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agricultural products subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_agricultural_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grains_and_oilseeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grains_and_oilseeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Grains and oilseeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grains_and_oilseeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livestock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Livestock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dairy_farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dairy_farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Dairy farming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dairy_farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Horticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Viticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Viticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poultry_and_eggs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poultry_and_eggs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Poultry and eggs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poultry_and_eggs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Aquaculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Fur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_farms_by_Province/Territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_farms_by_Province/Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Number of farms by Province/Territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_farms_by_Province/Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_agricultural_government_departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_agricultural_government_departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Canadian agricultural government departments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_agricultural_government_departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Agricultural economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agribusiness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agribusiness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Agribusiness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agribusiness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Industry categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Agricultural science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farm_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farm_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Farm equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farm_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developmental_and_educational_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developmental_and_educational_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Developmental and educational institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developmental_and_educational_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Agricultural Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Canada" title="Category:Economy of Canada">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Transparenteconomycanada.png/130px-Transparenteconomycanada.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Transparenteconomycanada.png/195px-Transparenteconomycanada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Transparenteconomycanada.png/260px-Transparenteconomycanada.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic history </a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Canadian_banking_system" title="Early Canadian banking system">Banking history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy policy of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian dollar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Primary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sector">Primary sector</a></dt> <dd> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_production_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum production in Canada">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Canada" title="Electricity sector in Canada">Electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Canada" title="Mining in Canada">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Canada" title="Forestry in Canada">Forestry</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sector">Secondary sector</a></dt> <dd> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Canada" title="Automotive industry in Canada">Automotives</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary sector">Tertiary sector</a></dt> <dd> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Canada">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Finance</a></dt> <dd> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stock_exchanges_in_Canada" title="Category:Stock exchanges in Canada">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian companies">Companies</a></dt> <dd> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_companies_listed_on_the_Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Category:Lists of companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange">Companies listed on the TSX</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Economy by province</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Alberta" title="Economy of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ontario" title="Economy of Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Quebec" title="Economy of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saskatchewan" title="Economy of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_gross_domestic_product" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Economy by city</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montreal" title="Economy of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Toronto" title="Economy of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vancouver" title="Economy of Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Canada_by_city" title="Category:Economy of Canada by city"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> is one of the largest agricultural producers and exporters in the world. As with other developed nations, the proportion of the population agriculture employed and agricultural GDP as a percentage of the national GDP fell dramatically over the 20th century, but it remains an important element of the Canadian economy. A wide range of agriculture is practised in Canada from Newfoundland on the Atlantic to British Columbia on the Pacific. In the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">federal government</a>, overview of Canadian agriculture is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Agri-Food_Canada" title="Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada">Department of Agriculture and Agri-Food</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_agricultural_products">Major agricultural products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Major agricultural products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Agri-Food_Canada" title="Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada">Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberta_modern_cement_grain_elevator_034.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Alberta_modern_cement_grain_elevator_034.jpg/220px-Alberta_modern_cement_grain_elevator_034.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Alberta_modern_cement_grain_elevator_034.jpg/330px-Alberta_modern_cement_grain_elevator_034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Alberta_modern_cement_grain_elevator_034.jpg/440px-Alberta_modern_cement_grain_elevator_034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Concrete grain elevator in Alberta</figcaption></figure> <p>Various factors affect the socio-economic characteristics of Canadian agriculture. The 2006 <i>Census of Agriculture</i> listed seven:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quantity and type of farms; Biogeography: crop and land use areas; land management practices; Quantity of livestock and poultry; Agricultural engineering: Farm machinery and equipment; Farm capital; Farm operating expenses and receipts; Farm-related injuries. </p><p>Early in the 21st century, Canadian agronomists were aware of 58 "primary grain, vegetable and fruit crops", based on surface area and value.<sup id="cite_ref-ch12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Federation_of_Agriculture" title="Canadian Federation of Agriculture">Canadian Federation of Agriculture</a> broke down into five primary "production sectors" Canadian agriculture according to cash receipts:<sup id="cite_ref-production_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-production-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>grains and oilseeds:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 34%</li> <li>red meats – livestock:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 24%</li> <li>dairy: 12%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>: 9%</li> <li>poultry and eggs: 8%</li></ol> <p>In 2018, Canada was the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a> (20.3 million tonnes), dry <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">pea</a> (3.5 million tonnes) and <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentil</a> (2 million tons), the 2nd largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a> in the world (3.4 million tons), the 6th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> (31.7 million tons) and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> (8.3 million tons), the 7th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a> (7.2 million tons), the 10th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> (13.8 million tons) and the 12th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> (5.7 million tonnes). In the same year, the country also produced 688 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, 505 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a> (which is used to produce sugar), 497 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>, 424 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a>, 354 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Carrots" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrots">carrots</a>, 341 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, 311 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Chickpeas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickpeas">chickpeas</a>, 236 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, 240 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>, 219 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, 195 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberry</a>, 164 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberry</a>, 173 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Mustard_seed" title="Mustard seed">mustard seed</a>, 138 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushroom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">truffle</a>, 120 thousand tons of <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a>, in addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grains_and_oilseeds">Grains and oilseeds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grains and oilseeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Grain_Commission" title="Canadian Grain Commission">Canadian Grain Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Wheat_Board" title="Canadian Wheat Board">Canadian Wheat Board</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_close-up.