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<li id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_and_medieval_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient and medieval use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_and_17th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_and_17th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>16th and 17th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_and_17th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>19th and 20th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Official use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convenience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convenience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Convenience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convenience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merkin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merkin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Merkin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merkin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_wigs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_wigs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military wigs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_wigs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manufacture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Manufacture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hair_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hair_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hair preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hair_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adding_the_hair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adding_the_hair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Adding the hair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adding_the_hair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Styling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fitting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fitting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Fitting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fitting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_human_hair_wigs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_human_hair_wigs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Types of human hair wigs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_human_hair_wigs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_wig_designers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_wig_designers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable wig designers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_wig_designers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wig</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="شعر مستعار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعر مستعار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parik" title="Parik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Parik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="পরচুলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরচুলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Парык – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Парык – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Парык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перука – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perruca" title="Perruca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perruca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paruka" title="Paruka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paruka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paryk" title="Paryk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paryk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BCcke" title="Perücke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Perücke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parukas" title="Parukas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Parukas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Περούκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περούκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%B9ca" title="Pirùca – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pirùca" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peluca" title="Peluca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peluca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruko" title="Peruko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Peruko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileorde" title="Ileorde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ileorde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کلاه‌گیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلاه‌گیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perruque" title="Perruque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Perruque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorabhaig" title="Biorabhaig – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Biorabhaig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%B0%9C" title="가발 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가발" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Կեղծամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կեղծամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perika" title="Perika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruko" title="Peruko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Peruko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambut_palsu" title="Rambut palsu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rambut palsu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1rkolla" title="Hárkolla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hárkolla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrucca" title="Parrucca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parrucca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פאה נוכרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאה נוכרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambut_palsu" title="Rambut palsu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rambut palsu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Парик – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Парик" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillamentum" title="Capillamentum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Capillamentum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perukas" title="Perukas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Perukas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruuk" title="Pruuk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pruuk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%B3ka" title="Paróka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paróka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Перика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruik" title="Pruik – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pruik" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%8B%E3%81%A4%E3%82%89_(%E8%A3%85%E8%BA%AB%E5%85%B7)" title="かつら (装身具) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="かつら (装身具)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parykk" title="Parykk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Parykk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parykk" title="Parykk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Parykk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%90%DA%AF" title="وِگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وِگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%BC%C3%BCk" title="Prüük – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Prüük" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruka" title="Peruka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Peruka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruca" title="Peruca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peruca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruc%C4%83" title="Perucă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Perucă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Парик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilucca" title="Pilucca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pilucca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wig" title="Wig – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wig" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroch%C5%88a" title="Parochňa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Parochňa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruk" title="Peruk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peruk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перука – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3c_gi%E1%BA%A3" title="Tóc giả – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tóc giả" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wigs" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q105507" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head accessory that mimics hair</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wig_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wig (disambiguation)">Wig (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hime_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hime_cut.jpg/170px-Hime_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hime_cut.jpg/255px-Hime_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Hime_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>A conventional <a href="/wiki/Hime_cut" title="Hime cut">hime cut</a> wig</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>wig</b> is a head covering made from human or animal <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>, or a synthetic imitation thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is short for "periwig".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wigs may be worn to disguise baldness, to alter the wearer's appearance, or as part of certain professional uniforms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_medieval_use">Ancient and medieval use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient and medieval use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Egyptian society men and women commonly had clean-shaven or close-cropped hair and often wore wigs.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallenfels_2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallenfels_2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a> created the wig to shield shaved, hairless heads from the sun. They also wore the wigs on top of their hair using <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a> and resin to keep the wigs in place. Wealthy Egyptians would wear elaborate wigs and scented <a href="/wiki/Head_cone" title="Head cone">head cones</a> of animal fat on top of their wigs.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallenfels_2000_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallenfels_2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other ancient cultures, including the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Assyrians">Assyrians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel" class="mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, also used wigs as an everyday fashion. