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aria-controls="toc-Professionals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Professionals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Professionals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmacists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pharmacists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacy_support_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacy_support_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pharmacy support staff</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacy_support_staff-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pharmacy support staff subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacy_support_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmacy_technicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacy_technicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pharmacy technicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacy_technicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispensing_assistants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispensing_assistants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dispensing assistants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispensing_assistants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare_assistants/medicines_counter_assistants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_assistants/medicines_counter_assistants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Healthcare assistants/medicines counter assistants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_assistants/medicines_counter_assistants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Practice areas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practice_areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practice areas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practice_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Community_pharmacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_pharmacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Community pharmacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_pharmacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hospital_pharmacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospital_pharmacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hospital pharmacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospital_pharmacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_pharmacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_pharmacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Clinical pharmacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_pharmacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambulatory_care_pharmacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambulatory_care_pharmacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Ambulatory care pharmacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambulatory_care_pharmacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounding_pharmacy/industrial_pharmacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounding_pharmacy/industrial_pharmacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Compounding pharmacy/industrial pharmacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounding_pharmacy/industrial_pharmacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consultant_pharmacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consultant_pharmacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Consultant pharmacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consultant_pharmacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_pharmacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_pharmacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Veterinary pharmacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_pharmacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_pharmacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_pharmacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Nuclear pharmacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_pharmacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_pharmacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_pharmacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Military pharmacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_pharmacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacy_informatics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacy_informatics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Pharmacy informatics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacy_informatics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialty_pharmacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialty_pharmacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Specialty pharmacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialty_pharmacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmaceutical_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmaceutical_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pharmaceutical sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmaceutical_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_prescribing_and_dispensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_prescribing_and_dispensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Separation of prescribing and dispensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_prescribing_and_dispensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Environmental impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_future_of_pharmacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_future_of_pharmacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>The future of pharmacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_future_of_pharmacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacy_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacy_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pharmacy journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacy_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pharmacy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmasie" title="Farmasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Farmasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A9" title="صيدلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيدلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacia" title="Farmacia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Farmacia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դեղաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Դեղաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacia" title="Farmacia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Farmacia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%94%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ঔষধ প্রস্তুতি ও ব্যবহার বিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঔষধ প্রস্তুতি ও ব্যবহার বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io%CC%8Dh-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Io̍h-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Io̍h-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Фармацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фармацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Фармацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фармацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фармация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фармация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacija" title="Farmacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Farmacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm%C3%A0cia" title="Farmàcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Farmàcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacie" title="Farmacie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Farmacie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fferylliaeth" title="Fferylliaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fferylliaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmaci" title="Farmaci – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Farmaci" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmazie" title="Pharmazie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pharmazie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmaatsia" title="Farmaatsia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Farmaatsia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacia" title="Farmacia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Farmacia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacio" title="Farmacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Farmacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmazia" title="Farmazia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Farmazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="داروسازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داروسازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacie" title="Pharmacie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pharmacie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacia" title="Farmacia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Farmacia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo%CC%8Dk-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Yo̍k-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yo̍k-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BD%ED%95%99" title="약학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="약학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դեղաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեղաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="औषधनिर्माण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="औषधनिर्माण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacija" title="Farmacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Farmacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmasi" title="Farmasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Farmasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacia" title="Pharmacia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pharmacia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacia" title="Farmacia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Farmacia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מדעי הרוקחות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדעי הרוקחות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmasi" title="Farmasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Farmasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%94%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಔಷಧಿ ಅಂಗಡಿ/ವೃತ್ತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಔಷಧಿ ಅಂಗಡಿ/ವೃತ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფარმაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფარმაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фармация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фармация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farumasi" title="Farumasi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Farumasi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafarmasi" title="Lafarmasi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lafarmasi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фармация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фармация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm%C4%81cija" title="Farmācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Farmācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacija" title="Farmacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Farmacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B3gyszer%C3%A9szet" title="Gyógyszerészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyógyszerészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Фармација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фармација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="ഫാർമസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫാർമസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფარმაცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფარმაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%87" title="صيدله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صيدله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="جاجدازساجی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جاجدازساجی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmasi" title="Farmasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Farmasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmasi" title="Farmasi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Farmasi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacie" title="Farmacie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Farmacie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%AC%E5%AD%A6" title="薬学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="薬学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmasi" title="Farmasi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Farmasi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmasi" title="Farmasi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Farmasi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacia" title="Farmacia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Farmacia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmatsiya" title="Farmatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Farmatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਫਾਰਮੇਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਾਰਮੇਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="درمل جوړونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="درمل جوړونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacja" title="Farmacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Farmacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm%C3%A1cia" title="Farmácia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Farmácia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmaciya" title="Farmaciya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Farmaciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacie" title="Farmacie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Farmacie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampiy_yachay" title="Hampiy yachay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hampiy yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фармация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фармация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnatoria" title="Barnatoria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Barnatoria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmac%C3%ACa" title="Farmacìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Farmacìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%96%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%B0_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ඖෂධ සංයෝජනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඖෂධ සංයෝජනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm%C3%A1cia" title="Farmácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Farmácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacija" title="Farmacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Farmacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="دارووسازی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دارووسازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Фармација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фармација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacija" title="Farmacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Farmacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmasi" title="Farmasi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Farmasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmasia" title="Farmasia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Farmasia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmaci" title="Farmaci – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Farmaci" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80" title="ఫార్మసీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫార్మసీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="เภสัชกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เภสัชกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eczac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Eczacılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eczacılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фармація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фармація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="دوا سازی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دوا سازی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="Dược – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dược" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farma%C3%A7reye" title="Farmaçreye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Farmaçreye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacia" title="Farmacia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Farmacia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the profession. For retail pharmacies, see <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_(shop)" title="Pharmacy (shop)">Pharmacy (shop)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pharmacy (disambiguation)">Pharmacy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Pharmacy</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PharmacistsMortar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PharmacistsMortar.svg/190px-PharmacistsMortar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PharmacistsMortar.svg/285px-PharmacistsMortar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PharmacistsMortar.svg/380px-PharmacistsMortar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="499" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Pharmacist, Chemist, Doctor of Pharmacy, Druggist, Apothecary or simply <i>Doctor</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">Professional</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Health sciences">health sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical sciences">chemical sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Pharmacy" title="Doctor of Pharmacy">Doctor of Pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Pharmacy" title="Master of Pharmacy">Master of Pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Pharmacy" title="Bachelor of Pharmacy">Bachelor of Pharmacy</a>, Diploma in Pharmacy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">pharmacy technician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxicologist">toxicologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, pharmacy assistant, other <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical specialist">medical specialists</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharmacy_Green_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pharmacy_Green_Cross.svg/250px-Pharmacy_Green_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pharmacy_Green_Cross.svg/375px-Pharmacy_Green_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pharmacy_Green_Cross.svg/500px-Pharmacy_Green_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>The Green Pharmacy Cross (sometimes overlaid with <a href="/wiki/Bowl_of_Hygieia" title="Bowl of Hygieia">Bowl of Hygieia</a>), is widely used in <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> on pharmacy signs.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VariousPills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/VariousPills.jpg/220px-VariousPills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/VariousPills.jpg/330px-VariousPills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/VariousPills.jpg/440px-VariousPills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a> is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metsu,_Gabri%C3%ABl_-_L%27Apothicaire_-_c._1651-1667.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Metsu%2C_Gabri%C3%ABl_-_L%27Apothicaire_-_c._1651-1667.jpg/220px-Metsu%2C_Gabri%C3%ABl_-_L%27Apothicaire_-_c._1651-1667.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Metsu%2C_Gabri%C3%ABl_-_L%27Apothicaire_-_c._1651-1667.jpg/330px-Metsu%2C_Gabri%C3%ABl_-_L%27Apothicaire_-_c._1651-1667.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Metsu%2C_Gabri%C3%ABl_-_L%27Apothicaire_-_c._1651-1667.jpg/440px-Metsu%2C_Gabri%C3%ABl_-_L%27Apothicaire_-_c._1651-1667.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>The Apothecary or The Chemist by <a href="/wiki/Gabri%C3%ABl_Metsu" title="Gabriël Metsu">Gabriël Metsu</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1651</span>–67)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pharmacy</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medications</a>, aiming to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medicines</a>. It is a miscellaneous science as it links <a href="/wiki/Health_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Health science">health sciences</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical science">pharmaceutical sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a>. The professional practice is becoming more clinically oriented as most of the drugs are now manufactured by pharmaceutical industries. Based on the setting, pharmacy practice is either classified as community or institutional pharmacy. Providing direct patient care in the community of institutional pharmacies is considered <a href="/wiki/Clinical_pharmacy" title="Clinical pharmacy">clinical pharmacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as <a href="/wiki/Compounding" title="Compounding">compounding</a> and dispensing of medications. It also includes more modern services related to <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information with patient counselling. <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">Pharmacists</a>, therefore, are experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize the use of medication for the benefit of the patients. </p><p>An establishment in which pharmacy (in the first sense) is practiced is called a <i>pharmacy</i> (this term is more common in the United States) or <i>chemists</i> (which is more common in Great Britain, though <i>pharmacy</i> is also used).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the United States and Canada, <i><a href="/wiki/Drugstore" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugstore">drugstores</a></i> commonly sell medicines, as well as miscellaneous items such as <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">confectionery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_supplies" title="Office supplies">office supplies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">toys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hair_care" title="Hair care">hair care</a> products and <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a>, and occasionally refreshments and groceries. </p><p>In its investigation of herbal and chemical ingredients, the work of the <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecary</a> may be regarded as a precursor of the modern sciences of chemistry and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>, prior to the formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disciplines">Disciplines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Disciplines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:42-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana,_medicine,_Taccuino_Sanitatis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/42-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_medicine%2C_Taccuino_Sanitatis.jpg/220px-42-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_medicine%2C_Taccuino_Sanitatis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/42-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_medicine%2C_Taccuino_Sanitatis.jpg/330px-42-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_medicine%2C_Taccuino_Sanitatis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/42-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_medicine%2C_Taccuino_Sanitatis.jpg/440px-42-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_medicine%2C_Taccuino_Sanitatis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>Pharmacy, <i><a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_sanitatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacuinum sanitatis">Tacuinum sanitatis</a></i> casanatensis (14th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>The field of pharmacy can generally be divided into various disciplines: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutics" title="Pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</a> and Computational Pharmaceutics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal Chemistry">Medicinal Chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacognosy" title="Pharmacognosy">Pharmacognosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li>Pharmacy Practice</li> <li>Pharmacoinformatics</li> <li>Pharmacogenomics</li></ul> <p>The boundaries between these disciplines and with other sciences, such as biochemistry, are not always clear-cut. Often, collaborative teams from various disciplines (pharmacists and other scientists) work together toward the introduction of new therapeutics and methods for patient care. However, pharmacy is not a basic or biomedical science in its typical form. Medicinal chemistry is also a distinct branch of synthetic chemistry combining pharmacology, organic chemistry, and chemical biology. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a> is sometimes considered the fourth discipline of pharmacy. Although pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Both disciplines are distinct. Those who wish to practice both pharmacy (patient-oriented) and pharmacology (a biomedical science requiring the scientific method) receive separate training and degrees unique to either discipline. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pharmacoinformatics" title="Pharmacoinformatics">Pharmacoinformatics</a> is considered another new discipline, for systematic drug discovery and development with efficiency and safety. </p><p>Pharmacogenomics is the study of genetic-linked variants that effect patient clinical responses, allergies, and metabolism of drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professionals">Professionals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Professionals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> estimates that there are at least 2.6 million pharmacists and other pharmaceutical personnel worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacists">Pharmacists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pharmacists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">Pharmacist</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacy_associations" title="List of pharmacy associations">List of pharmacy associations</a></div> <p>Pharmacists are <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_profession" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare profession">healthcare professionals</a> with specialized education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines. <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">Pharmacists</a> may also be <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small business</a> proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists know about the mode of action of a particular drug, and its metabolism and physiological effects on the human body in great detail, they play an important role in optimization of drug treatment for an individual. </p><p>Pharmacists are represented internationally by the <a href="/wiki/International_Pharmaceutical_Federation" title="International Pharmaceutical Federation">International Pharmaceutical Federation</a> (FIP), an <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGO</a> linked with <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO). They are represented at the national level by <a href="/wiki/Professional_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional body">professional organisations</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Pharmaceutical_Society" title="Royal Pharmaceutical Society">Royal Pharmaceutical Society</a> in the UK, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Society_of_Australia" title="Pharmaceutical Society of Australia">Pharmaceutical Society of Australia</a> (PSA), <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pharmacists_Association" title="Canadian Pharmacists Association">Canadian Pharmacists Association</a> (CPhA), <a href="/wiki/Indian_Pharmacist_Association" title="Indian Pharmacist Association">Indian Pharmacist Association</a> (IPA), <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Pharmacists_Association" title="Pakistan Pharmacists Association">Pakistan Pharmacists Association</a> (PPA), <a href="/wiki/American_Pharmacists_Association" title="American Pharmacists Association">American Pharmacists Association</a> (APhA), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Pharmaceutical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaysian Pharmaceutical Society (page does not exist)">Malaysian Pharmaceutical Society</a> (MPS).