CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Uranium - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f11e57a4-804c-42bb-b5d7-b22443daa0e4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Uranium","wgTitle":"Uranium","wgCurRevisionId":1275603341,"wgRevisionId":1275603341,"wgArticleId":31743,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: unfit URL","CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use dmy dates from August 2021","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images", "Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9","Uranium","Chemical elements","Actinides","Nuclear fuels","Nuclear materials","Suspected male-mediated teratogens","Manhattan Project","Pyrophoric materials"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Uranium","wgRelevantArticleId":31743,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search": true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1098","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HEUraniumC.jpg/1200px-HEUraniumC.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="960"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HEUraniumC.jpg/800px-HEUraniumC.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HEUraniumC.jpg/640px-HEUraniumC.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="512"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Uranium - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Uranium rootpage-Uranium skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Uranium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Uranium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Uranium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Uranium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Civilian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-discovery_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-discovery_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Pre-discovery use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-discovery_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fission_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fission_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Fission research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fission_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_weaponry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_weaponry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Nuclear weaponry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_weaponry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Reactors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_naturally_occurring_fission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_naturally_occurring_fission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Prehistoric naturally occurring fission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_naturally_occurring_fission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contamination_and_the_Cold_War_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contamination_and_the_Cold_War_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Contamination and the Cold War legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contamination_and_the_Cold_War_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occurrence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Occurrence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biotic_and_abiotic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biotic_and_abiotic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Biotic and abiotic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biotic_and_abiotic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Production and mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_and_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resources_and_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources_and_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Resources and reserves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resources_and_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Supplies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxidation_states_and_oxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxidation_states_and_oxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Oxidation states and oxides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxidation_states_and_oxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Oxides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aqueous_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aqueous_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Aqueous chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aqueous_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbonates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbonates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Carbonates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbonates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_pH" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_pH"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Effects of pH </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_pH-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrides,_carbides_and_nitrides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrides,_carbides_and_nitrides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Hydrides, carbides and nitrides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrides,_carbides_and_nitrides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Halides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Isotopes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Isotopes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enrichment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enrichment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Enrichment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enrichment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Human exposure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_exposure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human exposure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_and_precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_and_precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Effects and precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_and_precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Uranium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 169 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-169" aria-hidden="true" > 169 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraan" title="Uraan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Uraan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A9%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ዩራኒየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዩራኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यूरेनियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यूरेनियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="يورانيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يورانيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Uranio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Uraniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Uraniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(kimy%C9%99vi_element)" title="Uran (kimyəvi element) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uran (kimyəvi element)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="اورانیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اورانیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ইউরেনিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরেনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (элемент) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Уран (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (хімічны элемент) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уран (хімічны элемент)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (хімічны элемэнт) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Уран (хімічны элемэнт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यूरेनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यूरेनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranyo" title="Uranyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Uranyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (елемент) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уран (елемент)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡུ་རེ་ནིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡུ་རེ་ནིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranij" title="Uranij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Uranij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniom" title="Uraniom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Uraniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urani" title="Urani – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Urani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (элемент) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Уран (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranyo" title="Uranyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Uranyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(prvek)" title="Uran (prvek) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uran (prvek)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yureniyamu" title="Yureniyamu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Yureniyamu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Uraniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wraniwm" title="Wraniwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wraniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ؤرانيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤرانيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81eetsoh" title="Łeetsoh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łeetsoh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraan" title="Uraan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uraan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ουράνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουράνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (элемент) – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Уран (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Uranio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Uranio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uranio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="اورانیوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اورانیوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urani" title="Urani – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Urani" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ar%C3%A1iniam" title="Úráiniam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Úráiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraanium" title="Uraanium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Uraanium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Uranio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鈾" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="યુરેનિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યુરેનિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="युरेनियम – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="युरेनियम" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Уранум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Уранум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%9D%BC%EB%8A%84" title="우라늄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우라늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80)" title="Ուրան (տարր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուրան (տարր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यूरेनियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूरेनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranij" title="Uranij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uranij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Uranio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (элемент) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уран (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-uranium" title="I-uranium – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-uranium" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aran" title="Úran – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úran" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uranio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אורניום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B1ran%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Ʊranɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ʊranɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯುರೇನಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುರೇನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98)" title="ურანი (ელემენტი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ურანი (ელემენტი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%90%DB%8C%D9%8E%D9%85" title="یورینِیَم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یورینِیَم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (химиялық элемент) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уран (химиялық элемент)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniom" title="Uraniom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Uraniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urani" title="Urani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Urani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (элемент) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Уран (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irany%C3%B2m" title="Iranyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Iranyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (химиялык элемент) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Уран (химиялык элемент)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (элемент) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Уран (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranie" title="Uranie – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Uranie" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Uranio" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C4%81ns_(elements)" title="Urāns (elements) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Urāns (elements)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranas_(elementas)" title="Uranas (elementas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Uranas (elementas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urannio" title="Urannio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Urannio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruanu" title="Uruanu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Uruanu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrvurani" title="jinmrvurani – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrvurani" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulaniyaamu_(Uranium)" title="Yulaniyaamu (Uranium) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Yulaniyaamu (Uranium)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Uranio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%A1n" title="Urán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Urán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ураниум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ураниум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orani%C3%B4ma" title="Oraniôma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Oraniôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="യുറേനിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുറേനിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="युरेनियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युरेनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="يورانيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يورانيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B9_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Iù (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iù (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уран – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уран" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ယူရေနီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူရေနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilhuicateotepoztli" title="Ilhuicateotepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ilhuicateotepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="युरेनियम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युरेनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="युर्यानियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="युर्यानियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="ウラン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraan" title="Uraan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uraan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urani" title="Urani – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Urani" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ୟୁରାନିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ୟୁରାନିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(kimyoviy_unsur)" title="Uran (kimyoviy unsur) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uran (kimyoviy unsur)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਯੂਰੇਨੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਰੇਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="युर्यानियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="युर्यानियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="یورینیئم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یورینیئم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ယူရေနီယမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ယူရေနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85" title="يورانيم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يورانيم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuurieniom" title="Yuurieniom – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yuurieniom" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D3%A7%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Уран (ӧтувтор) – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Уран (ӧтувтор)" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urani" title="Urani – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Urani" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(pierwiastek)" title="Uran (pierwiastek) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uran (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%A2nio" title="Urânio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Urânio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uraniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranyu" title="Uranyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uranyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (елемент) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Уран (елемент)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (элемент) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уран (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ураниум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ураниум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यूरेनियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="यूरेनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱭᱩᱨᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%A0niu" title="Uràniu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Uràniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urani_(element_kimik)" title="Urani (element kimik) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Urani (element kimik)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Uraniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="යුරේනියම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුරේනියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%85" title="يورينيئم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يورينيئم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%A1n_(chemick%C3%BD_prvok)" title="Urán (chemický prvok) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Urán (chemický prvok)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%97%D1%A5" title="Оуранїѥ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Оуранїѥ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="یورانیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یورانیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Уранијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уранијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranijum" title="Uranijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uranijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Uranium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraani" title="Uraani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uraani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranyo" title="Uranyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Uranyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="யுரேனியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யுரேனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (химик элемент) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Уран (химик элемент)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="యురేనియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యురేనియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ยูเรเนียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูเรเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (элемент) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уран (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%B3%E1%8F%AA%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A5%E1%8E%BB" title="ᏳᏪᏂᎥᎻ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏳᏪᏂᎥᎻ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranyum" title="Uranyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uranyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (хімічний елемент) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уран (хімічний елемент)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="یورینیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یورینیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئۇران – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۇران" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%A0nio" title="Urànio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Urànio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran_(himine_element)" title="Uran (himine element) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Uran (himine element)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urani" title="Urani – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Urani" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luranin" title="Luranin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Luranin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鈾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranyo" title="Uranyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Uranyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%80" title="铀 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אוראניום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוראניום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99r%C3%A1n%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m" title="Ùráníọ̀m – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ùráníọ̀m" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鈾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鈾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1098#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Uranium" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Uranium">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Uranium">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Uranium" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Uranium" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium&oldid=1275603341" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Uranium&id=1275603341&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUranium">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUranium">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Uranium&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Uranium" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1098" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Uranium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Uranium (disambiguation)">Uranium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 92 (U)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Uranium, 92U</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:HEUraniumC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two hands in brown gloves holding a blotched gray disk with a number 2068 hand-written on it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HEUraniumC.jpg/220px-HEUraniumC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HEUraniumC.jpg/330px-HEUraniumC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HEUraniumC.jpg/440px-HEUraniumC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2560" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Uranium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/jʊˈreɪniəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">yuu-RAY-nee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery gray metallic; corrodes to a <a href="/wiki/Spalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Spalling">spalling</a> black oxide coat in air</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(U)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>238.02891±0.00003<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW-1">[1]</a></li><li>238.03±0.01 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Uranium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> ↑ U ↓ — </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">protactinium</a> ← uranium → <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">92</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/F-block_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block groups">f-block groups</a> (no number)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">period 7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#f-block" title="Block (periodic table)">f-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5f3 6d1 7s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1405.3 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1132.2 °C, 2070 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4404 K (4131 °C, 7468 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">19.050 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">17.3 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9.14 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">417.1 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27.665 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>2325 </td> <td>2564 </td> <td>2859 </td> <td>3234 </td> <td>3727 </td> <td>4402 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +6 −1,<a href="#cite_note-Th(-1),_U(-1)-4">[4]</a> +1,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +2,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +3,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> +4,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> +5<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.38 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 597.6 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1420 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 156 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">196±7 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">186 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:92_(U_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/92_%28U_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/240px-92_%28U_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/92_%28U_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/360px-92_%28U_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/92_%28U_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/480px-92_%28U_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of uranium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">orthorhombic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">oS4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthorhombic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Orthorhombic crystal structure for uranium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/50px-Orthorhombic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/75px-Orthorhombic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/100px-Orthorhombic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="142" /></a></div>a = 285.35 pm b = 586.97 pm c = 495.52 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15.46×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27.5 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.280 µΩ⋅m (at 0 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">208 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">111 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">3155 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.23 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1960–2500 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2350–3850 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-61-1 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">planet Uranus</a>, itself named after Greek <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">god of the sky Uranus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a> (1789)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne-Melchior_P%C3%A9ligot" title="Eugène-Melchior Péligot">Eugène-Melchior Péligot</a> (1841)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_uranium" title="Isotopes of uranium">Isotopes of uranium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_uranium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox uranium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_uranium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox uranium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium-232" title="Uranium-232">232U</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">68.9 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium-228" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium-228">228Th</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">SF</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium-233" title="Uranium-233">233U</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.592×105 y<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium-229" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium-229">229Th</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium-234" title="Uranium-234">234U</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.005% </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.455×105 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium-230" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium-230">230Th</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">235U</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.720% </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">7.038×108 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium-231" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium-231">231Th</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium-236" title="Uranium-236">236U</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">trace </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.342×107 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium-232" title="Thorium-232">232Th</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">238U</a> </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">99.3% </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">4.468×109 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium-234" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium-234">234Th</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Double_beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Double beta minus decay">β−β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium-238" title="Plutonium-238">238Pu</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Uranium" title="Category:Uranium">Category: Uranium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_uranium" title="Template:Infobox uranium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_uranium" title="Template talk:Infobox uranium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_uranium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox uranium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Uranium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> U and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 92. It is a silvery-grey <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a> series of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>. A uranium atom has 92 <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and 92 <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>, of which 6 are <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a>. Uranium <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactively decays</a>, usually by emitting an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particle</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of this decay varies between 159,200 and 4.5 billion years for different <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_uranium" title="Isotopes of uranium">isotopes</a>, making them useful for dating the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a>. The most common isotopes in <a href="/wiki/Natural_uranium" title="Natural uranium">natural uranium</a> are <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a> (which has 146 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> and accounts for over 99% of uranium on Earth) and <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> (which has 143 neutrons). Uranium has the highest <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordially</a> occurring elements. Its <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> is about 70% higher than that of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and slightly lower than that of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation#Parts-per_expressions" title="Parts-per notation">parts per million</a> in soil, rock and water, and is commercially <a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">extracted</a> from uranium-bearing <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Uraninite" title="Uraninite">uraninite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nuclear</a> properties. Uranium is used in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> because it is the only naturally occurring element with a <a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a> isotope – uranium-235 – present in non-trace amounts. However, because of the low abundance of uranium-235 in natural uranium (which is overwhelmingly uranium-238), uranium needs to undergo <a href="/wiki/Uranium_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium enrichment">enrichment</a> so that enough uranium-235 is present. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons and is <a href="/wiki/Fertile_material" title="Fertile material">fertile</a>, meaning it can be <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">transmuted</a> to fissile <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>. Another fissile isotope, <a href="/wiki/Uranium-233" title="Uranium-233">uranium-233</a>, can be produced from natural <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> and is studied for future industrial use in nuclear technology. Uranium-238 has a small probability for <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> or even induced fission with fast neutrons; uranium-235, and to a lesser degree uranium-233, have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">nuclear chain reaction</a>. This generates the heat in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear power reactors</a> and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. The primary civilian use for uranium harnesses the heat energy to produce electricity. <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a> (238U) is used in <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_penetrator" title="Kinetic energy penetrator">kinetic energy penetrators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">armor plating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001479-11">[10]</a> The 1789 <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">discovery</a> of uranium in the mineral <a href="/wiki/Uraninite" title="Uraninite">pitchblende</a> is credited to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a>, who named the new element after the recently discovered planet <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne-Melchior_P%C3%A9ligot" title="Eugène-Melchior Péligot">Eugène-Melchior Péligot</a> was the first person to isolate the metal, and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a>. Research by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> and others, such as <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> industry and in <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">first nuclear weapon used in war</a>. An ensuing <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a>. Dismantling of these weapons and related nuclear facilities is carried out within various <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a> programs and costs billions of dollars. Weapon-grade uranium obtained from nuclear weapons is diluted with uranium-238 and reused as fuel for nuclear reactors. <a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">Spent nuclear fuel</a> forms <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive waste</a>, which mostly consists of uranium-238 and poses a significant health threat and <a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">environmental impact</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuclear_fission.