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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="تراب فولر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تراب فولر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleicherde" title="Bleicherde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bleicherde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_de_bat%C3%A1n" title="Tierra de batán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tierra de batán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_%C3%A0_foulon" title="Terre à foulon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terre à foulon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9_%C3%BAcaire" title="Cré úcaire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cré úcaire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="मुल्तानी मिट्टी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुल्तानी मिट्टी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argilla_smectica" title="Argilla smectica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Argilla smectica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="മുൾട്ടാണി മിട്ടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുൾട്ടാണി മിട്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleekaarde" title="Bleekaarde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bleekaarde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="मुल्तानी माटो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मुल्तानी माटो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleikejord" title="Bleikejord – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bleikejord" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerjord" title="Fullerjord – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fullerjord" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E2%80%8D%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਮੁਲ‍ਤਾਨੀ ਮਿੱਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁਲ‍ਤਾਨੀ ਮਿੱਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terras_de_pis%C3%A3o" title="Terras de pisão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terras de pisão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%BD%D9%8A" title="ملتاني مٽي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ملتاني مٽي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blekjord" title="Blekjord – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blekjord" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuller_topra%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Fuller toprağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fuller toprağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Відбілювальні глини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відбілювальні глини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ملتانی مٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ملتانی مٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E5%9C%9F" title="富勒土 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="富勒土" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Any clay material that can decolorise oil or other liquids</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multani_Mitti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Multani_Mitti.jpg/220px-Multani_Mitti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Multani_Mitti.jpg/330px-Multani_Mitti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Multani_Mitti.jpg/440px-Multani_Mitti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A sample of fuller's earth in its raw state from Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fuller's earth</b> is a term for various <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a> used as an absorbent, filter, or bleaching agent. Products labeled fuller's earth typically consist of <a href="/wiki/Palygorskite" title="Palygorskite">palygorskite</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Attapulgite" class="mw-redirect" title="Attapulgite">attapulgite</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Bentonite" title="Bentonite">bentonite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS1522_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS1522-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary modern uses include as absorbents for oil, grease, and animal waste (cat litter), and as a carrier for pesticides and fertilizers. Minor uses include filtering, clarifying, and decolorizing;<sup id="cite_ref-USGS1522_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS1522-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an active and inactive ingredient in beauty products; and as a filler in paint, plaster, adhesives, and pharmaceuticals.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS1522_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS1522-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has a number of uses in the film industry and on stage. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuller%27s_earth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English name reflects the historical use of the material for <a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">fulling</a> (cleaning and shrinking) wool, by textile workers known as <i>fullers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS1522_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS1522-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In past centuries, <a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">fullers</a> kneaded fuller's earth and water into <a href="/wiki/Woollen" class="mw-redirect" title="Woollen">woollen</a> cloth to absorb <a href="/wiki/Lanolin" title="Lanolin">lanolin</a>, oils, and other greasy impurities as part of the cloth finishing process. </p><p>The original spelling was without an apostrophe, but the apostrophe became more common in the 19th century, both before or after the <i>s</i>. <i>Fuller's earth</i> is the most common spelling today, but both <i>fullers earth</i> and <i>fullers' earth</i> remain in wide use.<sup id="cite_ref-apostrophe_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apostrophe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fuller's earth is also known by the following other names: </p> <ul><li><i>Bleaching clay</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nutting_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutting-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably because fulling whitened the cloth.</li> <li><i>Whitening clay</i>, particularly when used to treat facial pigmentation, such as <a href="/wiki/Melasma" title="Melasma">melasma</a>.</li> <li><span title="Hunterian transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">Multani mitti</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>: <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> 'clay of <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>'</span>; <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملتانی مِٹّی</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">मुल्तानी मिट्टी</span>), widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> in cosmetics.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name comes from the city of <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, the area of its origin.