rupert's Land Act 1868">Rupert's Land Act 1868</a></i> was facilitated in part by Maritime taxpayers. The economic riches of energy and natural resources held within this larger land base were only realized by other provinces during the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industries">Industries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Industries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/The_Maritimes" title="Special:EditPage/The Maritimes">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halifax_Shipyard_June_2015_wide.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Halifax_Shipyard_June_2015_wide.JPG/220px-Halifax_Shipyard_June_2015_wide.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Halifax_Shipyard_June_2015_wide.JPG/330px-Halifax_Shipyard_June_2015_wide.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Halifax_Shipyard_June_2015_wide.JPG/440px-Halifax_Shipyard_June_2015_wide.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1325" /></a><figcaption>Halifax Shipyard</figcaption></figure> <p>The maritime provinces' main industry is fishing. Fishing can be found in any maritime province. This includes fishing for lobster, mackerel, tuna, salmon and many more kinds of fish. Oysters and salmonoid aquaculture is also increasingly important economically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nova_Scotia">Nova Scotia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nova Scotia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#Economy" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia § Economy</a></div> <p>Nova Scotia is very strong in agriculture, forestry and fishing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prince_Edward_Island">Prince Edward Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Prince Edward Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island#Economy" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island § Economy</a></div> <p>Tourism is important to the economy of PEI. <i><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Green_Gables" title="Anne of Green Gables">Anne of Green Gables</a></i> was written in PEI, and this attracts tourists to PEI. PEI is also known for its agriculture, mainly the potato, and fishing industries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Brunswick">New Brunswick</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: New Brunswick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick#Economy" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick § Economy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amber_Skies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amber_Skies.jpg/220px-Amber_Skies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amber_Skies.jpg/330px-Amber_Skies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amber_Skies.jpg/440px-Amber_Skies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3777" data-file-height="2531" /></a><figcaption>Pulp and paper mill in <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Agriculture and forestry are two prominent industries found in New Brunswick. Despite having an extensive coastline, New Brunswick's industrial sector has never been entirely reliant on the success of the fisheries. Likewise, the strong shipbuilding heritage of the province directly relates to its forest resources. Because of this, New Brunswickers tend to attribute their cultural heritage less with the sea and more with their forests and rivers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/The_Maritimes" title="Special:EditPage/The Maritimes">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Maritime conservatism since the Second World War has been very much part of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a> tradition, key influences being former <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Premier of Nova Scotia">Premier of Nova Scotia</a> and federal <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Robert Stanfield</a> and New Brunswick Tory strategist <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Camp" title="Dalton Camp">Dalton Camp</a>. </p><p>In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> (NDP) has made significant inroads both federally and provincially in the region. The NDP has elected <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">members of parliament</a> (MPs) from New Brunswick, but most of the focus of the party at the federal and provincial levels is currently in the Halifax area of Nova Scotia. <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Cape_Breton" title="Industrial Cape Breton">Industrial Cape Breton</a> has historically been a region of labour activism, electing <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (and later NDP) MPs, and even produced many early members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist Party of Canada</a> in the pre-Second World War era. In the <a href="/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="2004 Canadian federal election">2004 federal election</a>, the NDP captured 28.45% of the vote in Nova Scotia, more than any other province. In the <a href="/wiki/2009_Nova_Scotia_general_election" title="2009 Nova Scotia general election">2009 provincial election</a> the NDP formed a majority government, the first in the region. </p><p>In the 2004 federal election, the Conservatives had one of the worst showings in the region for a right-wing party, going back to Confederation, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 election</a>. The Conservative party improved its seat count in the 2008 and elected 13 MPs in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="2011 Canadian federal election">2011 election</a>. However, in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 election</a> the Liberal Party won every seat in the region, defeating all of the Conservative (and NDP) challengers. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a> has done well in the Maritimes in the past because of its <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">interventionist</a> policies. The <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Peninsula" title="Acadian Peninsula">Acadian Peninsula</a> region of New Brunswick tends to vote for the Liberals or NDP for social political reasons, as well as treatment of the French by various parties. In the <a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997 federal election</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>'s Liberals endured a bitter defeat to the PCs and NDP in many ridings as a result of unpopular cuts to <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">unemployment benefits</a> for seasonal workers, as well as closures of several <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_base" title="Canadian Forces base">Canadian Forces bases</a>, the refusal to honour a promise to rescind the <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services_tax_(Canada)" title="Goods and services tax (Canada)">Goods and Services Tax</a>, cutbacks to provincial <a href="/wiki/Equalization_payments" title="Equalization payments">equalization payments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">post-secondary education</a> and regional transportation infrastructure such as airports, fishing harbours, seaports, and railways <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The Liberals held onto seats in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, while being shut out of Nova Scotia entirely, the second time in history (the only other time being the <a href="/wiki/1958_Canadian_federal_election" title="1958 Canadian federal election">Diefenbaker sweep</a>). In 2015 the Liberals won every seat in The Maritimes, defeating Conservative and NDP incumbents. </p><p>The Maritimes is currently represented in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Canadian Parliament</a> by 25 Members of the House of Commons (Nova Scotia – 11, New Brunswick – 10, Prince Edward Island – 4) and 24 Senators (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick – 10 each, Prince Edward Island – 4). This level of representation was established at the time of Confederation when the Maritimes had a much larger proportion of the national population. The comparatively large population growth of western and central Canada during the immigration boom of the 20th century has reduced the Maritimes' proportion of the national population to less than 10%, resulting in an over-representation in Parliament, with some federal ridings having fewer than 35,000 people, compared to central and western Canada where ridings typically contain 100,000–120,000 people. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a> is structured along regional lines, giving an equal number of seats (24) to the Maritimes, Ontario, Quebec, and western Canada, in addition to the later entry of Newfoundland and Labrador, as well as the three territories. Enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a>, this model was developed to ensure that no area of the country is able to exert undue influence in the Senate. The Maritimes, with its much smaller proportion of the national population (compared to the time of Confederation) also have an over-representation in the Senate, particularly compared to the population growth of Ontario and the western provinces. This has led to <a href="/wiki/Triple-E_Senate" title="Triple-E Senate">calls to reform the Senate</a>; however, such a move would entail constitutional changes. </p><p>Another factor related to the number of Senate seats is that a constitutional amendment in the early 20th century mandated that no province can have fewer Members of Parliament than it has senators. This court decision resulted from a complaint by the Government of Prince Edward Island after that province's number of MPs was proposed to change from 4 to 3, accounting for its declining proportion of the national population at that time. When PEI entered Confederation in 1873, it was accorded 6 MPs and 4 Senators; however this was reduced to 4 MPs by the early 20th century. Senators being appointed for life at this time, these coveted seats rarely went unfilled for a long period of time anywhere in Canada. As a result, PEI's challenge was accepted by the federal government, and its level of federal representation was secured. In the aftermath of the 1989 budget, which saw a filibuster by Liberal Senators in attempt to kill legislation creating the <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services_tax_(Canada)" title="Goods and services tax (Canada)">Goods and Services Tax</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> "stacked" the Senate by creating additional seats in several provinces across Canada, including New Brunswick; however, there was no attempt by these provinces to increase the number of MPs to reflect this change in Senate representation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acadiensis" title="Acadiensis">Acadiensis</a></i>, scholarly history journal covering Atlantic Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Film_Classification_Board" title="Maritime Film Classification Board">Maritime Film Classification Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Quebec" title="Maritime Quebec">Maritime Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101">"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, 2021 Census"</a>. February 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%3A+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+2021+Census&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810000101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Maritimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/environment/resources/publications/impacts-adaptation/reports/assessments/2008/ch4/10339">"Introduction - Atlantic Canada"</a>. February 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+-+Atlantic+Canada&rft.date=2010-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fenvironment%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2Fimpacts-adaptation%2Freports%2Fassessments%2F2008%2Fch4%2F10339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Maritimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grenier, Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710–1760. Oklahoma Press. 