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, the representative body is also the registering body, which is responsible for the regulation and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> of the profession. </p><p>In the United States, specializations in pharmacy practice recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Pharmacy_Specialties" title="Board of Pharmacy Specialties">Board of Pharmacy Specialties</a> include: cardiovascular, <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a>, pharmacotherapy, nuclear, <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy certifies pharmacists in geriatric pharmacy practice. The <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Applied_Toxicology" title="American Board of Applied Toxicology">American Board of Applied Toxicology</a> certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacy_support_staff">Pharmacy support staff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pharmacy support staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medicin_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Medicin_man.jpg/274px-Medicin_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Medicin_man.jpg/411px-Medicin_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Medicin_man.jpg/548px-Medicin_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3546" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption>A pharmacy worker distributing drugs to an old woman at a local clinic.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacy_technicians">Pharmacy technicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pharmacy technicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">Pharmacy technician</a></div> <p>Pharmacy technicians support the work of pharmacists and other health professionals by performing a variety of pharmacy-related functions, including dispensing prescription drugs and other medical devices to patients and instructing on their use. They may also perform administrative duties in pharmaceutical practice, such as reviewing prescription requests with medic's offices and insurance companies to ensure correct medications are provided and payment is received. </p><p>Legislation requires the supervision of certain pharmacy technician's activities by a pharmacist. The majority of pharmacy technicians work in <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_(shop)" title="Pharmacy (shop)">community pharmacies</a>. In hospital pharmacies, pharmacy technicians may be managed by other senior pharmacy technicians. In the UK the role of a PhT in hospital pharmacy has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialized areas in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialize in their expert field as medication consultants spending more time working with patients and in research. Pharmacy technicians are registered with the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC). The GPhC is the regulator of pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy premises. </p><p>In the US, pharmacy technicians perform their duties under the supervision of pharmacists. Although they may perform, under supervision, most dispensing, compounding and other tasks, they are not generally allowed to perform the role of counseling patients on the proper use of their medications. Some states have a legally mandated <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist-to-pharmacy_technician_ratio" title="Pharmacist-to-pharmacy technician ratio">pharmacist-to-pharmacy technician ratio</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispensing_assistants">Dispensing assistants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dispensing assistants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dispensing assistants are commonly referred to as "dispensers" and in community pharmacies perform largely the same tasks as a pharmacy technician. They work under the supervision of pharmacists and are involved in preparing (dispensing and labelling) medicines for provision to patients. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare_assistants/medicines_counter_assistants"><span id="Healthcare_assistants.2Fmedicines_counter_assistants"></span>Healthcare assistants/medicines counter assistants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Healthcare assistants/medicines counter assistants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the UK, this group of staff can sell certain medicines (including pharmacy only and general sales list medicines) over the counter. They cannot prepare prescription-only medicines for supply to patients. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy" title="History of pharmacy">History of pharmacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacists" title="List of pharmacists">List of pharmacists</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legenogapotekeren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Legenogapotekeren.jpg/220px-Legenogapotekeren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Legenogapotekeren.jpg/330px-Legenogapotekeren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Legenogapotekeren.jpg/440px-Legenogapotekeren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="2972" /></a><figcaption>Physician and Pharmacist, illustration from <i>Medicinarius</i> (1505) by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Brunschwig" title="Hieronymus Brunschwig">Hieronymus Brunschwig</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest known compilation of medicinal substances was the <i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i>, an Indian <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurvedic treatise</a> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Sushruta" title="Sushruta">Sushruta</a> in the 6th century BC. However, the earliest text as preserved dates to the 3rd or 4th century AD. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">Sumerian</a> (4th millennium BC – early 2nd millennium BC) cuneiform <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablets</a> record prescriptions for medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Egyptian pharmacological knowledge was recorded in various papyri such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers Papyrus</a></i> of 1550 BC, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Smith_Papyrus" title="Edwin Smith Papyrus">Edwin Smith Papyrus</a></i> of the 16th century BC. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Byzantium_15th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Byzantium_15th_century.jpg/220px-Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Byzantium_15th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Byzantium_15th_century.jpg/330px-Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Byzantium_15th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Byzantium_15th_century.jpg/440px-Dioscorides_De_Materia_Medica_Byzantium_15th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Dioscorides, <i><a href="/wiki/Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i>, Byzantium, 15th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diocles_of_Carystus" title="Diocles of Carystus">Diocles of Carystus</a> (4th century BC) was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants. He wrote several treatises on the topic.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek physician <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> is famous for writing a five-volume book in his native Greek Περί ύλης ιατρικής in the 1st century AD. The Latin translation <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica_(Dioscorides)" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica (Dioscorides)">De Materia Medica</a></i></span> (<i>Concerning medical substances</i>) was used as a basis for many medieval texts and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, themselves deriving their knowledge from earlier Greek <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Byzantine medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_in_China" title="Pharmacy in China">Pharmacy in China</a> dates at least to the earliest known Chinese manual, the <i>Shennong Bencao Jing</i> (<i>The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic</i>), dating back to the 1st century AD. It was compiled during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> and was attributed to the mythical <a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a>. Earlier literature included lists of prescriptions for specific ailments, exemplified by a manuscript "Recipes for 52 Ailments", found in the <a href="/wiki/Mawangdui" title="Mawangdui">Mawangdui</a>, sealed in 168 BC. </p><p>In Japan, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> (538–710) and the early <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> (710–794), the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected. The place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the <a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a> (701) and re-stated in the <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dr%C5%8D_Code" title="Yōrō Code">Yōrō Code</a> (718). Ranked positions in the pre-<a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a> Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> (1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacists—and even pharmacist assistants—were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In the Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a stone sign for a pharmacy shop with a tripod, a mortar, and a pestle opposite one for a doctor in the Arcadian Way in Ephesus near Kusadasi in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current Ephesus dates back to 400 BC and was the site of the Temple of Artemis, one of the seven wonders of the world. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> the first pharmacies, or drug stores, were established in 754,<sup id="cite_ref-Hadzovic_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadzovic-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>. By the 9th century, these pharmacies were state-regulated.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2010)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The advances made in the Middle East in <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> led <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine in medieval Islam">medicine in medieval Islam</a> substantially to develop <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakar%C4%ABya_R%C4%81zi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi">Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi</a> (Rhazes) (865–915), for instance, acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds. <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Zahrawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi">Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi</a> (Abulcasis) (936–1013) pioneered the preparation of medicines by <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>. His <i>Liber servitoris</i> is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the "simples" from which were <a href="/wiki/Compounding" title="Compounding">compounded</a> the complex drugs then generally used. Sabur Ibn Sahl (d 869), was, however, the first physician to record his findings in a <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopoeia" title="Pharmacopoeia">pharmacopoeia</a>, describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments. <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> (973–1050) wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on pharmacology, entitled <i>Kitab al-Saydalah</i> (<i>The Book of Drugs</i>), in which he detailed the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist. <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, too, described no less than 700 preparations, their properties, modes of action, and their indications. He devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a></i>. Of great impact were also the works by <a href="/wiki/Masawaih_al-Mardini" title="Masawaih al-Mardini">al-Maridini of Baghdad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wafid" title="Ibn al-Wafid">Ibn al-Wafid</a> (1008–1074), both of which were printed in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> more than fifty times, appearing as <i>De Medicinis universalibus et particularibus</i> by '<a href="/wiki/Mesue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesue">Mesue</a>' the younger, and the <i>Medicamentis simplicibus</i> by '<a href="/wiki/Abenguefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Abenguefit">Abenguefit</a>'. <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Abano" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter of Abano">Peter of Abano</a> (1250–1316) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-Maridini under the title <i>De Veneris</i>. Al-Muwaffaq's contributions in the field are also pioneering. Living in the 10th century, he wrote <i>The foundations of the true properties of Remedies</i>, amongst others describing <a href="/wiki/Arsenious_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenious oxide">arsenious oxide</a>, and being acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Silicic_acid" title="Silicic acid">silicic acid</a>. He made clear distinction between <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a>, and drew attention to the poisonous nature of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> compounds, especially copper <a href="/wiki/Vitriol" title="Vitriol">vitriol</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> compounds. He also describes the <a href="/wiki/Distilled_water" title="Distilled water">distillation of sea-water</a> for drinking.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (September 2010)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, pharmacy-like shops began to appear during the 12th century. In 1240, emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederic II</a> issued a decree by which the physician's and the apothecary's professions were separated.