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_and_composition">Occurrence and composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuller%27s_earth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Occurrence and composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fuller's earth consists primarily of <a href="/wiki/Clay_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay minerals">hydrous aluminum silicates</a> (clay minerals) of varying composition.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS1522_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS1522-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common components are <a href="/wiki/Montmorillonite" title="Montmorillonite">montmorillonite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolinite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attapulgite" class="mw-redirect" title="Attapulgite">attapulgite</a>. Small amounts of other minerals may be present in fuller's earth deposits, including <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>. In some localities fuller's earth refers to <a href="/wiki/Bentonite#Calcium_bentonite" title="Bentonite">calcium bentonite</a>, which is altered volcanic ash composed mostly of montmorillonite.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the United States was the largest producer of fuller's earth with an almost 70% world share followed at a distance by Japan and Mexico. In the United States fuller's earth is typically derived from deposits of volcanic ash of <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> age and younger (glacial clays do not form fuller's earth).<sup id="cite_ref-USGS1522_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS1522-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nutting_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutting-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fuller's earth deposits have been mined in 24 states.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS1522_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS1522-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first discovery of fuller's earth in the United States was near <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Florida" title="Quincy, Florida">Quincy, Florida</a>, in 1893; previously it was imported from England. In 1939 mines near Quincy produced half the U.S. production.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, fuller's earth occurs mainly in England. It has been mined in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Greensand_Group" title="Lower Greensand Group">Lower Greensand Group</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_White_Horse" title="Vale of White Horse">Vale of White Horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Combe_Hay" title="Combe Hay">Combe Hay</a> Mine was a fuller's earth mine operating to the south of <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a>, until 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sites south of Bath included <a href="/wiki/Frome" title="Frome">Frome</a>, Lonsdale, <a href="/wiki/Englishcombe" title="Englishcombe">Englishcombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tucking_Mill" title="Tucking Mill">Tucking Mill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duncorn_Hill" title="Duncorn Hill">Duncorn Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these sites had been used since Roman times, <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(geologist)" title="William Smith (geologist)">William Smith</a> developed new methods for the identification of deposits of fuller's earth to the south of <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other English sources include a mine near <a href="/wiki/Redhill,_Surrey" title="Redhill, Surrey">Redhill, Surrey</a> (worked until 2000), and <a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Bedfordshire" title="Woburn, Bedfordshire">Woburn, Bedfordshire</a>, where production ceased in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hills, cliffs, and slopes that contain fuller's earth can be unstable, since this material can be <a href="/wiki/Thixotropy" title="Thixotropy">thixotropic</a> when saturated by heavy rainfall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_significance">Historical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuller%27s_earth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fulling is an important step in the production of woolen garments, and can be traced back to ancient times. <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a> texts from <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> mention a raw material, <span title="Akkadian-language text"><i lang="akk-Latn">im-bab-bár</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: <span lang="akk">𒅎𒌓</span>, <span title="Akkadian-language text"><i lang="akk-Latn">gaṣṣu</i></span>: 'gypsum, plaster'), literally "white earth", which was delivered to fullers for the finishing of cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several Biblical references to fulling (2 Kings 18:17; Isaiah 7:3 and 36:2; Malachi 3:2; Mark 9:3), but the materials used to whiten the fabric are not specified. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> mentions several types of fuller's earth (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">creta fullonia</i></span> in Latin) from a variety of locations, each with different properties and therefore different uses. </p><p>The first references to fulling mills are from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, and by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> in the late eleventh century, fulling mills were active throughout the medieval world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of fuller's earth across the Indian subcontinent dates back to at least 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhola_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhola-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While its household use and transportation by local carts in the <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> predates the 1800s, export by rail was first recorded in 1929 in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. </p><p>The value of fuller's earth is a plot point in the <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> story "<a href="/wiki/The_Adventure_of_the_Engineer%27s_Thumb" title="The Adventure of the Engineer's Thumb">The Adventure of the Engineer's Thumb</a>" (1892). In the story, an engineer is paid an outlandish sum to repair a hydraulic press, accepting his client's explanation that the potential profit from fuller's earth warrants both the expense and total secrecy. The adventure is set in 1889, implying that fuller's earth was then well-known as a lucrative commodity, "only found in one or two places in England".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuller%27s_earth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuller%27s_earth&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuller%27s_earth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fullers_Earth_-_TWCMS-G11468_(16507577759).