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Profiles along Long-lived Solar Coronal Loops Observed with the [ITAL]Transition Region and Coronal Explorer[/ITAL]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/125997780" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3d59fd839a76ddb762a985c649b57e9c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":119942390,"asset_id":125997780,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/125865540/THE_IMPORTANCE_OF_GROUND_BASED_AND_SATELLITE_OBSERVATIONS_FOR_MONITORING_AND_ESTIMATION_OF_UV_RADIATION_IN_NOVI_SAD_SERBIA">THE IMPORTANCE OF GROUND-BASED AND SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS FOR MONITORING AND ESTIMATION OF UV RADIATION IN NOVI SAD (SERBIA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a significant health hazard in the warm part of the year. In order to assess the level of hazard and the effects of UV radiation on the living world, long-term measured or estimated data are needed. In... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_125865540" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a significant health hazard in the warm part of the year. In order to assess the level of hazard and the effects of UV radiation on the living world, long-term measured or estimated data are needed. In Novi Sad, the measurement of UV radiation has been performed since 2003, while ozone measurements have been made since 2007. However, those data sets are too short for assessing long-term biological effects. Therefore, several techniques for reconstruction of UV radiation doses have been developed. Reconstruction techniques are based on using available ground-based measurements of the meteorological data and satellite measurements of the total ozone column. It is shown that techniques that use ozone data show better performance than those that use only ground-based meteorological measurements. However, the difference between the performances of the methods is smaller when it comes to the monthly values, indicating that the techniques which use only ground-based meteorological measurements are roughly as good as the ozone-based techniques for assessing long-term changes in the surface UV radiation. The statistically significant increasing long term-trend of annual mean erythemal UV doses (ERY) and the decreasing trend in the total ozone column in Novi Sad since 1981 have been noticed. An increase in ERY has been noticed in all the seasons except in autumn and it is the highest in winter. The analysis showed that the increase in the ERY in the period 1981-1996 was mainly caused by the total ozone column, while the increase after 1996 is largely caused by cloudiness.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/125865540" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fb5b31153723f43d2e07733025b75e47" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":119832722,"asset_id":125865540,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button 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Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Performance_Liquid_Chromatography?f_ri=112063"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=112063"},{"id":477100,"name":"UV light","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UV_light?f_ri=112063"},{"id":2210032,"name":"ultraviolet-B radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ultraviolet-B_radiation?f_ri=112063"},{"id":3969833,"name":"Dermatologic agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dermatologic_agents?f_ri=112063"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_125660617" data-work_id="125660617" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/125660617/FAUST_II_Discovery_of_a_Secondary_Outflow_in_IRAS_15398_3359_Variability_in_Outflow_Direction_during_the_Earliest_Stage_of_Star_Formation">FAUST. II. Discovery of a Secondary Outflow in IRAS 15398−3359: Variability in Outflow Direction during the Earliest Stage of Star Formation?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We have observed the very low-mass Class 0 protostar IRAS 15398−3359 at scales ranging from 50 to 1800 au, as part of the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array Large Program FAUST. We uncover a linear feature, visible in H2CO, SO,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_125660617" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We have observed the very low-mass Class 0 protostar IRAS 15398−3359 at scales ranging from 50 to 1800 au, as part of the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array Large Program FAUST. We uncover a linear feature, visible in H2CO, SO, and C18O line emission, which extends from the source in a direction almost perpendicular to the known active outflow. Molecular line emission from H2CO, SO, SiO, and CH3OH further reveals an arc-like structure connected to the outer end of the linear feature and separated from the protostar, IRAS 15398−3359, by 1200 au. The arc-like structure is blueshifted with respect to the systemic velocity. A velocity gradient of 1.2 km s−1 over 1200 au along the linear feature seen in the H2CO emission connects the protostar and the arc-like structure kinematically. SO, SiO, and CH3OH are known to trace shocks, and we interpret the arc-like structure as a relic shock region produced by an outflow previously launched by IRAS 15398−3359. The velocity gradient a...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/125660617" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bc7bffa0b38c4d956d9c0f6bdecf28d4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":119663358,"asset_id":125660617,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119663358/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTYzNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42870497" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ClaireChandler1">Claire Chandler</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42870497" type="text/json">{"id":42870497,"first_name":"Claire","last_name":"Chandler","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ClaireChandler1","display_name":"Claire Chandler","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ClaireChandler1?f_ri=112063","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_125660617 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="125660617"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 125660617, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_125660617", }); 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II. Discovery of a Secondary Outflow in IRAS 15398−3359: Variability in Outflow Direction during the Earliest Stage of Star Formation?","created_at":"2024-11-18T08:06:13.535-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/125660617/FAUST_II_Discovery_of_a_Secondary_Outflow_in_IRAS_15398_3359_Variability_in_Outflow_Direction_during_the_Earliest_Stage_of_Star_Formation?f_ri=112063","dom_id":"work_125660617","summary":"We have observed the very low-mass Class 0 protostar IRAS 15398−3359 at scales ranging from 50 to 1800 au, as part of the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array Large Program FAUST. We uncover a linear feature, visible in H2CO, SO, and C18O line emission, which extends from the source in a direction almost perpendicular to the known active outflow. Molecular line emission from H2CO, SO, SiO, and CH3OH further reveals an arc-like structure connected to the outer end of the linear feature and separated from the protostar, IRAS 15398−3359, by 1200 au. The arc-like structure is blueshifted with respect to the systemic velocity. A velocity gradient of 1.2 km s−1 over 1200 au along the linear feature seen in the H2CO emission connects the protostar and the arc-like structure kinematically. SO, SiO, and CH3OH are known to trace shocks, and we interpret the arc-like structure as a relic shock region produced by an outflow previously launched by IRAS 15398−3359. The velocity gradient a...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":119663358,"asset_id":125660617,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42870497,"first_name":"Claire","last_name":"Chandler","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ClaireChandler1","display_name":"Claire Chandler","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ClaireChandler1?f_ri=112063","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":723,"name":"Astrophysical Plasma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysical_Plasma?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":4363,"name":"Star Formation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Star_Formation?