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram showing a chain transformation of uranium-235 to uranium-236 to barium-141 and krypton-92" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/170px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/255px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/340px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>A neutron-induced nuclear fission event involving uranium-235</figcaption></figure> Uranium is a silvery white, weakly radioactive <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>. It has a <a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Mohs hardness</a> of 6, sufficient to scratch glass and roughly equal to that of <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Malleability" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleability">malleable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a>, slightly <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a>, strongly <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electropositive</a> and a poor <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SciTechEncy-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> Uranium metal has a very high <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of 19.1 g/cm3,<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> denser than <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> (11.3 g/cm3),<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> but slightly less dense than <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> (19.3 g/cm3).<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metallic elements (except <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a>) and their <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>, with reactivity increasing with temperature.<a href="#cite_note-ColumbiaEncy-18">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">Hydrochloric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acids</a> dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly.<a href="#cite_note-SciTechEncy-12">[11]</a> When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of <a href="/wiki/Uranium_oxide" title="Uranium oxide">uranium oxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into <a href="/wiki/Uranium_dioxide" title="Uranium dioxide">uranium dioxide</a> or other chemical forms usable in industry. Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be <a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a>. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On bombardment with slow neutrons, uranium-235 most of the time splits into two smaller <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nuclei</a>, releasing nuclear <a href="/wiki/Binding_energy" title="Binding energy">binding energy</a> and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">nuclear chain reaction</a> occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in some circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_poison" title="Neutron poison">neutron poison</a>, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor <a href="/wiki/Control_rod" title="Control rod">control rods</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_physics" title="Nuclear reactor physics">nuclear reactor physics</a> for a description of this process of reactor control). As little as 15 lb (6.8 kg) of uranium-235 can be used to make an atomic bomb.<a href="#cite_note-EncyIntel-19">[18]</a> The nuclear weapon detonated over <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>, relied on uranium fission. However, the first nuclear bomb (the Gadget used at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a>) and the bomb that was detonated over Nagasaki (<a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>) were both plutonium bombs. Uranium metal has three <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropic</a> forms:<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <ul><li>α (<a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">orthorhombic</a>) stable up to 668 °C (1,234 °F). Orthorhombic, <a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> No. 63, Cmcm, <a href="/wiki/Lattice_parameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Lattice parameter">lattice parameters</a> a = 285.4 pm, b = 587 pm, c = 495.5 pm.<a href="#cite_note-Grenthe-21">[20]</a></li> <li>β (<a href="/wiki/Tetragonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetragonal">tetragonal</a>) stable from 668 to 775 °C (1,234 to 1,427 °F). Tetragonal, space group P42/mnm, P42nm, or P4n2, lattice parameters a = 565.6 pm, b = c = 1075.9 pm.<a href="#cite_note-Grenthe-21">[20]</a></li> <li>γ (<a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a>) from 775 °C (1,427 °F) to melting point—this is the most malleable and ductile state. Body-centered cubic, lattice parameter a = 352.4 pm.<a href="#cite_note-Grenthe-21">[20]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:30mm_DU_slug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shiny metallic cylinder with a sharpened tip. The overall length is 9 cm and diameter about 2 cm." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/30mm_DU_slug.jpg/220px-30mm_DU_slug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/30mm_DU_slug.jpg/330px-30mm_DU_slug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/30mm_DU_slug.jpg/440px-30mm_DU_slug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Various militaries use depleted uranium as high-density penetrators.</figcaption></figure> The major application of uranium in the military sector is in high-density penetrators. This ammunition consists of <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted uranium</a> (DU) alloyed with 1–2% other elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> At high impact speed, the density, hardness, and <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoricity" title="Pyrophoricity">pyrophoricity</a> of the projectile enable the destruction of heavily armored targets. Tank armor and other removable <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle armor">vehicle armor</a> can also be hardened with depleted uranium plates. The use of depleted uranium became politically and environmentally contentious after the use of such munitions by the US, UK and other countries during wars in the Persian Gulf and the Balkans raised questions concerning uranium compounds left in the soil (see <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_syndrome" title="Gulf War syndrome">Gulf War syndrome</a>).<a href="#cite_note-EncyIntel-19">[18]</a> Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials. While the metal itself is radioactive, its high density makes it more effective than <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> in halting radiation from strong sources such as <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SciTechEncy-12">[11]</a> Other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as ballast for missile <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_reentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric reentry">re-entry vehicles</a> and as a shielding material.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> Due to its high density, this material is found in <a href="/wiki/Inertial_guidance_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial guidance system">inertial guidance systems</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopic</a> <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compasses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001480-23">[22]</a> The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by <a href="/wiki/Uranium_oxide" title="Uranium oxide">uranium oxide</a> rather than radioactivity (uranium being only a weak <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha emitter</a>). During the later stages of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the entire <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a> derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb (<a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear weapon</a>) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> to undergo <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by <a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast neutron">fast neutrons</a> from the nuclear fusion process.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian">Civilian</h3></div> The main use of uranium in the civilian sector is to fuel <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a>. One kilogram of uranium-235 can theoretically produce about 20 <a href="/wiki/Terajoules" class="mw-redirect" title="Terajoules">terajoules</a> of energy (2×1013 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joules</a>), assuming complete fission; as much <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> as 1.5 million kilograms (1,500 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001479-11">[10]</a> Commercial nuclear power plants use fuel that is typically enriched to around 3% uranium-235.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001479-11">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/CANDU_reactor" title="CANDU reactor">CANDU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a> designs are the only commercial reactors capable of using unenriched uranium fuel. Fuel used for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> reactors is typically highly enriched in <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> (the exact values are <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified</a>). In a <a href="/wiki/Breeder_reactor" title="Breeder reactor">breeder reactor</a>, uranium-238 can also be converted into plutonium-239 through the following reaction:<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">238 92U </a> + n → <a href="/wiki/Uranium-239" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium-239">239 92U </a> + γ β−→  <a href="/wiki/Neptunium-239" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium-239">239 93Np </a> β−→  <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">239 94Pu </a></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U_glass_with_black_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A glass place on a glass stand. The plate is glowing green while the stand is colorless." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/U_glass_with_black_light.jpg/220px-U_glass_with_black_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/U_glass_with_black_light.jpg/330px-U_glass_with_black_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/U_glass_with_black_light.jpg/440px-U_glass_with_black_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Uranium glass glowing under <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV light</a></figcaption></figure> Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as <a href="/wiki/Uranium_glass" title="Uranium glass">uranium glass</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Fiesta_(dinnerware)" title="Fiesta (dinnerware)">Fiestaware</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The discovery and isolation of <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> in uranium ore (pitchblende) by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium. This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry, making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant. Besides the pottery glazes, <a href="/wiki/Uranium_tile" title="Uranium tile">uranium tile</a> glazes accounted for the bulk of the use, including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green, yellow, <a href="/wiki/Mauve" title="Mauve">mauve</a>, black, blue, red and other colors. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranium_ceramic_-_Flickr_-_Sencer_Sar%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Uranium_ceramic_-_Flickr_-_Sencer_Sar%C4%B1.jpg/220px-Uranium_ceramic_-_Flickr_-_Sencer_Sar%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Uranium_ceramic_-_Flickr_-_Sencer_Sar%C4%B1.jpg/330px-Uranium_ceramic_-_Flickr_-_Sencer_Sar%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Uranium_ceramic_-_Flickr_-_Sencer_Sar%C4%B1.jpg/440px-Uranium_ceramic_-_Flickr_-_Sencer_Sar%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>The uranium glaze on a Sencer Sarı ceramic glowing under <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV light</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vacuum_capacitor_with_uranium_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A glass cylinder capped on both ends with metal electrodes. Inside the glass bulb there is a metal cylinder connected to the electrodes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Vacuum_capacitor_with_uranium_glass.jpg/220px-Vacuum_capacitor_with_uranium_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Vacuum_capacitor_with_uranium_glass.jpg/330px-Vacuum_capacitor_with_uranium_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Vacuum_capacitor_with_uranium_glass.jpg/440px-Vacuum_capacitor_with_uranium_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Uranium glass used as lead-in seals in a vacuum <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a></figcaption></figure> Uranium was also used in <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photographic</a> chemicals (especially <a href="/wiki/Uranium_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium nitrate">uranium nitrate</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">toner</a>),<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> in lamp filaments for <a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">stage lighting</a> bulbs,<a href="#cite_note-epa-28">[27]</a> to improve the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Dentures" title="Dentures">dentures</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordants</a> of silk or wool. <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_acetate" title="Uranyl acetate">Uranyl acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_formate" title="Uranyl formate">uranyl formate</a> are used as electron-dense "stains" in <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">transmission electron microscopy</a>, to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in <a href="/wiki/Negative_staining" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative staining">negative staining</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, isolated <a href="/wiki/Cell_organelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell organelle">cell organelles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecules</a>. The discovery of the radioactivity of uranium ushered in additional scientific and practical uses of the element. The long <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of uranium-238 (4.47×109 years) makes it well-suited for use in estimating the age of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> and for other types of <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93thorium_dating" title="Uranium–thorium dating">uranium–thorium dating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">uranium–lead dating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93uranium_dating" title="Uranium–uranium dating">uranium–uranium dating</a>. Uranium metal is used for <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> targets in the making of high-energy X-rays.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-discovery_use">Pre-discovery use</h3></div> The use of <a href="/wiki/Pitchblende" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchblende">pitchblende</a>, uranium in its natural <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> form, dates back to at least the year 79 AD, when it was used in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> to add a yellow color to <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> glazes.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> Yellow glass with 1% uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape <a href="/wiki/Posillipo" title="Posillipo">Posillipo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Naples" title="Gulf of Naples">Gulf of Naples</a>, Italy, by R. T. Gunther of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001482-30">[29]</a> Starting in the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, pitchblende was extracted from the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> silver mines in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1chymov" title="Jáchymov">Joachimsthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (now Jáchymov in the Czech Republic) in the <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a>, and was used as a coloring agent in the local <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glassmaking</a> industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477-31">[30]</a> In the early 19th century, the world's only known sources of uranium ore were these mines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/170px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/255px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/340px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>The planet <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, which uranium is named after</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">discovery</a> of the element is credited to the German chemist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a>. While he was working in his experimental laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely <a href="/wiki/Sodium_diuranate" title="Sodium diuranate">sodium diuranate</a>) by dissolving <a href="/wiki/Pitchblende" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchblende">pitchblende</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> and neutralizing the solution with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477-31">[30]</a> Klaproth assumed the yellow substance was the oxide of a yet-undiscovered element and heated it with <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> to obtain a black powder, which he thought was the newly discovered metal itself (in fact, that powder was an <a href="/wiki/Oxide_of_uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxide of uranium">oxide of uranium</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> He named the newly discovered element after the planet <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> (named after the primordial <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Greek god of the sky</a>), which had been discovered eight years earlier by <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In 1841, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne-Melchior_P%C3%A9ligot" title="Eugène-Melchior Péligot">Eugène-Melchior Péligot</a>, Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_National_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers">Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers</a> (Central School of Arts and Manufactures) in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, isolated the first sample of uranium metal by heating <a href="/wiki/Uranium_tetrachloride" title="Uranium tetrachloride">uranium tetrachloride</a> with <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Becquerel_plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two fuzzy black features on a fuzzy white paper-like background. There is a handwriting at the top of the picture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Becquerel_plate.jpg/220px-Becquerel_plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Becquerel_plate.jpg/330px-Becquerel_plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Becquerel_plate.jpg/440px-Becquerel_plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a> by exposing a <a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">photographic plate</a> to uranium in 1896.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> discovered radioactivity by using uranium in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-ColumbiaEncy-18">[17]</a> Becquerel made the discovery in Paris by leaving a sample of a uranium salt, K2UO2(SO4)2 (potassium uranyl sulfate), on top of an unexposed <a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">photographic plate</a> in a drawer and noting that the plate had become "fogged".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001478-35">[34]</a> He determined that a form of invisible light or rays emitted by uranium had exposed the plate. During World War I when the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> suffered a shortage of molybdenum to make artillery gun barrels and high speed tool steels, they routinely used <a href="/wiki/Ferrouranium" title="Ferrouranium">ferrouranium</a> alloy as a substitute, as it presents many of the same physical characteristics as molybdenum. When this practice became known in 1916 the US government requested several prominent universities to research the use of uranium in manufacturing and metalwork. Tools made with these formulas remained in use for several decades,<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> placed a large demand on uranium for fission research and weapon development. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fission_research">Fission research</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UraniumCubesLarge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/UraniumCubesLarge.jpg/220px-UraniumCubesLarge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/UraniumCubesLarge.jpg/330px-UraniumCubesLarge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/UraniumCubesLarge.jpg/440px-UraniumCubesLarge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Cuboids of uranium produced during the Manhattan Project</figcaption></figure> A team led by <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> in 1934 found that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta rays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positrons</a> from the elements produced; see <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta particle</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968773-38">[37]</a> The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements with atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza University of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orso_Mario_Corbino" title="Orso Mario Corbino">Orso Mario Corbino</a>, named <a href="/wiki/Ausenium_and_hesperium" title="Ausenium and hesperium">ausenium and hesperium</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release <a href="/wiki/Binding_energy" title="Binding energy">binding energy</a> were conducted by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Strassmann" title="Fritz Strassmann">Fritz Strassmann</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968773-38">[37]</a> in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a> and her nephew, physicist <a href="/wiki/Otto_Robert_Frisch" title="Otto Robert Frisch">Otto Robert Frisch</a>, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>".<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of uranium-235.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968773-38">[37]</a> Fermi urged <a href="/wiki/Alfred_O._C._Nier" title="Alfred O. C. Nier">Alfred O. C. Nier</a> to separate uranium isotopes for determination of the fissile component, and on 29 February 1940, Nier used an instrument he built at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> to separate the world's first <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> sample in the Tate Laboratory. Using <a href="/wiki/Pupin_Hall" title="Pupin Hall">Columbia University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John Dunning</a> confirmed the sample to be the isolated fissile material on 1 March.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">transmuted</a> into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>. Despite fission having been discovered in Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Uranverein" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranverein">Uranverein</a> ("uranium club") Germany's wartime project to research nuclear power and/or weapons was hampered by limited resources, infighting, the exile or non-involvement of several prominent scientists in the field and several crucial mistakes such as failing to account for impurities in available graphite samples which made it appear less suitable as a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a> than it is in reality. Germany's attempts to build a <a href="/wiki/Natural_uranium" title="Natural uranium">natural uranium</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> reactor had not come close to reaching criticality by the time the Americans reached <a href="/wiki/Haigerloch" title="Haigerloch">Haigerloch</a>, the site of the last German wartime reactor experiment.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> On 2 December 1942, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, another team led by Enrico Fermi was able to initiate the first artificial self-sustained <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">nuclear chain reaction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a>. An initial plan using enriched uranium-235 was abandoned as it was as yet unavailable in sufficient quantities.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Working in a lab below the stands of <a href="/wiki/Stagg_Field" title="Stagg Field">Stagg Field</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, the team created the conditions needed for such a reaction by piling together 360 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, 53 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Uranium_oxide" title="Uranium oxide">uranium oxide</a>, and 5.5 tonnes of uranium metal, most of which was supplied by <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Lamp_Plant" title="Westinghouse Lamp Plant">Westinghouse Lamp Plant</a> in a makeshift production process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968773-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_weaponry">Nuclear weaponry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White fragmentred mushroom-like smoke cloud evolving from the ground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg/170px-Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg/255px-Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg/340px-Atomic_cloud_over_Hiroshima_-_NARA_542192_-_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="2943" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">Mushroom cloud</a> over Hiroshima after the dropping of the uranium-fired '<a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>'</figcaption></figure> Two types of atomic bomb were developed by the United States during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>: a uranium-based device (codenamed "Little Boy") whose fissile material was highly <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a>, and a plutonium-based device (see <a href="/wiki/Trinity_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity test">Trinity test</a> and "Fat Man") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. Little Boy became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a>, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed about 75,000 people (see <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001478-35">[34]</a> Initially it was believed that uranium was relatively rare, and that <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a> could be avoided by simply buying up all known uranium stocks, but within a decade large deposits of it were discovered in many places around the world.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactors">Reactors</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_four_nuclear_lit_bulbs.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An industrial room with four large illuminated light bulbs hanging down from a bar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/First_four_nuclear_lit_bulbs.jpeg/220px-First_four_nuclear_lit_bulbs.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/First_four_nuclear_lit_bulbs.jpeg/330px-First_four_nuclear_lit_bulbs.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/First_four_nuclear_lit_bulbs.jpeg/440px-First_four_nuclear_lit_bulbs.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Four light bulbs lit with electricity generated from the first artificial electricity-producing nuclear reactor, <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I" title="Experimental Breeder Reactor I">EBR-I</a> (1951)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I" title="Experimental Breeder Reactor I">Experimental Breeder Reactor I</a>, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near <a href="/wiki/Arco,_Idaho" title="Arco, Idaho">Arco, Idaho</a>, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> come from nuclear power generated by <a href="/wiki/BORAX-III" class="mw-redirect" title="BORAX-III">BORAX-III</a>, another reactor designed and operated by <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>).<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, <a href="/wiki/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant">Obninsk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were <a href="/wiki/Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station" title="Calder Hall nuclear power station">Calder Hall</a> in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956,<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shippingport_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Shippingport Atomic Power Station">Shippingport Atomic Power Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS Nautilus</a>, in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968773-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_naturally_occurring_fission">Prehistoric naturally occurring fission</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">Natural nuclear fission reactor</a></div> In 1972, French physicist <a href="/wiki/Francis_Perrin_(physicist)" title="Francis Perrin (physicist)">Francis Perrin</a> discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the <a href="/wiki/Oklo_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklo mine">Oklo mine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, Africa, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">Oklo Fossil Reactors</a>. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted about 3% of uranium on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-OCRWM-54">[53]</a> This is high enough to permit a sustained chain reaction, if other supporting conditions exist. The capacity of the surrounding sediment to contain the health-threatening <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">nuclear waste</a> products has been cited by the U.S. federal government as supporting evidence for the feasibility to store spent nuclear fuel at the <a href="/wiki/Yucca_Mountain_nuclear_waste_repository" title="Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository">Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OCRWM-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contamination_and_the_Cold_War_legacy">Contamination and the Cold War legacy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graph showing evolution of number of nuclear weapons in the US and USSR and in the period 1945–2005. US dominates early and USSR later years with and crossover around 1978." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg/220px-US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg/330px-US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg/440px-US_and_USSR_nuclear_stockpiles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2005</figcaption></figure> Above-ground <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear testing">nuclear tests</a> by the Soviet Union and the United States in the 1950s and early 1960s and by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> into the 1970s and 1980s<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001480-23">[22]</a> spread a significant amount of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">fallout</a> from uranium <a href="/wiki/Daughter_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter isotope">daughter isotopes</a> around the world.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Additional fallout and pollution occurred from several <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents">nuclear accidents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Uranium miners have a higher incidence of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>. An excess risk of lung cancer among <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> uranium miners, for example, has been documented and linked to their occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Gilliland_et_al_2000-57">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Radiation_Exposure_Compensation_Act" title="Radiation Exposure Compensation Act">Radiation Exposure Compensation Act</a>, a 1990 law in the US, required $100,000 in "compassion payments" to uranium miners diagnosed with cancer or other respiratory ailments.<a href="#cite_note-ajph.org-58">[57]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. After the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985%E2%80%931991)#Dissolution_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)">break-up of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) had been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> and several other former Soviet states.<a href="#cite_note-EncyIntel-19">[18]</a> Police in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_espionage" title="Nuclear espionage">intercepted shipments</a> of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources.<a href="#cite_note-EncyIntel-19">[18]</a> From 1993 to 2005 the <a href="/wiki/Material_Protection,_Control,_and_Accounting_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program">Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program</a>, operated by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a>, spent about US$550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities.<a href="#cite_note-EncyIntel-19">[18]</a> Safety of nuclear facilities in Russia has been significantly improved since the stabilization of political and economical turmoil of the early 1990s. For example, in 1993 there were 29 incidents ranking above level 1 on the <a href="/wiki/International_Nuclear_Event_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="International Nuclear Event Scale">International Nuclear Event Scale</a>, and this number dropped under four per year in 1995–2003. The number of employees receiving annual radiation doses above 20 <a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">mSv</a>, which is equivalent to a single full-body <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> saw a strong decline around 2000. In November 2015, the Russian government approved a federal program for nuclear and radiation safety for 2016 to 2030 with a budget of 562 billion rubles (ca. 8 billion <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>). Its key issue is "the deferred liabilities accumulated during the 70 years of the nuclear industry, particularly during the time of the Soviet Union". About 73% of the budget will be spent on decommissioning aged and obsolete nuclear reactors and nuclear facilities, especially those involved in state defense programs; 20% will go in processing and disposal of nuclear fuel and radioactive waste, and 5% into monitoring and ensuring of nuclear and radiation safety.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2></div> Uranium is a <a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">naturally occurring</a> element found in low levels in all rock, soil, and water. It is the highest-numbered element found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> Uranium is the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">48th most abundant element</a> in the Earth’s crust.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The decay of uranium, <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potassium-40" title="Potassium-40">potassium-40</a> in Earth's <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> is thought to be the main source of heat<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> that keeps the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of the Earth">outer core</a> in the liquid state and drives <a href="/wiki/Mantle_convection" title="Mantle convection">mantle convection</a>, which in turn drives <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>. Uranium's <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">concentration in the Earth's crust</a> is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million,<a href="#cite_note-SciTechEncy-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001480-23">[22]</a> or about 40 times as abundant as <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ColumbiaEncy-18">[17]</a> The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2×1017 lb) of uranium while the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a> may contain 1013 kg (2×1013 lb).<a href="#cite_note-SciTechEncy-12">[11]</a> The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million (up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>),<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001480-23">[22]</a> Uranium is more plentiful than <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, or silver, and it is about as abundant as <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001480-23">[22]</a> Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a>), <a href="/wiki/Carnotite" title="Carnotite">carnotite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autunite" title="Autunite">autunite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranophane" title="Uranophane">uranophane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torbernite" title="Torbernite">torbernite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coffinite" title="Coffinite">coffinite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> rock deposits, and minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a> sands in uranium-rich ores<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium<a href="#cite_note-ColumbiaEncy-18">[17]</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div> Like all elements with <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weights</a> higher than that of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, uranium is only naturally formed by the <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a> (rapid neutron capture) in <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">neutron star mergers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Primordial thorium and uranium are only produced in the r-process, because the <a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a> (slow neutron capture) is too slow and cannot pass the gap of instability after bismuth.