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fullers_Earth_-_TWCMS-G11468_%2816507577759%29.jpg/220px-Fullers_Earth_-_TWCMS-G11468_%2816507577759%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fullers_Earth_-_TWCMS-G11468_%2816507577759%29.jpg/330px-Fullers_Earth_-_TWCMS-G11468_%2816507577759%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fullers_Earth_-_TWCMS-G11468_%2816507577759%29.jpg/440px-Fullers_Earth_-_TWCMS-G11468_%2816507577759%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Boxes of fuller's earth (about 1915)</figcaption></figure> <p>Fuller's earth is utilized in a number of industries.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS1522_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS1522-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nutting_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutting-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most important modern applications make use of the minerals' natural absorbent properties in products sold as absorbents or <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filters</a>. </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">fulling</a> of raw fibers, historically, and most importantly, removing the <a href="/wiki/Lanolin" title="Lanolin">lanolin</a> from sheep's wool.</li> <li>Treatment for <a href="/wiki/Poisoning" title="Poisoning">poisoning</a>. Even given the risk of salmonella, the clay content of soil could save the life of a person exposed to <a href="/wiki/Paraquat" title="Paraquat">paraquat</a>, for example, as paraquat is intended to break down in soil.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decontamination" title="Decontamination">Decontamination</a>: Fuller's earth is used by military and civil emergency service personnel to decontaminate the clothing and equipment of servicemen and CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear) responders who have been contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical agents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaning_agent" title="Cleaning agent">Cleaning agent</a>: In the Indian subcontinent, it has been used to clean marble. As a good absorbent, it removes dust, dirt, impurities and stains from the surface and replenishes the shine of marble. It has been used numerous times to clean the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat litter">Cat litter</a>: Since the late 1940s, fuller's earth has been used in commercial <a href="/wiki/Litter_box" title="Litter box">cat litter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetology" title="Cosmetology">Cosmetology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">dermatology</a>: The same properties that make fuller's earth effective at removing oils, dirt, and impurities from wool are also effective on human hair and skin.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuller%27s_earth_powder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fuller%27s_earth_powder.jpg/220px-Fuller%27s_earth_powder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fuller%27s_earth_powder.jpg/330px-Fuller%27s_earth_powder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fuller%27s_earth_powder.jpg/440px-Fuller%27s_earth_powder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Fuller's earth being used to create "muddy" water to simulate a natural habitat for the laboratory hatching of fish eggs</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In the laboratory, for filtering, decolorizing, absorbing, and mimicking natural sediment (as in experiments simulating the weathering effects of erosion and deposition in geological experiments, and hatching fish eggs).</li> <li>Fuller's earth has been used extensively for many years in motion pictures for a variety of applications, spanning from make-up, wardrobe, and set dressing, to <a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">special effects</a>. In the area of special effects, it is used in <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnics</a> explosions and dust clouds, because it spreads farther and higher than most natural soils, resulting in a blast that looks larger, and is safer than naturally occurring soil should the blast spray hit actors. It was used in the tornado sequence in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i> as the artificial twister ploughed its way toward the farmhouse.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fuller's earth is also widely used by the <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">make-up</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical property">props</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">wardrobe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Set_dresser" title="Set dresser">set dresser</a> departments, because it is considered a "clean" dirt, safer to use around people, and it cleans up easily. However, health concerns in this regard have been debated.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fuller's earth is available in small quantities by make-up suppliers for use in making the face and body appear dirty. It is used by props technicians to make furniture look dusty. Wardrobe dressers use a small, loose-mesh cloth bag filled with fuller's earth to apply it to clothing to make it appear dusty. Set dressers use fuller's earth to change paved streets into dirt roads, to create dust trailing from a moving vehicle over a dirt road, or to indicate a vehicle trail over untravelled ground.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuller%27s_earth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">Diatomaceous earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">Kaolinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_clay" title="Medicinal clay">Medicinal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepiolite" title="Sepiolite">Sepiolite</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuller%27s_earth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-USGS1522-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS1522_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS1522_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS1522_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS1522_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS1522_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS1522_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS1522_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS1522_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHostermanSam_H._Patterson1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hosterman, John W.; Sam H. Patterson (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp1522">"Bentonite and Fuller's Earth Resources of the United States"</a>. <i>U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper</i>. Professional Paper (1522). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp1522">10.3133/pp1522</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey+Professional+Paper&rft.atitle=Bentonite+and+Fuller%27s+Earth+Resources+of+the+United+States&rft.issue=1522&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3133%2Fpp1522&rft.aulast=Hosterman&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=Sam+H.+Patterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3133%252Fpp1522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuller%27s+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLotha2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lotha, Gloria (13 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/science/fullers-earth">"Fuller's earth"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Textile+Terminologies+from+the+Orient+to+the+Mediterranean+and+Europe%2C+1000+BC+to+1000+AD&rft.atitle=A+Diachronic+View+on+Fulling+Technology+in+the+Mediterranean+and+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+Tools%2C+Raw+Materials+and+Natural+Resources+for+the+Finishing+of+Textiles&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Soriga&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Ftexterm%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuller%27s+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Woods (2005), "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization", <i>How the Monks Saved Civilization</i> <b>33</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhola-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bhola_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhola1946" class="citation journal cs1">Bhola, K. 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"Fuller's Earth in India". <i>Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 104–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0371750x.1946.10877805">10.1080/0371750x.1946.10877805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Indian+Ceramic+Society&rft.atitle=Fuller%27s+Earth+in+India&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=104-124&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0371750x.1946.10877805&rft.aulast=Bhola&rft.aufirst=K.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuller%27s+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle1892" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Arthur Conan (1892). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Sherlock_Holmes_(1892,_US)/The_Adventure_of_the_Engineer%27s_Thumb">"The Adventure of the Engineer's Thumb"</a>. <i>The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes</i>. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 205–228<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Adventure+of+the+Engineer%27s+Thumb&rft.btitle=The+Adventures+of+Sherlock+Holmes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=205-228&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Conan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Adventures_of_Sherlock_Holmes_%281892%2C_US%29%2FThe_Adventure_of_the_Engineer%2527s_Thumb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuller%27s+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Revkin, A. C. "Paraquat: A potent weed killer is killing people". Science Digest. 1983, 91 (6): 36–38. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Survive_To_Fight" title="Survive To Fight">Survive To Fight</a></i>. British Army, Defense CBRN Center. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survive+To+Fight&rft.pub=British+Army%2C+Defense+CBRN+Center&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuller%27s+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/uttar-pradesh/Taj-Mahal-to-undergo-mud-pack-therapy/articleshow/47232524.cms">"Taj Mahal to undergo mud pack therapy"</a>. <i>Times of India</i>. 11 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Taj+Mahal+to+undergo+mud+pack+therapy&rft.date=2015-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Futtar-pradesh%2FTaj-Mahal-to-undergo-mud-pack-therapy%2Farticleshow%2F47232524.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuller%27s+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2014" class="citation book cs1">Hogan, David J. (1 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PuYMBAAAQBAJ&q=wizard+of+oz+fuller%27s+earth&pg=PT290"><i>The Wizard of Oz FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Life, According to Oz</i></a>. Hal Leonard Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781480397194" title="Special:BookSources/9781480397194"><bdi>9781480397194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wizard+of+Oz+FAQ%3A+All+That%27s+Left+to+Know+About+Life%2C+According+to+Oz&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2014-06-01&rft.isbn=9781480397194&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPuYMBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwizard%2Bof%2Boz%2Bfuller%2527s%2Bearth%26pg%3DPT290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuller%27s+earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pickut, Walt (16 July 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livestrong.com/article/188651-fullers-earth-health-effects/">Fuller's Earth Health Effects</a>. livestrong.com</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuller%27s_earth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brady, G.S., Clauser, H.R., & Vaccari, J.A. (2002). <i>Materials handbook.</i> (15th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/clays/fullersearthref.pdf"><i>References on Fuller's Earth.</i></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpad.com.pk/index.php/jpad/article/view/1332/1301">Kumar P. Multani mitti: Is it more than a placebo?</a> - J Pak Ass Dermatol.2018;29(3):345-348.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1986" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Robert H. S. (1986). <i>Fuller's Earth: A History</i>. Volturna Press: Hyde, Kent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85606-070-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85606-070-4"><bdi>0-85606-070-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuller%27s+Earth%3A+A+History&rft.place=Volturna+Press&rft.pub=Hyde%2C+Kent&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-85606-070-4&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuller%27s+earth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuller%27s_earth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008161825/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/decatur/fullers-earth">Fullers Earth</a> historical marker in <a href="/wiki/Attapulgus,_Georgia" title="Attapulgus, Georgia">Attapulgus, Georgia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118184638/http://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/techreports/PDF/USBM-071.pdf">Department of Interior - Fullers Earth