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=112063"},{"id":227709,"name":"Outflow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Outflow?f_ri=112063"},{"id":712197,"name":"Protostar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protostar?f_ri=112063"},{"id":738712,"name":"Submillimeter Array","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Submillimeter_Array?f_ri=112063"},{"id":3311855,"name":"Line of sight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Line_of_sight?f_ri=112063"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_125574051" data-work_id="125574051" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest 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type="text/json">{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=125574051]'), work: {"id":125574051,"title":"Siva-1 binds to and inhibits BCL-X\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e-mediated protection against UV radiation-induced apoptosis","created_at":"2024-11-15T07:31:14.172-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/125574051/Siva_1_binds_to_and_inhibits_BCL_X_sub_L_sub_mediated_protection_against_UV_radiation_induced_apoptosis?f_ri=112063","dom_id":"work_125574051","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":119592533,"asset_id":125574051,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":309383888,"first_name":"Manjunath","last_name":"Ramarao","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ManjunathRamarao1","display_name":"Manjunath Ramarao","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ManjunathRamarao1?f_ri=112063","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/309383888/153527334/143134031/s65_manjunath.ramarao.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":57570,"name":"Cercopithecus aethiops","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cercopithecus_aethiops?f_ri=112063"},{"id":112063,"name":"Uv Radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uv_Radiation?f_ri=112063"},{"id":139002,"name":"Alternative splicing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_splicing?f_ri=112063"},{"id":422325,"name":"HeLa cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HeLa_cells?f_ri=112063"},{"id":635694,"name":"Alternative Splicing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternative_Splicing-1?f_ri=112063"},{"id":663516,"name":"Yeast Two-hybrid System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yeast_Two-hybrid_System?f_ri=112063"},{"id":743709,"name":"Protein isoforms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_isoforms?f_ri=112063"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence?f_ri=112063"},{"id":1242500,"name":"Exon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exon?f_ri=112063"},{"id":1556410,"name":"Full Length Movies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Full_Length_Movies?f_ri=112063"},{"id":2467566,"name":"Molecular Sequence Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Sequence_Data?f_ri=112063"},{"id":3005391,"name":"Ultraviolet Rays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultraviolet_Rays?f_ri=112063"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_125566024" data-work_id="125566024" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/125566024/Application_of_TiO2_sol_for_UV_radiation_measurements">Application of TiO2 sol for UV radiation measurements</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/125518483/Arthrospira_platensis_Natron_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC_%C3%87ad_Arthrospira_maxima_Natron_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC_%C3%87ad_ve_Arthrospira_platensis_Parachas_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC_Peru_in_Su%C5%9Flar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCme_%C3%96zelliklerinin_Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1la%C5%9Ft%C4%B1r%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1">Arthrospira platensis (Natron Gölü/Çad), Arthrospira maxima (Natron Gölü/Çad) ve Arthrospira platensis (Parachas Gölü/Peru)’in Suşlarının Büyüme Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırılması</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Bu calismada Arthrospira platensis (Parachas Golu/Peru), Arthrospira platensis (Natron Golu/Chad) ve Arthrospira maxima (Natron Golu/Chad)’nin yogun uretimin ilk basamagi olan laboratuar kosullarindaki buyume dinamikleri incelenmistir.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_125518483" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Bu calismada Arthrospira platensis (Parachas Golu/Peru), Arthrospira platensis (Natron Golu/Chad) ve Arthrospira maxima (Natron Golu/Chad)’nin yogun uretimin ilk basamagi olan laboratuar kosullarindaki buyume dinamikleri incelenmistir. Deneme ortami olarak saf suyla hazirlanan Zarrouk besin ortami kullanilmistir. Mikroalg turleri icin ortam sicakligi 35 0C’ye, pH 9’a, aydinlatma 3000 lux isik siddetine ayarlanmis ve surekli havalandirma yapilmistir. Turlerin gunluk olarak absorbansi spektrofotometre kullanilarak 680 nm’de olculmus ve ayni zamanda Neubauer laminda hucre sayimlari yapilmistir. Arthrospira platensis’te (Natron ve Parachas susu) 180 birim ile baslayan absorbans 14-15. gune kadar 1480 birime, A. maxima’da 290 birimle baslayan absorbans degeri 9-10. gune kadar 1190 birime ulasmis sonraki gunlerde azalma gozlenmistir. Hucre sayilari da biyomasla orantili olarak artis gostermistir. Bu sonuclar her uc turde de absorbans artarken hucre sayisinin da arttigini ve ayni zamanda A...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/125518483" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="71a40cf9e79586013ff47c4188908bf0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":119546561,"asset_id":125518483,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119546561/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTYzNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5340511" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EdisNurayKoru">Edis Nuray Koru</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5340511" type="text/json">{"id":5340511,"first_name":"Edis Nuray","last_name":"Koru","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EdisNurayKoru","display_name":"Edis Nuray Koru","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EdisNurayKoru?f_ri=112063","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5340511/2345498/2734585/s65_edis_nuray.koru.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_125518483 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="125518483"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 125518483, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_125518483", }); 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Deneme ortami olarak saf suyla hazirlanan Zarrouk besin ortami kullanilmistir. Mikroalg turleri icin ortam sicakligi 35 0C’ye, pH 9’a, aydinlatma 3000 lux isik siddetine ayarlanmis ve surekli havalandirma yapilmistir. Turlerin gunluk olarak absorbansi spektrofotometre kullanilarak 680 nm’de olculmus ve ayni zamanda Neubauer laminda hucre sayimlari yapilmistir. Arthrospira platensis’te (Natron ve Parachas susu) 180 birim ile baslayan absorbans 14-15. gune kadar 1480 birime, A. maxima’da 290 birimle baslayan absorbans degeri 9-10. gune kadar 1190 birime ulasmis sonraki gunlerde azalma gozlenmistir. Hucre sayilari da biyomasla orantili olarak artis gostermistir. Bu sonuclar her uc turde de absorbans artarken hucre sayisinin da arttigini ve ayni zamanda A...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":119546561,"asset_id":125518483,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5340511,"first_name":"Edis Nuray","last_name":"Koru","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EdisNurayKoru","display_name":"Edis Nuray Koru","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EdisNurayKoru?f_ri=112063","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5340511/2345498/2734585/s65_edis_nuray.koru.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":1582178,"name":"Arthrospira","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arthrospira?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_125490147" data-work_id="125490147" 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GeCl\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e","created_at":"2024-11-12T08:56:48.314-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/125490147/Use_of_threshold_electron_and_fluorescence_coincidence_techniques_to_probe_the_decay_dynamics_of_the_valence_states_of_CF_sup_sup_sub_4_sub_SiF_sup_sup_sub_4_sub_SiCl_sup_sup_sub_4_sub_and_GeCl_sup_sup_sub_4_sub_?f_ri=112063","dom_id":"work_125490147","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":119523598,"asset_id":125490147,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32346837,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Tuckett","domain_name":"bham","page_name":"RichardTuckett","display_name":"Richard 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sulfate minerals on the Martian surface. In Meridiani Planum, along the 11 km traverse of the rover Opportunity, jarosite was detected by the Miniaturised Mössbauer... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_125321646" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The MER rovers and the OMEGA instrument onboard Mars Express identified sulfate minerals on the Martian surface. In Meridiani Planum, along the 11 km traverse of the rover Opportunity, jarosite was detected by the Miniaturised Mössbauer spectrometer MIMOS II [1-3] The distribution of jarosite and other Fe-bearing minerals identified by MIMOS II is shown in Figure 1. The identification of sulfates and in particular jarosite provides strong mineralogical evidence that water once flowed through these rocks. 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}) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_124663107" data-work_id="124663107" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124663107/Environmental_networks_for_large_scale_monitoring_of_Earth_and_atmosphere">Environmental networks for large-scale monitoring of Earth and atmosphere</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/124663107" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" 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data-has-card-for-ri="5001" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5001" type="text/json">{"id":5001,"name":"Astrobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrobiology?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=124663107]'), work: {"id":124663107,"title":"Environmental networks for large-scale monitoring of Earth and 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u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_124645233" data-work_id="124645233" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124645233/The_evaluation_of_antimicrobial_activity_of_cotton_fabric_dyed_with_eco_friendly_natural_colourant_extract_Trianthema_pentendra_against_bacteria">The evaluation of antimicrobial activity of cotton fabric dyed with eco-friendly natural colourant extract ( Trianthema pentendra ) against bacteria</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Dyeing and testing antimicrobial effect on cotton fabric were achieved using eco-friendly natural extract (Trianthema pentendra). Partitions of extracts were done using ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane solvents. Combinations... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_124645233" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Dyeing and testing antimicrobial effect on cotton fabric were achieved using eco-friendly natural extract (Trianthema pentendra). Partitions of extracts were done using ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane solvents. Combinations of mordants (Copper Sulphate: Ferrous Sulphate) in three different ratios (3:1, 1:3, & 1:1) were also used in the order of pre-mordanting, simultaneousmordanting and post-mordanting. Varieties of colours were achieved, light, washing, rubbing, and pressing fastness properties were also studied. The fabric showed significant washings durability after repeated washings with standard soap. All the fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram negative (Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram positive ANALYSIS 25(88), November 1, 2014 Discovery ISSN 2278–5469 EISSN 2278–5450</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/124645233" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f4cdb7ea06b8cbda1e37995a2b7055a9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":118833424,"asset_id":124645233,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118833424/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTYzNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="179097299" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SaniMuhammadGumel">Sani Muhammad Gumel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="179097299" type="text/json">{"id":179097299,"first_name":"Sani","last_name":"Muhammad Gumel","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SaniMuhammadGumel","display_name":"Sani Muhammad Gumel","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SaniMuhammadGumel?f_ri=112063","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_124645233 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="124645233"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 124645233, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_124645233", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124645233]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_124645233").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_124645233").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_124637295" data-work_id="124637295" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124637295/Effect_of_a_protective_layer_on_the_lifetime_and_output_radiation_intensity_decay_rate_of_quartz_low_pressure_gas_discharge_lamps">Effect of a protective layer on the lifetime and output radiation intensity decay rate of quartz low-pressure gas discharge lamps</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/124637295" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="497150f3b4a3719564175c5c19c4ba28" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":118827159,"asset_id":124637295,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118827159/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTYzNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="313377102" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VPecherkin">V. 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Pecherkin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/VPecherkin?f_ri=112063","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":1328,"name":"Radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radiation?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":74607,"name":"Quartz","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quartz?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":112063,"name":"Uv Radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uv_Radiation?f_ri=112063"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=112063"},{"id":395801,"name":"Rare Earth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rare_Earth?f_ri=112063"},{"id":603508,"name":"Gas discharge lamp","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_discharge_lamp?f_ri=112063"},{"id":2263926,"name":"Inert Gas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inert_Gas?f_ri=112063"},{"id":4267267,"name":"Low pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_pressure?f_ri=112063"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_124626595" data-work_id="124626595" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124626595/Simulation_of_planetary_UV_radiation_climate_on_the_example_of_the_early_Earth">Simulation of planetary UV radiation climate on the example of the early Earth</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/124626595" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="32b17e59142caedb24c732466430b6ef" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":118818235,"asset_id":124626595,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118818235/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTYzNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="88" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerospace_Engineering">Aerospace Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="88" type="text/json">{"id":88,"name":"Aerospace Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerospace_Engineering?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="402" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science">Environmental Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="402" type="text/json">{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="498" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="498" type="text/json">{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=124626595]'), work: {"id":124626595,"title":"Simulation of planetary UV radiation climate on the example of the early Earth","created_at":"2024-10-11T02:18:30.385-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/124626595/Simulation_of_planetary_UV_radiation_climate_on_the_example_of_the_early_Earth?f_ri=112063","dom_id":"work_124626595","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":118818235,"asset_id":124626595,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38358573,"first_name":"Gunther","last_name":"Seckmeyer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GuntherSeckmeyer","display_name":"Gunther Seckmeyer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GuntherSeckmeyer?f_ri=112063","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":88,"name":"Aerospace Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerospace_Engineering?