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Examples of ancient wigs</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2016-03-29_Nofret_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of princess Nofret wearing a wig (c. 2613 to 2494 BC)"><img alt="Statue of princess Nofret wearing a wig (c. 2613 to 2494 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2016-03-29_Nofret_03.jpg/200px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2016-03-29_Nofret_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2016-03-29_Nofret_03.jpg/300px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2016-03-29_Nofret_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2016-03-29_Nofret_03.jpg/400px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2016-03-29_Nofret_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4796" data-file-height="3289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of princess <a href="/wiki/Nofret" title="Nofret">Nofret</a> wearing a wig (c. 2613 to 2494 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypte_louvre_286_couple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egyptian couple wearing formal wigs of the 4th or 5th dynasties"><img alt="Egyptian couple wearing formal wigs of the 4th or 5th dynasties" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Egypte_louvre_286_couple.jpg/200px-Egypte_louvre_286_couple.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Egypte_louvre_286_couple.jpg/300px-Egypte_louvre_286_couple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Egypte_louvre_286_couple.jpg/400px-Egypte_louvre_286_couple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Egyptian couple wearing formal wigs of the 4th or 5th dynasties</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebamun_tomb_fresco_dancers_and_musicians.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb fresco depicting dancers and musicians in elaborate wigs with head cones. Thebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty.[3]"><img alt="Tomb fresco depicting dancers and musicians in elaborate wigs with head cones. Thebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty.[3]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Nebamun_tomb_fresco_dancers_and_musicians.png/200px-Nebamun_tomb_fresco_dancers_and_musicians.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Nebamun_tomb_fresco_dancers_and_musicians.png/300px-Nebamun_tomb_fresco_dancers_and_musicians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Nebamun_tomb_fresco_dancers_and_musicians.png/400px-Nebamun_tomb_fresco_dancers_and_musicians.png 2x" data-file-width="4386" data-file-height="1660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb fresco depicting dancers and musicians in elaborate wigs with <a href="/wiki/Head_cone" title="Head cone">head cones</a>. Thebes, Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">18th Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallenfels_2000_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallenfels_2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_Roman_woman_Glyptothek_Munich_333.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of a Roman woman wearing a "diadem" wig, c. 80 CE"><img alt="Bust of a Roman woman wearing a "diadem" wig, c. 80 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bust_Roman_woman_Glyptothek_Munich_333.jpg/184px-Bust_Roman_woman_Glyptothek_Munich_333.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bust_Roman_woman_Glyptothek_Munich_333.jpg/276px-Bust_Roman_woman_Glyptothek_Munich_333.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bust_Roman_woman_Glyptothek_Munich_333.jpg/367px-Bust_Roman_woman_Glyptothek_Munich_333.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="2192" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bust of a Roman woman wearing a "diadem" wig, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 80 CE</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wig_Headdress,_600-1000_C.E,_41.427.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wig Headdress, Wari People, 600–1000 CE, Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="Wig Headdress, Wari People, 600–1000 CE, Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wig_Headdress%2C_600-1000_C.E%2C_41.427.jpg/148px-Wig_Headdress%2C_600-1000_C.E%2C_41.427.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wig_Headdress%2C_600-1000_C.E%2C_41.427.jpg/222px-Wig_Headdress%2C_600-1000_C.E%2C_41.427.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wig_Headdress%2C_600-1000_C.E%2C_41.427.jpg/296px-Wig_Headdress%2C_600-1000_C.E%2C_41.427.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Wig Headdress</i>, <a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari People</a>, 600–1000 CE, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the popularization of the wig started in the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the upper classes started wearing wigs before the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gache" title="Gache">gache</a> were popular among women during the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Goryeo dynasty">Goryeo dynasty</a> until they were banned in the late 18th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_and_17th_centuries">16th and 17th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 16th and 17th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, the use of wigs fell into disuse in the West for a thousand years until they were revived in the 16th century as a means of compensating for hair loss or improving one's personal appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also served a practical purpose: the unhygienic conditions of the time meant that hair attracted <a href="/wiki/Head_lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Head lice">head lice</a>, a problem that could be much reduced if natural hair were shaved and replaced with a more easily de-loused artificial hairpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fur hoods were also used in a similar preventive fashion. </p><p>Royal patronage was crucial to the revival of the wig.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a> famously wore a red wig, tightly and elaborately curled in a "Roman" style, while among men King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII of France</a> (1601–1643) started to pioneer wig-wearing <a href="/wiki/1600%E2%80%931650_in_Western_European_fashion#Men's_fashions" class="mw-redirect" title="1600–1650 in Western European fashion">in 1624</a> when he had prematurely begun to bald.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fashion was largely promoted by his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> (1638–1715), which contributed to its spread in Europe and European-influenced countries <a href="/wiki/1650%E2%80%931700_in_Western_European_fashion#Men's_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1650–1700 in Western European fashion">in the 1660s</a>. Wig-wearing remained a dominant style among men for about 140 years until the change of dress, affected by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion#Men's_fashion" title="1795–1820 in Western fashion">in the 1790s</a>. </p><p> Perukes or periwigs for men were introduced into the English-speaking world with other French styles when <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> was <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">restored to the throne</a> in 1660, following a lengthy exile in France. These wigs were shoulder-length or longer, imitating the long hair that had become fashionable among men since the 1620s. Their use soon became popular in the English court. The London diarist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> recorded the day in 1665 that a <a href="/wiki/Barber" title="Barber">barber</a> had shaved his head and that he tried on his new periwig for the first time, but in a year of <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">plague</a> he was uneasy about wearing it:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>3rd September 1665: Up, and put on my coloured silk suit, very fine, and my new periwig, bought a good while since, but darst not wear it because the plague was in <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> when I bought it. And it is a wonder what will be the fashion after the plague is done as to periwigs, for nobody will dare to buy any haire for fear of the infection? That it had been cut off the heads of people dead of the plague.</p></blockquote><p> Wigs were not without other drawbacks, as Pepys noted on March 27, 1663:</p><blockquote><p>I did go to the Swan; and there sent for Jervas my old periwig-maker and he did bring me a periwig; but it was full of <a href="/wiki/Head_louse" title="Head louse">nits</a>, so as I was troubled to see it (it being his old fault) and did send him to make it clean.</p></blockquote> <p>With wigs virtually obligatory garb for men with social rank, wigmakers gained considerable prestige. A wigmakers' guild was established in France in 1665, a development soon copied elsewhere in Europe. Their job was a skilled one as 17th century wigs were extraordinarily elaborate, covering the back and shoulders and flowing down the chest; not surprisingly, they were also extremely heavy and often uncomfortable to wear. Such wigs were expensive to produce. The best examples were made from natural human hair. The hair of horses and goats was often used as a cheaper alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several contemporary writings which have survived noted that some viewed men who wore wigs as looking deformed and emasculated. It especially attracted disapproval from Puritans, and during times of plague, it was said that wigs were made of hair of plague victims.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wigs required cleaning using <a href="/wiki/Fuller%27s_earth" title="Fuller's earth">fuller's earth</a>, and the powder used to freshen it was made from low grade flour and scented with <a href="/wiki/Pomatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomatum">pomatum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Examples of wigs in the 16th and 17th centuries</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_(Armada_Portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Queen Elizabeth I, painted in 1588"><img alt="Queen Elizabeth I, painted in 1588" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg/250px-Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg/375px-Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg/499px-Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>, painted in 1588</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Vermont-Largilliere.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicolas de Vermont"><img alt="Nicolas de Vermont" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/De_Vermont-Largilliere.jpg/150px-De_Vermont-Largilliere.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/De_Vermont-Largilliere.jpg/225px-De_Vermont-Largilliere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/De_Vermont-Largilliere.jpg/300px-De_Vermont-Largilliere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nicolas de Vermont</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ex-voto_a_sainte-genevieve_-Detail-Largilliere.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of men wearing wigs by Nicolas de Largillière, 17th century"><img alt="Portrait of men wearing wigs by Nicolas de Largillière, 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ex-voto_a_sainte-genevieve_-Detail-Largilliere.jpg/146px-Ex-voto_a_sainte-genevieve_-Detail-Largilliere.