<a href="#cite_note-B2FH-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Besides the two extant primordial uranium isotopes, 235U and 238U, the r-process also produced significant quantities of <a href="/wiki/Uranium-236" title="Uranium-236">236U</a>, which has a shorter half-life and so is an <a href="/wiki/Extinct_radionuclide" title="Extinct radionuclide">extinct radionuclide</a>, having long since decayed completely to 232Th. Further uranium-236 was produced by the decay of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-244" title="Plutonium-244">244Pu</a>, accounting for the observed higher-than-expected abundance of thorium and lower-than-expected abundance of uranium.<a href="#cite_note-thoruranium-68">[67]</a> While the natural abundance of uranium has been supplemented by the decay of extinct <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-242" title="Plutonium-242">242Pu</a> (half-life 375,000 years) and 247Cm (half-life 16 million years), producing 238U and 235U respectively, this occurred to an almost negligible extent due to the shorter half-lives of these parents and their lower production than 236U and 244Pu, the parents of thorium: the 247Cm/235U ratio at the formation of the Solar System was (7.0±1.6)×10−5.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biotic_and_abiotic">Biotic and abiotic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium in the environment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pichblende.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A shiny gray 5-centimeter piece of matter with a rough surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pichblende.jpg/220px-Pichblende.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Pichblende.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Uraninite, also known as pitchblende, is the most common ore mined to extract uranium.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_Earth%27s_radiogenic_heat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Evolution_of_Earth%27s_radiogenic_heat.svg/220px-Evolution_of_Earth%27s_radiogenic_heat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Evolution_of_Earth%27s_radiogenic_heat.svg/330px-Evolution_of_Earth%27s_radiogenic_heat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Evolution_of_Earth%27s_radiogenic_heat.svg/440px-Evolution_of_Earth%27s_radiogenic_heat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>The evolution of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Radiogenic_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiogenic heat">radiogenic heat</a> flow over time: contribution from 235U in red and from 238U in green</figcaption></figure> Some bacteria, such as <a href="/wiki/Shewanella_putrefaciens" title="Shewanella putrefaciens">Shewanella putrefaciens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geobacter_metallireducens" title="Geobacter metallireducens">Geobacter metallireducens</a> and some strains of <a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_fungorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkholderia fungorum">Burkholderia fungorum</a>, can use uranium for their growth and convert U(VI) to U(IV).<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Recent research suggests that this pathway includes reduction of the soluble U(VI) via an intermediate U(V) pentavalent state.<a href="#cite_note-Renshaw-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vitesse-73">[72]</a> Other organisms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> Trapelia involuta or <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacterium</a> <a href="/wiki/Citrobacter" title="Citrobacter">Citrobacter</a>, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001476_and_482-74">[73]</a> Citrobacter species absorb <a href="/wiki/Uranyl" title="Uranyl">uranyl</a> ions when given <a href="/wiki/Glycerol_phosphate" title="Glycerol phosphate">glycerol phosphate</a> (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in <a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">bioremediation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">decontaminate</a> uranium-polluted water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> The proteobacterium <a href="/wiki/Geobacter" title="Geobacter">Geobacter</a> has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water.<a href="#cite_note-AndersonVrionis2003-76">[75]</a> The mycorrhizal fungus <a href="/wiki/Glomus_intraradices" class="mw-redirect" title="Glomus intraradices">Glomus intraradices</a> increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A <a href="/wiki/Sphingomonas" title="Sphingomonas">Sphingomonas</a> sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase" title="Alkaline phosphatase">alkaline phosphatase</a> (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in <a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> absorb some uranium from soil. Dry weight concentrations of uranium in plants range from 5 to 60 parts per billion, and ash from burnt wood can have concentrations up to 4 parts per million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477-31">[30]</a> Dry weight concentrations of uranium in <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> plants are typically lower with one to two micrograms per day ingested through the food people eat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_and_mining">Production and mining</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium mining</a></div> Worldwide production of uranium in 2021 was 48,332 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, of which 21,819 t (45%) was mined in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. Other important uranium mining countries are <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> (5,753 t), <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (4,693 t), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (4,192 t), <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (3,500 t), and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (2,635 t).<a href="#cite_note-WNA-WUM-79">[78]</a> Uranium ore is mined in several ways: <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open pit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(soft_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (soft rock)">underground</a>, <a href="/wiki/In-situ_leach" class="mw-redirect" title="In-situ leach">in-situ leaching</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Borehole_mining" title="Borehole mining">borehole mining</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001479-11">[10]</a> Low-grade uranium ore mined typically contains 0.01 to 0.25% uranium oxides. Extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal from its ore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968774-80">[79]</a> High-grade ores found in <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Basin" title="Athabasca Basin">Athabasca Basin</a> deposits in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, Canada can contain up to 23% uranium oxides on average.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Uranium ore is crushed and rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">leachate</a> is subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange. The resulting mixture, called <a href="/wiki/Yellowcake" title="Yellowcake">yellowcake</a>, contains at least 75% uranium oxides U3O8. Yellowcake is then <a href="/wiki/Calcined" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcined">calcined</a> to remove impurities from the milling process before refining and conversion.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Commercial-grade uranium can be produced through the <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a> of uranium <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a> with <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> Uranium metal can also be prepared through <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of KUF 5 or <a href="/wiki/Uranium_tetrafluoride" title="Uranium tetrafluoride">UF 4</a>, dissolved in molten <a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">calcium chloride</a> (CaCl 2) and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a>Cl) solution.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> Very pure uranium is produced through the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_decomposition" title="Thermal decomposition">thermal decomposition</a> of uranium <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a> on a hot filament.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 289.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 287.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:U_production-demand.png" class="mw-file-description" title="World uranium production (mines) and demand[78]"><img alt="World uranium production (mines) and demand[78]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/U_production-demand.png/431px-U_production-demand.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/U_production-demand.png/646px-U_production-demand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/U_production-demand.png/861px-U_production-demand.png 2x" data-file-width="3386" data-file-height="2360" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">World uranium production (mines) and demand<a href="#cite_note-WNA-WUM-79">[78]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 347.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 345.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellowcake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yellowcake is a concentrated mixture of uranium oxides that is further refined to extract pure uranium."><img alt="A yellow sand-like rhombic mass on black background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Yellowcake.jpg/518px-Yellowcake.jpg" decoding="async" width="346" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Yellowcake.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yellowcake" title="Yellowcake">Yellowcake</a> is a concentrated mixture of uranium oxides that is further refined to extract pure uranium.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 283.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranium_production,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uranium production 2015, in tonnes[82]"><img alt="Uranium production 2015, in tonnes[82]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Uranium_production%2C_OWID.svg/425px-Uranium_production%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="284" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Uranium_production%2C_OWID.svg/638px-Uranium_production%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Uranium_production%2C_OWID.svg/850px-Uranium_production%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uranium production 2015, in tonnes<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resources_and_reserves">Resources and reserves</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranium_prices.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Uranium_prices.webp/440px-Uranium_prices.webp.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Uranium_prices.webp/660px-Uranium_prices.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Uranium_prices.webp/880px-Uranium_prices.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Uranium price 1990–2022.</figcaption></figure> It is estimated that 6.1 million tonnes of uranium exists in ores that are economically viable at US$130 per kg of uranium,<a href="#cite_note-res-84">[83]</a> while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction).<a href="#cite_note-IAEAResourcesDemand-85">[84]</a> Australia has 28% of the world's known uranium ore reserves<a href="#cite_note-res-84">[83]</a> and the world's largest single uranium deposit is located at the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Dam,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Dam, South Australia">Olympic Dam</a> Mine in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> There is a significant reserve of uranium in <a href="/wiki/Bakouma" title="Bakouma">Bakouma</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sub-prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-prefecture">sub-prefecture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">prefecture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mbomou" title="Mbomou">Mbomou</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Some uranium also originates from dismantled nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> For example, in 1993–2013 Russia supplied the United States with 15,000 tonnes of low-enriched uranium within the <a href="/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program" title="Megatons to Megawatts Program">Megatons to Megawatts Program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion exchangers</a> was technically feasible).<a href="#cite_note-UseaWater-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-stanfordCohen-91">[90]</a> There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water,<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, <a href="/wiki/ORNL" class="mw-redirect" title="ORNL">ORNL</a> researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_National_Laboratory" title="Pacific Northwest National Laboratory">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supplies">Supplies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uranium_market" title="Uranium market">Uranium market</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom" title="2000s commodities boom">2000s commodities boom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonthlyUraniumSpot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/MonthlyUraniumSpot.png/220px-MonthlyUraniumSpot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/MonthlyUraniumSpot.png/330px-MonthlyUraniumSpot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/MonthlyUraniumSpot.png/440px-MonthlyUraniumSpot.png 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Monthly uranium spot price in US$ per pound. The <a href="/wiki/Uranium_bubble_of_2007" title="Uranium bubble of 2007">2007 price peak</a> is clearly visible.<a href="#cite_note-uraniumingo-95">[94]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2005, ten countries accounted for the majority of the world's concentrated uranium oxides: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (27.9%), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (22.8%), <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (10.5%), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (8.0%), <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> (7.5%), <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> (7.4%), <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (5.5%), the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (2.5%), <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (2.1%) and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (1.9%).<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> In 2008, Kazakhstan was forecast to increase production and become the world's largest supplier of uranium by 2009;<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Kazakhstan has dominated the world's uranium market since 2010. In 2021, its share was 45.1%, followed by Namibia (11.9%), Canada (9.7%), Australia (8.7%), Uzbekistan (7.2%), Niger (4.7%), Russia (5.5%), China (3.9%), India (1.3%), Ukraine (0.9%), and South Africa (0.8%), with a world total production of 48,332 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-WNA-WUM-79">[78]</a> Most uranium was produced not by conventional underground mining of ores (29% of production), but by <a href="/wiki/In_situ_leach" title="In situ leach">in situ leaching</a> (66%).<a href="#cite_note-WNA-WUM-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> In the late 1960s, UN geologists discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons.<a href="#cite_note-Bufais-100">[99]</a> The ultimate available supply is believed to be sufficient for at least the next 85 years,<a href="#cite_note-IAEAResourcesDemand-85">[84]</a> though some studies indicate underinvestment in the late twentieth century may produce supply problems in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-MITfuelSupply-101">[100]</a> Uranium deposits seem to be log-normal distributed. There is a 300-fold increase in the amount of uranium recoverable for each tenfold decrease in ore grade.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> In other words, there is little high grade ore and proportionately much more low grade ore available. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uranium_compounds" title="Uranium compounds">Uranium compounds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranium_reactions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Uranium_reactions.svg/330px-Uranium_reactions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Uranium_reactions.svg/495px-Uranium_reactions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Uranium_reactions.svg/660px-Uranium_reactions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Reactions of uranium metal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxidation_states_and_oxides">Oxidation states and oxides</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxides">Oxides</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Uranium_oxide" title="Uranium oxide">Uranium oxide</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:U3O8lattice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ball and stick model of layered crystal structure containing two types of atoms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/U3O8lattice.jpg/194px-U3O8lattice.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/U3O8lattice.jpg/291px-U3O8lattice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/U3O8lattice.jpg/388px-U3O8lattice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="493" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:UO2lattice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ball and stick model of cubic-like crystal structure containing two types of atoms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/UO2lattice.jpg/130px-UO2lattice.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/UO2lattice.jpg/195px-UO2lattice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/UO2lattice.jpg/260px-UO2lattice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="743" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Triuranium_octoxide" title="Triuranium octoxide">Triuranium octoxide</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Uranium_dioxide" title="Uranium dioxide">uranium dioxide</a> (right) are the two most common uranium oxides.</div></div></div></div> Calcined uranium yellowcake, as produced in many large mills, contains a distribution of uranium oxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized. Particles with short residence times in a calciner will generally be less oxidized than those with long retention times or particles recovered in the stack scrubber. Uranium content is usually referenced to U 3O 8, which dates to the days of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> when U 3O 8 was used as an analytical chemistry reporting standard.