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up.JPG/220px-Wheat_close-up.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up.JPG/330px-Wheat_close-up.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up.JPG/440px-Wheat_close-up.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Wheat head close up view</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1925, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> produced over half of the wheat in the Dominion of Canada, threshing more than 240,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushels</a> (6,500,000 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a>) of wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-saskwheat_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saskwheat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">canola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a> are other popularly grown grain crops. </p><p>Wheat is a staple crop from Canada. To help homesteaders attain an abundance harvest in a foreshortened growing season, varieties of wheat were developed at the beginning of the 20th century. Red Fife was the first strain; it was a wheat which could be seeded in the fall and sprout in the early spring. Red Fife ripened nearly two weeks sooner and was a harder wheat than other spring wheats. Dr. C. Saunders, experimented further with Red Fife, and developed Mini Wheats, which was resistant to rust and came to maturity within 100 days. Some other types of wheat grown are <a href="/wiki/Durum" class="mw-redirect" title="Durum">durum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">winter wheat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wheat_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheat-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, Canadian farmers have also begun to grow rice. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prairie_Farm_Rehabilitation_Administration" title="Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration">Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration</a> (PFRA) was established in 1935 to provide Federal financial assistance in regard to the global economical crisis. The PFRA provides farmers with land and water resources such as irrigation, soil drifting conservation and small farm water development. The <a href="/wiki/Farm_Credit_Canada" title="Farm Credit Canada">Farm credit</a> program has established the Canadian Farm Loan Act to provide stock bonds and farm improvement loans.<sup id="cite_ref-YearBook_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YearBook-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock">Livestock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Livestock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wfa017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wfa017.jpg/220px-Wfa017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wfa017.jpg/330px-Wfa017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wfa017.jpg/440px-Wfa017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Prize bull</figcaption></figure> <p>115,000 cattle roamed the southern prairies by 1900. Livestock can include the raising of cows, also commonly called cattle. Recently domestication of the <a href="/wiki/American_Bison" class="mw-redirect" title="American Bison">buffalo</a><sup id="cite_ref-bison_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bison-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a><sup id="cite_ref-elk_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has initiated a new food industry. Sheep have been raised for both wool and meat.<sup id="cite_ref-sheep_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheep-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bovine or pig barns have been a part of livestock culture.<sup id="cite_ref-pig_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pig-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists have been making forward steps in swine research giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">intensive pig farming</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of various farm animals meant that corresponding industries such as <a href="/wiki/Feedlot" title="Feedlot">feedlots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meat_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat processing">meat processing</a> have also been studied, and developed. Two corporations (Cargill Foods and Brazil-based multinational JBS) control 80 percent of beef processing, and four retailers capture 72 percent of retail sales.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float: right"> <caption><b>Total Canadian Farm Animals Slaughtered in 2018</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>2018 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cattle<sup id="cite_ref-Cattle_and_calves,_farm_and_meat_pr_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cattle_and_calves,_farm_and_meat_pr-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3,230,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calves<sup id="cite_ref-Cattle_and_calves,_farm_and_meat_pr_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cattle_and_calves,_farm_and_meat_pr-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>234,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pigs<sup id="cite_ref-Hogs,_sheep_and_lambs,_farm_and_mea_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogs,_sheep_and_lambs,_farm_and_mea-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>21,561,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sheep and lambs<sup id="cite_ref-Hogs,_sheep_and_lambs,_farm_and_mea_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogs,_sheep_and_lambs,_farm_and_mea-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>704,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chickens<sup id="cite_ref-Production,_disposition_and_farm_va_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Production,_disposition_and_farm_va-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>775,196,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkeys<sup id="cite_ref-Production,_disposition_and_farm_va_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Production,_disposition_and_farm_va-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>20,243,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From 1921 to 2011, farming operations have become more intensive and specialized. The total number of animal farms in Canada went from 8.1 per 100 inhabitants to 0.6 per 100 inhabitants. During this period, the number of Canadian pigs rose from 3,324,291 to 12,679,104, while the number of pig farms dropped from 452,935 to 7,371.<sup id="cite_ref-www150.statcan.gc.ca_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www150.statcan.gc.ca-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the hog industry was the fourth largest in Canada, after canola, dairy products and cattle, with cash receipts of $3.9 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-www150.statcan.gc.ca_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www150.statcan.gc.ca-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of farms had also increased substantially, with the national average rising to 1,720 hogs per operation in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-www150.statcan.gc.ca_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www150.statcan.gc.ca-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float: right"> <caption><b>Canadian Livestock, 1951 to 2016 (from Statistics Canada<sup id="cite_ref-Selected_livestock_and_poultry,_his_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selected_livestock_and_poultry,_his-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Unit of Measure </th> <th>1951 </th> <th>2016 </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Cattle and calves </td> <td>Number of cattle farms </td> <td>452,480 </td> <td>75,307 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of animals </td> <td>8,370,991 </td> <td>12,530,730 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Average number of animals per farm </td> <td>17 </td> <td>166 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Pigs </td> <td>Number of pig farms </td> <td>364,068 </td> <td>8,402 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of animals </td> <td>4,915,987 </td> <td>14,091,503 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Average number of animals per farm </td> <td>14 </td> <td>1,677 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Horses </td> <td>Number of horse farms </td> <td>451,647 </td> <td>39,164 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of animals </td> <td>1,306,634 </td> <td>291,561 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Average number of animals per farm </td> <td>3 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Sheep and lambs </td> <td>Number of sheep farms </td> <td>62,566 </td> <td>9,390 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of animals </td> <td>1,478,737 </td> <td>1,054,260 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Average number of animals per farm </td> <td>24 </td> <td>112 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Chickens </td> <td>Number of chicken farms </td> <td>427,317 </td> <td>23,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of animals </td> <td>64,615,025 </td> <td>145,519,566 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Average number of animals per farm </td> <td>151 </td> <td>6,086 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dairy_farming">Dairy farming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dairy farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming in Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supply_management_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply management (Canada)">supply management (Canada)</a></div> <p>Like poultry, dairy farming in Canada is restricted under the system of <a href="/wiki/Supply_management_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply management (Canada)">supply management</a>. In 2016 there were approximately 17,840 dairy cattle and milk production farm operators