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hauptmarkt_6_in_Trier_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hauptmarkt_6_in_Trier_01.jpg/150px-Hauptmarkt_6_in_Trier_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hauptmarkt_6_in_Trier_01.jpg/225px-Hauptmarkt_6_in_Trier_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hauptmarkt_6_in_Trier_01.jpg/300px-Hauptmarkt_6_in_Trier_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3367" data-file-height="3336" /></a><figcaption>Löwen-Apotheke in <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, operating continuously from at least 1241 </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raeapteek_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Raeapteek_sign.jpg/250px-Raeapteek_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Raeapteek_sign.jpg/375px-Raeapteek_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Raeapteek_sign.jpg/500px-Raeapteek_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Sign of the <a href="/wiki/Raeapteek" title="Raeapteek">Town Hall Pharmacy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, operating continuously from at least 1422, showing the <a href="/wiki/Bowl_of_Hygieia" title="Bowl of Hygieia">Bowl of Hygieia</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>There are pharmacies in Europe that have been in operation since medieval times. In <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy, the director of the museum in the former <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella_(pharmacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria Novella (pharmacy)">Santa Maria Novella pharmacy</a> says that the pharmacy there dates back to 1221.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_News_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_News-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> (Germany), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%B6wen-Apotheke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Löwen-Apotheke (page does not exist)">Löwen-Apotheke</a> is in operation since 1241, the oldest pharmacy in Europe in continuous operation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> (Croatia), a pharmacy that first opened in 1317 is located inside the Franciscan monastery: it is the 2nd oldest pharmacy in Europe that is still operating.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Town Hall Square of <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> (Estonia), there is a pharmacy dating from at least 1422.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The medieval <a href="/wiki/Esteve_Pharmacy" title="Esteve Pharmacy">Esteve Pharmacy</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Ll%C3%ADvia" title="Llívia">Llívia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalan</a> <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> close to <a href="/wiki/Puigcerd%C3%A0" title="Puigcerdà">Puigcerdà</a>, is a museum: the building dates back to the 15th century and the museum keeps <a href="/wiki/Albarello" title="Albarello">albarellos</a> from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice_areas">Practice areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Practice areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pharmacists practice in a variety of areas including community pharmacies, infusion pharmacies, hospitals, clinics, insurance companies, medical communication companies, research facilities, pharmaceutical companies, extended care facilities, psychiatric hospitals, and regulatory agencies. Pharmacists themselves may have expertise in a <a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">medical specialty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_pharmacy">Community pharmacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Community pharmacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_(shop)" title="Pharmacy (shop)">Pharmacy (shop)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Community_pharmacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Community pharmacy">Community pharmacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_automation" title="Pharmacy automation">Pharmacy automation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klaukkalan_apteekki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Klaukkalan_apteekki.jpg/220px-Klaukkalan_apteekki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Klaukkalan_apteekki.jpg/330px-Klaukkalan_apteekki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Klaukkalan_apteekki.jpg/440px-Klaukkalan_apteekki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="2491" /></a><figcaption>A pharmacy in <a href="/wiki/Klaukkala" title="Klaukkala">Klaukkala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>pharmacy</i> (also known as a <i>chemist</i> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>; or <i>drugstore</i> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>; <i>retail pharmacy</i> in industry terminology; or <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecary</a>, historically) is where most pharmacists practice the profession of pharmacy. It is the community pharmacy in which the dichotomy of the profession exists; health professionals who are also retailers. </p><p>Community pharmacies usually consist of a retail storefront with a dispensary, where medications are stored and dispensed. According to Sharif Kaf al-Ghazal, the opening of the first drugstores are recorded by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Muslim</a> pharmacists in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 754 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadzovic_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadzovic-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hospital_pharmacy">Hospital pharmacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hospital pharmacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hospital_pharmacy" title="Hospital pharmacy">Hospital pharmacy</a></div> <p>Pharmacies within <a href="/wiki/Hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitals">hospitals</a> differ considerably from community pharmacies. Some pharmacists in hospital pharmacies may have more complex clinical medication management issues, and pharmacists in community pharmacies often have more complex business and customer relations issues. </p><p>Because of the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.e., drug interactions) and <a href="/wiki/Patient_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient compliance">patient compliance</a> issues (in the hospital and at home), many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency, sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists and they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy. </p><p>For example, there are pharmacists who specialize in hematology/oncology, HIV/AIDS, infectious disease, critical care, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a>, toxicology, nuclear pharmacy, pain management, psychiatry, anti-coagulation clinics, <a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">herbal medicine</a>, neurology/epilepsy management, pediatrics, neonatal pharmacists and more. </p><p>Hospital pharmacies can often be found within the premises of the hospital. Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including <a href="/wiki/Total_parenteral_nutrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Total parenteral nutrition">total parenteral nutrition</a> (TPN), and other medications are given intravenously. That is a complex process that requires adequate training of personnel, <a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Quality Assurance">quality assurance</a> of products, and adequate facilities. </p><p>Several hospital pharmacies have decided to <a href="/wiki/Outsource" class="mw-redirect" title="Outsource">outsource</a> high-risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding. The high cost of medications and drug-related technology and the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety require hospital pharmacies to perform at the highest level possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinical_pharmacy">Clinical pharmacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Clinical pharmacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clinical_pharmacy" title="Clinical pharmacy">Clinical pharmacy</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pharmacists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacists">Pharmacists</a> provide direct patient care services that optimize the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clinical_pharmacist" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical pharmacist">Clinical pharmacists</a> care for patients in all <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">clinics</a>. Clinical pharmacists often collaborate with <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care. Clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care. They often participate in patient care rounds for drug product selection. In the UK clinical pharmacists can also prescribe some medications for patients on the NHS or privately, after completing a non-medical prescribers course to become an Independent Prescriber.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The clinical pharmacist's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems, identifying goals of therapy, and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient. The review process often involves an evaluation of the appropriateness of drug therapy (e.g., drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy) and its efficacy. Research shows that pharmacist led strategies reduce errors related to medication use.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pharmacist must also consider potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and patient drug allergies while they design and initiate a drug therapy plan.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambulatory_care_pharmacy">Ambulatory care pharmacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ambulatory care pharmacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the emergence of modern clinical pharmacy, ambulatory care pharmacy practice has emerged as a unique pharmacy practice setting. Ambulatory care pharmacy is based primarily on pharmacotherapy services that a pharmacist provides in a clinic. Pharmacists in this setting often do not dispense drugs, but rather see patients in-office visits to manage chronic disease states. </p><p>In the U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority. In some states, such as <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011 the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties approved ambulatory care pharmacy practice as a separate board certification. The official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy specialty certification exam will be Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials BCACP.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounding_pharmacy/industrial_pharmacy"><span id="Compounding_pharmacy.2Findustrial_pharmacy"></span>Compounding pharmacy/industrial pharmacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Compounding pharmacy/industrial pharmacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compounding" title="Compounding">Compounding</a></div> <p>Compounding involves preparing drugs in forms that are different from the generic prescription standard. This may include altering the strength, ingredients, or dosage form.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compounding is a way to create custom drugs for patients who may not be able to take the medication in its standard form, such as due to an allergy or difficulty swallowing. Compounding is necessary for these patients to still be able to properly get the prescriptions they need. </p><p>One area of compounding is preparing drugs in new dosage forms. For example, if a drug manufacturer only provides a drug as a tablet, a compounding pharmacist might make a medicated <a href="/wiki/Lollipop" title="Lollipop">lollipop</a> that contains the drug. Patients who have difficulty swallowing the tablet may prefer to suck the medicated lollipop instead. </p><p>Another form of compounding is by mixing different strengths (g, mg, mcg) of capsules or tablets to yield the desired amount of medication indicated by the <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physician_assistant" title="Physician assistant">physician assistant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nurse_practitioner" title="Nurse practitioner">nurse practitioner</a>, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_pharmacist_practitioner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinical pharmacist practitioner (page does not exist)">clinical pharmacist practitioner</a>. This form of compounding is found at community or hospital pharmacies or in-home administration therapy. </p><p>Compounding pharmacies specialize in compounding, although many also dispense the same non-compounded drugs that patients can obtain from community pharmacies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consultant_pharmacy">Consultant pharmacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consultant pharmacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Consultant_pharmacist" title="Consultant pharmacist">Consultant pharmacist</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pharmacy" title="Talk:Pharmacy">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">nursing homes</a>, but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2019)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> consultant pharmacists were usually independent business owners, though in the United States many now work for a large pharmacy management company such as <a href="/wiki/Omnicare" title="Omnicare">Omnicare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kindred_Healthcare" title="Kindred Healthcare">Kindred Healthcare</a> or <a href="/wiki/PharMerica" title="PharMerica">PharMerica</a>. This trend may be gradually reversing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients, primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings. Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services. </p><p>The main principle of consultant pharmacy is developed by Hepler and Strand in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Pharmaceutical_care_and_patient_outcomes_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pharmaceutical_care_and_patient_outcomes-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Responsibilities_in_pharmaceutical_care_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Responsibilities_in_pharmaceutical_care-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veterinary_pharmacy">Veterinary pharmacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Veterinary pharmacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_pharmacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary pharmacy">Veterinary pharmacy</a></div> <p>Veterinary pharmacies, sometimes called <i>animal pharmacies</i>, may fall in the category of hospital pharmacy, retail pharmacy or mail-order pharmacy. Veterinary pharmacies stock different varieties and different strengths of medications to fulfill the pharmaceutical needs of animals. Because the needs of animals, as well as the regulations on <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a>, are often very different from those related to people, in some jurisdictions veterinary pharmacy may be kept separate from regular pharmacies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_pharmacy">Nuclear pharmacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nuclear pharmacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_pharmacy" title="Nuclear pharmacy">Nuclear pharmacy</a></div> <p>Nuclear pharmacy focuses on preparing radioactive materials for diagnostic tests and for treating certain diseases. Nuclear pharmacists undergo additional training specific to handling radioactive materials, and unlike in community and hospital pharmacies, nuclear pharmacists typically do not interact directly with patients. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_pharmacy">Military pharmacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Military pharmacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pharmacy" title="Talk:Pharmacy">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:332nd_EMSG_Pharmacy_Tech_DVIDS328212.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/332nd_EMSG_Pharmacy_Tech_DVIDS328212.jpg/220px-332nd_EMSG_Pharmacy_Tech_DVIDS328212.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/332nd_EMSG_Pharmacy_Tech_DVIDS328212.jpg/330px-332nd_EMSG_Pharmacy_Tech_DVIDS328212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/332nd_EMSG_Pharmacy_Tech_DVIDS328212.jpg/440px-332nd_EMSG_Pharmacy_Tech_DVIDS328212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Airman 1st Class Breanna DeMasters and Staff Sgt. Giovanni Fiorito, 332nd Expeditionary Medical Group pharmacy technicians, fill prescription medication for patients, Oct. 7, Joint Base Balad Iraq.</figcaption></figure> <p>Military pharmacy is a different working environment to civilian practise because military pharmacy technicians perform duties such as evaluating medication orders, preparing medication orders, and dispensing medications. This would be illegal in civilian pharmacies because these duties are required to be performed by a licensed registered pharmacist.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US military, state laws that prevent technicians from counseling patients or doing the final medication check prior to dispensing to patients (rather than a pharmacist solely responsible for these duties) do not apply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacy_informatics">Pharmacy informatics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pharmacy informatics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacy informatics">Pharmacy informatics</a></div> <p>Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or for <a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">healthcare information technology</a> vendor companies. As a practice area and specialist domain, pharmacy informatics is growing quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals. Pharmacists in this area are trained to participate in medication management system development, deployment, and optimization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialty_pharmacy">Specialty pharmacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Specialty pharmacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Specialty_pharmacy" title="Specialty pharmacy">Specialty pharmacy</a></div> <p>Specialty pharmacies supply high-cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled, specialty pharmacies carry novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to supplying these drugs, specialty pharmacies also provide lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, it is currently the fastest-growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the demand for clinicians who can properly manage these specific patient populations, the Specialty Pharmacy Certification Board has developed a new certification exam to certify specialty pharmacists. Along with the 100 questions computerized multiple-choice exam, pharmacists must also complete 3,000 hours of specialty pharmacy practice within the past three years as well as 30 hours of specialty pharmacist continuing education within the past two years.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmaceutical_sciences">Pharmaceutical sciences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pharmaceutical sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pharmaceutical research" redirects here. For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Research_(journal)" title="Pharmaceutical Research (journal)">Pharmaceutical Research (journal)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pharmacy" title="Special:EditPage/Pharmacy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pharmacy%22">"Pharmacy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pharmacy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pharmacy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pharmacy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pharmacy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pharmacy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The pharmaceutical sciences are a group of <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> areas of study concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Drug_design" title="Drug design">design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_manufacturing" title="Pharmaceutical manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_action_team" title="Drug action team">action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_delivery" title="Drug delivery">delivery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">classification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugs">drugs</a>. They apply knowledge from <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">analytical</a>), <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>), <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemometrics" title="Chemometrics">chemometrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PharmSciIntro_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmSciIntro-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pharmaceutical sciences are further subdivided into several specific <a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">specialties</a>, with four main branches: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></b>: the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on <a href="/wiki/Human_beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Human beings">human beings</a>. <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</a></b>: the study of the cellular and molecular interactions of drugs with their <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a>. Simply "What the drug does to the body"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</a></b>: the study of the factors that control the concentration of drug at various sites in the body. Simply "What the body does to the drug"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Pharmaceutical toxicology</a></b>: the study of the harmful or toxic effects of drugs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">Pharmacogenomics</a></b>: the study of the <a href="/wiki/Biological_inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological inheritance">inheritance</a> of characteristic patterns of interaction between drugs and organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical chemistry">Pharmaceutical chemistry</a></b>: the study of <a href="/wiki/Drug_design" title="Drug design">drug design</a> to optimize pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">synthesis</a> of new <a href="/wiki/Small_molecule" title="Small molecule">drug molecules</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medicinal_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal Chemistry">Medicinal Chemistry</a>).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutics" title="Pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</a></b>: the study and design of <a href="/wiki/Drug_formulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug formulation">drug formulation</a> for optimum <a href="/wiki/Drug_delivery" title="Drug delivery">delivery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_stability" title="Chemical stability">stability</a>, pharmacokinetics, and <a href="/wiki/Compliance_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compliance (medicine)">patient acceptance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pharmacognosy" title="Pharmacognosy">Pharmacognosy</a></b>: the study of medicines derived from natural sources.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>As new discoveries advance and extend the pharmaceutical sciences, subspecialties continue to be added to this list. Importantly, as <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> advances, boundaries between these specialty areas of pharmaceutical sciences are beginning to blur. Many fundamental concepts are common to all pharmaceutical sciences. These shared fundamental concepts further the understanding of their applicability to all aspects of <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical research">pharmaceutical research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drug_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug therapy">drug therapy</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pharmacocybernetics" title="Pharmacocybernetics">Pharmacocybernetics</a> (also known as pharma-cybernetics, cybernetic pharmacy, and cyber pharmacy) is an emerging field that describes the science of supporting drugs and medications use through the application and evaluation of informatics and internet technologies, so as to improve the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_care" title="Pharmaceutical care">pharmaceutical care</a> of patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Yap_Pharmaco-cybernetics_as_an_interactive_component_of_pharma-culture_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yap_Pharmaco-cybernetics_as_an_interactive_component_of_pharma-culture-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>pharmacy</i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>farmacie</i> "substance, such as a food or in the form of a medicine which has a laxative effect" from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <i>pharmacia</i> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <i>pharmakeia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">φαρμακεία</span>) "a medicine", which itself derives from <i>pharmakon</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φάρμακον</span></span>), meaning "drug, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spell_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spell (paranormal)">spell</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which is etymologically related to <i><a href="/wiki/Pharmakos" title="Pharmakos">pharmakos</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_prescribing_and_dispensing">Separation of prescribing and dispensing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Separation of prescribing and dispensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_prescribing_and_dispensing" title="Separation of prescribing and dispensing">Separation of prescribing and dispensing</a></div> <p>Separation of prescribing and dispensing, also called dispensing separation, is a practice in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and pharmacy in which the <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> who provides a <a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">medical prescription</a> is independent from the <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacist</a> who provides the <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drug</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> there are centuries of tradition for separating pharmacists from physicians. In Asian countries, it is traditional for physicians to also provide drugs. </p><p>In contemporary time researchers and health policy analysts have more deeply considered these traditions and their effects. Advocates for separation and advocates for combining make similar claims for each of their conflicting perspectives, saying that separating or combining reduces <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest_in_the_healthcare_industry" title="Conflict of interest in the healthcare industry">conflict of interest in the healthcare industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_health_care" title="Unnecessary health care">unnecessary health care</a>, and lowers costs, while the opposite causes those things. Research in various places reports mixed outcomes in different circumstances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022 the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> proposed that pharmaceutical companies should be required to collect and destroy unused or expired medicines that they have put on the market in order to reduce public health risks around the misuse of medicines obtained from waste bins, the development of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from the discharge of antibiotics into environmental systems and "economic losses" from wasted healthcare resources. Potentially harmful concentrations of pharmaceutical waste has been detected in more than a quarter of water samples taken from 258 rivers around the world. OECD recommend that medicines should be collected separately from household waste and that "marketplaces and redistribution platforms for unused close-to-expiry-date medicines" should be set up. Such extended producer responsibility schemes are already running in France, Spain and Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_future_of_pharmacy">The future of pharmacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The future of pharmacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_U.S._Soldier_with_the_Special_Warfare_Medical_Group(Airborne),_speaks_to_Dr_110228-A-GV060-946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_U.S._Soldier_with_the_Special_Warfare_Medical_Group%28Airborne%29%2C_speaks_to_Dr_110228-A-GV060-946.jpg/220px-A_U.S._Soldier_with_the_Special_Warfare_Medical_Group%28Airborne%29%2C_speaks_to_Dr_110228-A-GV060-946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_U.S._Soldier_with_the_Special_Warfare_Medical_Group%28Airborne%29%2C_speaks_to_Dr_110228-A-GV060-946.jpg/330px-A_U.S._Soldier_with_the_Special_Warfare_Medical_Group%28Airborne%29%2C_speaks_to_Dr_110228-A-GV060-946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_U.S._Soldier_with_the_Special_Warfare_Medical_Group%28Airborne%29%2C_speaks_to_Dr_110228-A-GV060-946.jpg/440px-A_U.S._Soldier_with_the_Special_Warfare_Medical_Group%28Airborne%29%2C_speaks_to_Dr_110228-A-GV060-946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3761" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption>Pharmacists now go on rounds with doctors and have more patient interaction.