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ex-voto_a_sainte-genevieve_-Detail-Largilliere.jpg/219px-Ex-voto_a_sainte-genevieve_-Detail-Largilliere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ex-voto_a_sainte-genevieve_-Detail-Largilliere.jpg/292px-Ex-voto_a_sainte-genevieve_-Detail-Largilliere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of men wearing wigs by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re" title="Nicolas de Largillière">Nicolas de Largillière</a>, 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miindo-Yun.family.of.Haenam-d1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Korean traditional wig (gache)"><img alt="Korean traditional wig (gache)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Miindo-Yun.family.of.Haenam-d1.jpg/200px-Miindo-Yun.family.of.Haenam-d1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Miindo-Yun.family.of.Haenam-d1.jpg/300px-Miindo-Yun.family.of.Haenam-d1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Miindo-Yun.family.of.Haenam-d1.jpg/400px-Miindo-Yun.family.of.Haenam-d1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1235" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Korean traditional wig (<a href="/wiki/Gache" title="Gache">gache</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Lely_(1618-1680)_(after)_-_James_Scott_(1649%E2%80%931685),_Duke_of_Monmouth,_KG,_in_Garter_Robes_-_1171154_-_National_Trust.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, (illegitimate son of Charles II of England)"><img alt="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, (illegitimate son of Charles II of England)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Peter_Lely_%281618-1680%29_%28after%29_-_James_Scott_%281649%E2%80%931685%29%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth%2C_KG%2C_in_Garter_Robes_-_1171154_-_National_Trust.jpg/169px-Peter_Lely_%281618-1680%29_%28after%29_-_James_Scott_%281649%E2%80%931685%29%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth%2C_KG%2C_in_Garter_Robes_-_1171154_-_National_Trust.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Peter_Lely_%281618-1680%29_%28after%29_-_James_Scott_%281649%E2%80%931685%29%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth%2C_KG%2C_in_Garter_Robes_-_1171154_-_National_Trust.jpg/253px-Peter_Lely_%281618-1680%29_%28after%29_-_James_Scott_%281649%E2%80%931685%29%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth%2C_KG%2C_in_Garter_Robes_-_1171154_-_National_Trust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Peter_Lely_%281618-1680%29_%28after%29_-_James_Scott_%281649%E2%80%931685%29%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth%2C_KG%2C_in_Garter_Robes_-_1171154_-_National_Trust.jpg/338px-Peter_Lely_%281618-1680%29_%28after%29_-_James_Scott_%281649%E2%80%931685%29%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth%2C_KG%2C_in_Garter_Robes_-_1171154_-_National_Trust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, (illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a>)</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century <span class="anchor" id="powder"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_-_The_Five_Orders_of_Perriwigs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/William_Hogarth_-_The_Five_Orders_of_Perriwigs.png/220px-William_Hogarth_-_The_Five_Orders_of_Perriwigs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/William_Hogarth_-_The_Five_Orders_of_Perriwigs.png/330px-William_Hogarth_-_The_Five_Orders_of_Perriwigs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/William_Hogarth_-_The_Five_Orders_of_Perriwigs.png/440px-William_Hogarth_-_The_Five_Orders_of_Perriwigs.png 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Orders_of_Periwigs" title="Five Orders of Periwigs">Five Orders of Periwigs</a></i>, 1761</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wig_MET_74.153.1g_front_CP4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wig 1780–1800" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wig_MET_74.153.1g_front_CP4.jpg/220px-Wig_MET_74.153.1g_front_CP4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wig_MET_74.153.1g_front_CP4.jpg/330px-Wig_MET_74.153.1g_front_CP4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wig_MET_74.153.1g_front_CP4.jpg/440px-Wig_MET_74.153.1g_front_CP4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3041" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Wig, 1780–1800. Wigs that had the back hair enclosed in a bag were called bag wigs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/220px-The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/330px-The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/440px-The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> (standing centre) addressing the Commons on the outbreak of the war with France in 1793. Pitt and members of Parliament wore powdered wigs; in 1795 the Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Duty_on_Hair_Powder_Act_1795" title="Duty on Hair Powder Act 1795">Duty on Hair Powder Act</a> which caused the demise of both the fashion for wigs and powder.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century, men's wigs were powdered to give them their distinctive white or off-white color.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women in the 18th century did not wear wigs, but wore a coiffure supplemented by artificial hair or hair from other sources. Powdered wigs (men) and powdered natural hair with supplemental hairpieces (women) became essential for full dress occasions and continued in use until almost the end of the 18th century. </p><p>The elaborate form of wigs worn at the coronation of <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> in 1761 was lampooned by <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a> in his engraving <i><a href="/wiki/Five_Orders_of_Periwigs" title="Five Orders of Periwigs">Five Orders of Periwigs</a></i>. Powdering wigs and extensions was messy and inconvenient, and the development of the naturally white or off-white powderless wig (made of horsehair) for men made the retention of wigs in everyday <a href="/wiki/Court_dress" title="Court dress">court dress</a> a practical possibility. By 1765, wig-wearing went out of fashion except for some occupational groups such as coachmen and lawyers. During this period, people tended to simply wear their natural hair, styled and powdered to resemble a wig. However, the trend revived extravagantly during the <a href="/wiki/Macaroni_(fashion)" title="Macaroni (fashion)">Macaroni</a> period of the 1770s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women mainly powdered their hair grey, or blue-ish grey, and from the 1770s onwards never bright white like men. Wig powder was made from finely ground <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> that was scented with orange flower, <a href="/wiki/Lavender" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender">lavender</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Orris_root" title="Orris root">orris root</a>. Wig powder was occasionally colored violet, blue, pink or yellow, but was most often off-white.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1780s, young men were setting a fashion trend by lightly powdering their natural hair, as women had already done from the 1770s onwards. After 1790, both wigs and powder were reserved for older, more conservative men, and were in use by ladies being presented at court. After 1790, English women seldom powdered their hair. </p><p>In 1795, the British government levied a tax on hair powder of one guinea per year. This tax effectively caused the demise of both the fashion for wigs and powder. <a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_1st_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Granville">Granville Leveson-Gower</a>, in Paris during the winter of 1796, at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Thermidorians" title="Thermidorians">Thermidorian</a> <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a>, noted "The word <i>citoyen</i> seemed but very little in use, and hair powder being very common, the appearance of the people was less democratic than in England."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among women in the French court of <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a> in the mid-to-late 18th century, large, elaborate and often themed wigs (such as the stereotypical "boat poufs") were in vogue. These combed-up hair extensions were often very heavy, weighted down with pomades, powders, and other ornamentation. In the late 18th century these coiffures (along with many other indulgences in court life) became symbolic of the decadence of the French nobility, and for that reason quickly became out of fashion from the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in 1789. </p><p>During the 18th century, men's wigs became smaller and more formal with several professions adopting them as part of their official costumes. This tradition survives in a few legal systems. They are routinely worn in various countries of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>. Until 1823, bishops of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> wore ceremonial wigs. The wigs worn by barristers are in the style favoured in the late eighteenth century. Judges' wigs, in everyday use as <a href="/wiki/Court_dress" title="Court dress">court dress</a>, are short like barristers' wigs (although in a slightly different style), but for ceremonial occasions judges and also senior barristers (<a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KCs</a>) wear full-bottomed wigs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, wigmaking was a craft guild in multiple cities. The guilds, government, and others were constantly concerned about quality. The Lyon Wigmaker Guild petitioned local magistrates to uphold statutes banning bleached human hair, as well as wild goat and lamb hair. The guild officers claimed that the process of bleaching damaged the hair too much, thereby forcing a wigmaker to sell a faulty product to consumers. As for the wild goat and lamb hair, they claimed it was too coarse to style. 18th century French wigmakers used an interesting technique to ensure that the hair retained moisture: baking hair into dough. In Paris, gingerbread bakers would routinely bake hair dough for wigmakers, although in other French cities, it was not necessarily gingerbread. Taxes on hair dough baking were proposed in 1705. In <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, wigmakers complained that such tax obligations "destroy the liberty of commerce; because no baker is obliged to bake wigmakers' hair dough, instead doing it for them as a courtesy."<sup id="cite_ref-hafter_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hafter-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Examples of 18th century wigs</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie-Antoinette_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marie Antoinette wearing the distinctive pouf style coiffure; her own natural hair is extended on the top with an artificial hairpiece."><img alt="Marie Antoinette wearing the distinctive pouf style coiffure; her own natural hair is extended on the top with an artificial hairpiece." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Marie-Antoinette_cropped.jpg/138px-Marie-Antoinette_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Marie-Antoinette_cropped.jpg/207px-Marie-Antoinette_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Marie-Antoinette_cropped.jpg/276px-Marie-Antoinette_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="729" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> wearing the distinctive <i><a href="/wiki/Pouf" title="Pouf">pouf</a></i> style coiffure; her own natural hair is extended on the top with an artificial hairpiece.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun,_Elisabeth-Louise_-_Charles-Alexandre_de_Calonne_(1734-1802)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles-Alexandre de Calonne by Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun (1784), London, Royal Collection"><img alt="Charles-Alexandre de Calonne by Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun (1784), London, Royal Collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun%2C_Elisabeth-Louise_-_Charles-Alexandre_de_Calonne_%281734-1802%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/167px-Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun%2C_Elisabeth-Louise_-_Charles-Alexandre_de_Calonne_%281734-1802%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun%2C_Elisabeth-Louise_-_Charles-Alexandre_de_Calonne_%281734-1802%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/251px-Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun%2C_Elisabeth-Louise_-_Charles-Alexandre_de_Calonne_%281734-1802%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun%2C_Elisabeth-Louise_-_Charles-Alexandre_de_Calonne_%281734-1802%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/335px-Vig%C3%A9e-Lebrun%2C_Elisabeth-Louise_-_Charles-Alexandre_de_Calonne_%281734-1802%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1291" data-file-height="1543" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_de_Calonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles-Alexandre de Calonne">Charles-Alexandre de Calonne</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth-Louise_Vig%C3%A9e-Le_Brun" class="mw-redirect" title="Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun">Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun</a> (1784), London, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Smart_-_Colonel_James_Hamilton.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonel James Hamilton by John Smart (1784), wearing a white wig powdered with pink-coloured powder"><img alt="Colonel James Hamilton by John Smart (1784), wearing a white wig powdered with pink-coloured powder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/John_Smart_-_Colonel_James_Hamilton.png/137px-John_Smart_-_Colonel_James_Hamilton.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/John_Smart_-_Colonel_James_Hamilton.png/206px-John_Smart_-_Colonel_James_Hamilton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/John_Smart_-_Colonel_James_Hamilton.png/274px-John_Smart_-_Colonel_James_Hamilton.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="808" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colonel James Hamilton by <a href="/wiki/John_Smart" title="John Smart">John Smart</a> (1784), wearing a white wig powdered with pink-coloured powder</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arciduca_Giovanni_d%27Austria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archduke John of Austria (1782–1859) as a boy (c. 1795), the latest-born notable person to be portrayed wearing a powdered wig tied in a queue"><img alt="Archduke John of Austria (1782–1859) as a boy (c. 1795), the latest-born notable person to be portrayed wearing a powdered wig tied in a queue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Arciduca_Giovanni_d%27Austria.jpg/149px-Arciduca_Giovanni_d%27Austria.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Arciduca_Giovanni_d%27Austria.jpg/223px-Arciduca_Giovanni_d%27Austria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Arciduca_Giovanni_d%27Austria.jpg/298px-Arciduca_Giovanni_d%27Austria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a> (1782–1859) as a boy (c. 1795), the latest-born notable person to be portrayed wearing a powdered wig tied in a <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queue</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_20th_centuries">19th and 20th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the association with ruling classes in European <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchies</a>, the wearing of wigs as a symbol of social status was largely abandoned in the newly created <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republics</a>, the United States and <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion#Men's_fashion" title="1795–1820 in Western fashion">by the start of the 19th century</a>, though formal court dress of European monarchies still required a powdered wig or long powdered hair tied in a queue until the accession of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> (1769–1821) to the throne as emperor in 1804. </p><p>In the United States, only <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Presidents" title="List of presidents of the United States">four presidents</a>, from <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1735–1826) to <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1758–1831), wore curly powdered wigs tied in a queue according to the <a href="/wiki/1775%E2%80%931795_in_Western_fashion#Men's_fashion" title="1775–1795 in Western fashion">old-fashioned style of the 18th century</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1743–1826) wore a powdered wig only rarely and stopped wearing a wig entirely shortly after becoming president in 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (1767–1848) also wore a powdered wig in his youth, but he abandoned this fashion while serving as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia">U.S. Minister to Russia</a> (1809–1814),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long before his accession to the presidency in 1825. Unlike them, the first president, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (1732–1799), never wore a wig; instead, he <a href="/wiki/George_Washington#Early_life_(1732–1758)" title="George Washington">powdered, curled and tied in a queue his own long hair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women's wigs developed in a somewhat different way. They were worn from the 18th century onwards, although at first only surreptitiously. Full wigs in the 19th and early 20th century were not fashionable. They were often worn by old ladies who had lost their hair.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the film <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Skeffington" title="Mr. Skeffington">Mr. Skeffington</a></i> (1944), <a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a>'s character has to wear a wig after a bout of <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, which is a moment of pathos and a symbol of her frailty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century hairdressers in England and France did a brisk business supplying <i>postiches</i>, or pre-made small wiglets, curls, and false buns to be incorporated into the hairstyle. The use of postiches did not diminish even as women's hair grew shorter in the decade between 1910 and 1920, but they seem to have gone out of fashion during the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s a new type of synthetic wig was developed using a <a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">modacrylic</a> fiber which made wigs more affordable. Reid-Meredith was a pioneer in the sales of these types of wigs.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Presidents of the United States in powdered wigs</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnAdams.png" class="mw-file-description" title="John Adams in 1788"><img alt="John Adams in 1788" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JohnAdams.png/160px-JohnAdams.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JohnAdams.png/240px-JohnAdams.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JohnAdams.png/320px-JohnAdams.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> in 1788</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mather_Brown_-_Thomas_Jefferson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Jefferson in 1786"><img alt="Thomas Jefferson in 1786" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mather_Brown_-_Thomas_Jefferson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/157px-Mather_Brown_-_Thomas_Jefferson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mather_Brown_-_Thomas_Jefferson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/235px-Mather_Brown_-_Thomas_Jefferson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mather_Brown_-_Thomas_Jefferson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/313px-Mather_Brown_-_Thomas_Jefferson_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7707" data-file-height="9840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> in 1786</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1811,_Sharples,_James,_James_Madison.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Madison in c. 1770–1780"><img alt="James Madison in c. 1770–1780" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1811%2C_Sharples%2C_James%2C_James_Madison.jpg/163px-1811%2C_Sharples%2C_James%2C_James_Madison.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1811%2C_Sharples%2C_James%2C_James_Madison.jpg/245px-1811%2C_Sharples%2C_James%2C_James_Madison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1811%2C_Sharples%2C_James%2C_James_Madison.jpg/327px-1811%2C_Sharples%2C_James%2C_James_Madison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> in c. 1770–1780</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Monroe_(1758-1831).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Monroe in 1794"><img alt="James Monroe in 1794" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg/179px-James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg/269px-James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg/359px-James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> in 1794</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Change of hairstyle fashion as a part of formal court dress</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Loo,_Louis-Michel_-_The_Count_of_Artois,_later_Charles_X_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles X (1757–1836), the future King of France, as Count of Artois in 1771, wears a curly powdered wig tied in a queue."><img alt="Charles X (1757–1836), the future King of France, as Count of Artois in 1771, wears a curly powdered wig tied in a queue." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Van_Loo%2C_Louis-Michel_-_The_Count_of_Artois%2C_later_Charles_X_of_France.jpg/161px-Van_Loo%2C_Louis-Michel_-_The_Count_of_Artois%2C_later_Charles_X_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Van_Loo%2C_Louis-Michel_-_The_Count_of_Artois%2C_later_Charles_X_of_France.jpg/241px-Van_Loo%2C_Louis-Michel_-_The_Count_of_Artois%2C_later_Charles_X_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Van_Loo%2C_Louis-Michel_-_The_Count_of_Artois%2C_later_Charles_X_of_France.jpg/321px-Van_Loo%2C_Louis-Michel_-_The_Count_of_Artois%2C_later_Charles_X_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> (1757–1836), the future King of France, as Count of Artois in 1771, wears a curly powdered wig tied in a queue.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Saint_-_Charles_X,_King_of_France_and_Navarre_-_NMB_2393_-_Nationalmuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles X, depicted as King of France (1824–1830), wears a short unpowdered haircut."