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It highlights key themes including the necessity for a revised constitutional theory to incorporate ombudsmen as a fourth branch of government, the flexibility and accountability of ombudsman practices, and the varied functions they perform beyond individual complaint investigations. 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const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=83697176"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The book "The Ombudsman Enterprise and Administrative Justice" by Trevor Buck, Richard Kirkham, and Brian Thompson explores the significant role of public sector ombudsmen in shaping the administrative justice system over the last 50 years. It highlights key themes including the necessity for a revised constitutional theory to incorporate ombudsmen as a fourth branch of government, the flexibility and accountability of ombudsman practices, and the varied functions they perform beyond individual complaint investigations. The authors critically examine the relationships between ombudsmen, Parliament, and the administration, reinforcing the importance of monitoring ombudsman actions to ensure independence and impartiality.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":88956958,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/83697176/The_Ombudsman_Enterprise_and_Administrative_Justice_by_Trevor_Buck_Richard_Kirkham_and_Brian_Thompson"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":88956958,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/83697176/The_Ombudsman_Enterprise_and_Administrative_Justice_by_Trevor_Buck_Richard_Kirkham_and_Brian_Thompson"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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General-purpose ombudsman offices for the respective parts of the United Kingdom have been created, replacing a lot of specialised devolved ombudsmen: the Northern Ireland Ombudsman (NIO) in 1996 3 , the Scottish Public Services Ombudsman (SPSO) in 2002 and the Public Services Ombudsman for Wales (PSOW) in 2005. Commentators point out that the reform of ombudsman system happened in the devolved territories of the United Kingdom first. It was there that the introduction of new systemic ideas happened to be possible, as opposed to the Westminster core where such implementation has been opposed by the bureaucracy and the lack of political will to implement those changes 4 . This centralisation trend is presently to be observed in the whole of the ombudsman system in the British Isles 5 . It is precisely that trend that is behind the organisational -still not formal, not status-based however -merger of the two distinctive, abovementioned ombudsman offices: the Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration and the Health Service Commissioner which now together form the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman (PHSO). What's more -the British lawmakers seem to accept the need for the framework of cooperation between the various institutions constituting the ombudsman system in the United Kingdom. That is why the recent regulations necessitate the interaction and cooperation of those actors comprising the British ombudsman system 6 . It is precisely the PHSO and the devolved ombudsmen that form the basis of analysis of the ombudsman regime in the British Isles presented in this chapter.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ombudsmen in the political regime of the United Kingdom","attachmentId":51505504,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31071381/Ombudsmen_in_the_political_regime_of_the_United_Kingdom","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31071381/Ombudsmen_in_the_political_regime_of_the_United_Kingdom"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="68220032" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68220032/The_ombudsman_and_administrative_justice_from_promise_to_performance">The ombudsman and administrative justice: from promise to performance</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31195427" href="https://sheffield.academia.edu/richardkirkham">richard kirkham</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Research Handbook on the Ombudsman</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The ombudsman and administrative justice: from promise to performance","attachmentId":78774989,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68220032/The_ombudsman_and_administrative_justice_from_promise_to_performance","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68220032/The_ombudsman_and_administrative_justice_from_promise_to_performance"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="78942625" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78942625/Ombudsman_s_Assessments_of_Public_Administration_Conduct_Between_Legal_and_Good_Administration_Norms">Ombudsman’s Assessments of Public Administration Conduct: Between Legal and Good Administration Norms</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13932680" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PhilipLangbroek">Philip Langbroek</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We use ombudsmen as a plural form of ombudsman. At the same time, this article uses the term ombudsman in the way that it includes not only male but also female holders of the ombudsman offi ce. We believe that use of a word "ombudswoman" or even "ombudsperson" was not an intention of the original creator of this offi ce.