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the <a href="/wiki/Health_care_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care system">health care system</a>. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Medication_Therapy_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Medication Therapy Management">Medication Therapy Management</a> (MTM) includes the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients. Such services include a thorough analysis of all medication (<a href="/wiki/Prescription_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescription medication">prescription</a>, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual. The result is a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2011)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> receive remuneration from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Australian Government</a> for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada, pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights (as in Alberta and British Columbia) or are remunerated by their provincial government for expanded services such as medications reviews (Medschecks in Ontario). In the United Kingdom, pharmacists who undertake additional training are obtaining prescribing rights and this is because of <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacy education">pharmacy education</a>. They are also being paid for by the government for <a href="/wiki/Medicine_use_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine use review">medicine use reviews</a>. In Scotland, the pharmacist can write prescriptions for Scottish registered patients of their regular medications, for the majority of drugs, except for controlled drugs, when the patient is unable to see their doctor, as could happen if they are away from home or the doctor is unavailable. In the United States, pharmaceutical care or <a href="/wiki/Clinical_pharmacy" title="Clinical pharmacy">clinical pharmacy</a> has had an evolving influence on the practice of pharmacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Clinical_Pharmacy_Defined_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clinical_Pharmacy_Defined-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Pharmacy" title="Doctor of Pharmacy">Doctor of Pharmacy</a> (Pharm. D.) degree is now required before entering practice and some pharmacists now complete one or two years of residency or fellowship training following graduation. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Consultant_pharmacist" title="Consultant pharmacist">consultant pharmacists</a>, who traditionally operated primarily in <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">nursing homes</a>, are now expanding into direct consultation with patients, under the banner of "senior care pharmacy".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to patient care, pharmacies will be a focal point for medical adherence initiatives. There is enough evidence to show that integrated pharmacy based initiatives significantly impact adherence for chronic patients. For example, a study published in NIH shows "pharmacy based interventions improved patients' medication adherence rates by 2.1 percent and increased physicians' initiation rates by 38 percent, compared to the control group".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacy_journals">Pharmacy journals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Pharmacy journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmaceutical_sciences_journals" title="List of pharmaceutical sciences journals">List of pharmaceutical sciences journals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a> most commonly associated with pharmacy are the <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar and pestle</a> (North America) and the ℞ (<a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">medical prescription</a>) character, which is often written as "Rx" in typed text; the green <a href="/wiki/Greek_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek cross">Greek cross</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Bowl_of_Hygieia" title="Bowl of Hygieia">Bowl of Hygieia</a> (only) often used in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> but may be seen combined with other symbols elsewhere. Other common symbols include <a href="/wiki/Conical_measure" title="Conical measure">conical measures</a>, and (in the US) <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceuses</a>, in their <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a>. A red stylized letter A in used <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (from <i>Apotheke</i>, the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> word for pharmacy, from the same <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> root as the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> word "<a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecary</a>"). The <a href="/wiki/Show_globe" title="Show globe">show globe</a> was used in the US until the early 20th century; the <a href="/wiki/Gaper" title="Gaper">Gaper</a> in the Netherlands is increasingly rare. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepius_staff.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rod of Asclepius, the internationally recognised symbol of medicine"><img alt="Rod of Asclepius, the internationally recognised symbol of medicine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/62px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/92px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/123px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="995" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rod_of_Asclepius" title="Rod of Asclepius">Rod of Asclepius</a>, the internationally recognised symbol of medicine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiga_FirstAid_-_Green.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="green cross (AIGA symbol for First Aid)"><img alt="green cross (AIGA symbol for First Aid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aiga_FirstAid_-_Green.svg/120px-Aiga_FirstAid_-_Green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aiga_FirstAid_-_Green.svg/180px-Aiga_FirstAid_-_Green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Aiga_FirstAid_-_Green.svg/240px-Aiga_FirstAid_-_Green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="363" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">green cross (<a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts" title="American Institute of Graphic Arts">AIGA</a> symbol for <a href="/wiki/First_Aid" class="mw-redirect" title="First Aid">First Aid</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Pharmacy_Cross_w_Bowl_of_Hygieia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Green cross and Bowl of Hygieia used in Europe (with the exception of Germany and Austria) and India"><img alt="Green cross and Bowl of Hygieia used in Europe (with the exception of Germany and Austria) and India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Green_Pharmacy_Cross_w_Bowl_of_Hygieia.svg/120px-Green_Pharmacy_Cross_w_Bowl_of_Hygieia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Green_Pharmacy_Cross_w_Bowl_of_Hygieia.svg/180px-Green_Pharmacy_Cross_w_Bowl_of_Hygieia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Green_Pharmacy_Cross_w_Bowl_of_Hygieia.svg/240px-Green_Pharmacy_Cross_w_Bowl_of_Hygieia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Green cross and <a href="/wiki/Bowl_of_Hygieia" title="Bowl of Hygieia">Bowl of Hygieia</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>) and India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharmacy_Green_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple green Greek cross, widely used in Europe and India,[citation needed] often an animated neon sign"><img alt="Simple green Greek cross, widely used in Europe and India,[citation needed] often an animated neon sign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pharmacy_Green_Cross.svg/120px-Pharmacy_Green_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pharmacy_Green_Cross.svg/180px-Pharmacy_Green_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pharmacy_Green_Cross.svg/240px-Pharmacy_Green_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="291" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simple green Greek cross, widely used in <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Europe and India,</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> often an animated <a href="/wiki/Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">neon sign</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsche_Apotheke_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red "A" (Apotheke) sign, used in Germany"><img alt="Red "A" (Apotheke) sign, used in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Deutsche_Apotheke_Logo.svg/118px-Deutsche_Apotheke_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Deutsche_Apotheke_Logo.svg/177px-Deutsche_Apotheke_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Deutsche_Apotheke_Logo.svg/237px-Deutsche_Apotheke_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="559" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red "A" (<i>Apotheke</i>) sign, used in Germany </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apotheke_Oesterreich_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Similar red "A" sign, used in Austria"><img alt="Similar red "A" sign, used in Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Apotheke_Oesterreich_Logo.svg/106px-Apotheke_Oesterreich_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Apotheke_Oesterreich_Logo.svg/159px-Apotheke_Oesterreich_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Apotheke_Oesterreich_Logo.svg/211px-Apotheke_Oesterreich_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Similar red "A" sign, used in Austria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PharmacistsMortar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The mortar and pestle, used in the United States and Canada"><img alt="The mortar and pestle, used in the United States and Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PharmacistsMortar.svg/120px-PharmacistsMortar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PharmacistsMortar.svg/180px-PharmacistsMortar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PharmacistsMortar.svg/240px-PharmacistsMortar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="499" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The mortar and pestle, used in the United States and Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Hanging_Show_Globe2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A hanging Show globe, formerly used in the United States"><img alt="A hanging Show globe, formerly used in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Red_Hanging_Show_Globe2.jpg/75px-Red_Hanging_Show_Globe2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Red_Hanging_Show_Globe2.jpg/113px-Red_Hanging_Show_Globe2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Red_Hanging_Show_Globe2.jpg/150px-Red_Hanging_Show_Globe2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="874" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A hanging <a href="/wiki/Show_globe" title="Show globe">Show globe</a>, formerly used in the United States</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Gaper,_Nijmegen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gaper, formerly used in the Netherlands"><img alt="The Gaper, formerly used in the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/De_Gaper%2C_Nijmegen.jpg/85px-De_Gaper%2C_Nijmegen.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/De_Gaper%2C_Nijmegen.jpg/128px-De_Gaper%2C_Nijmegen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/De_Gaper%2C_Nijmegen.jpg/170px-De_Gaper%2C_Nijmegen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Gaper, formerly used in the Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rx_symbol_border.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The symbol used on medical prescriptions, from the Latin recipe (take thou)."><img alt="The symbol used on medical prescriptions, from the Latin recipe (take thou)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Rx_symbol_border.svg/120px-Rx_symbol_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Rx_symbol_border.svg/180px-Rx_symbol_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Rx_symbol_border.svg/240px-Rx_symbol_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The symbol used on medical prescriptions, from the Latin <i>recipe</i> (take thou).