in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horticulture">Horticulture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Horticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wfa011b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wfa011b.jpg/220px-Wfa011b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wfa011b.jpg/330px-Wfa011b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wfa011b.jpg/440px-Wfa011b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Vegetable displays</figcaption></figure> <p>Horticulture crops, which includes nursery, flowers and fruits, became easier to grow with the development of plant <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">hardiness zones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hardiness_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardiness-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apples, pears, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prune_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prune (fruit)">prunes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strawberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberries">strawberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loganberry" title="Loganberry">loganberries</a> and fruit orchards are numerous and reach commercial size in the <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Valley" title="Annapolis Valley">Annapolis Valley</a> of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Ontario" title="Norfolk County, Ontario">Norfolk County</a> of Ontario and <a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Okanagan Valley">Okanagan Valley</a><sup id="cite_ref-okanagan_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okanagan-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnuts</a> are harvested in Eastern Canada and British Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-nut_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nut-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a> and maple sugar, maple butter, and maple taffy are <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Quebec">products of Quebec</a> along the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>. The main market for Canadian maple syrup and sugar is the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-maple_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maple-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potatoes are an abundant harvest of the <a href="/wiki/Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritimes">Maritime provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-potato_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-potato-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beets</a> and beet root sugar are harvested in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and Alberta.<sup id="cite_ref-special_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-special-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viticulture">Viticulture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Viticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_wine" title="Canadian wine">Canadian wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Real_Deal_(4997566988).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Black_Real_Deal_%284997566988%29.jpg/220px-Black_Real_Deal_%284997566988%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Black_Real_Deal_%284997566988%29.jpg/330px-Black_Real_Deal_%284997566988%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Black_Real_Deal_%284997566988%29.jpg/440px-Black_Real_Deal_%284997566988%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapevine">Grapevines</a> at <a href="/wiki/Inniskillin" title="Inniskillin">Inniskillin</a>, a winery in the Niagara region of Ontario</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a> refers to the growing of grapes for the production of wine. Ontario, and British Columbia are the two largest wine-growing regions in Canada, although grapes are also grown in other regions of Canada, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Quebec">including Quebec</a>, and the Maritimes.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Canada produced 56.2 million litres of wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Que_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Que-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 62 per cent of all wines produced that year originated from Ontario, while wineries from British Columbia constituted 33 per cent of that years wine production.<sup id="cite_ref-Que_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Que-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada is the largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">ice wine</a>, producing more ice wine than all other countries combined.<sup id="cite_ref-BCW_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCW-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, there were 548 wineries spread across 12,150 hectares (30,000 acres). More than half of Canada's vineyard acreage is situated in Ontario, with 150 vineyards spread across 6,900 hectares (17,000 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-BCW_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCW-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ont_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ont-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Columbia holds 240 wineries, spread throughout 4,152 hectares (10,260 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-Ont_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ont-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 138 wineries in Quebec, which manage 808 hectares (2,000 acres) of vineyards in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-Ont_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ont-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nova Scotia holds 20 wineries, which manages 290 hectares (720 acres) of vineyards in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-Ont_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ont-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poultry_and_eggs">Poultry and eggs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Poultry and eggs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Farm_Products_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="National Farm Products Council">National Farm Products Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supply_management_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply management (Canada)">supply management (Canada)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">Fowl</a>, poultry, <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>, chickens, <a href="/wiki/Geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geese">geese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkeys">turkeys</a> are part of a system of <a href="/wiki/Supply_management_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply management (Canada)">supply management</a>. Under supply management, production is limited, prices are raised, and competition is severely curtailed, raising profits for farmers through artificially high prices for poultry and eggs paid by consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-MHF_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHF-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are around 3,000 poultry farmers and 1,000 egg farmers in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-poultry_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poultry-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><b>Canadian Egg Production, 1920 to 2018 (from Statistics Canada<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Unit of Measure </th> <th>1920 </th> <th>2018 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Number of laying chickens </td> <td>14,229,000 </td> <td>32,668,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total eggs laid </td> <td>1,345,776,000 </td> <td>9,601,752,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eggs laid per chicken </td> <td>96 </td> <td>294 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><b>Canadian Poultry, 1976 to 2016 (from Statistics Canada<sup id="cite_ref-Selected_livestock_and_poultry,_his_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selected_livestock_and_poultry,_his-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Unit of Measure </th> <th>1976 </th> <th>2016 </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Chickens </td> <td>Number of chicken farms </td> <td>99,128 </td> <td>23,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of animals </td> <td>87,071,513 </td> <td>145,519,566 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Average number of animals per farm </td> <td>878 </td> <td>6,086 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Turkeys </td> <td>Number of turkey farms </td> <td>13,810 </td> <td>2,690 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of animals </td> <td>8,828,549 </td> <td>8,423,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Average number of animals per farm </td> <td>639 </td> <td>3,132 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aquaculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Canada" title="Aquaculture in Canada">Aquaculture in Canada</a></div> <p>191,259 tonnes of aquatic life were killed in Canadian aquaculture systems in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total aquaculture production was worth 1.43 billion dollars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fur">Fur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></div> <p>Mink and foxes are farmed in Canada for their fur. The total value of mink pelts produced in 2018 was 44 million dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This value included pelts taken from animals that died and spring peltings.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><b>Canadian Fur Farming, 1981 to 2006 (from Statistics Canada)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Unit of Measure </th> <th>1981 </th> <th>2006 </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Mink </td> <td>Number of mink farms </td> <td>561 </td> <td>221 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of animals </td> <td>1,765,184 </td> <td>1,903,918 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Average number of animals per farm </td> <td>3,146 </td> <td>8,615 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Foxes </td> <td>Number of fox farms </td> <td>341 </td> <td>106 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of animals </td> <td>29,980 </td> <td>12,409 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Average number of animals per farm </td> <td>88 </td> <td>117 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years farmers have been producing alternative crops which are economically viable, and amongst these are <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farm</a> crops. <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a> and wool from sheep are the main areas of fibre production of Canada. <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a> production was on average 16,022,000 pounds (7,267 t) in the 1930s and 9,835,000 pounds (4,461 t) in 1949..