><img alt="Charles X, depicted as King of France (1824–1830), wears a short unpowdered haircut." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Daniel_Saint_-_Charles_X%2C_King_of_France_and_Navarre_-_NMB_2393_-_Nationalmuseum.jpg/159px-Daniel_Saint_-_Charles_X%2C_King_of_France_and_Navarre_-_NMB_2393_-_Nationalmuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Daniel_Saint_-_Charles_X%2C_King_of_France_and_Navarre_-_NMB_2393_-_Nationalmuseum.jpg/238px-Daniel_Saint_-_Charles_X%2C_King_of_France_and_Navarre_-_NMB_2393_-_Nationalmuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Daniel_Saint_-_Charles_X%2C_King_of_France_and_Navarre_-_NMB_2393_-_Nationalmuseum.jpg/318px-Daniel_Saint_-_Charles_X%2C_King_of_France_and_Navarre_-_NMB_2393_-_Nationalmuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Charles X, depicted as King of France (1824–1830), wears a short unpowdered haircut.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The art of wigs became a billion dollar industry in the 21st century. Three main processes happen within the industry: the collection of material, manufacturing, and distribution. India is the main source of hair. It has been reported from time to time that for global human hair trade, women from the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> region are being exploited.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hair from this region has a significant commercial value in the international market.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the women are forced by their husbands into selling their hair,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slum</a> children were being tricked into "having their heads shaved in exchange for toys".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scrap pickers are another source of hair in India, these people find hair in miscellaneous places such as hair brushes, clothes, or in the trash. While manufacturing and processing mainly takes place in China, where the hair is sorted through and constructed into wigs, the final product exported abroad, with the top countries being the United States and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_use">Official use</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Official use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, most <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> nations and Ireland, special wigs are also worn by <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barristers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judges</a> and certain parliamentary and municipal or civic officials as a symbol of the office.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hong Kong barristers and judges continue to wear wigs as part of <a href="/wiki/Court_dress" title="Court dress">court dress</a> as a legacy of the court system from the time of British rule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In July 2007, judges in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia, voted to discontinue the wearing of wigs in the NSW Court of Appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Zealand lawyers and judges have ceased to wear wigs except for ceremonial occasions, such as when newly qualified lawyers are <a href="/wiki/Call_to_the_bar" title="Call to the bar">called to the bar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Canada lawyers and judges do not wear wigs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of celebrities, including <a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sia" title="Sia">Sia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicki_Minaj" title="Nicki Minaj">Nicki Minaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katy_Perry" title="Katy Perry">Katy Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_%26_The_Supremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Ross & The Supremes">Diana Ross & The Supremes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tina_Turner" title="Tina Turner">Tina Turner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raquel_Welch" title="Raquel Welch">Raquel Welch</a>, popularized wigs. <a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a> has worn all kinds of wigs in the last 40 years, from blonde to black, and curly to straight. They may also be worn for fun as part of <a href="/wiki/Fancy_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fancy dress">fancy dress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">costume</a> wearing), when they can be of outlandish color or made from <a href="/wiki/Tinsel" title="Tinsel">tinsel</a>. They are quite common at <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a>, when "rubber wigs" (solid <a href="/wiki/Bald_cap" title="Bald cap">bald cap</a>-like hats, shaped like hair), are sold at some stores. </p><p>Wigs are used in film, theater, and television. In the Japanese film and television genre <a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a>, wigs are used extensively to alter appearance to reflect the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> when most stories take place. Only a few actors starring in big-budgeted films and television series will grow their hair so that it may be cut to the appropriate hair style, and forgo using a wig. </p><p>In the theater, especially on Broadway, wigs are used to give a performer a fixed character. Nearly all women and many men do so not only for character design, but also to cover their microphone packs. Often the microphone pack goes on the actor's head, mainly to efficiently facilitate quick changes. </p><p>An actor not wearing a wig needs to change their look every time they go on stage. The wig helps solidify the character's design; natural hair is different day to day.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Convenience">Convenience</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Convenience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wigs are worn by some people on a daily or occasional basis in everyday life. This is sometimes done for reasons of convenience, since wigs can be styled ahead of time. A common practice of wigs for convenience is called protective styling. Many use wigs to avoid damage to their natural tresses, or to create styles that may not be possible otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also worn by individuals who are experiencing hair loss for medical reasons (most commonly cancer patients who are undergoing <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, or those who are suffering from <a href="/wiki/Alopecia_areata" title="Alopecia areata">alopecia areata</a>). </p><p>Some men who <a href="/wiki/Crossdress" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossdress">crossdress</a> as women wear wigs in different styles to make their hair seem more feminine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Merkin">Merkin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Merkin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Merkin" title="Merkin">Merkin</a></div> <p>A merkin is a pubic wig often worn as a decorative item or for theatrical and fashion purposes. They are sometimes viewed as erotic and some designs are meant for entertainment or as a form of comedy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Examples of contemporary wigs</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colourful_wigs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colourful wigs for costume parties"><img alt="Colourful wigs for costume parties" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Colourful_wigs.jpg/250px-Colourful_wigs.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Colourful_wigs.jpg/375px-Colourful_wigs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Colourful_wigs.jpg/500px-Colourful_wigs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colourful wigs for costume parties</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wigs_on_display.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An assortment of wigs in display cabinet"><img alt="An assortment of wigs in display cabinet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Wigs_on_display.jpg/250px-Wigs_on_display.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Wigs_on_display.jpg/375px-Wigs_on_display.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Wigs_on_display.jpg/500px-Wigs_on_display.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An assortment of wigs in display cabinet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legal_wigs_today.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wigs as court dress"><img alt="Wigs as court dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Legal_wigs_today.jpg/160px-Legal_wigs_today.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Legal_wigs_today.jpg/240px-Legal_wigs_today.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Legal_wigs_today.jpg/320px-Legal_wigs_today.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wigs as court dress</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wig_Bunkin_for_Kasane.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese wig for traditional hairstyle"><img alt="Japanese wig for traditional hairstyle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Wig_Bunkin_for_Kasane.jpg/155px-Wig_Bunkin_for_Kasane.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Wig_Bunkin_for_Kasane.jpg/233px-Wig_Bunkin_for_Kasane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Wig_Bunkin_for_Kasane.jpg/310px-Wig_Bunkin_for_Kasane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese wig for traditional hairstyle</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_wigs">Military wigs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military wigs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the late 17th to early 19th centuries, European armies wore uniforms more or less imitating the civilian fashions of the time, but with militarized additions. As part of that uniform, officers wore wigs more suited to the drawing rooms of Europe than its battlefields. The late 17th century saw officers wearing full-bottomed natural-coloured wigs, but the civilian change to shorter, powdered styles with pigtails in the early 18th century saw officers adopting similar styles. The elaborate, oversized court-styles of the late 18th century were not followed by armies in the field however, as they were impractical to withstand the rigours of military life and simpler wigs were worn. </p><p>While officers normally wore their own hair short under a powdered wig, the rank and file of the infantry was not afforded such luxury. Instead of wigs, the men grew their hair long and according to the prevailing fashion in a nation's army, hair was either allowed to grow long with simple modeling, as in the French army of the 1740s, or else was elaborately coiffured as in Prussian and British armies. In the case of British soldiers of the 1740s, contemporary artwork suggests that they cut their hair short, which was not the case. Instead, the men used tallow or other fat to grease the hair, which was then fashioned into pigtails and tied back into the scalp hair to give the impression of short hair.