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental 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radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solar_radiation?f_ri=112063"},{"id":321836,"name":"Spectrum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectrum?f_ri=112063"},{"id":380824,"name":"Ozone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ozone?f_ri=112063"},{"id":387102,"name":"Environmental Conditions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Conditions?f_ri=112063"},{"id":741384,"name":"Ozone layer depletion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ozone_layer_depletion?f_ri=112063"},{"id":1137639,"name":"Sunlight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sunlight?f_ri=112063"},{"id":2419096,"name":"Driving force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Driving_force?f_ri=112063"},{"id":4116955,"name":"biological effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/biological_effect-1?f_ri=112063"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_124620939" data-work_id="124620939" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124620939/Anti_UV_and_Anti_Microbial_Properties_of_Some_Natural_Dyes_on_Cotton">Anti-UV and Anti-Microbial Properties of Some Natural Dyes on Cotton</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/124620939" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a 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data-card-contents-for-user="298619613" type="text/json">{"id":298619613,"first_name":"shikha","last_name":"panwar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"shikhapanwar21","display_name":"shikha panwar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/shikhapanwar21?f_ri=112063","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/298619613/144406691/133930036/s65_shikha.panwar.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_124620939 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="124620939"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 124620939, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_124620939", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_124620939 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: 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$(".js-view-count-work_124620939").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_124620939").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="124620939"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="511" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science">Materials Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="511" type="text/json">{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1040" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Science">Food Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1040" type="text/json">{"id":1040,"name":"Food Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Science?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="352337" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mordant">Mordant</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="352337" type="text/json">{"id":352337,"name":"Mordant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mordant?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="696183" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fibre">Fibre</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="696183" type="text/json">{"id":696183,"name":"Fibre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fibre?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=124620939]'), work: {"id":124620939,"title":"Anti-UV and Anti-Microbial Properties of Some Natural Dyes on Cotton","created_at":"2024-10-10T22:05:10.889-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/124620939/Anti_UV_and_Anti_Microbial_Properties_of_Some_Natural_Dyes_on_Cotton?f_ri=112063","dom_id":"work_124620939","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":118813477,"asset_id":124620939,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":298619613,"first_name":"shikha","last_name":"panwar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"shikhapanwar21","display_name":"shikha panwar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/shikhapanwar21?f_ri=112063","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/298619613/144406691/133930036/s65_shikha.panwar.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":1040,"name":"Food Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Science?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":352337,"name":"Mordant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mordant?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":696183,"name":"Fibre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fibre?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":1010752,"name":"Tannin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tannin?f_ri=112063"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_124570728" data-work_id="124570728" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124570728/Sustainable_Chemistry_and_Pharmacy">Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ultraviolet (UV) rays constitute a very low fraction of the solar spectrum, but play an important role to sustain life. However, due to the depletion of ozone layer, humans are exposed to harmful UV radiations, which cause various... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_124570728" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ultraviolet (UV) rays constitute a very low fraction of the solar spectrum, but play an important role to sustain life. However, due to the depletion of ozone layer, humans are exposed to harmful UV radiations, which cause various diseases. The increased harmful effect of UV rays and consumer awareness about protective clothing has resulted in multifunctional sustainable textiles and garments. The degree of ultraviolet UV protection of textiles depends on the type and chemical composition of the fabric and its functional finishing. Today, various natural sources and synthetic chemicals are employed to impart the UV protection finishing on textiles. Whilst, the synthetic UV protection finishing formulations are much effective than the natural compounds, not eco-friendly and many times cause allergy. Thus, it is the need of the hour to impart UV protection through natural sources. In this review the UV radiations and its effects on humans; the possible protection methods employing herbal dyes and textiles; their mechanism of action as well as standards to be followed to categorise a material as UV protective are discussed by analysing and comparing the research works conducted in last 20 years. This review also put light on the eco labels and brands which keep consumers informed about the availability of safe products in the market.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/124570728" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4843b0977d769fba9ac375340edd855b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":118771221,"asset_id":124570728,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118771221/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTYzNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="75976995" href="https://chitkara.academia.edu/vandanagupta">vandana gupta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="75976995" type="text/json">{"id":75976995,"first_name":"vandana","last_name":"gupta","domain_name":"chitkara","page_name":"vandanagupta","display_name":"vandana gupta","profile_url":"https://chitkara.academia.edu/vandanagupta?f_ri=112063","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_124570728 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="124570728"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 124570728, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_124570728", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_124570728 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124570728; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_124570728"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_124570728 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="124570728"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124570728; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124570728]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_124570728").