<sup id="cite_ref-Year_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Year-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fibre <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> from flaxseed has been exported to the United Kingdom. Crop growers may supplement their income with <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> and learn <a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">beekeeping</a>. Enterprising land owners have had success growing as well as packaging and marketing the <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seed</a>. Crops are not only for human consumption but also for animal consumption, which opens a new market such as canary seed. <a href="/wiki/Cuniculture" title="Cuniculture">Cuniculture</a>, or rabbit farming, is another livestock enterprise. <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a> is an important crop in some areas, making up 5% of British Columbia's GDP. According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=BC_Business_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BC Business Magazine (page does not exist)">BC Business Magazine</a>, the crop is worth $7.5 billion to the province annually, and gives employment to 250,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_farms_by_Province/Territory"><span id="Number_of_farms_by_Province.2FTerritory"></span>Number of farms by Province/Territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Number of farms by Province/Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:50%; font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province/Territory<sup id="cite_ref-Agriculture_census_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_census-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Number of Farms (2001 data)<sup id="cite_ref-Agriculture_census_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_census-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alberta</td> <td>53,653 </td></tr> <tr> <td>British Columbia</td> <td>20,290 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manitoba</td> <td>21,071 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Brunswick</td> <td>3,034 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Newfoundland and Labrador</td> <td>643 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nova Scotia</td> <td>3,923 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ontario</td> <td>59,729 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prince Edward Island</td> <td>1,845 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Quebec">Quebec</a></td> <td>32,139 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saskatchewan</td> <td>50,598 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northwest Territories</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nunavut</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yukon</td> <td>170 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canadian_agricultural_government_departments">Canadian agricultural government departments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canadian agricultural government departments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a> states each province has jurisdiction over agriculture, it also vests concurrent jurisdiction in the federal government. Newfoundland agricultural affairs were dealt with by the Agricultural Division of the Department of Natural Resources at Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-Year_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Year-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitution also states that the federal Government has sole authority in coastal and inland fishery matters. Provinces have rights over non-tidal waters and fishing practices there only.<sup id="cite_ref-Year_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Year-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:20px;"> <caption><b>Canadian agricultural government departments</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Department </th> <td>Function </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Agri-Food_Canada" title="Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada">Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada</a> </td> <td>Responsible for policies governing agriculture production, farming income, research and <a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">development</a>, inspection, and the regulation of animals and plants. Headed by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Agriculture (Canada)">Minister of Agriculture (Canada)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Dairy_Commission" title="Canadian Dairy Commission">Canadian Dairy Commission</a> </td> <td>Responsible for providing dairy producers a fair return for labour and investment and provide consumers with high quality <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">Canadian Food Inspection Agency</a> </td> <td>CFIA consolidates the delivery of all federal food, animal and <a href="/wiki/Plant_health" title="Plant health">plant health</a> inspection programs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Grain_Commission" title="Canadian Grain Commission">Canadian Grain Commission</a> </td> <td>Responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grain</a> industry. Headed by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_and_Agri-Food_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food (Canada)">Minister of Agriculture and Agri-food</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Wheat_Board" title="Canadian Wheat Board">Canadian Wheat Board</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_Oceans_Canada" title="Fisheries and Oceans Canada">Fisheries and Oceans Canada</a> </td> <td>Responsibility for the conservation and sustainable use of Canada's fisheries resources. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Farm_Products_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="National Farm Products Council">National Farm Products Council</a> </td> <td>Responsible for promoting efficient and competitive agriculture in Canada and oversees the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency, Canadian Turkey Marketing Agency, Chicken Farmers of Canada and Canada Hatching Egg Producers. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agricultural_economy">Agricultural economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Agricultural economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crow_Rate" title="Crow Rate">Crow Rate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Economic_Diversification_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Economic Diversification Canada">Western Economic Diversification Canada</a></div> <p>Canadian farms, <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranches" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranches">ranches</a> produce a wide variety of crops, livestock, food, <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">feed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre">fibre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> and other goods by the systematic raising of plants and animals which are dependent upon the geography of the province. In 2001 farms numbered only 246,923 at a size of 676 acres (2.74 km<sup>2</sup>) as the production of food and fibre for human or livestock sustenance has evolved into intensive and industrial practices.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FarmingCanada_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FarmingCanada-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2002, wheat constituted the largest crop area at 12.6%. Canadian farmers received a record $36.3 billion in 2001 from livestock, crop sales and program payments.<sup id="cite_ref-economy_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, the accrued net income of farm operators from farm production amounted to 1,633 million dollars, which amounts to 0.147% of Canada's gross domestic product at market prices which is 1,108,200 million dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-FarmingCanada_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FarmingCanada-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">Fisheries</a> are also playing an important role while <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> plays a secondary role. Canada's evolution has abandoned <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">subsistence techniques</a> and now sees a mere 3% of Canada's population employed as a mechanized industrial farmer who are able feed the rest of the nation's population of 30,689.0 thousand people (2001) as well as export to foreign markets.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Canada's estimated population was 32,777,300 on 1 January 2007).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade">Trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The marketing and economic movement of Canada's various agriculture commodities has been a challenge. Domestic trade encompasses providing goods within Canada provincially and inter-provincial. Support agencies and services such as storage, railways, warehouses, stores, banking institutions all affect domestic trade. Trade of wheat from the Canada's prairies was monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Wheat_Board" title="Canadian Wheat Board">Canadian Wheat Board</a> (CWB) prior to the privatization and sale of the CWB to foreign interests in 2015. Canada's depression of 1882–1897 brought a low of 64¼ cents per bushel ($24/t) as of 1893. This era during Laurier's administration saw thousands of homesteads cancelled. Wheat prices soared during World War I. In 1928, Canada exported high quantities of wheat, flour, and goods. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada" title="Great Depression in Canada">depression</a> took its toll on Canada as <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_World_Wars_and_Interwar_Years" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years">exports</a> sunk to approximately 40% of their 1928 amount. European markets stopped needing to import Canadian wheat as they started growing their own varieties, and then World War II events put a blockade on trade to European markets. Canada became more of an industrial entity during the time of this industrial revolution, and less of an agricultural nation. Following World War II the United Kingdom entered into contract for a large amount of agricultural commodities such as bacon, cheese, wheat, oats and barley. After the United Kingdom, the United States is Canada's largest external trade partner. Between 1943 and 1953, the average export of Canadian wheat was 347,200,000 bushels (9,449,000 t).