report</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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title="Psamment">Arenosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcisol" title="Calcisol">Calcisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambisol" title="Cambisol">Cambisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">Chernozem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryosols">Cryosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durisol" title="Durisol">Durisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferralsols" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferralsols">Ferralsols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvisol" title="Fluvisol">Fluvisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleysol" title="Gleysol">Gleysols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsisols">Gypsisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastanozem" title="Kastanozem">Kastanozems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptosol" title="Leptosol">Leptosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixisol" title="Lixisol">Lixisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luvisol" title="Luvisol">Luvisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisol" title="Nitisol">Nitisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeozem" title="Phaeozem">Phaeozems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planosol" title="Planosol">Planosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinthosol" title="Plinthosol">Plinthosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">Podzols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regosol" title="Regosol">Regosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retisol" title="Retisol">Retisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solonchak" title="Solonchak">Solonchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solonetz" title="Solonetz">Solonetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagnosol" title="Stagnosol">Stagnosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technosol" title="Technosol">Technosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrisol" title="Umbrisol">Umbrisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertisol" title="Vertisol">Vertisols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy" title="USDA soil taxonomy">USDA soil taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfisol" title="Alfisol">Alfisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andisol" title="Andisol">Andisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aridisol" title="Aridisol">Aridisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entisol" title="Entisol">Entisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelisol" title="Gelisol">Gelisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inceptisol" title="Inceptisol">Inceptisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollisol" title="Mollisol">Mollisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxisol" title="Oxisol">Oxisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">Spodosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultisol" title="Ultisol">Ultisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertisol" title="Vertisol">Vertisols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FAO_soil_classification" title="FAO soil classification">FAO soil classification</a> (1974–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Soil_Classification_System" title="Unified Soil Classification System">Unified Soil Classification System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AASHTO_Soil_Classification_System" title="AASHTO Soil Classification System">AASHTO Soil Classification System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rentiel_p%C3%A9dologique" title="Référentiel pédologique">Référentiel pédologique</a> (French classification system)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_system_of_soil_classification" title="Canadian system of soil classification">Canadian system of soil classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Soil_Classification" title="Australian Soil Classification">Australian Soil Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Soil_Classification" title="Polish Soil Classification">Polish Soil Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_USDA_soil_taxonomy" title="1938 USDA soil taxonomy">1938 USDA soil taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils" title="List of U.S. state soils">List of U.S. state soils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">List of vineyard soil types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-systematic soil types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_crust" title="Soil crust">Soil crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claypan" title="Claypan">Claypan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpan" title="Hardpan">Hardpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypcrust" title="Gypcrust">Gypcrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliche" title="Caliche">Caliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent_material" title="Parent material">Parent material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">Pedosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laimosphere" title="Laimosphere">Laimosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere" title="Rhizosphere">Rhizosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_soil" title="Bulk soil">Bulk soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_soil" title="Alkali soil">Alkali soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_goo" title="Blue goo">Blue goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickearth" title="Brickearth">Brickearth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_earth" title="Brown earth">Brown earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_grassland" title="Calcareous grassland">Calcareous grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_earth" title="Dark earth">Dark earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_quicksand" title="Dry quicksand">Dry quicksand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_soil" title="Duplex soil">Duplex soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluvium" title="Eluvium">Eluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansive_clay" title="Expansive clay">Expansive clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">Fill dirt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fuller's earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic_soil" title="Hydrophobic soil">Hydrophobic soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">Lunar soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Martian soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">Mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleosol" title="Paleosol">Paleosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_farmland" title="Prime farmland">Prime farmland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quicksand" title="Quicksand">Quicksand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentine_soil" title="Serpentine soil">Serpentine soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spodic_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Spodic soil">Spodic soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagnogley" title="Stagnogley">Stagnogley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaqueous_soil" title="Subaqueous soil">Subaqueous soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takir_(soil)" title="Takir (soil)">Takir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_rossa_(soil)" title="Terra rossa (soil)">Terra rossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedoma" title="Yedoma">Yedoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_soil" title="Category:Types of soil">Types of soil</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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