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_124570728").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="124570728"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28100" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fibres_and_textiles">Fibres and textiles</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28100" type="text/json">{"id":28100,"name":"Fibres and textiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fibres_and_textiles?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189213" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Textiles">Medical Textiles</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189213" type="text/json">{"id":189213,"name":"Medical Textiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Textiles?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="906966" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustianability">Sustianability</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="906966" type="text/json">{"id":906966,"name":"Sustianability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustianability?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=124570728]'), work: {"id":124570728,"title":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","created_at":"2024-10-09T05:28:11.982-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/124570728/Sustainable_Chemistry_and_Pharmacy?f_ri=112063","dom_id":"work_124570728","summary":"Ultraviolet (UV) rays constitute a very low fraction of the solar spectrum, but play an important role to sustain life. However, due to the depletion of ozone layer, humans are exposed to harmful UV radiations, which cause various diseases. The increased harmful effect of UV rays and consumer awareness about protective clothing has resulted in multifunctional sustainable textiles and garments. The degree of ultraviolet UV protection of textiles depends on the type and chemical composition of the fabric and its functional finishing. Today, various natural sources and synthetic chemicals are employed to impart the UV protection finishing on textiles. Whilst, the synthetic UV protection finishing formulations are much effective than the natural compounds, not eco-friendly and many times cause allergy. Thus, it is the need of the hour to impart UV protection through natural sources. In this review the UV radiations and its effects on humans; the possible protection methods employing herbal dyes and textiles; their mechanism of action as well as standards to be followed to categorise a material as UV protective are discussed by analysing and comparing the research works conducted in last 20 years. This review also put light on the eco labels and brands which keep consumers informed about the availability of safe products in the market.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":118771221,"asset_id":124570728,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":75976995,"first_name":"vandana","last_name":"gupta","domain_name":"chitkara","page_name":"vandanagupta","display_name":"vandana gupta","profile_url":"https://chitkara.academia.edu/vandanagupta?f_ri=112063","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":28100,"name":"Fibres and textiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fibres_and_textiles?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":189213,"name":"Medical Textiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Textiles?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":906966,"name":"Sustianability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustianability?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_124525084" data-work_id="124525084" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124525084/Chloride_ion_in_urban_atmospheric_aerosols">Chloride ion in urban atmospheric aerosols</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/124525084" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="efb43d35fb6f51ff4b088988b0b97be8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":118733420,"asset_id":124525084,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118733420/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTYzNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="117179131" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MariaFilomenaCamoes">Maria Filomena Camoes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="117179131" type="text/json">{"id":117179131,"first_name":"Maria Filomena","last_name":"Camoes","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MariaFilomenaCamoes","display_name":"Maria Filomena Camoes","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MariaFilomenaCamoes?f_ri=112063","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_124525084 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="124525084"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 124525084, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_124525084", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_124525084 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124525084; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_124525084"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_124525084 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="124525084"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124525084; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124525084]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_124525084").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_124525084").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="124525084"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="402" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science">Environmental Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="402" type="text/json">{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8738" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atmospheric_Aerosols">Atmospheric Aerosols</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8738" type="text/json">{"id":8738,"name":"Atmospheric Aerosols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atmospheric_Aerosols?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15372" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ion_Chromatography">Ion Chromatography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15372" type="text/json">{"id":15372,"name":"Ion Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ion_Chromatography?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="87501" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerosol">Aerosol</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="87501" type="text/json">{"id":87501,"name":"Aerosol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerosol?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=124525084]'), work: {"id":124525084,"title":"Chloride ion in urban atmospheric aerosols","created_at":"2024-10-07T18:58:33.520-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/124525084/Chloride_ion_in_urban_atmospheric_aerosols?f_ri=112063","dom_id":"work_124525084","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":118733420,"asset_id":124525084,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":117179131,"first_name":"Maria Filomena","last_name":"Camoes","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MariaFilomenaCamoes","display_name":"Maria Filomena Camoes","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MariaFilomenaCamoes?f_ri=112063","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":8738,"name":"Atmospheric Aerosols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atmospheric_Aerosols?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":15372,"name":"Ion Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ion_Chromatography?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":87501,"name":"Aerosol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aerosol?