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase relationships</a> in the uranium-oxygen system are complex. The most important oxidation states of uranium are uranium(IV) and uranium(VI), and their two corresponding <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> are, respectively, <a href="/wiki/Uranium_dioxide" title="Uranium dioxide">uranium dioxide</a> (UO 2) and <a href="/wiki/Uranium_trioxide" title="Uranium trioxide">uranium trioxide</a> (UO 3).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968779-104">[103]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Uranium_oxide" title="Uranium oxide">uranium oxides</a> such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium_monoxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranium monoxide (page does not exist)">uranium monoxide</a> (UO), <a href="/wiki/Diuranium_pentoxide" title="Diuranium pentoxide">diuranium pentoxide</a> (U 2O 5), and <a href="/wiki/Uranium_peroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium peroxide">uranium peroxide</a> (UO 4·2H 2O) also exist. The most common forms of uranium oxide are <a href="/wiki/Triuranium_octoxide" title="Triuranium octoxide">triuranium octoxide</a> (U 3O 8) and UO 2.<a href="#cite_note-ANL-Chem-105">[104]</a> Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in water and are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions. Triuranium octoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and is the form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which uranium is most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel.<a href="#cite_note-ANL-Chem-105">[104]</a> At ambient temperatures, UO 2 will gradually convert to U 3O 8. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are generally considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal.<a href="#cite_note-ANL-Chem-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aqueous_chemistry">Aqueous chemistry</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U_Oxstufen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/U_Oxstufen.jpg/190px-U_Oxstufen.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/U_Oxstufen.jpg/285px-U_Oxstufen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/U_Oxstufen.jpg/380px-U_Oxstufen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Uranium in its oxidation states III, IV, V, VI</figcaption></figure> Salts of many <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> of uranium are water-<a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">soluble</a> and may be studied in <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solutions</a>. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+ 2 (unstable), and <a href="/wiki/Uranyl" title="Uranyl">UO2+ 2</a> (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968778-106">[105]</a> A few <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and <a href="/wiki/Uranium_monosulfide" title="Uranium monosulfide">US</a> exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+ 2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_carbonate" title="Uranyl carbonate">uranyl carbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_chloride" title="Uranyl chloride">uranyl chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_sulfate" title="Uranyl sulfate">uranyl sulfate</a>. UO2+ 2 also forms <a href="/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chemistry)">complexes</a> with various <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelating</a> agents, the most commonly encountered of which is <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_acetate" title="Uranyl acetate">uranyl acetate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968778-106">[105]</a> Unlike the uranyl salts of uranium and <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ion" title="Polyatomic ion">polyatomic ion</a> uranium-oxide cationic forms, the <a href="/wiki/Uranate" title="Uranate">uranates</a>, salts containing a polyatomic uranium-oxide anion, are generally not water-soluble. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbonates">Carbonates</h4></div> The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the <a href="/wiki/Pourbaix_diagram" title="Pourbaix diagram">Pourbaix diagram</a> to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Pourbaix_diagram" title="Pourbaix diagram">Pourbaix diagrams</a><a href="#cite_note-medusa-107">[106]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranium_pourdaix_diagram_in_water.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graph of potential vs. pH showing stability regions of various uranium compounds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Uranium_pourdaix_diagram_in_water.png/183px-Uranium_pourdaix_diagram_in_water.png" decoding="async" width="183" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Uranium_pourdaix_diagram_in_water.png/274px-Uranium_pourdaix_diagram_in_water.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Uranium_pourdaix_diagram_in_water.png/366px-Uranium_pourdaix_diagram_in_water.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td width="50%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranium_pourdiax_diagram_in_carbonate_media.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graph of potential vs. pH showing stability regions of various uranium compounds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Uranium_pourdiax_diagram_in_carbonate_media.png/177px-Uranium_pourdiax_diagram_in_carbonate_media.png" decoding="async" width="177" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Uranium_pourdiax_diagram_in_carbonate_media.png/266px-Uranium_pourdiax_diagram_in_carbonate_media.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Uranium_pourdiax_diagram_in_carbonate_media.png/355px-Uranium_pourdiax_diagram_in_carbonate_media.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uranium in a non-complexing aqueous medium (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Perchloric_acid" title="Perchloric acid">perchloric acid</a>/sodium hydroxide).<a href="#cite_note-medusa-107">[106]</a> </td> <td>Uranium in carbonate solution </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_no_carbonate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graph of potential vs. pH showing stability regions of various uranium compounds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_no_carbonate.png/230px-Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_no_carbonate.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_no_carbonate.png/345px-Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_no_carbonate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_no_carbonate.png/459px-Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_no_carbonate.png 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_carbonate_present.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graph of potential vs. pH showing stability regions of various uranium compounds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_carbonate_present.png/250px-Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_carbonate_present.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_carbonate_present.png/375px-Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_carbonate_present.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_carbonate_present.png/500px-Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_carbonate_present.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Relative concentrations of the different chemical forms of uranium in a non-complexing aqueous medium (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Perchloric_acid" title="Perchloric acid">perchloric acid</a>/sodium hydroxide).<a href="#cite_note-medusa-107">[106]</a> </td> <td>Relative concentrations of the different chemical forms of uranium in an aqueous carbonate solution.<a href="#cite_note-medusa-107">[106]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_of_pH">Effects of pH</h4></div> The uranium fraction diagrams in the presence of carbonate illustrate this further: when the pH of a uranium(VI) solution increases, the uranium is converted to a hydrated uranium oxide hydroxide and at high pHs it becomes an anionic hydroxide complex. When carbonate is added, uranium is converted to a series of carbonate complexes if the pH is increased. One effect of these reactions is increased solubility of uranium in the pH range 6 to 8, a fact that has a direct bearing on the long term stability of spent uranium dioxide nuclear fuels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrides,_carbides_and_nitrides">Hydrides, carbides and nitrides</h3></div> Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Uranium_hydride" title="Uranium hydride">uranium hydride</a>. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium <a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">carbide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">nitride</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halide</a> compounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782-108">[107]</a> Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782-108">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranium_carbide" title="Uranium carbide">Uranium carbides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium_nitride" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium nitride">uranium nitrides</a> are both relatively <a href="/wiki/Chemically_inert" title="Chemically inert">inert</a> <a href="/wiki/Semimetal" title="Semimetal">semimetallic</a> compounds that are minimally soluble in <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>, react with water, and can ignite in <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> to form U 3O 8.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782-108">[107]</a> Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (U<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>), uranium dicarbide (UC 2), and diuranium tricarbide (U 2C 3). Both UC and UC 2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 °C, U 2C 3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC 2 to mechanical stress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968780-109">[108]</a> Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN 2), and diuranium trinitride (U 2N 3).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968780-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides">Halides</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranium_hexafluoride_crystals_sealed_in_an_ampoule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Snow-like substance in a sealed glass ampoule." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Uranium_hexafluoride_crystals_sealed_in_an_ampoule.jpg/220px-Uranium_hexafluoride_crystals_sealed_in_an_ampoule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Uranium_hexafluoride_crystals_sealed_in_an_ampoule.jpg/330px-Uranium_hexafluoride_crystals_sealed_in_an_ampoule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Uranium_hexafluoride_crystals_sealed_in_an_ampoule.jpg/440px-Uranium_hexafluoride_crystals_sealed_in_an_ampoule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride" title="Uranium hexafluoride">Uranium hexafluoride</a> is the feedstock used to separate uranium-235 from natural uranium.</figcaption></figure> All uranium fluorides are created using <a href="/wiki/Uranium_tetrafluoride" title="Uranium tetrafluoride">uranium tetrafluoride</a> (UF 4); UF 4 itself is prepared by hydrofluorination of uranium dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782-108">[107]</a> Reduction of UF 4 with hydrogen at 1000 °C produces <a href="/wiki/Uranium_trifluoride" title="Uranium trifluoride">uranium trifluoride</a> (UF 3). Under the right conditions of temperature and pressure, the reaction of solid UF 4 with gaseous <a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride" title="Uranium hexafluoride">uranium hexafluoride</a> (UF 6) can form the intermediate fluorides of U 2F 9, U 4F 17, and <a href="/wiki/Uranium_pentafluoride" title="Uranium pentafluoride">UF 5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782-108">[107]</a> At room temperatures, UF 6 has a high <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a>, making it useful in the <a href="/wiki/Gaseous_diffusion" title="Gaseous diffusion">gaseous diffusion</a> process to separate the rare uranium-235 from the common uranium-238 isotope. This compound can be prepared from uranium dioxide and uranium hydride by the following process:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782-108">[107]</a> <dl><dd>UO 2 + 4 HF → UF 4 + 2 H 2O (500 °C, endothermic)</dd> <dd>UF 4 + F 2 → UF 6 (350 °C, endothermic)</dd></dl> The resulting UF 6, a white solid, is highly <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">reactive</a> (by fluorination), easily <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimes</a> (emitting a vapor that behaves as a nearly <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas" title="Ideal gas">ideal gas</a>), and is the most volatile compound of uranium known to exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782-108">[107]</a> One method of preparing <a href="/wiki/Uranium_tetrachloride" title="Uranium tetrachloride">uranium tetrachloride</a> (UCl 4) is to directly combine <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> with either uranium metal or uranium hydride. The reduction of UCl 4 by hydrogen produces <a href="/wiki/Uranium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium trichloride">uranium trichloride</a> (UCl 3) while the higher chlorides of uranium are prepared by reaction with additional chlorine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782-108">[107]</a> All uranium chlorides react with water and air. <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iodide" title="Iodide">iodides</a> of uranium are formed by direct reaction of, respectively, <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> with uranium or by adding UH 3 to those element's acids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782-108">[107]</a> Known examples include: <a href="/wiki/Uranium(III)_bromide" title="Uranium(III) bromide">UBr 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium(IV)_bromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium(IV) bromide">UBr 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium(III)_iodide" title="Uranium(III) iodide">UI 3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uranium(IV)_iodide" title="Uranium(IV) iodide">UI 4</a>. UI 5 has never been prepared. Uranium oxyhalides are water-soluble and include <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_fluoride" title="Uranyl fluoride">UO 2F 2</a>, UOCl 2, <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_chloride" title="Uranyl chloride">UO 2Cl 2</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranyl_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranyl bromide (page does not exist)">UO 2Br 2</a>. Stability of the oxyhalides decrease as the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</a> of the component halide increases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_uranium" title="Isotopes of uranium">Isotopes of uranium</a></div> Uranium, like all elements with an atomic number greater than 82, has no <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable isotopes</a>. All isotopes of uranium are <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> because the <a href="/wiki/Strong_nuclear_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong nuclear force">strong nuclear force</a> does not prevail over <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_repulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic repulsion">electromagnetic repulsion</a> in nuclides containing more than 82 protons.<a href="#cite_note-beiser-110">[109]</a> Nevertheless, the two most stable isotopes, 238U and 235U, have <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-lives</a> long enough to occur in nature as <a href="/wiki/Primordial_radionuclide" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial radionuclide">primordial radionuclides</a>, with measurable quantities having survived since the formation of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-primU-111">[110]</a> These two <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclides</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Thorium-232" title="Thorium-232">thorium-232</a>, are the only confirmed primordial nuclides heavier than nearly-stable <a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">bismuth-209</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-pu244-112">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_uranium" title="Natural uranium">Natural uranium</a> consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-240, a decay product of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-244" title="Plutonium-244">plutonium-244</a>;<a href="#cite_note-pu244-112">[111]</a> uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to <a href="/wiki/Neptunium-237" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium-237">neptunium-237</a>; <a href="/wiki/Uranium-236" title="Uranium-236">uranium-236</a>, which occurs in trace quantities due to neutron capture on 235U and as a decay product of plutonium-244;<a href="#cite_note-pu244-112">[111]</a> and finally, <a href="/wiki/Uranium-233" title="Uranium-233">uranium-233</a>, which is formed in the <a href="/wiki/Decay_chain" title="Decay chain">decay chain</a> of neptunium-237. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Uranium-232" title="Uranium-232">uranium-232</a> would be produced by the <a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">double beta decay</a> of natural <a href="/wiki/Thorium-232" title="Thorium-232">thorium-232</a>, though this energetically possible process has never been observed.<a href="#cite_note-Tretyak2002-115">[114]</a> Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.463×109 years,<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a> roughly the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a>. Uranium-238 is predominantly an alpha emitter, decaying to thorium-234. It ultimately decays through the <a href="/wiki/Uranium_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium series">uranium series</a>, which has 18 members, into <a href="/wiki/Lead-206" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-206">lead-206</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ColumbiaEncy-18">[17]</a> Uranium-238 is not fissile, but is a fertile isotope, because after <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">neutron activation</a> it can be converted to plutonium-239, another fissile isotope. Indeed, the 238U nucleus can absorb one neutron to produce the radioactive isotope <a href="/wiki/Uranium-239" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium-239">uranium-239</a>. 239U decays by <a href="/wiki/Beta_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta emission">beta emission</a> to <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>-239, also a beta-emitter, that decays in its turn, within a few days into plutonium-239. 