<sup id="cite_ref-A_Historical_Atlas_of_Canada_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Historical_Atlas_of_Canada-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three-year <a href="/wiki/International_Grains_Agreement" title="International Grains Agreement">International Wheat Agreement</a> of 1955, which really lasted 6 years, included exports of wheat or flour to 28 of 44 importing countries including Germany, Japan, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, UK, and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YearBook_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YearBook-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_Historical_Atlas_of_Canada_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Historical_Atlas_of_Canada-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Agribusiness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a> are activities of food and fibre production and processing which are not part of the farm operation. This would include the production of farm equipment and fertilizers to aid farm production.<sup id="cite_ref-Micro_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Micro-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agribusiness also includes the firms that purchase the raw goods from the farm for further processing. The meat packing industry, flour mill, and canning industry would be included in the agribusiness sector processing farm products.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent growth area in agribusiness is the advent of organized farmland investment funds operating on the model of direct land ownership with rental back to farmers as operators.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry_categories">Industry categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Industry categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, these are the classifications of Canadian Agriculture Industries. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:20px;"> <caption><b>Canadian Agriculture Industries</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Industry </th> <td>Mainstay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> industry </td> <td>Comprises two large national beer producing companies: <a href="/wiki/Labatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Labatt">Labatt Breweries of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molson_Brewery" title="Molson Brewery">Molson Coors Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a> industry </td> <td>Buckwheat flour is used for pancake mixes and pasta. Buckwheat is exported mainly to Japan. The majority of this specialty crop is grown in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canary_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Canary seed">Canary seed</a> industry </td> <td>In 2005, Canada produced 77% of the world canary seed production. Saskatchewan soils were conducive to bird seed production.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confectionery and <a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a> industry </td> <td>Sugar and cocoa are imported for this industry which has foreign owned firms operating in Canada. Various candies amounting to $1.48 billion were shipped in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dairy_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy industry">Dairy industry</a> </td> <td>In the Canadian agri-food economy the dairy industry is the third largest.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dairy genetics industry </td> <td>The Canadian Record of Performance R.O.P. program discovers dairy cattle of high producing milk capacities. Cattle qualities are monitored by the Canadian Dairy Herd Improvement milk producing agency.(Canadian DHI).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Distillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Distillery">Distillery</a> industry </td> <td>Canadian whisky made from rye and corn is the main aspect of this Canadian industry. The distillery industry also includes production of whisky, rum, vodka, gin, liqueurs, spirit coolers and basic ethyl alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">Egg</a> industry </td> <td>Evolved into an automated industry producing table eggs, enzymes, <a href="/wiki/Breaker_eggs" title="Breaker eggs">breaker eggs</a>, processed foods, and supporting pullet producers, egg laying chicken (layers) producers and graders.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fish and seafood industry </td> <td>This industry produces CDN $5 billion a year. The world's fourth-largest exporter of fish is Canada, from the Atlantic fishery, Pacific fishery and aquaculture sector.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">Forage</a> industry </td> <td>This industry comprises feed for livestock, cattle, sheep and horses. Hay is the main forage crop, supplemented by alfalfa, cereals, peas and corn. Besides domestic markets, exports from Canada arrive at Pacific Rim Countries.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fruit industry </td> <td>Tree fruit grower crops consist of apples, pears, peaches, plums, apricots, nectarines, and sweet cherry, followed by wine grape areas. The industry supports fresh, canned, frozen and preserved fruits as well as food production.<sup id="cite_ref-barratt2007_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barratt2007-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barratt1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barratt1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grains and oilseeds industry </td> <td>Wheat, barley and oats are Canada's grain exports. Canola, soybean and flaxseed are the main oilseed exports.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grain-based products industry </td> <td>Grain and oilseed production supports flour milling, malt manufacturing, starch, vegetable fat and oil manufacturing as well as breakfast cereal manufacturing<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a> industry </td> <td>Spin off industries from Hemp production include aromatherapy, commercial oil paints, cosmetics, edible oil, garments and accessories, hemp meal and flour, <a href="/wiki/Snack_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Snack food">snack foods</a>, shampoo and conditioners, and moisturizers.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> industry </td> <td>Beeswax produces cosmetics, ointments, candles and household waxes. A diet supplement is made from bee pollen. Propolis and royal jelly is used in cosmetics, creams, lotions, tonics and lip balms. Honey is a sweetener for domestic use or commercial food production.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture_(animals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial agriculture (animals)">Industrial agriculture (animals)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Factory_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farming">Factory farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Multi-trophic_Aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture">Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp farm">shrimp farming</a> are various forms of industrial agriculture which aims at <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">Industrial agriculture</a> </td> <td>Includes <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> in agricultural machinery and farming methods, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic technology</a>, techniques for achieving <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> in production, the creation of new markets for consumption, the application of patent protection to genetic information, and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">global trade</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a> industry </td> <td>Maple syrup can be used to make maple sugar, maple butter, maple taffy as well as a sweetener.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mustard_seed" title="Mustard seed">Mustard seed</a> industry </td> <td>Yellow mustard is the highest export, closely followed by brown and oriental mustards. 2007 saw an increase in mustard seed prices.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic</a> industry </td> <td>Operational certification and standards are challenges for the growing organic farming industry. Organic farming with biodynamics and without synthetic chemicals provides the consumer a holistic plant and animal food choice.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potato industry </td> <td>Potato Innovation Network (PIN) 2020 was initiated in 2006 to support development of new markets, and new uses for potatoes in market diversification.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poultry industry </td> <td>Avian Influenza ("Bird Flu") is the latest concern in the poultry industry however disease precautions are in place if this strain arrives in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Processed fruit and vegetable industry </td> <td>Processing of fruits and vegetables includes consumer products of canned, cider, frozen, jams, jellies and marmalades, pickles, sauces, soups, vegetable and fruit juices and vinegar.<sup id="cite_ref-barratt1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barratt1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulse_(legume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse (legume)">Pulse</a> industry </td> <td>Beans, chickpeas, faba beans, and lentils comprise the pulse industry. Peas soup, and baked beans are large production processes from pulse growth. The world's largest pulse exporter is Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a> industry </td> <td>This is Canada's fourth major manufacturing industry. Cattle, calves, hogs, sheep, lambs, venison, bison are all domesticated for red meat export and domestic consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> industry </td> <td>Seed growers, field inspectors, registered seed establishments, seed trial plots, and seed retailers are the mainstays of seed production.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Snack food industry </td> <td>Cereal grains, cornmeal, nuts, oils, potatoes, and seeds are the major ingredients of snack foods such as potato chips, mixed nuts, peanut butter, pork rinds, and seed snacks.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">Sunflower seed</a> industry </td> <td>About 80 per cent sunflowers grown in Canada are sold as roasted snack sunflower seeds or without the shell for baking. The main consumer is domestic. Birdfeed and sunflower vegetable oils are smaller markets which are being developed.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vegetable industry </td> <td>The edible portion of a plant is a vegetable. Vegetables can be marketed fresh or as part of the processed fruit and vegetable industry. The greenhouse vegetable industry supports the field vegetable farmer.