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":162982,"name":"Chloride","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chloride?f_ri=112063"},{"id":184467,"name":"Seawater","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seawater?f_ri=112063"},{"id":386342,"name":"Sodium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium?f_ri=112063"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_124502385" data-work_id="124502385" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124502385/Radiation_curing_of_hybrid_polymer_coatings">Radiation curing of hybrid polymer coatings</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/124502385" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="166c00ccf5841f57f7c38589d9689834" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":118714824,"asset_id":124502385,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118714824/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTYzNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="311755322" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KlausRose8">Klaus Rose</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="311755322" type="text/json">{"id":311755322,"first_name":"Klaus","last_name":"Rose","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KlausRose8","display_name":"Klaus Rose","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KlausRose8?f_ri=112063","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_124502385 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="124502385"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 124502385, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_124502385", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_124502385 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124502385; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_124502385"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_124502385 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="124502385"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124502385; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124502385]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_124502385").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_124502385").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="124502385"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering">Materials Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="56" type="text/json">{"id":56,"name":"Materials Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="511" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science">Materials Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="511" type="text/json">{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58527" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymer">Polymer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="58527" type="text/json">{"id":58527,"name":"Polymer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymer?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="85460" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sol_Gel_Process">Sol Gel Process</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="85460" type="text/json">{"id":85460,"name":"Sol Gel Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sol_Gel_Process?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=124502385]'), work: {"id":124502385,"title":"Radiation curing of hybrid polymer coatings","created_at":"2024-10-07T02:21:44.588-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/124502385/Radiation_curing_of_hybrid_polymer_coatings?f_ri=112063","dom_id":"work_124502385","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":118714824,"asset_id":124502385,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":311755322,"first_name":"Klaus","last_name":"Rose","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KlausRose8","display_name":"Klaus Rose","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KlausRose8?f_ri=112063","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":56,"name":"Materials Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":58527,"name":"Polymer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymer?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":85460,"name":"Sol Gel Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sol_Gel_Process?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":93150,"name":"Coating","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coating?f_ri=112063"},{"id":112063,"name":"Uv Radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uv_Radiation?f_ri=112063"},{"id":169323,"name":"Composite Material","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Composite_Material?f_ri=112063"},{"id":464784,"name":"Product Life Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Product_Life_Cycle?f_ri=112063"},{"id":477062,"name":"Ambient Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ambient_Temperature?f_ri=112063"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_124461641" data-work_id="124461641" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124461641/Use_of_Aqueous_Silver_To_Enhance_Inactivation_of_Coliphage_MS_2_by_UV_Disinfection">Use of Aqueous Silver To Enhance Inactivation of Coliphage MS-2 by UV Disinfection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/124461641" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/kingmoon7">king moon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="245635924" type="text/json">{"id":245635924,"first_name":"king","last_name":"moon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"kingmoon7","display_name":"king moon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/kingmoon7?f_ri=112063","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/245635924/100063570/89204052/s65_king.moon.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_124461641 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="124461641"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 124461641, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_124461641", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_124461641 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics">Kinetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4987" type="text/json">{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=124461641]'), work: {"id":124461641,"title":"Use of Aqueous Silver To Enhance Inactivation of Coliphage MS-2 by UV Disinfection","created_at":"2024-10-05T23:19:43.170-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/124461641/Use_of_Aqueous_Silver_To_Enhance_Inactivation_of_Coliphage_MS_2_by_UV_Disinfection?f_ri=112063","dom_id":"work_124461641","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":118682253,"asset_id":124461641,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":245635924,"first_name":"king","last_name":"moon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"kingmoon7","display_name":"king moon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/kingmoon7?f_ri=112063","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/245635924/100063570/89204052/s65_king.moon.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":80694,"name":"Silver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Silver?f_ri=112063"},{"id":87546,"name":"Ultraviolet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultraviolet?f_ri=112063"},{"id":96502,"name":"Applied","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied?f_ri=112063"},{"id":107664,"name":"Applied Environmental Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Environmental_Microbiology?f_ri=112063"},{"id":112063,"name":"Uv Radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uv_Radiation?f_ri=112063"},{"id":221185,"name":"Disinfection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disinfection?f_ri=112063"},{"id":989646,"name":"Aqueous Solution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aqueous_Solution?f_ri=112063"},{"id":2228624,"name":"Synergistic effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synergistic_effect?f_ri=112063"},{"id":3005391,"name":"Ultraviolet Rays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultraviolet_Rays?f_ri=112063"},{"id":3077158,"name":"Dilution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dilution?f_ri=112063"},{"id":3545627,"name":"Drug synergism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_synergism?f_ri=112063"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_124440046" data-work_id="124440046" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124440046/Performance_of_Selected_COVID_19_Centers_in_the_Primary_Health_Care_System_during_COVID_19_Pandemics_in_Iran">Performance of Selected COVID-19 Centers in the Primary Health Care System during COVID-19 Pandemics in Iran</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Background. In order to address the community’s health needs during the COVID-19 crisis in 2020, several comprehensive urban health centers affiliated with the primary healthcare system were designated as COVID-19 centers. Considering the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_124440046" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background. In order to address the community’s health needs during the COVID-19 crisis in 2020, several comprehensive urban health centers affiliated with the primary healthcare system were designated as COVID-19 centers. Considering the importance of evaluating the performance of the mentioned centers and ensuring the continuity of the services provided in accordance with the rules and instructions, the performance evaluation of the mentioned units was conducted from July 2020 to March 2021 in three levels: self-evaluation (first-level evaluation), university evaluation (second-level evaluation) and the evaluation of the experts of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (third-level evaluation).