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowl_Of_Hygieia_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="the Bowl of Hygieia"><img alt="the Bowl of Hygieia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bowl_Of_Hygieia_by_David.svg/91px-Bowl_Of_Hygieia_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bowl_Of_Hygieia_by_David.svg/137px-Bowl_Of_Hygieia_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bowl_Of_Hygieia_by_David.svg/183px-Bowl_Of_Hygieia_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="87" data-file-height="114" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">the Bowl of Hygieia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Pharmacy_Law" title="American Society for Pharmacy Law">American Society for Pharmacy Law</a> – Professional organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">Apothecary</a> – Former name for a pharmacist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Pharmacy" title="Bachelor of Pharmacy">Bachelor of Pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Pharmacy" title="Master of Pharmacy">Master of Pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Pharmacy" title="Doctor of Pharmacy">Doctor of Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Pharmaco-Therapeutic_Referrals" title="Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals">Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals</a> – Taxonomy of cases requiring referral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pharmacy" title="Clinical pharmacy">Clinical pharmacy</a> – Branch of pharmacy for direct provision</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultant_pharmacist" title="Consultant pharmacist">Consultant pharmacist</a> – Provider of expert pharmaceutical advice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_packaging" title="Drug packaging">Drug packaging</a> – Packaging for pharmaceutical preparations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_pharmacy_in_developing_countries" title="Evidence-based pharmacy in developing countries">Evidence-based pharmacy in developing countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Health informatics</a> – Computational approaches to health care</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy" title="History of pharmacy">History of pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_pharmacy" title="Hospital pharmacy">Hospital pharmacy</a> – Dispensary within a hospital</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Pharmaceutical_Federation" title="International Pharmaceutical Federation">International Pharmaceutical Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Pharmaceutical_Students%27_Federation" title="International Pharmaceutical Students' Federation">International Pharmaceutical Students' Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drugs_by_year_of_discovery" title="List of drugs by year of discovery">List of drugs by year of discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmaceutical_laboratories_by_year_of_foundation" title="List of pharmaceutical laboratories by year of foundation">List of pharmaceutical laboratories by year of foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacies" title="List of pharmacies">List of pharmacies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacy_associations" title="List of pharmacy associations">List of pharmacy associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacy_organizations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pharmacy organizations in the United Kingdom">List of pharmacy organizations in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacy_schools_in_the_United_States" title="List of pharmacy schools in the United States">List of pharmacy schools in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacy_schools" title="List of pharmacy schools">List of pharmacy schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_pharmacy" title="Nuclear pharmacy">Nuclear pharmacy</a> – Branch of pharmacy focused on radioactive pharmaceuticals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_pharmacy" title="Online pharmacy">Online pharmacy</a> – Pharmacy that operates over the Internet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutics" title="Pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</a> – Science of the properties of medicines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">Pharmaceutical industry</a> – Industry involved with discovery, development, production and marketing of drugs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">Pharmacogenomics</a> – Study of the role of the genome in drug response</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacognosy" title="Pharmacognosy">Pharmacognosy</a> – Study of drugs obtained from natural sources</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a> – Science of drugs and medications and their effects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaconomist" title="Pharmaconomist">Pharmaconomist</a> – Danish qualification like BPharm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_automation" title="Pharmacy automation">Pharmacy automation</a> – Mechanical handling of medications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_residency" title="Pharmacy residency">Pharmacy residency</a> – Post-graduate internship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Further_Education_in_Clinical_Pharmacy_and_Public_Health" title="Professional Further Education in Clinical Pharmacy and Public Health">Professional Further Education in Clinical Pharmacy and Public Health</a> – academic publisher<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raeapteek" title="Raeapteek">Raeapteek</a> – One of Europe's longest-lived pharmacies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepharmacy" title="Telepharmacy">Telepharmacy</a> – Pharmacy care by telecommunication</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Its earliest attested form in Greek could be the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀞𐀔𐀒</span></span>, <i>pa-ma-ko</i>, written in the <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> syllabic script and found on the <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">PY</a> Un 1314 tablet; this tablet is also found listed as PY Vn 1314 or PY Sb 1314.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_2019_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas2018" class="citation book cs1">Thomas D (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Jp7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Clinical Pharmacy Education, Practice and Research</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128142769" title="Special:BookSources/9780128142769"><bdi>9780128142769</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124043021/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Jp7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Pharmacy+Education%2C+Practice+and+Research&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2018-11&rft.isbn=9780128142769&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Jp7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference" class="citation web cs1">Reference, Genetics Home. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/pharmacogenomics">"What is pharmacogenomics?"</a>. <i>Genetics Home Reference</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219214114/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/pharmacogenomics">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genetics+Home+Reference&rft.atitle=What+is+pharmacogenomics%3F&rft.aulast=Reference&rft.aufirst=Genetics+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fghr.nlm.nih.gov%2Fprimer%2Fgenomicresearch%2Fpharmacogenomics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Health Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518070423/http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2011/en/index.html"><i>World Health Statistics 2011</i></a> – Table 6: Health workforce, infrastructure, and essential medicines. Geneva, 2011. Accessed 21 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fip.org/member-organisations?">"Member organizations"</a>. <i>FIP</i>. Open Publishing. 9 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210101015532/https://www.fip.org/member-organisations">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIP&rft.atitle=Member+organizations&rft.date=2019-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fip.org%2Fmember-organisations%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpsweb.org/bps-specialties/#1518298221569-5426494b-d9b1">"BPS Specialties"</a>. <i>Board of Pharmacy Specialties</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Board+of+Pharmacy+Specialties&rft.atitle=BPS+Specialties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpsweb.org%2Fbps-specialties%2F%231518298221569-5426494b-d9b1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_K._Borchardt2002" class="citation journal cs1">John K. Borchardt (2002). 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"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r__FmMNS7qIC&pg=PA17">Kremers and Urdang's History of pharmacy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819205603/https://books.google.com/books?id=r__FmMNS7qIC&pg=PA17&dq&hl=en">Archived</a> 19 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". Amer. Inst. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%C4%80MOS%3A+Database+of+Mycenaean+at+Oslo&rft.atitle=PY+1314+Vn+%2B+frr.+%28Cii%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hf.uio.no%2Fdamos%2FIndex%2Fitem%2Fchosen_item_id%2F5042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacy" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaymoure" class="citation web cs1">Raymoure, K.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012041614/http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/pe/pe-re/">"pe-re"</a>. <i>Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B</i>. Deaditerranean. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/pe/pe-re/">the original</a> on 12 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minoan+Linear+A+%26+Mycenaean+Linear+B&rft.atitle=pe-re&rft.aulast=Raymoure&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminoan.deaditerranean.com%2Fresources%2Flinear-b-sign-groups%2Fpe%2Fpe-re%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacy" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ShowWord.aspx?Id=16843">"The Linear B word pa-ma-ko"</a>. Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140316201514/http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ShowWord.aspx?Id=16843">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Linear+B+word+pa-ma-ko&rft.pub=Palaeolexicon.+Word+study+tool+of+ancient+languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palaeolexicon.com%2FShowWord.aspx%3FId%3D16843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/news/manufacturers-should-pay-for-collection-and-disposal-of-unused-medicines-says-oecd">"Manufacturers should pay for collection and disposal of unused medicines, says OECD"</a>. Pharmaceutical Journal. 10 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Manufacturers+should+pay+for+collection+and+disposal+of+unused+medicines%2C+says+OECD&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpharmaceutical-journal.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Fmanufacturers-should-pay-for-collection-and-disposal-of-unused-medicines-says-oecd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American College of Clinical Pharmacy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accp.com/position/pos029.pdf">Evidence of the Economic Benefit of Clinical Pharmacy Services: 1996–2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030418235157/http://www.accp.com/position/pos029.pdf">Archived</a> 18 April 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Pharmacy Student Alliance (APSA)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clinical_Pharmacy_Defined-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clinical_Pharmacy_Defined_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American College of Clinical Pharmacy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accp.com/clinical_pharmacy.php">Clinical Pharmacy Defined</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704035001/http://www.accp.com/clinical_pharmacy.php">Archived</a> 4 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Consultant_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Consultant Pharmacists">American Society of Consultant Pharmacists</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascp.com/consumers/what/">What is a Senior Care Pharmacist?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061023213917/http://www.ascp.com/consumers/what/">Archived</a> 23 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrennanDollearHuMatlin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Brennan, Troyen A.; Dollear, Timothy J.; Hu, Min; Matlin, Olga S.; Shrank, William H.; Choudhry, Niteesh K.; Grambley, William (1 January 2012). "An integrated pharmacy-based program improved medication prescription and adherence rates in diabetes patients". <i>Health Affairs</i>. <b>31</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">120–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2011.0931">10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0931</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1544-5208">1544-5208</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22232102">22232102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Affairs&rft.atitle=An+integrated+pharmacy-based+program+improved+medication+prescription+and+adherence+rates+in+diabetes+patients&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.issn=1544-5208&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22232102&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2011.0931&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Troyen+A.&rft.au=Dollear%2C+Timothy+J.&rft.au=Hu%2C+Min&rft.au=Matlin%2C+Olga+S.&rft.au=Shrank%2C+William+H.&rft.au=Choudhry%2C+Niteesh+K.&rft.au=Grambley%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkins,_Elizabeth_Siegel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Watkins, Elizabeth Siegel (2009). "From History of Pharmacy to Pharmaceutical History". <i>Pharmacy in History</i>. <b>51</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20027914">20027914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacy+in+History&rft.atitle=From+History+of+Pharmacy+to+Pharmaceutical+History&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20027914&rft.au=Watkins%2C+Elizabeth+Siegel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharmacy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span> Asai, T. (1985). <i>Nyokan Tūkai</i>. Tokyo: Kōdan-Sha.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh">Titsingh, Isaac</a>, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/<a href="/wiki/Hayashi_Gah%C5%8D" title="Hayashi Gahō">Hayashi Gahō</a>, 1652], <i><a href="/wiki/Nipon_o_da%C3%AF_itsi_ran" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipon o daï itsi ran">Nipon o daï itsi ran</a>; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon.</i> Paris: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Asiatic Society">Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran">...Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckesson.com/pharmacy-management/consulting-and-technology/">Pharmacy Consulting Services | McKesson</a> – A landmark study in hospital pharmacy performance based on an extensive literature review and the collective experience of the Health Systems Pharmacy Executive Alliance.