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1998" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Stephen E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jnxIPgAACAAJ&pg=PA105">"Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749-61: A Study in Political Interaction"</a>. In P.A. Buckner; Gail G. Campbell; David Frank (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlanticcanadabe0000unse/page/105"><i>The Acadiensis Reader: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation</i></a> (3rd ed.). Acadiensis Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlanticcanadabe0000unse/page/105">105–106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919107-44-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919107-44-1"><bdi>978-0-919107-44-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian-White+Relations+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1749-61%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Interaction&rft.btitle=The+Acadiensis+Reader%3A+Atlantic+Canada+Before+Confederation&rft.pages=105-106&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Acadiensis+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-919107-44-1&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjnxIPgAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Maritimes" class="Z3988"></span><br />• <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1994" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Stephen E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2spDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144">"1744–1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples"</a>. In Phillip Buckner; John G. Reid (eds.). <i>The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-1676-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-1676-5"><bdi>978-1-4875-1676-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt15jjfrm">10.3138/j.ctt15jjfrm</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1744%E2%80%931763%3A+Colonial+Wars+and+Aboriginal+Peoples&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Region+to+Confederation%3A+A+History&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctt15jjfrm%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-1676-5&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2spDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Maritimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronnie-Gilles LeBlanc (2005). <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Du Grand Dérangement à la Déportation : Nouvelles Perspectives Historiques</i></span>, Moncton: Université de Moncton, 465 pages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897214-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-897214-02-2">1-897214-02-2</a> (book in French and English). The Acadians were scattered across the Atlantic, in the Thirteen Colonies, Louisiana, Quebec, Britain and France. (See Jean-François Mouhot (2009) <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Réfugiés acadiens en France (1758–1785) : L'Impossible Réintégration?</i></span>, Quebec, Septentrion, 456 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-89448-513-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-89448-513-1">2-89448-513-1</a>; Ernest Martin (1936) <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Exilés Acadiens en France et leur établissement dans le Poitou</i></span>, Paris, Hachette, 1936). Very few eventually returned to Nova Scotia (See John Mack Faragher (2005). <i>A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from their American Homeland</i>, New York: W.W. Norton, 562 pages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05135-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05135-8">0-393-05135-8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatnoblescheme00fara">online excerpt</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadian_Climate_Normals_1981–2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_Climate_Normals_1981–2010_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html?#1981">"National Climate Data and Information Archive"</a>. Environment Canada. October 31, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Climate+Data+and+Information+Archive&rft.pub=Environment+Canada&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_normals%2Findex_e.html%3F%231981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Maritimes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian McKay, "History and the Tourist Gaze: The Politics of Commemoration in Nova Scotia, 1935–1964", <i>Acadiensis</i>, Spring 1993, Vol. 22 Issue 2, pp 102–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Gwyn and Fazley Siddiq, "Wealth distribution in Nova Scotia during the Confederation era, 1851 and 1871", <i>Canadian Historical Review</i>, December 1992, Vol. 73 Issue 4, pp 435–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Gwyn, "Golden Age or Bronze Moment? Wealth and Poverty in Nova Scotia: The 1850s and 1860s", <i>Canadian Papers in Rural History</i>, 1992, Vol. 8, pp 195–230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rural poverty is the theme of Rusty Bittermann, Robert A. Mackinnon, and Graeme Wynn, "Of inequality and interdependence in the Nova Scotian countryside, 1850–70", <i>Canadian Historical Review</i>, March 1993, Vol. 74 Issue 1, pp 1–43</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Maritimes&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this 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World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q731613#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q731613#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q731613#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1243014/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Maritime Provinces"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85081318">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553223005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Maritimes&params=46_N_64_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°N</span> <span class="longitude">64°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46°N 64°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46; -64</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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