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wine industry </td> <td>Canadian vintners producing wines with unique aromas, aging characteristics and flavours bring in international awards. The grape hybrid from the native Canadian species bred with wine producing grapes results in a grape for a shorter, cooler growing season, and a quality not found elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agricultural_science">Agricultural science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Agricultural science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a> began developing new styles of farming and strains of wheat and crops so that farming could become a successful venture. Farming methods were developed at places such as <a href="/wiki/Indian_Head,_Saskatchewan#Dominion_Experimental_Farm" title="Indian Head, Saskatchewan">Dominion Experimental Farm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IHEF_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHEF-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rosthern Experimental Station,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bell Farm.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1914 to 1922, the <a href="/wiki/Better_Farming_Train_(Saskatchewan)" title="Better Farming Train (Saskatchewan)">Better Farming Train</a> travelled around rural of <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> areas educating pioneer farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-farmtrain_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farmtrain-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1901 census showed 511,100 farms and the number of farms peaked in 1941 at a record 732,800 farms.<sup id="cite_ref-FarmingCanada_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FarmingCanada-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> modernised the farming industry as mechanized vehicles replaced the oxen ploughed land or the horse-drawn cart. Farms became much larger, and mechanized evolving towards <a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">industrial agriculture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_sector_composition" title="List of countries by GDP sector composition">List of countries by GDP sector composition</a></div> <p>Farming activities were very labour-intensive before the industrial revolution and the advent of <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baler" title="Baler">balers</a>, etc. From the late 19th century to the mid-20th century, a great percentage of the Canadian labour force was engaged in high labour, smaller farming practices. After mechanization, scientific advancement, improved marketing practices farms became more efficient, larger and less labour-intensive. The labour population was freed up and went to industry, government, transportation, trade and finance.<sup id="cite_ref-statis_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statis-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agriculture, stock raising and horticulture employed one-fourth of the Canadian population according to the 1951 census as well as providing products for exports and Canadian manufacturing concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-Year_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Year-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Farm_equipment">Farm equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Farm equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm._Tractor_-_Farm,_Ville_LaSalle_BAnQ_P48S1P08968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Farm._Tractor_-_Farm%2C_Ville_LaSalle_BAnQ_P48S1P08968.jpg/220px-Farm._Tractor_-_Farm%2C_Ville_LaSalle_BAnQ_P48S1P08968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Farm._Tractor_-_Farm%2C_Ville_LaSalle_BAnQ_P48S1P08968.jpg/330px-Farm._Tractor_-_Farm%2C_Ville_LaSalle_BAnQ_P48S1P08968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Farm._Tractor_-_Farm%2C_Ville_LaSalle_BAnQ_P48S1P08968.jpg/440px-Farm._Tractor_-_Farm%2C_Ville_LaSalle_BAnQ_P48S1P08968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cultivator" title="Cultivator">cultivator</a> pulled by a <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/James_Oliver_(inventor)" title="James Oliver (inventor)">Oliver Chilled Plow</a>, which could cut through the prairie sod, was in use by 1896. <a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">Binders</a> which could cut and tie grain for the harvest season and <a href="/wiki/Grain_elevators" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain elevators">grain elevators</a> for storage were introduced in the late 19th century as well.<sup id="cite_ref-binder_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-binder-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">Plows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tractors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tractors">tractors</a>, spreaders, <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combines</a> to name a few are some mechanized implements for the grain crop or horticultural farmer which are labour saving devices. Many Canadian museums such as <a href="/wiki/Reynolds-Alberta_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynolds-Alberta Museum">Reynolds-Alberta Museum</a> will showcase the evolution and variety of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">farm machinery</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CombineWheat0654.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/CombineWheat0654.jpg/220px-CombineWheat0654.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/CombineWheat0654.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Harvest of Wheat via combine</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada" title="Great Depression in Canada">Great Depression</a> and drought of the <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Thirties" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty Thirties">Dirty Thirties</a> was devastating. The drought resulted in a mass exodus of population from the prairies, as well as new agricultural practices such as <a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">soil conservation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">soil conservation</a> practices such as <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a>, cover crops, and windbreaks was expanded following the drought experiences of the dirty thirties. Literally layers and layers of topsoil would be blowing away during this time. <a href="/wiki/Bow_River" title="Bow River">Bow River</a> Irrigation Project, <a href="/wiki/Red_Deer_River" title="Red Deer River">Red Deer River</a> Project and the St. Mary Irrigation project of Alberta, were a few of the major projects undertaken by the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Act (P.F.R.A.) resulting in reservoirs, and distribution systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Year_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Year-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A current project is <a href="/wiki/Liming_(soil)" title="Liming (soil)">soil liming</a> at the Land Resource Research Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wheat diseases such as wheat bunt and <a href="/wiki/Stinking_smut" class="mw-redirect" title="Stinking smut">stinking smut</a> can be successfully treated with a fungicide. Disease of plants and animals can break an agricultural producer. <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a> in animals was an early threat, and cattle needed to be tested, and areas accredited in 1956. The newer disease such as <a href="/wiki/Chronic_wasting_disease" title="Chronic wasting disease">chronic wasting disease</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transmissible_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy">transmissible spongiform encephalopathy</a> (TSE) affects both elk and deer. Elk and deer raising is a pioneer field of domestication, has had a setback with this disease.<sup id="cite_ref-wasting_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wasting-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mad_cow_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mad cow disease">Mad cow disease</a> in cattle<sup id="cite_ref-maow_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maow-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Scrapie" title="Scrapie">scrapie</a> of sheep<sup id="cite_ref-scrapie_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scrapie-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">Canadian Food Inspection Agency</a>. The poultry sector was plagued by Pullorum disease, and by controlling the flock via poultry husbandry, this disease has been brought under control. </p><p>Plants whose traits can be modified to survive a disease or insect have made inroads into Canadian agricultural practices. Cereal <a href="/wiki/Rust_(fungus)" title="Rust (fungus)">rusts</a> which can destroy the majority of areas seeded to wheat, was controlled in 1938 by breeding strains which were rust-resistant. This strain was successful until around 1950, when again a new variety of rust broke out, and again a new species of wheat called Selkirk was developed which was rust resistant.<sup id="cite_ref-modify_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modify-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a> is the center of new research and regulations affecting agriculture this century.<sup id="cite_ref-biotech_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biotech-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada#Agriculture_and_food_production" title="Climate change in Canada">Climate change in Canada § Agriculture and food production</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Canada&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>During the drought of 2002, Ontario had a good season and produced enough crops to send a vast amount of hay to those hit the hardest in Alberta. However this is not something that can or will be expected every time there is a drought in the prairie provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This causes a great deficit in income for many as they are buying heads of cattle for high prices and selling them for very low prices.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By looking at historical forecasts, there is a strong indication that there is no true way to estimate or to know the amount of rain to expect for the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Growing_season" title="Growing season">growing season</a>. This does not allow for the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural sector">agricultural sector</a> to plan accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> In <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> there has been a trend of high summer temperatures and low summer precipitation. This has led much of Alberta to face <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Canada_forecasting_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Canada_forecasting-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drought conditions are harming the agriculture sector of this province, mainly the cattle <a href="/wiki/Ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranching">ranching</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Canada_agric_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Canada_agric-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When there is a drought there is a shortage of feed for cattle (hay, grain). With the shortage on crops ranchers are forced to purchase the feed at the increased prices while they can. Those who cannot afford to pay top money for feed are forced to sell their herds.