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ombudsman’s Assessments of Public Administration Conduct: Between Legal and Good Administration Norms","attachmentId":85825405,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78942625/Ombudsman_s_Assessments_of_Public_Administration_Conduct_Between_Legal_and_Good_Administration_Norms","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/78942625/Ombudsman_s_Assessments_of_Public_Administration_Conduct_Between_Legal_and_Good_Administration_Norms"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="37803576" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37803576/THE_OMBUDSMAN_IN_THE_21_st_CENTURY">THE OMBUDSMAN IN THE 21 st CENTURY</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="97604017" href="https://et.academia.edu/mesfinaraya">mesfin araya</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE OMBUDSMAN IN THE 21 st CENTURY","attachmentId":57802206,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37803576/THE_OMBUDSMAN_IN_THE_21_st_CENTURY","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37803576/THE_OMBUDSMAN_IN_THE_21_st_CENTURY"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="95863856" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/95863856/The_ombudsman_master_bridge_builder_or_quixotic_defender_of_human_rights">The ombudsman: master bridge builder or quixotic defender of human rights?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="152642847" href="https://ugent.academia.edu/IvoCarlens">Ivo Carlens</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">As pointed out by Dr. Wuyts – a former Belgian federal Ombudsman more than 10 years ago, it still seems unclear which role an Ombudsman is expected to play; although the Ombudsman starts to belong to the European constitutional tradition, apparently there is not yet a common understanding of the ombudsmen’s main functions, nor a common pattern of response to their work. In order to withhold one single meaning about the notion “Ombudsman”, for the purpose of this paper we will rely on the definition given by the International Ombudsman Institute which comprises six criteria. Thus, we limit this paper to the study of public Ombudsmen, and even to Public parliamentary Ombudsmen excluding local Ombudsmen, just in order to make it possible to compare the discretionary powers , the role and the status of Ombudsmen in different countries.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The ombudsman: master bridge builder or quixotic defender of human rights?","attachmentId":97925830,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/95863856/The_ombudsman_master_bridge_builder_or_quixotic_defender_of_human_rights","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/95863856/The_ombudsman_master_bridge_builder_or_quixotic_defender_of_human_rights"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="305997" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/305997/Adapting_the_Ombudsman_Idea_to_the_21_St_Century_Fighting_Puffery_E_Government_and_Forensic_Investigations">Adapting the Ombudsman Idea to the 21 St Century: Fighting Puffery, E-Government, and Forensic Investigations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="237343" href="https://newbrunswick.academia.edu/StewartHyson">Stewart Hyson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">cpsa-acsp.ca</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Adapting the Ombudsman Idea to the 21 St Century: Fighting Puffery, E-Government, and Forensic Investigations","attachmentId":3244843,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/305997/Adapting_the_Ombudsman_Idea_to_the_21_St_Century_Fighting_Puffery_E_Government_and_Forensic_Investigations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/305997/Adapting_the_Ombudsman_Idea_to_the_21_St_Century_Fighting_Puffery_E_Government_and_Forensic_Investigations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="72067915" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72067915/Demands_of_proper_administrative_conduct_br_A_research_project_into_the_i_ombudsprudence_i_of_the_Dutch_National_Ombudsman">Demands of proper administrative conduct<br> A research project into the <i>ombudsprudence</i> of the Dutch National Ombudsman</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13932680" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PhilipLangbroek">Philip Langbroek</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Utrecht Law Review, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We will mix the description of these subjects with our findings on the norms used by the National Ombudsman. 1 2. The Dutch National Ombudsman The National Ombudsman is a complaints instance, but can also conduct an inquiry upon his own initiative. 2 The figure of the National Ombudsman is embedded in the Dutch Constitution: he is a High Office of State, just as the Parliament, the King, the Supreme Court and the Council of State. He is appointed by the Lower House of Parliament. Everybody with a complaint against an office, officeholder or public servant within his jurisdiction, can contact the Ombudsman office in The Hague. The complaint will only be admissible when the complainant has first filed the complaint with the administrative body that caused the distress. A complaint to the National Ombudsman will only be useful after the administrative body has been given the opportunity to deal with the complaint itself. The National Ombudsman is competent in the case of national public bodies, and decentralized public bodies, as far as they have indicated the National Ombudsman as their local Ombudsman. The legal definition of a complaint refers to a written