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pharmacy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pharmacy">pharmacy</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pharmacy" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Pharmacy" class="extiw" title="v:Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy" class="extiw" title="commons:Pharmacy"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Pharmacy</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051102083751/http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/pharm/pharmaziegeschichte/index-e.html">Navigator History of Pharmacy</a> Collection of internet resources related to the history of pharmacy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drugstoremuseum.com">Soderlund Pharmacy Museum</a> – Information about the history of the American Drugstore</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lloydlibrary.org/">The Lloyd Library</a> Library of botanical, medical, pharmaceutical, and scientific books and periodicals, and works of allied sciences</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aihp.org">American Institute of the History of Pharmacy</a> American Institute of the History of Pharmacy—resources in the history of pharmacy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fip.org">International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)</a> Federation representing national associations of pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compounding" title="Compounding">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy" title="History of pharmacy">History of pharmacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">Prescription drug</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_activity" title="Biological activity">Pharmacological activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_prescribing_and_dispensing" title="Separation of prescribing and dispensing">Separation of prescribing and dispensing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pharmaceutical sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</a> & <a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacometrics" title="Pharmacometrics">Pharmacometrics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">Pharmacogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical chemistry">Pharmaceutical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutics" title="Pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacognosy" title="Pharmacognosy">Pharmacognosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacoepidemiology" title="Pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacocybernetics" title="Pharmacocybernetics">Pharmacocybernetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">Pharmacist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacists" title="List of pharmacists">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaconomist" title="Pharmaconomist">Pharmaconomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_residency" title="Pharmacy residency">Pharmacy residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">Pharmacy technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_school" title="Pharmacy school">Pharmacy school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pharmacy" title="Clinical pharmacy">Clinical pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_pharmacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Community pharmacy">Community pharmacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_(shop)" title="Pharmacy (shop)">shop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultant_pharmacist" title="Consultant pharmacist">Consultant pharmacist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_pharmacy" title="Hospital pharmacy">Hospital pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_pharmacy" title="Nuclear pharmacy">Nuclear pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacist_prescriber" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacist prescriber">Pharmacist prescriber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_informatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacy informatics">Pharmacy informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialty_pharmacy" title="Specialty pharmacy">Specialty pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_pharmacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary pharmacy">Veterinary pharmacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">Pharmaceutical industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_development" title="Drug development">Drug development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">Drug discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigational_New_Drug" title="Investigational New Drug">Investigational New Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_benefit_management" title="Pharmacy benefit management">Pharmacy benefit management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmaceutical_companies" title="List of pharmaceutical companies">List of pharmaceutical companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medication_costs" title="Medication costs">Medication costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_in_China" title="Pharmacy in China">Pharmacy in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacies_of_Norway" title="Pharmacies of Norway">Pharmacies of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacies_in_the_United_States" title="Pharmacies in the United States">Pharmacies in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy_in_the_United_States" title="History of pharmacy in the United States">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmacy" title="Category:Pharmacy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Allied_health_professions29" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allied_health_professions" title="Template:Allied health professions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allied_health_professions" title="Template talk:Allied health professions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allied_health_professions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allied health professions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Allied_health_professions29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health professions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthesia technician">Anesthesia technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_therapy" title="Aquatic therapy">Aquatic therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">Athletic trainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audiology" title="Audiology">Audiologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocardiogram">Cardiac physiologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical psychologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_hygienist" title="Dental hygienist">Dental hygienist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">Dietitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">Emergency medical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis" title="Hemodialysis">Hemodialysis technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">Massage therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_assistant" title="Medical assistant">Medical assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_coder" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical coder">Medical coder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_physics" title="Medical physics">Medical physicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_technologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical technologist">Medical technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_transcription" title="Medical transcription">Medical transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music and arts therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">Nutritionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">Optometrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">Pharmacy technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venipuncture" title="Venipuncture">Phlebotomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physiotherapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiographer" title="Radiographer">Radiographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory therapy">Respiratory therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech%E2%80%93language_pathology" title="Speech–language pathology">Speech therapist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_biology59" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_biology" title="Template talk:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_biology59" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology#Branches" title="Outline of biology">Branches of biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" title="Cellular microbiology">Cellular microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobiology" title="Photobiology">Photobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">Protistology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational biology">Relational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">Structural biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">Teratology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virophysics" title="Virophysics">Virophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiology" title="Xenobiology">Xenobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline of biology and organic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_care641" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_care" title="Template:Health care"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_care" title="Template talk:Health care"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_care" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health care"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_care641" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical equipment">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_guideline" title="Medical guideline">Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_healthcare" title="Philosophy of healthcare">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_provider" title="Health care provider">Providers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO%27s_ranking_of_health_care_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO's ranking of health care systems">Ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare science">Healthcare science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health professions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_management" title="Health information management">Health information management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">Clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">Nursing home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Academic_health_science_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic health science centre">Academic health science centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">Teaching hospital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_school" title="Pharmacy school">Pharmacy school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Care</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_care" title="Acute care">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_care" title="Chronic care">Chronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">Hospice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overutilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Overutilization">Overutilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-care" title="Self-care">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_care" title="Total care">Total</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills / training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor-patient_relationship#Bedside_manner" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor-patient relationship">Bedside manner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_precautions" title="Universal precautions">Universal precautions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_technology" title="Health technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_bioprinting" title="3D bioprinting">3D bioprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_health" title="Connected health">Connected health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_health" title="Digital health">Digital health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record" title="Electronic health record">Electronic health records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">mHealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Health informatics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_image_computing" title="Medical image computing">Medical image computing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imaging_informatics" title="Imaging informatics">imaging informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Artificial intelligence in healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_informatics" title="Behavior informatics">Behavior informatics</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translational_bioinformatics" title="Translational bioinformatics">Translational bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translational_medicine" title="Translational medicine">Translational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_technology" title="Health information technology">health information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_management" title="Health information management">Health information management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_health_informatics" title="Consumer health informatics">Consumer health informatics</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_care_systems_by_country" title="Health care systems by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_public_health_in_the_United_States" title="History of public health in the United States">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_debate_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare reform debate in the United States">reform debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Healthcare in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_Zealand" title="Healthcare in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614304#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4045705-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85100603">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pharmacie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933091b">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pharmacie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933091b">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574198">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="farmacie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114525&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="lékárenství"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122520&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527380">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007541287405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008282">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/eczacilik">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Clinical health science</div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&oldid=1277686861#Pharmaceutical_sciences">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharmacy&oldid=1277686861#Pharmaceutical_sciences</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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