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Canada_CBC_2009_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Canada_CBC_2009-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Canada_CBC_2002_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Canada_CBC_2002-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developmental_and_educational_institutions">Developmental and educational institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Developmental and educational institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To increase the viability of agriculture as an economic lifestyle several improvements have been made by various nationwide educational facilities. Inroads and innovations have been made in the diverse fields of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">agricultural science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">agricultural engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_soil_science" title="Agricultural soil science">agricultural soil science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_productivity" title="Agricultural productivity">Agricultural productivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">agronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioengineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioengineering">bioengineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and swine research for example. Canadian universities conducting agricultural research include McGill University, Dalhousie University,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Université Laval, Université de Montréal, University of Alberta, University of British Columbia, University of Calgary, University of Guelph, University of Manitoba, University of Saskatchewan and University of Prince Edward Island. The <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Agricultural_College" title="Ontario Agricultural College">Ontario Agricultural College</a> is located at the University of Guelph and the Western College of Veterinary Medicine is located at the University of Saskatchewan.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Atlantic Veterinary College is located at the University of P.E.I.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are also faculties of veterinary medicine at the University of Calgary<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Université de Montréal.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BC_Agriculture_in_the_Classroom_Foundation" title="BC Agriculture in the Classroom Foundation">BC Agriculture in the Classroom Foundation</a> operates in the province of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:20px;"> <caption><b>Examples of some Canadian developmental and educational institutions</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Institution </th> <td>Research Programme </td></tr> <tr> <td>Animal Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory </td> <td>AEBL researches artificial insemination, embryo biotechnology to improve genetic breeding requirements. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Experimental_Farm" title="Central Experimental Farm">Central Experimental Farm</a> </td> <td>Scientific research for improvement in agricultural methods and crops. Features the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Agriculture_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Agriculture Museum">Canada Agriculture Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Arboretum" title="Dominion Arboretum">Dominion Arboretum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_Gardens" title="Ornamental Gardens">Ornamental Gardens</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cool Climate Oenology and Viticulture Institute </td> <td>CCOVI provides research to enable the growing grapes and production of wine in cooler climates. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Devonian_Botanical_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonian Botanical Garden">Devonian Botanical Garden</a> </td> <td>Emphasis on alpine and cold-hardy plants along with <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> ecology, biology of <a href="/wiki/Microfungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfungus">microfungi</a>, horticulture, and <a href="/wiki/Phenology" title="Phenology">phenology</a> research. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheries_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisheries Centre (page does not exist)">Fisheries Centre</a> </td> <td>Research of aquatic ecosystems and collaboration with Maritime communities, government, and NGOs </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Canada" title="List of botanical gardens in Canada">List of botanical gardens in Canada</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Atlantic_Fisheries_Centre" title="Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre">Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre</a> </td> <td>NAFC is a part of the Canadian research facility of the Science, Oceans and Environment (SOE) branch and Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) provides marine and aquatic research and conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-NAFC_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAFC-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalhousie_Agricultural_Campus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalhousie Agricultural Campus (page does not exist)">Dalhousie Agricultural Campus</a> </td> <td>Field and animal husbandry studies, aquaculture, international food business </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Horticultural_Association" title="Ontario Horticultural Association">Ontario Horticultural Association</a> </td> <td>Regional horticultural associations promote education about horticulture. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Agriculture_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario Agriculture College">Ontario Agriculture College</a> </td> <td>Education, research and service in agriculture, food, environmental sciences and rural community development. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan_Agriculture_%26_Bioresources_College" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Saskatchewan Agriculture & Bioresources College">University of Saskatchewan Agriculture & Bioresources College</a> </td> <td>Agricultural and <a href="/wiki/Bioresource_engineering" title="Bioresource engineering">bioresource engineering</a>, economics, agronomy, animal Science, environmental science, food and applied microbiological sciences, large animal clinical sciences, plant sciences, and soil science </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization</a> </td> <td>The VIDO facility develops DNA-enhanced immunization vaccines for both humans and animals. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Insemination_Centre_of_Quebec" title="Artificial Insemination Centre of Quebec">Artificial Insemination Centre of Quebec</a> </td> <td>Cattle artificial insemination and breeding centre with a focus on improving Quebec's milk producing and beef herds. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agricultural_Museums">Agricultural Museums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Agricultural Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Agriculture_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Agriculture Museum">Canada Agriculture Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Agricultural_Museum" title="Manitoba Agricultural Museum">Manitoba Agricultural Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Farm_Museum" title="Ross Farm Museum">Ross Farm Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Experimental_Farm" title="Central Experimental Farm">Central Experimental Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Agricultural_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario Agricultural Museum">Ontario Agricultural Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Western_Development_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatchewan Western Development Museum">Saskatchewan Western Development Museum</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">History of agriculture in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Census_of_Agriculture" title="Canadian Census of Agriculture">Canadian Census of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Agricultural_Safety_Association" title="Canadian Agricultural Safety Association">Canadian Agricultural Safety Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticides_in_Canada" title="Pesticides in Canada">Pesticides in Canada</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091212015534/http://www.agr.gc.ca/index_e.php">"Welcome to AAFC Online"</a>. <i>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada</i>. Government of Canada. 24 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agr.gc.ca/index_e.php">the original</a> on 12 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agriculture+and+Agri-Food+Canada&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+AAFC+Online&rft.date=2008-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agr.gc.ca%2Findex_e.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070315200417/http://www.statcan.ca/english/agcensus2006/highlights.htm">"2006 Census of Agriculture Highlights and analyses"</a>. <i>Statistics Canada</i>. Government of Canada. 26 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.ca/english/agcensus2006/highlights.htm">the original</a> on 15 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=2006+Census+of+Agriculture+Highlights+and+analyses&rft.date=2007-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fagcensus2006%2Fhighlights.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ch12-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ch12_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www5.