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then liberally dusted with powdered chalk to give the impression of a powdered wig. Later in the century, hair was likewise tied back, greased and powdered, but false hair pigtails were adopted, kept in a tubular queue and tied back with ribbons to the soldier's own hair. The overall effect was that of a wig with a long tail and bow. The Prussian army took personal hairstyles to an extreme during the time of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>, each soldier commonly having a long pigtail hanging down the back nearly to waist level. </p><p>By contrast, in the 1780s Russian General <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Potemkin" title="Pavel Potemkin">Potemkin</a> abhorred the tight uniforms and uncomfortable wigs and powdered coiffures worn by his soldiers and instigated a complete revision of both. Along with comfortable, practical, well-fitting uniforms, his reforms introduced neat, natural hairstyles for all, with no wigs, powder and grease, or hair-tying evident. </p><p>Formal military hairstyles lasted until beyond the end of the 18th century and it was the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> which spelled the end of wigs and powdered, greased hairstyles in modern, Western armies. Powdered hair and pigtails made a brief return during <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s reign, being worn by infantry of his Foot <a href="/wiki/Grenadiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenadiers">Grenadiers</a> and Foot <a href="/wiki/Chasseurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chasseurs">Chasseurs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Guard_(France)" title="Old Guard (France)">Old Guard</a> and the Horse Grenadiers of the Guard. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Greenville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Treaty_of_Greenville.jpg/170px-Treaty_of_Greenville.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Treaty_of_Greenville.jpg/255px-Treaty_of_Greenville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Treaty_of_Greenville.jpg/340px-Treaty_of_Greenville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> officers wearing powdered wigs tied in a queue during the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> negotiations in 1795</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> soldiers wore powdered wigs tied in a queue as a standard part of the <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Uniforms of the United States Army">military uniform</a> until 1801. In 1801 <a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer of the U.S. Army</a>, issued an order to remove all <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queues</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pigtail" title="Pigtail">pigtails</a>, which had been worn in the army since the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> (1775–1783). This order applied also to powdered wigs tied in queue and was highly unpopular with both officers and men, leading to several desertions and threats of resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious">Religious</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a> requires married women to cover their hair for reasons of <a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">tzniut</a> (Hebrew: "modesty or privacy"). Some <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jewish</a> women wear wigs, known as <a href="/wiki/Sheitel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheitel">sheitels</a>, for this purpose. Wigs of those who practice <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a> often are made from human hair. In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a>, women will usually wear a scarf, kerchief, snood, hat or other covering, sometimes exposing the bottom of their hair. </p><p>One rabbi has declared that long wigs are inappropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another said that it is preferable for a married Jewish woman to expose her hair than to don a wig, for the wig actually increases attraction in the public domain and encourages the notion that <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></i> is both irrational and intellectually dishonest.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still another rabbi, who also spoke strongly against the wearing of wigs, said specifically, "You must go with a hat or kerchief on your head", but did not permit leaving hair "exposed".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Orthodox women cover their hair,<sup id="cite_ref-Tax_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tax-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whether with wigs, hats or scarves. The rejection by some rabbis of wigs is not recent, but began "in the 1600s, when French women began wearing wigs to cover their hair. Rabbis rejected this practice, both because it resembled the contemporary non-Jewish style and because it was immodest, in their eyes, for a woman to sport a beautiful head of hair, even if it was a wig."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other options include: </p> <ul><li>wearing a covered wig, called a <a href="/wiki/Shpitzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shpitzel">shpitzel</a></li> <li>a covering, typically cloth, called a <a href="/wiki/Tichel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichel">tichel</a></li> <li>another non-hair (and looser) head covering, called a <a href="/wiki/Snood_(headgear)" title="Snood (headgear)">snood</a></li> <li>a short wig mostly covered by a tichel, but with (wig) "hair" showing on the forehead, sometimes also showing from the back, called a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frisette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frisette (page does not exist)">frisette</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/frisette" class="extiw" title="fr:frisette">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 18th and 19th centuries, wigmakers were called perruquiers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> There are two methods of attaching hair to wigs. The first and oldest is to weave the root ends of the hair onto a stretch of three silk threads to form a sort of fringe called a "weft". The wefts are then sewn to a foundation made of net or other material.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, the wefts can also be made (a warp is the vertical thread of a weave, the weft is the horizontal thread) with a specially adapted sewing machine, reducing the amount of hand labour involved. In the 19th century another method came into use. A small hook called a "ventilating needle" or "knotting needle", similar to the <a href="/wiki/Tambour_lace" title="Tambour lace">tambour hooks</a> used for decorating fabric with chain-stitch embroidery at that period, is used to knot a few strands of hair at a time directly to a suitable foundation material. This newer method produces a lighter and more natural looking wig. High quality custom wigs, and those used for film and theatrical productions are usually done this way. It is also possible to combine the two techniques, using weft for the main part of the wig and ventilating hair at the edges and partings to give a fine finish.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wig_makers_15-29-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Wig_makers_15-29-18.jpg/220px-Wig_makers_15-29-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Wig_makers_15-29-18.jpg/330px-Wig_makers_15-29-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Wig_makers_15-29-18.jpg/440px-Wig_makers_15-29-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">Historical reenactment</a> of wig making in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg" title="Colonial Williamsburg">Colonial Williamsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurement">Measurement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Making custom wigs starts with measuring the subject's head. The natural hair is arranged in flat curls against the head as the various measurements are taken. It is often helpful to make a pattern from layers of transparent adhesive tape applied over a piece of plastic wrap, on which the natural hairline can be traced accurately. These measurements are then transferred to the "block", a wooden or cork-stuffed canvas form the same size and shape as the client's head.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-howitsmade_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howitsmade-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the style of the wig, a foundation is made of net or other material, different sizes and textures of mesh being used for different parts of the wig. The edges and other places might be trimmed and reinforced with a narrow ribbon called "galloon". Sometimes flesh colored silk or synthetic material is applied where it will show through the hair at crown and partings, and small bones or elastic are inserted to make the wig fit securely. Theatrical, and some fine custom wigs, have a fine, flesh colored net called "hair lace" at the front which is very inconspicuous in wear and allows the hair to look as if it is coming directly from the skin underneath. These are usually referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Lace_front_wig" class="mw-redirect" title="Lace front wig">lace front wigs</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hair_preparation">Hair preparation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hair preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_Hair_Partly_Bleached.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Human_Hair_Partly_Bleached.png/220px-Human_Hair_Partly_Bleached.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Human_Hair_Partly_Bleached.png/330px-Human_Hair_Partly_Bleached.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Human_Hair_Partly_Bleached.png/440px-Human_Hair_Partly_Bleached.png 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Trimmed human hair that is partly bleached</figcaption></figure> <p>Natural hair, either human or from an animal such as a goat or yak, must be carefully sorted so that the direction of growth is maintained, root to root, and point to point. Because of the scale-like structure of the cuticle of a hair shaft, if some hairs get turned the wrong way, they will ride backwards against their neighbors and cause tangles and matting. The highest quality of hair has never been bleached or colored, and has been carefully sorted to ensure the direction is correct. This process is called "turning". For less expensive wigs, this labour-intensive sorting process is substituted by "processing" the hair. It is treated with a strong base solution which partially dissolves the cuticle leaving the strands smooth. It is then bleached and dyed to the required shade and given a synthetic resin finish which partially restores the strength and luster of the now damaged hair. Synthetic fiber, of course, is simply manufactured in the required colors, and has no direction. </p><p>The wigmaker will choose the type, length and colors of hair required by the design of the wig and blend them by pulling the hair through the upright teeth of a brush-like tool called a "<a href="/wiki/Hackle_(wig_making)" title="Hackle (wig making)">hackle</a>" which also removes tangles and any short or broken strands. The hair is placed on one of a pair of short-bristled brushes called "drawing brushes" with the root ends extending over one edge; the edge facing the wigmaker (or properly called, boardworker), and the second brush is pressed down on top of it so that a few strands can be withdrawn at a time, leaving the rest undisturbed.