<br />Methods. This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in all selected COVID-19 centers, including 978 in 63 universities / medical schools across the country in 2020. The sample was selected by census sampling method and included a total of 978 centers. In this study, 28 main criteria in the fields of education and information, safety of staff and clients by observing social distance, use of personal protective equipment, supplying manpower and equipment, disinfection, and work processes, and 91 sub-criteria were determined by using Delphi Technique.<br />Results. With the criteria and sub-criteria defined in the areas of "community education and information", staff training, observance of social distance, facilities, waste management, manpower supply, supply of medical equipment and work processes, it was identified that in the self-evaluation (first level evaluation), the criterion with the lowest score was "staff training". The lowest score in the evaluation of the level of universities / medical schools (second level evaluation) was related to the observance of social distance in the centers and the highest score in both evaluation levels was related to the criterion of "providing the necessary education to patients regarding prevention and control of COVID-19".<br />Conclusion. The establishment and setting up of selected COVID-19 centers has been one of the effective measures in controlling and managing the COVID-19 epidemic, which was created as a result of changing the structure of the primary healthcare system. The continuity of service quality of selected centers requires continuous monitoring and evaluation of their performance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/124440046" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4f1122cd9ee0d34008e9b597f6142609" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":118664954,"asset_id":124440046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118664954/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTYzNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="309814019" href="https://tbzmed.academia.edu/dohtbzmedjournal">doh tbzmedjournal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="309814019" type="text/json">{"id":309814019,"first_name":"doh","last_name":"tbzmedjournal","domain_name":"tbzmed","page_name":"dohtbzmedjournal","display_name":"doh tbzmedjournal","profile_url":"https://tbzmed.academia.edu/dohtbzmedjournal?f_ri=112063","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/309814019/159097715/148753795/s65_doh.tbzmedjournal.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_124440046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="124440046"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 124440046, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_124440046", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124440046]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_124440046").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_124440046").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="124440046"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2974" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primary_Health_Care">Primary Health Care</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2974" type="text/json">{"id":2974,"name":"Primary Health Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primary_Health_Care?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25508" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Assessment">Performance Assessment</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25508" type="text/json">{"id":25508,"name":"Performance Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Assessment?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=124440046]'), work: {"id":124440046,"title":"Performance of Selected COVID-19 Centers in the Primary Health Care System during COVID-19 Pandemics in Iran","created_at":"2024-10-05T03:06:34.008-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/124440046/Performance_of_Selected_COVID_19_Centers_in_the_Primary_Health_Care_System_during_COVID_19_Pandemics_in_Iran?f_ri=112063","dom_id":"work_124440046","summary":"Background. In order to address the community’s health needs during the COVID-19 crisis in 2020, several comprehensive urban health centers affiliated with the primary healthcare system were designated as COVID-19 centers. Considering the importance of evaluating the performance of the mentioned centers and ensuring the continuity of the services provided in accordance with the rules and instructions, the performance evaluation of the mentioned units was conducted from July 2020 to March 2021 in three levels: self-evaluation (first-level evaluation), university evaluation (second-level evaluation) and the evaluation of the experts of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (third-level evaluation).\nMethods. This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in all selected COVID-19 centers, including 978 in 63 universities / medical schools across the country in 2020. The sample was selected by census sampling method and included a total of 978 centers. In this study, 28 main criteria in the fields of education and information, safety of staff and clients by observing social distance, use of personal protective equipment, supplying manpower and equipment, disinfection, and work processes, and 91 sub-criteria were determined by using Delphi Technique.\nResults. With the criteria and sub-criteria defined in the areas of \"community education and information\", staff training, observance of social distance, facilities, waste management, manpower supply, supply of medical equipment and work processes, it was identified that in the self-evaluation (first level evaluation), the criterion with the lowest score was \"staff training\". The lowest score in the evaluation of the level of universities / medical schools (second level evaluation) was related to the observance of social distance in the centers and the highest score in both evaluation levels was related to the criterion of \"providing the necessary education to patients regarding prevention and control of COVID-19\".\nConclusion. The establishment and setting up of selected COVID-19 centers has been one of the effective measures in controlling and managing the COVID-19 epidemic, which was created as a result of changing the structure of the primary healthcare system. The continuity of service quality of selected centers requires continuous monitoring and evaluation of their performance.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":118664954,"asset_id":124440046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":309814019,"first_name":"doh","last_name":"tbzmedjournal","domain_name":"tbzmed","page_name":"dohtbzmedjournal","display_name":"doh tbzmedjournal","profile_url":"https://tbzmed.academia.edu/dohtbzmedjournal?f_ri=112063","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/309814019/159097715/148753795/s65_doh.tbzmedjournal.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2974,"name":"Primary Health Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primary_Health_Care?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":25508,"name":"Performance Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Assessment?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div 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On analyzing the (Aschwanden et al. 2007) scenario of coronal heating process (shifted to the chromospheric heating) we stress, that for efficient loop formation, the primary upflows of plasma in chromosphere/transition region should be relatively cold and fast (as opposed to hot). It is during trapping and accumulation in closed field structures, that the flows thermalize (due to the dissipation of the short scale flow energy) leading to a bright and hot coronal structure. The formation and primary heating of a closed coronal structure (loop at the end) are simultaneous and a process like the ”filling of the empty coronal loop by hot upflows ” is purely speculative and totally unlikely.