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/env/naharp-pnarsa/pdf/chap12_e.pdf">agr.gc.ca: "Chapter 12. Integrated Pest Management"</a>, in <i>Environmental Sustainability of Canadian Agriculture: Agri-Environmental Indicator Report Series—Report #2</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-production-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-production_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Federation_of_Agriculture2007" class="citation web cs1">Canadian Federation of Agriculture (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070410090347/http://www.cfa-fca.ca/pages/index.php?main_id=25">"CFA – Canadian Federation of Agriculture – Commodities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfa-fca.ca/pages/index.php?main_id=25">the original</a> on 10 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CFA+%E2%80%93+Canadian+Federation+of+Agriculture+%E2%80%93+Commodities&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Canadian+Federation+of+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfa-fca.ca%2Fpages%2Findex.php%3Fmain_id%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">wheat, durum, oats, barley, rye, flax seed, canola, soybeans, rice, and corn</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">beef cattle, hogs, veal, and lamb</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/">Canada production in 2018, by FAO</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saskwheat-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saskwheat_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson" class="citation web cs1">Adamson, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.com/~canmaps/1926/v.html">"1926 Highway Map: Province of Saskatchewan"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1926+Highway+Map%3A+Province+of+Saskatchewan&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rootsweb.com%2F~canmaps%2F1926%2Fv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wheat-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wheat_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymko2003" class="citation book cs1">Symko, Stephan (27 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051104080107/http://res2.agr.ca/publications/marquis/page09_e.htm"><i>From a single seed Tracing the Marquis wheat success story in Canada to its roots in the poop</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wood+bison&rft.atitle=Canadian+Biodiversity%3A+Wood+bison&rft.aulast=Torsten&rft.aufirst=Bernhardt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.mcgill.ca%2Fundergra%2Fc465a%2Fbiodiver%2F2001%2Fwood-bison%2Fwood-bison.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elk-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elk_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorleifson2003" class="citation web cs1">Thorleifson, Ian (24 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405010023/http://www.deer-library.com/artman/publish/article_40.shtml">"Elk on a beef farm"</a>. Deerfarmer. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CBC+News+%E2%80%93+Canada+%E2%80%93+Ontario+hay+arrives+in+drought-stricken+Alberta&rft.date=2002-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fontario-hay-arrives-in-drought-stricken-alberta-1.310132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090626103119/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-county-declares-state-of-agricultural-disaster-over-drought-1.775915">"CBC News – Edmonton – Alberta county declares 'state of agricultural disaster' over drought"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CBC+News+%E2%80%93+Edmonton+%E2%80%93+Alberta+county+declares+%27state+of+agricultural+disaster%27+over+drought&rft.date=2009-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fedmonton%2Falberta-county-declares-state-of-agricultural-disaster-over-drought-1.775915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002160358/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/archives/5thedition/environment/climate/mcr4145?maxwidth=1200&maxheight=1000&mode=navigator&upperleftx=0&upperlefty=0&lowerrightx=4736&lowerrighty=5328&mag=0.0625">"The Atlas of Canada - Precipitation"</a>. Atlas.nrcan.gc.ca. 27 July 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/archives/5thedition/environment/climate/mcr4145?maxwidth=1200&maxheight=1000&mode=navigator&upperleftx=0&upperlefty=0&lowerrightx=4736&lowerrighty=5328&mag=0.0625">the original</a> on 2 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alberta+ranchers+forced+to+sell+herds&rft.date=2009-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcalgary%2Falberta-ranchers-forced-to-sell-herds-1.854016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Canada_CBC_2002-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Canada_CBC_2002_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/drought-forcing-alberta-ranchers-to-sell-off-cattle-1.315111">"Drought forcing Alberta ranchers to sell off cattle"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dalhousie+University&rft.atitle=Faculty+of+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dal.ca%2Ffaculty%2Fagriculture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfavm.ca/15426.html">"Our members: CFVAM"</a>. Cfavm.ca<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Research+Institutes&rft.atitle=Northwest+Atlantic+Fisheries+Centre+%28NAFC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aquatic.uoguelph.ca%2FHuman%2FResearch%2FWebresearchinst%2FEast%2FNorthwestAFC%2Fnafc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPleva,_E.G.Inch,_Spencer1977" class="citation book cs1">Pleva, E.G.; Inch, Spencer, eds. (1977). <i>Canadian Oxford School Atlas</i>. The Bryant Press Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-540240-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-540240-7"><bdi>978-0-19-540240-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Oxford+School+Atlas&rft.pub=The+Bryant+Press+Limited&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-19-540240-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy,_W.G.1959" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, W.G., ed. (1959). <i>From Sea unto Sea</i>. Doubleday & Company, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sea+unto+Sea&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchison,_Bruce1945" class="citation book cs1">Hutchison, Bruce, ed. (1945). <i>The Unknown Country</i>. Longmans, Green & Co., Toronto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Country&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.%2C+Toronto&rft.date=1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly,_Ronald_C.1982" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Ronald C., ed. (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780771582691"><i>The Macmillan School Atlas</i></a></span>. Gage Educational Publishing Company A Division of Canada Publishing Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7715-8268-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7715-8268-4"><bdi>978-0-7715-8268-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Macmillan+School+Atlas&rft.pub=Gage+Educational+Publishing+Company+A+Division+of+Canada+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7715-8268-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780771582691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloutier,_Edmond1951" class="citation book cs1">Cloutier, Edmond, ed. (1951). <i>The Canada Year Book 1951 The Official Statistical Annual of the Resources, History, Institutions, and Social and Economic Conditions of Canada</i>. King's Printer and Controller of Stationery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7715-8268-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7715-8268-4"><bdi>978-0-7715-8268-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canada+Year+Book+1951+The+Official+Statistical+Annual+of+the+Resources%2C+History%2C+Institutions%2C+and+Social+and+Economic+Conditions+of+Canada&rft.pub=King%27s+Printer+and+Controller+of+Stationery&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-7715-8268-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloutier,_Edmond1956" class="citation book cs1">Cloutier, Edmond, ed. (1956). <i>Canada 1956 The Official Handbook of Present Conditions and Recent Progress</i>. Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+1956+The+Official+Handbook+of+Present+Conditions+and+Recent+Progress&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+and+Controller+of+Stationery%2C+Ottawa.&rft.date=1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr,_D.G.G.1959" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, D.G.G., ed. (1959). <i>A Historical Atlas of Canada</i>. Thomas Nelson and Sons (Canada) Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Atlas+of+Canada&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+and+Sons+%28Canada%29+Ltd.&rft.date=1959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorland,_Arthur_G.1949" class="citation book cs1">Dorland, Arthur G., ed. (1949). <i>Our Canada</i>. The Copp Clark Publishing Co, Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Canada&rft.pub=The+Copp+Clark+Publishing+Co%2C+Limited&rft.date=1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Canada&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div 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Past</a></i>, online exhibit on Archives of Ontario website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a></b> <br />(<b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Agriculture in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Costa_Rica" title="Agriculture in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cuba" title="Agriculture in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Haiti" title="Agriculture in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mexico" title="Agriculture in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nicaragua" title="Agriculture in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Panama" title="Agriculture in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Martinique" title="Agriculture in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Montserrat" title="Agriculture in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Agriculture in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture_in_Canada_(by_province_or_territory)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topic" title="Template:Canada topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topic" title="Template talk:Canada topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture_in_Canada_(by_province_or_territory)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agriculture in Canada</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">province or territory</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_New_Brunswick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in New Brunswick (page does not exist)">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Newfoundland and Labrador (page does not exist)">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Agriculture in Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Prince_Edward_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Prince Edward Island (page does not exist)">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saskatchewan" title="Agriculture in Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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