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adding_the_hair">Adding the hair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Adding the hair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weft structured wigs can have the wefts sewn to the foundation by hand, while it is on the block or, as is common with mass-produced wigs, sewn to a ready-made base by skilled sewing machine operators. Ventilated (hand knotted) wigs have the hair knotted directly to the foundation, a few strands at a time while the foundation is fastened to the block. With the hair folded over the finger, the wigmaker pulls a loop of hair under the mesh, and then moves the hook forward to catch both sides of the loop. The ends are pulled through the loop and the knot is tightened for a "single knot", or a second loop is pulled through the first before finishing for a "double knot". Typically, the bulkier but more secure double knot is used over the majority of the wig and the less obvious single knot at the edges and parting areas. A skilled wigmaker will consider the number of strands of hair used and the direction of each knot to give the most natural effect possible.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It takes generally six heads of hair to make a full human hair wig.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Styling">Styling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Styling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At this point, the hair on the wig is all the same length. The wig must be styled into the desired form in much the same manner as a regular <a href="/wiki/Hairdresser" title="Hairdresser">stylist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-howitsmade_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howitsmade-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fitting">Fitting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fitting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subject's natural hair is again knotted tightly against the head and the wig is applied. Any remaining superfluous wiglace is trimmed away. Hairpins can be used to secure the lace to the hair and occasionally, skin-safe adhesives are used to adhere the wig against bald skin and to better hide any exposed lace. Finishing touches are done to the hair styling to achieve the desired effect.<sup id="cite_ref-howitsmade_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howitsmade-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_human_hair_wigs">Types of human hair wigs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Types of human hair wigs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two basic kinds of hair wigs: The traditional machine stitched weft wig and the hand tied <a href="/wiki/Lace_wig" title="Lace wig">lace wig</a>. The machine stitched wigs are still the most widely worn wigs today. The hair is sewn on a stretch weft material and come with back straps for adjusting to various head sizes. These wigs are typically pre-styled and lack any kind of realistic expectations. </p><p>Lace wigs are quickly becoming one of the most sought-after wigs among wig wearers. The illusion of hair growing from the scalp is the feature that makes this wig the best of the best when it comes to wearing fake hair. These wigs are made with a French or Swiss lace material base. They are made as a full lace or partial lace front with a stretch weft back. Each hair strand is individually stitched into a lace material which creates the natural look of hair at the base. This is where the term "hand tied" originates. </p><p>Hair type is the distinguishing factor in human hair wigs. Four main types of hair are used in manufacturing: Chinese or "Malaysian", Indian, Indonesian or "Brazilian", and Caucasian or "European". The majority of human hair wigs are made of Chinese or Indian hair, while European hair is considered the most expensive and rare, as most donors are from Russia or Northern Europe, where there is a smaller portion of hair donors to the market. </p><p><i>Remy</i> human hair is considered to be the best quality of human hair because the cuticles are kept intact and not stripped away;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "strands retain their scaled natural outer cuticle."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preserved cuticles are also aligned in a unidirectional manner, which decreases tangling and matting. Also, the hair is carefully separated after collecting from the donor to ensure all the cuticles are of the same length.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_wig_designers">Notable wig designers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notable wig designers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Clarkson" title="Willy Clarkson">Willy Clarkson</a>, who created wigs for London's <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End theatre</a> productions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Lawson" title="Nina Lawson">Nina Lawson</a>, who ran the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> wig department from 1956 to 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_King_(make-up_artist)" title="Peter King (make-up artist)">Peter King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Owen_(make-up_artist)" title="Peter Owen (make-up artist)">Peter Owen</a>, Bristol, United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wigs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wigs">Wigs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair_extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair extensions">Hair extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_prosthesis" title="Hair prosthesis">Hair prosthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toup%C3%A9e" title="Toupée">Toupée</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20221024005673/en/The-Worldwide-Hair-Wigs-and-Extensions-Industry-is-Expected-to-Reach-12.2-Billion-by-2027---ResearchAndMarkets.com">"The Worldwide Hair Wigs and Extensions Industry is Expected to Reach $12.2 Billion by 2027 - ResearchAndMarkets.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Worldwide+Hair+Wigs+and+Extensions+Industry+is+Expected+to+Reach+%2412.2+Billion+by+2027+-+ResearchAndMarkets.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20221024005673%2Fen%2FThe-Worldwide-Hair-Wigs-and-Extensions-Industry-is-Expected-to-Reach-12.2-Billion-by-2027---ResearchAndMarkets.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-wig" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1028260406">"wig"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F1028260406">10.1093/OED/1028260406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=wig&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F1028260406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F1028260406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallenfels_2000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wallenfels_2000_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallenfels_2000_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallenfels_2000_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallenfels2000" class="citation book cs1">Wallenfels, Ronald (2000). <i>The Ancient Near East: An Encyclopedia for Students, Volume 2</i>. Scribner. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684805948" title="Special:BookSources/9780684805948"><bdi>9780684805948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%3A+An+Encyclopedia+for+Students%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780684805948&rft.aulast=Wallenfels&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcherSalamone2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fletcher, Joann; Salamone, Filippo (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.42.6.3">"An Ancient Egyptian Wig: Construction and Reconstruction"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (42). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.42.6.3">10.11141/ia.42.6.3</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=An+Ancient+Egyptian+Wig%3A+Construction+and+Reconstruction&rft.issue=42&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.42.6.3&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Joann&rft.au=Salamone%2C+Filippo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11141%252Fia.42.6.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.4.1.1&charenc=j#">"Dumuzid and Jectin-ana"</a>. <i>The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature</i>. December 19, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Electronic+Text+Corpus+of+Sumerian+Literature&rft.atitle=Dumuzid+and+Jectin-ana&rft.date=2006-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fetcsl.cgi%3Ftext%3Dt.1.4.1.1%26charenc%3Dj%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishna tractate Sabbath Chapter 6 Mishna 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2015" class="citation book cs1">Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gO9nBwAAQBAJ&q=In+China%2C+the+popularization+of+the+wig+started+from+Spring+and+Autumn+period&pg=PA121"><i>World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 119–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317451679" title="Special:BookSources/9781317451679"><bdi>9781317451679</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Clothing+and+Fashion%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Social+Influence&rft.pages=119-121&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317451679&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgO9nBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DIn%2BChina%252C%2Bthe%2Bpopularization%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bwig%2Bstarted%2Bfrom%2BSpring%2Band%2BAutumn%2Bperiod%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion-the-history-of-the-wig-on-a-wig-and-a-prayer-1074469.html">"Fashion: The history of the wig: On a wig and a prayer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. January 17, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Fashion%3A+The+history+of+the+wig%3A+On+a+wig+and+a+prayer&rft.date=1999-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Ffashion-the-history-of-the-wig-on-a-wig-and-a-prayer-1074469.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livesandlegaciesblog.org/2015/01/28/perukes-pomade-powder">"Perukes, Pomade, and Powder: Hair Care in the 1700s"</a>. January 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perukes%2C+Pomade%2C+and+Powder%3A+Hair+Care+in+the+1700s&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivesandlegaciesblog.org%2F2015%2F01%2F28%2Fperukes-pomade-powder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://envywigs.com/a-brief-history-of-the-wig">"A Brief History of the Wig"</a>. June 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Wig&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenvywigs.com%2Fa-brief-history-of-the-wig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcel_Gomes" class="citation web cs1">Marcel Gomes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebeautifultimes.wordpress.com/tag/louis-xiii/">"Louis XIII"</a>. <i>The Beautiful Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Beautiful+Times&rft.atitle=Louis+XIII&rft.au=Marcel+Gomes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthebeautifultimes.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Flouis-xiii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_PepysHenry_Benjamin_Wheatley1895" class="citation book cs1">Samuel Pepys; Henry Benjamin Wheatley (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PkbKlB0g2ckC"><i>The Diary of Samuel Pepys (Volume 9, Page 60)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+Samuel+Pepys+%28Volume+9%2C+Page+60%29&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Samuel+Pepys&rft.au=Henry+Benjamin+Wheatley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPkbKlB0g2ckC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhary2018" class="citation web cs1">Chaudhary, Amit (July 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetofhaircloning.com/history-of-hair-wigs/">"History of Hair Wigs - Why It is in Trend Today - Artificial Heads of Hair"</a>. <i>Planetofhaircloning.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planetofhaircloning.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Hair+Wigs+-+Why+It+is+in+Trend+Today+-+Artificial+Heads+of+Hair&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.aulast=Chaudhary&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetofhaircloning.com%2Fhistory-of-hair-wigs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockayne2021" class="citation book cs1">Cockayne, Emily (2021). <i>Filth, Noise & Stench in England</i>. Yale University Press. pp. 66–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filth%2C+Noise+%26+Stench+in+England&rft.pages=66-72&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Cockayne&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowall" class="citation web cs1">McDowall, Carolyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecultureconcept.com/adventures-in-hair-for-18th-century-gentlemen">"Adventures in Hair for 18th Century Gentlemen"</a>. <i>The Culture Concept Circle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Culture+Concept+Circle&rft.atitle=Adventures+in+Hair+for+18th+Century+Gentlemen&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecultureconcept.com%2Fadventures-in-hair-for-18th-century-gentlemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/s/pulling-at-threads/when-did-men-stop-wearing-wigs-9e3890ffaeab">"When Did Men Stop Wearing Wigs?"</a>. June 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Did+Men+Stop+Wearing+Wigs%3F&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fs%2Fpulling-at-threads%2Fwhen-did-men-stop-wearing-wigs-9e3890ffaeab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgianera.wordpress.com/2013/07/22/hair-powder-tax">"Hair Powder Tax"</a>. <i>All Things Georgian</i>. July 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Things+Georgian&rft.atitle=Hair+Powder+Tax&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgianera.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F07%2F22%2Fhair-powder-tax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noted in Janet Gleeson, <i>Privilege and Scandal: The Remarkable Life of Harriet Spencer, Sister of Georgiana</i> 2006:178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/history-of-the-judiciary-in-england-and-wales/history/">"History of Court Dress"</a>. <i>Courts and Tribunals Judiciary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Courts+and+Tribunals+Judiciary&rft.atitle=History+of+Court+Dress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.judiciary.uk%2Fabout-the-judiciary%2Fhistory-of-the-judiciary-in-england-and-wales%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hafter-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hafter_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gayne, Mary K. “Illicit Wigmaking in Eighteenth-Century Paris.” Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol. 38, no. 1, 2004, pp. 119–37. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/30053631">http://www.jstor.org/stable/30053631</a>. Accessed 3 Dec. 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_J._Menendez1983" class="citation book cs1">Albert J. Menendez (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcBhdqM6zfIC&dq=James+Madison++James+Monroe++powdered+wig++christmas&pg=PA56"><i>Christmas in the White House</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-21392-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-21392-8"><bdi>0-664-21392-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas+in+the+White+House&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-664-21392-8&rft.au=Albert+J.+Menendez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBcBhdqM6zfIC%26dq%3DJames%2BMadison%2B%2BJames%2BMonroe%2B%2Bpowdered%2Bwig%2B%2Bchristmas%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitcombWhitcomb2002" class="citation book cs1">Whitcomb, John; Whitcomb, Claire (May 3, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p1unoHtahSsC&pg=PA37"><i>Real life at the White House: 200 years of daily life at America's most famous residence</i></a> (1st Routledge pbk. ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93951-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93951-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93951-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+life+at+the+White+House%3A+200+years+of+daily+life+at+America%27s+most+famous+residence&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st+Routledge+pbk.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-05-03&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93951-5&rft.aulast=Whitcomb&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Whitcomb%2C+Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp1unoHtahSsC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerril_D._Smith2015" class="citation book cs1">Merril D. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3027-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3027-3"><bdi>978-1-4408-3027-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+American+Revolution%3A+A+Daily+Life+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+A+Daily+Life+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3027-3&rft.au=Merril+D.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyqxmCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThomas%2BJefferson%2B%2Bpowdered%2Bwigs%2B%2Bpurchased%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewson2009" class="citation book cs1">Hewson, Martha S. 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Illustration of maker of perukes or wigs"</a>. July 8, 2013. <q>maker of perukes</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perruquier%27s+Shop%2C+England%2C+18th+century.+Illustration+of+maker+of+perukes+or+wigs.&rft.date=2013-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gettyimages.com%2Fdetail%2Fnews-photo%2Fperruquiers-shop-england-18th-century-illustration-of-maker-news-photo%2F173305413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuaixiang2014" class="citation book cs1">Huaixiang, Han (June 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9J_cAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86"><i>Costume Craftwork on a Budget</i></a>. Burlington, MA: Focal Press. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0240808536" title="Special:BookSources/978-0240808536"><bdi>978-0240808536</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Costume+Craftwork+on+a+Budget&rft.place=Burlington%2C+MA&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft.isbn=978-0240808536&rft.aulast=Huaixiang&rft.aufirst=Han&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9J_cAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Art and Craft of Hairdressing" Wolters</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howitsmade-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-howitsmade_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howitsmade_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howitsmade_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Wigs". <a href="/wiki/How_It%27s_Made" title="How It's Made"><i>How It's Made</i></a>. Season 6. Episode 6–06. Discovery Channel Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+It%27s+Made&rft.series=Season+6.+Episode+6%E2%80%9306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Art and Craft of Hairdressing" ed. N.E.B. Wolters, The New Era Publishing Company, Ltd. London, 1963</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/17/us/17hair.html">"Hair Extension Thefts on the Rise"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. May 16, 2011. <q>sold with its outermost cuticle layer intact.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hair+Extension+Thefts+on+the+Rise&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F17%2Fus%2F17hair.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal_Martin2019" class="citation news cs1">Crystal Martin (May 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/style/gray-mermaid-hair.html">"We Made Gray Hair Even Prettier With Pastels"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=We+Made+Gray+Hair+Even+Prettier+With+Pastels&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft.au=Crystal+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F15%2Fstyle%2Fgray-mermaid-hair.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauren_Lipton2013" class="citation news cs1">Lauren Lipton (February 27, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/28/fashion/for-more-everyday-women-their-crowning-glory-comes-in-a-box-skin-deep.html">"Her Crowning Glory in a Box"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <q>kept in the same direction after harvesting</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Her+Crowning+Glory+in+a+Box&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft.au=Lauren+Lipton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F28%2Ffashion%2Ffor-more-everyday-women-their-crowning-glory-comes-in-a-box-skin-deep.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0455135/">"Peter Swords King"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Peter+Swords+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0455135%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0654232/">"Peter Owen"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Peter+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0654232%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wig&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/wig" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/wig">wig</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wig"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wig">"Wig" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 624–625.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wig&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=624-625&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmma_Tarlo2016" class="citation book cs1">Emma Tarlo (2016). <i>Entanglement: The Secret Lives of Hair</i>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780749921" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780749921"><bdi>978-1780749921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entanglement%3A+The+Secret+Lives+of+Hair&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1780749921&rft.au=Emma+Tarlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWig" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105507#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105507#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12488517t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12488517t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565233">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="paruky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1109759&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556012705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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