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/124300402" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7d0e2d431080e5c679fb88b8589283dc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":118552463,"asset_id":124300402,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118552463/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTYzNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="316197409" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NShatashvili">Nana Shatashvili</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="316197409" type="text/json">{"id":316197409,"first_name":"Nana","last_name":"Shatashvili","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NShatashvili","display_name":"Nana Shatashvili","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NShatashvili?f_ri=112063","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/316197409/159108290/148764601/s65_nana.shatashvili.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_124300402 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="124300402"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 124300402, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_124300402", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_124300402 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124300402; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_124300402"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_124300402 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="124300402"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124300402; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124300402]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_124300402").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_124300402").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_124217201" data-work_id="124217201" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124217201/Uv_B_Irradiation_Effects_on_Biological_Activities_and_Cytological_Behavior_of_Sainfoin_Onobrychis_Viciifolia_SCOP_Grown_in_Vivo_and_in_Vitro">Uv-B Irradiation Effects on Biological Activities and Cytological Behavior of Sainfoin (Onobrychis Viciifolia SCOP.) 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Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":1328,"name":"Radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radiation?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":4456,"name":"Time Series","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Series?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":27497,"name":"Instrumentation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Instrumentation?f_ri=112063","nofollow":false},{"id":37306,"name":"Quality Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_Control?f_ri=112063"},{"id":59918,"name":"Quality Assurance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_Assurance?f_ri=112063"},{"id":96893,"name":"Calibration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calibration?f_ri=112063"},{"id":112063,"name":"Uv Radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uv_Radiation?f_ri=112063"},{"id":191566,"name":"Dose rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dose_rate?f_ri=112063"},{"id":373789,"name":"Ozone Hole","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ozone_Hole?f_ri=112063"},{"id":380824,"name":"Ozone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ozone?f_ri=112063"},{"id":741384,"name":"Ozone layer depletion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ozone_layer_depletion?f_ri=112063"},{"id":742601,"name":"European Geosciences Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Geosciences_Union?f_ri=112063"},{"id":882081,"name":"Ultraviolet Radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultraviolet_Radiation?f_ri=112063"},{"id":903559,"name":"Enseñanza - Aprendizaje Ciencias Naturales Y Exactas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ensenanza_-_Aprendizaje_Ciencias_Naturales_Y_Exactas?f_ri=112063"},{"id":1716700,"name":"Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photosynthetically_active_radiation_PAR_?f_ri=112063"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_124005394" data-work_id="124005394" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124005394/Studies_of_Lodge_Bacteria_on_Lablab_purpureau_and_Pennisetum_hybridum_for_Potential_Degradation_of_Polycyclic_Aromatic_Hydrocarbons">Studies of Lodge Bacteria on Lablab purpureau and Pennisetum hybridum for Potential Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A plants tissue lodge bacteria that do not harm plants body but supports its living, these are endophytic bacteria. Studies on Pennisetum hybdridum and Lablab purpureau endophytic bacteria for degradation of Polyaromatic hydrocarbons... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_124005394" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A plants tissue lodge bacteria that do not harm plants body but supports its living, these are endophytic bacteria. Studies on Pennisetum hybdridum and Lablab purpureau endophytic bacteria for degradation of Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were carried out. These bacteria were enumerated, isolated conventionally, screened and determine their degradation potential of diesel and kerosene (PAHs). The total culturable bacterial count on Lablab Purpureus (HyB) was 2.0×10 4 cfu/g and Pennisetum hybridum (KgG) 3.2×10 5 cfu/g wet plant. About nine (9) bacteria from Lablab purpureau and ten (10) bacteria from Pennisetum hybdridum were isolated by standard plate techniques. These bacteria were screened using minimal salt agar amended with varied concentrations of kerosene and diesel (PAHs). The bacteria KgG-1, Bacillus sp. presented sufficient growth on minimal salt agar plates at 0.8% diesel and 1.0% kerosene. Optimal growth was studied using glucose (0.2 to 1.0 % w/v) as energy and carbon source and cow urine (0.2 to 0.8% v/v) as nitrogen source. The conditions used for optimal growth determination were incubation temperature 36±1°C and incubation period 12 hours interval from 0 to 72 hours. The growth was measured using spectrophotometer 600 nm absorbance. The highest observed growth after addition of glucose (1.0% w/v) in the presence of diesel was 0.53 for a period of 60 hours. Similarly, maximal growth after added kerosene, 0.8% w/v glucose was 0.635 for 60 hours. The cow urine 0.4% v/v in the presence of diesel after 48 hours was maximal 0.20. Also, in the presence of kerosene, the highest growth was 0.235 at 0.4%v/v cow urine for 60 hours. The degradation by Bacillus sp was performed on minimal salt broth contained with 0.8% diesel, 1.0% kerosene per 1000 ml, 1.0% glucose w/v, 0.4% cow urine v/v added with 1 ml bacterial suspension. Control set does not carry bacterial suspension. Optical density was determined from 0 to 96 hours at an interval of 24 hours. For degradation of PAHs, the highest optical density for Bacillus sp. was 0.471 at 72 hours in the presence of kerosene while for diesel 0.532 at 96 hours. Increasing incubation period increases growth rate of Bacillus on PAHs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/124005394" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f68021d96cd6b7206b346e662b0af5c2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":118311567,"asset_id":124005394,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118311567/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTYzNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="324796980" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ridwanhussein13">ridwan hussein</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="324796980" type="text/json">{"id":324796980,"first_name":"ridwan","last_name":"hussein","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ridwanhussein13","display_name":"ridwan hussein","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ridwanhussein13?f_ri=112063","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/324796980/166543972/156452750/s65_ridwan.hussein.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_124005394 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="124005394"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 124005394, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_124005394", }); 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Previously sun-exposed peels of the apple fruits... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_123979407" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Apple fruits (Malus domestica Borkh) of the cultivars Granny Smith, Fuji, Cripp’s Pink, Braeburn, Golden Delicious and Topred were harvested at three stages during fruit growth. 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