document; however, oral complaints may be delivered at the office and will be written down by Ombudsman staff. The Ombudsman may not conduct an inquiry into complaints that are suitable for legal action against decisions of administrative authorities, or for civil law suits against the public body concerned. Furthermore, the result of an inquiry by the Ombudsman is of a restricted nature: the Ombudsman delivers a report in which the judgement 'proper' or 'improper' is given. Normally, a report will contain a detailed description of the events that led to the complaints, a description of the internal complaints procedure, an extensive description of the applicable law, and an elaborate check on the lawfulness or unlawfulness of the behaviour subject to the complaint. He may also deliver some recommendations for the public authority concerned. However, the Ombudsman is not able to conduct any legal act as a response to complaints. The work of the National Ombudsman is closely related to the terms and concepts of the General Administrative Law Act. This act defines legal concepts like: 'administrative body'; 'decision' and 'complaint', and also operates and legally defines most principles of good governance. The competence of the Ombudsman is linked to the definition of these concepts, and, by his reports, he also contributes to the development of administrative law in the Netherlands. Nonetheless, it is a point of departure of the research project described below that there is a fundamental difference between principles of proper governance used in a legal framework and demands of proper governance as operated by Ombudsmen. 3. Original research design The original research design was attuned to the condition that local Ombudsmen should be convinced of the usefulness of the outcomes of this project.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Demands of proper administrative conduct\u003cbr\u003e A research project into the \u003ci\u003eombudsprudence\u003c/i\u003e of the Dutch National Ombudsman","attachmentId":81146839,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72067915/Demands_of_proper_administrative_conduct_br_A_research_project_into_the_i_ombudsprudence_i_of_the_Dutch_National_Ombudsman","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72067915/Demands_of_proper_administrative_conduct_br_A_research_project_into_the_i_ombudsprudence_i_of_the_Dutch_National_Ombudsman"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="112796271" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112796271/Demands_of_Proper_Administrative_Conduct_A_Research_Project_into_the_Ombudsprudence_of_the_Dutch_National_Ombudsman">Demands of Proper Administrative Conduct: A Research Project into the Ombudsprudence of the Dutch National Ombudsman</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13932680" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PhilipLangbroek">Philip Langbroek</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Social Science Research Network, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We will mix the description of these subjects with our findings on the norms used by the National Ombudsman. 1 2. The Dutch National Ombudsman The National Ombudsman is a complaints instance, but can also conduct an inquiry upon his own initiative. 2 The figure of the National Ombudsman is embedded in the Dutch Constitution: he is a High Office of State, just as the Parliament, the King, the Supreme Court and the Council of State. He is appointed by the Lower House of Parliament. Everybody with a complaint against an office, officeholder or public servant within his jurisdiction, can contact the Ombudsman office in The Hague. The complaint will only be admissible when the complainant has first filed the complaint with the administrative body that caused the distress. A complaint to the National Ombudsman will only be useful after the administrative body has been given the opportunity to deal with the complaint itself. The National Ombudsman is competent in the case of national public bodies, and decentralized public bodies, as far as they have indicated the National Ombudsman as their local Ombudsman. The legal definition of a complaint refers to a written document; however, oral complaints may be delivered at the office and will be written down by Ombudsman staff. The Ombudsman may not conduct an inquiry into complaints that are suitable for legal action against decisions of administrative authorities, or for civil law suits against the public body concerned. Furthermore, the result of an inquiry by the Ombudsman is of a restricted nature: the Ombudsman delivers a report in which the judgement 'proper' or 'improper' is given. Normally, a report will contain a detailed description of the events that led to the complaints, a description of the internal complaints procedure, an extensive description of the applicable law, and an elaborate check on the lawfulness or unlawfulness of the behaviour subject to the complaint. He may also deliver some recommendations for the public authority concerned. However, the Ombudsman is not able to conduct any legal act as a response to complaints. The work of the National Ombudsman is closely related to the terms and concepts of the General Administrative Law Act. This act defines legal concepts like: 'administrative body'; 'decision' and 'complaint', and also operates and legally defines most principles of good governance. The competence of the Ombudsman is linked to the definition of these concepts, and, by his reports, he also contributes to the development of administrative law in the Netherlands. Nonetheless, it is a point of departure of the research project described below that there is a fundamental difference between principles of proper governance used in a legal framework and demands of proper governance as operated by Ombudsmen. 3. Original research design The original research design was attuned to the condition that local Ombudsmen should be convinced of the usefulness of the outcomes of this project.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Demands of Proper Administrative Conduct: A Research Project into the Ombudsprudence of the Dutch National Ombudsman","attachmentId":109916949,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112796271/Demands_of_Proper_Administrative_Conduct_A_Research_Project_into_the_Ombudsprudence_of_the_Dutch_National_Ombudsman","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112796271/Demands_of_Proper_Administrative_Conduct_A_Research_Project_into_the_Ombudsprudence_of_the_Dutch_National_Ombudsman"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="31495934" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31495934/Case_Study_Comparative_Case_Study_7_Ombudsmen_Peoples_Defenders_and_Mediators_Independence_and_administrative_justice_in_state_transformation">Case Study Comparative Case Study 7 Ombudsmen, People's Defenders and Mediators: Independence and administrative justice in state transformation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="60264280" href="https://independent.academia.edu/aftabmubarak">aftab mubarak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">VERIFOR is an applied research project co-funded by the EC's Tropical Forestry Budget Line and the Governments of the Netherlands and Germany. It will provide practical, research-based policy advice for decision-makers on the verification of legality in the forest sector. The coverage is pan-tropical. Summary Ombudsmen have played an important role in the process of state transformation in recent decades. From slow beginnings, the institution has been taken up on all continents and in many countries, albeit with varying levels of political commitment and uneven success. This paper examines the history and functioning of contrasting types of ombudsmen for the light that they can shed on forest verification. Different models are considered and the key conditions determining their effectiveness are compared. The paper highlights an essential parallel between the aims of ombudsmen and forest verification: their relation to self-strengthening systems of democratic governance and to questions of institution building and state accountability. POLICY CONCLUSIONS The institution of ombudsman is part of the story of state transformation in the twentieth century; its effectiveness needs to be situated within the functioning of the encapsulating state. Verification is a core working principle shared by all ombudsmen; however, the way an ombudsman is appointed, its legal statutes and security of office, the institutions to which it is accountable, as well as the possibility to hire staff and control its budget all affect its ability to act, and to act independently, in its verification role. The effectiveness of an ombudsman is structurally conditioned by three sets of enabling conditions: the functioning of rule of law; the extent of the ombudsman's legal authority; the behaviour and political culture of state actors. There is evidence that the most effective ombudsmen are those who seek to improve the workings of the administrative system not to expose its deficiencies. Enforcement is not, as such, the prime rationale of ombudsmen; rather, the main concern of the successful ombudsman is with administrative justice. An effective ombudsman is not a stand-alone bearer of justice, but a building block in a broader architecture of checks of balance on the functioning of public administration.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Case Study Comparative Case Study 7 Ombudsmen, People's Defenders and Mediators: Independence and administrative justice in state transformation","attachmentId":51844906,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31495934/Case_Study_Comparative_Case_Study_7_Ombudsmen_Peoples_Defenders_and_Mediators_Independence_and_administrative_justice_in_state_transformation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31495934/Case_Study_Comparative_Case_Study_7_Ombudsmen_Peoples_Defenders_and_Mediators_Independence_and_administrative_justice_in_state_transformation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="111449740" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/111449740/The_Ombudsman_Concept_and_Human_Rights_Protection">The Ombudsman Concept and Human Rights Protection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="111321901" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnandSatyanand">Anand Satyanand</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Victoria University of Wellington law review, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Ombudsman Concept and Human Rights Protection","attachmentId":108986954,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111449740/The_Ombudsman_Concept_and_Human_Rights_Protection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/111449740/The_Ombudsman_Concept_and_Human_Rights_Protection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":88956958,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":88956958,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_88956958" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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