239Pu was used as fissile material in the first <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a> detonated in the "<a href="/wiki/Trinity_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity test">Trinity test</a>" on 16 July 1945 in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968773-38">[37]</a> Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.04×108 years; it is the next most stable uranium isotope after 238U and is also predominantly an alpha emitter, decaying to thorium-231.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a> Uranium-235 is important for both <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>, because it is the only uranium isotope existing in nature on Earth in significant amounts that is fissile. This means that it can be split into two or three fragments (<a href="/wiki/Fission_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission products">fission products</a>) by thermal neutrons.<a href="#cite_note-ColumbiaEncy-18">[17]</a> The decay chain of 235U, which is called the <a href="/wiki/Actinium_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium series">actinium series</a>, has 15 members and eventually decays into lead-207.<a href="#cite_note-ColumbiaEncy-18">[17]</a> The constant rates of decay in these decay series makes the comparison of the ratios of parent to <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">daughter elements</a> useful in radiometric dating. Uranium-236 has a half-life of 2.342×107 years<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a> and is not found in significant quantities in nature. The half-life of uranium-236 is too short for it to be primordial, though it has been identified as an <a href="/wiki/Extinct_radionuclide" title="Extinct radionuclide">extinct</a> progenitor of its alpha decay daughter, thorium-232.<a href="#cite_note-thoruranium-68">[67]</a> Uranium-236 occurs in <a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">spent nuclear fuel</a> when neutron capture on 235U does not induce fission, or as a decay product of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-240" title="Plutonium-240">plutonium-240</a>. Uranium-236 is not fertile, as three more neutron captures are required to produce fissile 239Pu, and is not itself fissile; as such, it is considered long-lived radioactive waste.<a href="#cite_note-236U-116">[115]</a> Uranium-234 is a member of the uranium series and occurs in equilibrium with its progenitor, 238U; it undergoes alpha decay with a half-life of 245,500 years<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a> and decays to lead-206 through a series of relatively short-lived isotopes. Uranium-233 undergoes alpha decay with a half-life of 160,000 years and, like 235U, is fissile.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> It can be bred from <a href="/wiki/Thorium-232" title="Thorium-232">thorium-232</a> via neutron bombardment, usually in a nuclear reactor; this process is known as the <a href="/wiki/Thorium_fuel_cycle" title="Thorium fuel cycle">thorium fuel cycle</a>. Owing to the fissility of 233U and the greater natural abundance of thorium (three times that of uranium),<a href="#cite_note-iaea2022-117">[116]</a> 233U has been investigated for use as nuclear fuel as a possible alternative to 235U and 239Pu,<a href="#cite_note-Forsburg_1999-118">[117]</a> though is not in widespread use as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranium&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iaea2022-117">[116]</a> The decay chain of uranium-233 forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Neptunium_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium series">neptunium series</a> and ends at nearly-stable bismuth-209 (half-life 2.01×1019 years)<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a> and stable <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>-205. <a href="/wiki/Uranium-232" title="Uranium-232">Uranium-232</a> is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 68.9 years.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a> This isotope is produced as a byproduct in production of 233U and is considered a nuisance, as it is not fissile and decays through short-lived alpha and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma radiation">gamma emitters</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Thallium-208" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium-208">208Tl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forsburg_1999-118">[117]</a> It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo <a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">double beta decay</a>, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a> All isotopes from 232U to 236U inclusive have minor <a href="/wiki/Cluster_decay" title="Cluster decay">cluster decay</a> branches (less than 10−10%), and all these bar 233U, in addition to 238U, have minor <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> branches;<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a> the greatest <a href="/wiki/Branching_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Branching ratio">branching ratio</a> for spontaneous fission is about 5×10−5% for 238U, or about one in every two million decays.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> The shorter-lived trace isotopes 237U and 239U exclusively undergo <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>, with respective half-lives of 6.752 days and 23.45 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a> In total, 28 isotopes of uranium have been identified, ranging in <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> from 214<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> to 242, with the exception of 220.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-U241-121">[120]</a> Among the uranium isotopes not found in natural samples or nuclear fuel, the longest-lived is 230U, an alpha emitter with a half-life of 20.23 days.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a> This isotope has been considered for use in <a href="/wiki/Targeted_alpha-particle_therapy" title="Targeted alpha-particle therapy">targeted alpha-particle therapy</a> (TAT).<a href="#cite_note-230Pa-122">[121]</a> All other isotopes have half-lives shorter than one hour, except for 231U (half-life 4.2 days) and 240U (half-life 14.1 hours).<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a> The shortest-lived known isotope is 221U, with a half-life of 660 nanoseconds, and it is expected that the hitherto unknown 220U has an even shorter half-life.<a href="#cite_note-Khuyagbaatar-123">[122]</a> The proton-rich isotopes lighter than 232U primarily undergo alpha decay, except for 229U and 231U, which decay to <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_protactinium" title="Isotopes of protactinium">protactinium isotopes</a> via <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission" title="Positron emission">positron emission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a>, respectively; the neutron-rich 240U, 241U, and 242U undergo <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neptunium" title="Isotopes of neptunium">neptunium isotopes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-U241-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enrichment">Enrichment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">Enriched uranium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of a large hall filled with arrays of long white standing cylinders." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg/220px-Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg/330px-Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg/440px-Gas_centrifuge_cascade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Cascades of <a href="/wiki/Gas_centrifuge" title="Gas centrifuge">gas centrifuges</a> are used to enrich uranium ore to concentrate its fissionable isotopes.</figcaption></figure> In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2742%) and uranium-235 (0.7204%). <a href="/wiki/Isotope_separation" title="Isotope separation">Isotope separation</a> concentrates (enriches) the fissile uranium-235 for nuclear weapons and most nuclear power plants, except for <a href="/wiki/Gas_cooled_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas cooled reactor">gas cooled reactors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_heavy_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressurized heavy water reactor">pressurized heavy water reactors</a>. Most neutrons released by a fissioning atom of uranium-235 must impact other uranium-235 atoms to sustain the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">nuclear chain reaction</a>. The concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called a '<a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical mass</a>'. To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the 235U concentration should be no more than 0.3%.<a href="#cite_note-paducah-125">[124]</a> The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium_hexafluoride" title="Depleted uranium hexafluoride">depleted uranium hexafluoride</a> above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-paducah-125">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gas_centrifuge" title="Gas centrifuge">gas centrifuge</a> process, where gaseous <a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride" title="Uranium hexafluoride">uranium hexafluoride</a> (UF 6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed <a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">centrifuges</a>, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001478-35">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gaseous_diffusion" title="Gaseous diffusion">gaseous diffusion</a> process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffused</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium-238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001478-35">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Molecular_laser_isotope_separation" title="Molecular laser isotope separation">molecular laser isotope separation</a> method employs a <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001479-11">[10]</a> An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as <a href="/wiki/Atomic_vapor_laser_isotope_separation" title="Atomic vapor laser isotope separation">atomic vapor laser isotope separation</a> (AVLIS) and employs visible <a href="/wiki/Tunable_laser" title="Tunable laser">tunable lasers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">dye lasers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion.<a href="#cite_note-SciTechEncy-12">[11]</a> The only significant deviation from the 235U to 238U ratio in any known natural samples occurs in <a href="/wiki/Oklo" title="Oklo">Oklo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">natural nuclear fission reactors</a> consumed some of the 235U some two billion years ago when the ratio of 235U to 238U was more akin to that of <a href="/wiki/Low_enriched_uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Low enriched uranium">low enriched uranium</a> allowing regular ("light") water to act as a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a> akin to the process in humanmade <a href="/wiki/Light_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light water reactor">light water reactors</a>. The existence of such natural fission reactors which had been theoretically predicted beforehand was proven as the slight deviation of 235U concentration from the expected values were discovered during <a href="/wiki/Uranium_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium enrichment">uranium enrichment</a> in France. Subsequent investigations to rule out any nefarious human action (such as stealing of 235U) confirmed the theory by finding isotope ratios of common <a href="/wiki/Fission_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission product">fission products</a> (or rather their stable daughter nuclides) in line with the values expected for fission but deviating from the values expected for non-fission derived samples of those elements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_exposure">Human exposure</h2></div> A person can be exposed to uranium (or its <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">radioactive daughters</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>) by inhaling dust in air or by ingesting contaminated water and food. The amount of uranium in air is usually very small; however, people who work in factories that process <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, live near government facilities that made or tested nuclear weapons, live or work near a modern battlefield where depleted uranium <a href="/wiki/Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons">weapons</a> have been used, or live or work near a <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>-fired power plant, facilities that mine or process uranium ore, or enrich uranium for reactor fuel, may have increased exposure to uranium.<a href="#cite_note-EPA-Rad-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-ATSDR-ToxFAQ-128">[127]</a> Houses or structures that are over uranium deposits (either natural or man-made slag deposits) may have an increased incidence of exposure to radon gas. The <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has set the <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a> for uranium exposure in the workplace as 0.25 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 0.2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short-term limit of 0.6 mg/m3. At 10 mg/m3, uranium is <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">immediately dangerous to life and health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Most ingested uranium is excreted during <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>. Only 0.5% is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium, such as its oxide, are ingested, whereas absorption of the more soluble <a href="/wiki/Uranyl" title="Uranyl">uranyl</a> ion can be up to 5%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477-31">[30]</a> However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, especially when inhaled by way of dust into the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, pose a more serious exposure hazard. After entering the bloodstream, the absorbed uranium tends to <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulate</a> and stay for many years in <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> tissue because of uranium's affinity for phosphates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477-31">[30]</a> Incorporated uranium becomes <a href="/wiki/Uranyl" title="Uranyl">uranyl</a> ions, which accumulate in bone, liver, kidney, and reproductive tissues.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Radiological and chemical toxicity of uranium combine by the fact that elements of high atomic number Z like uranium exhibit phantom or secondary radiotoxicity through absorption of natural background gamma and X-rays and re-emission of photoelectrons, which in combination with the high affinity of uranium to the phosphate moiety of DNA cause increased single and double strand DNA breaks.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Uranium is not absorbed through the skin, and <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a> released by uranium cannot penetrate the skin.<a href="#cite_note-epa-28">[27]</a> Uranium can be decontaminated from steel surfaces<a href="#cite_note-Francis-132">[131]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_and_precautions">Effects and precautions</h3></div> Normal functioning of the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a <a href="/wiki/Metal_toxicity" title="Metal toxicity">toxic metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Craft04-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-ATSDR-136">[135]</a> Uranium is also a <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_toxicant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive toxicant">reproductive toxicant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hindin2005-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Alpha radiation from inhaled uranium has been demonstrated to cause lung cancer in exposed nuclear workers.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> While the CDC has published one study that no human <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium,<a href="#cite_note-ATSDR-PHS-140">[139]</a> exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>, is a significant health threat.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Exposure to <a href="/wiki/Strontium-90" title="Strontium-90">strontium-90</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131">iodine-131</a>, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride" title="Uranium hexafluoride">uranium hexafluoride</a> has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_fluoride" title="Uranyl fluoride">uranyl fluoride</a> rather than with uranium itself.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoricity" title="Pyrophoricity">pyrophoric</a>; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature.<a href="#cite_note-LANL-13">[12]</a> Uranium metal is commonly handled with gloves as a sufficient precaution.<a href="#cite_note-DOH.WA-144">[143]</a> Uranium concentrate is handled and contained so as to ensure that people do not inhale or ingest it.<a href="#cite_note-DOH.WA-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K-65_residues" title="K-65 residues">K-65 residues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_uranium_production" title="List of countries by uranium production">List of countries by uranium production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_uranium_reserves" title="List of countries by uranium reserves">List of countries by uranium reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uranium_projects" title="List of uranium projects">List of uranium projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nuclear_disasters_and_radioactive_incidents" title="Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents">Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents">Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">Nuclear fuel cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintuple_bond" title="Quintuple bond">Quintuple bond</a> (earlier thought to be a <a href="/wiki/Phi_bond" title="Phi bond">phi bond</a>), in the molecule U2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_fuel_cycle" title="Thorium fuel cycle">Thorium fuel cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Uranium_Hearing" title="World Uranium Hearing">World Uranium Hearing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The thermal expansion is <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>: the coefficients for each crystal axis (at 20 °C) are αa = 25.27×10−6/K, αb = 0.76×10−6/K, αc = 20.35×10−6/K, and αaverage = αvolume/3 = 15.46×10−6/K. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/uranium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Uranium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Uranium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Furanium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Th(-1),_U(-1)-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Th(-1),_U(-1)_4-0">^</a> Th(-I) and U(-I) have been detected in the gas phase as octacarbonyl anions; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaoxianSudipJiayeLuyan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chaoxian, Chi; Sudip, Pan; Jiaye, Jin; Luyan, Meng; Mingbiao, Luo; Lili, Zhao; Mingfei, Zhou; Gernot, Frenking (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772027">"Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)8]+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding"</a>. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784. 25 (50): 11772–11784. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.201902625">10.1002/chem.201902625</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0947-6539">0947-6539</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772027">6772027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31276242">31276242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+%28Weinheim+an+der+Bergstrasse%2C+Germany%29.+25+%2850%29%3A+11772%E2%80%9311784&rft.atitle=Octacarbonyl+Ion+Complexes+of+Actinides+%5BAn%28CO%29%3Csub%3E8%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csup%3E%2B%2F%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+%28An%3DTh%2C+U%29+and+the+Role+of+f+Orbitals+in+Metal%E2%80%93Ligand+Bonding&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11772-%3C%2Fspan%3E11784&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772027%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0947-6539&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31276242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.201902625&rft.aulast=Chaoxian&rft.aufirst=Chi&rft.au=Sudip%2C+Pan&rft.au=Jiaye%2C+Jin&rft.au=Luyan%2C+Meng&rft.au=Mingbiao%2C+Luo&rft.au=Lili%2C+Zhao&rft.au=Mingfei%2C+Zhou&rft.au=Gernot%2C+Frenking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorss,_L.R.Edelstein,_N.M.Fuger,_J.2006" class="citation book cs1">Morss, L.R.; Edelstein, N.M.; Fuger, J., eds. (2006). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Netherlands: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9048131464" title="Special:BookSources/978-9048131464"><bdi>978-9048131464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9048131464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagurno,_B.A.Pearlstein,_S1981" class="citation book cs1">Magurno, B.A.; Pearlstein, S, eds. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/publications/indc/indc_usa_0085_II.pdf">Proceedings of the conference on nuclear data evaluation methods and procedures. BNL-NCS 51363, vol. II</a> (PDF). Upton, NY (USA): Brookhaven National Lab. pp. 835 ff. Retrieved 6 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+conference+on+nuclear+data+evaluation+methods+and+procedures.+BNL-NCS+51363%2C+vol.+II&rft.place=Upton%2C+NY+%28USA%29&rft.pages=835+ff&rft.pub=Brookhaven+National+Lab.&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Fpublications%2Findc%2Findc_usa_0085_II.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/uranium">"Uranium"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Uranium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Furanium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001479-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001479_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001479_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001479_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001479_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001479_11-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, p. 479. </li> <li id="cite_note-SciTechEncy-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SciTechEncy_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SciTechEncy_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SciTechEncy_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SciTechEncy_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SciTechEncy_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SciTechEncy_12-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mcgrawhillconcis00newy">"Uranium"</a>. The McGraw-Hill Science and Technology Encyclopedia (5th ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142957-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142957-3"><bdi>978-0-07-142957-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uranium&rft.btitle=The+McGraw-Hill+Science+and+Technology+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=The+McGraw-Hill+Companies%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-07-142957-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmcgrawhillconcis00newy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LANL-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANL_13-16">q</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond,_C._R.2000" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, C. R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elements.pdf">The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (PDF) (81st ed.). CRC press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0481-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0481-1"><bdi>978-0-8493-0481-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements%2C+in+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=81st&rft.pub=CRC+press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0481-1&rft.au=Hammond%2C+C.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felements.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/92/uranium">"Uranium"</a>. Royal Society of Chemistry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uranium&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fperiodic-table%2Felement%2F92%2Furanium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/82/lead">"Lead"</a>. Royal Society of Chemistry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lead&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fperiodic-table%2Felement%2F82%2Flead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/74/tungsten">"Tungsten"</a>. Royal Society of Chemistry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tungsten&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fperiodic-table%2Felement%2F74%2Ftungsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/79/gold">"Gold"</a>. Royal Society of Chemistry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fperiodic-table%2Felement%2F79%2Fgold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColumbiaEncy-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ColumbiaEncy_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ColumbiaEncy_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ColumbiaEncy_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ColumbiaEncy_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ColumbiaEncy_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ColumbiaEncy_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ColumbiaEncy_18-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727194715/http://www.answers.com/uranium">"uranium"</a>. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (6th ed.). Columbia University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/uranium">the original</a> on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=uranium&rft.btitle=Columbia+Electronic+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Furanium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyIntel-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyIntel_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyIntel_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyIntel_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyIntel_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyIntel_19-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727194715/http://www.answers.com/uranium">"uranium"</a>. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security. The Gale Group, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/uranium">the original</a> on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=uranium&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Espionage%2C+Intelligence%2C+and+Security&rft.pub=The+Gale+Group%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Furanium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollett,_A._D.2008" class="citation book cs1">Rollett, A. D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWGu-LYMYjMC&pg=PA108">Applications of Texture Analysis</a>. John Wiley and Sons. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-40835-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-40835-3"><bdi>978-0-470-40835-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applications+of+Texture+Analysis&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-40835-3&rft.au=Rollett%2C+A.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWGu-LYMYjMC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grenthe-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grenthe_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grenthe_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grenthe_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrentheDrożdżyńskiFujinoBuck2006" class="citation book cs1">Grenthe, Ingmar; Drożdżyński, Janusz; Fujino, Takeo; Buck, Edgar C.; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Albrecht-Sch%C3%B6nzart" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Albrecht-Schönzart">Albrecht-Schmitt, Thomas E.</a>; Wolf, Stephen F. (2006). "Uranium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307160941/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/Thorium.pdf">The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</a> (PDF). Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. pp. 52–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-3598-5_5">10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-3555-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uranium&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-3598-5_5&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3555-5&rft.aulast=Grenthe&rft.aufirst=Ingmar&rft.au=Dro%C5%BCd%C5%BCy%C5%84ski%2C+Janusz&rft.au=Fujino%2C+Takeo&rft.au=Buck%2C+Edgar+C.&rft.au=Albrecht-Schmitt%2C+Thomas+E.&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Stephen+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradchem.nevada.edu%2Fclasses%2Frdch710%2Ffiles%2Fthorium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du_ii/du_ii_tabe.htm#TAB_E_Development_of_DU_Munitions">"Development of DU Munitions"</a>. Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (II). Gulflink, official website of Force Health Protection & Readiness. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Depleted+Uranium+in+the+Gulf+%28II%29&rft.atitle=Development+of+DU+Munitions&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulflink.osd.mil%2Fdu_ii%2Fdu_ii_tabe.htm%23TAB_E_Development_of_DU_Munitions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001480-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001480_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001480_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001480_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001480_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001480_23-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, p. 480. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226091803/https://fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/design.htm">"Nuclear Weapon Design"</a>. Federation of American Scientists. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/design.htm">the original</a> on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Weapon+Design&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fnuke%2Fintro%2Fnuke%2Fdesign.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hlchina.com/gmastatement.html">"Statement regarding the Good Morning America broadcast," The Homer Laughlin China Co.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401000958/http://www.hlchina.com/gmastatement.html">Archived</a> 1 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 16 March 2011, accessed 25 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15520902.900-dial-r-for-radioactive.html">"Dial R for radioactive – 12 July 1997 – New Scientist"</a>. Newscientist.com. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dial+R+for+radioactive+%E2%80%93+12+July+1997+%E2%80%93+New+Scientist&rft.pub=Newscientist.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg15520902.900-dial-r-for-radioactive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/uranium-mining">"Uranium Mining"</a>. Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atomic+Heritage+Foundation&rft.atitle=Uranium+Mining&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicheritage.org%2Fhistory%2Furanium-mining&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-epa-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epa_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epa_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129061718/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/health/contaminants/radiation/pdfs/Uranium%20Fact%20Sheet%20final.pdf">"EPA Facts about Uranium"</a> (PDF). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/superfund/health/contaminants/radiation/pdfs/Uranium%20Fact%20Sheet%20final.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPA+Facts+about+Uranium&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsuperfund%2Fhealth%2Fcontaminants%2Fradiation%2Fpdfs%2FUranium%2520Fact%2520Sheet%2520final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/consumer/ceramics/uranium-containing-dentures.html">"Uranium Containing Dentures (ca. 1960s, 1970s)"</a>. ORAU Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity. <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Associated_Universities" title="Oak Ridge Associated Universities">Oak Ridge Associated Universities</a>. 1999. Retrieved 11 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ORAU+Museum+of+Radiation+and+Radioactivity&rft.atitle=Uranium+Containing+Dentures+%28ca.+1960s%2C+1970s%29&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forau.org%2Fhealth-physics-museum%2Fcollection%2Fconsumer%2Fceramics%2Furanium-containing-dentures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001482-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001482_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, p. 482. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477_31-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477_31-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477_31-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477_31-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477_31-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001477_31-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, p. 477. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaproth,_M._H.1789" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Klaproth, M. H.</a> (1789). "Chemische Untersuchung des Uranits, einer neuentdeckten metallischen Substanz". Chemische Annalen. 2: 387–403.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemische+Annalen&rft.atitle=Chemische+Untersuchung+des+Uranits%2C+einer+neuentdeckten+metallischen+Substanz&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.date=1789&rft.au=Klaproth%2C+M.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727194715/http://www.answers.com/uranium">"Uranium"</a>. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/uranium">the original</a> on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uranium&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Furanium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPéligot,_E.-M.1842" class="citation journal cs1">Péligot, E.-M. (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k34746s/f4.table">"Recherches Sur L'Uranium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annales_de_chimie_et_de_physique" title="Annales de chimie et de physique">Annales de chimie et de physique</a>. 5 (5): 5–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+chimie+et+de+physique&rft.atitle=Recherches+Sur+L%27Uranium&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1842&rft.au=P%C3%A9ligot%2C+E.-M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k34746s%2Ff4.table&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001478-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001478_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001478_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001478_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001478_35-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, p. 478. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5c7AQAAMAAJ&q=ferrouranium+artillery&pg=PA367">"The Electric Journal"</a>. Westinghouse Club. 10 April 1920 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Electric+Journal&rft.pub=Westinghouse+Club&rft.date=1920-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5c7AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dferrouranium%2Bartillery%26pg%3DPA367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillettMack1917" class="citation book cs1">Gillett, Horace Wadsworth; Mack, Edward Lawrence (10 April 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfvBmuFOAiEC&pg=PA8">Preparation of ferro-uranium</a>. Technical Paper 177 – U.S. Bureau of Mines. U.S. Govt. print. off. – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preparation+of+ferro-uranium&rft.series=Technical+Paper+177+%E2%80%93+U.S.+Bureau+of+Mines&rft.pub=U.S.+Govt.+print.+off.&rft.date=1917-04-10&rft.aulast=Gillett&rft.aufirst=Horace+Wadsworth&rft.au=Mack%2C+Edward+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfvBmuFOAiEC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968773-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968773_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968773_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968773_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968773_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968773_38-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968773_38-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeaborg1968">Seaborg 1968</a>, p. 773. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFermi1938" class="citation web cs1">Fermi, Enrico (12 December 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809111423/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/fermi-lecture.pdf">"Artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment: Nobel Lecture"</a> (PDF). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/fermi-lecture.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artificial+radioactivity+produced+by+neutron+bombardment%3A+Nobel+Lecture&rft.pub=Royal+Swedish+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1938-12-12&rft.aulast=Fermi&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1938%2Ffermi-lecture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Gregorio,_A.2003" class="citation journal cs1">De Gregorio, A. (2003). "A Historical Note About How the Property was Discovered that Hydrogenated Substances Increase the Radioactivity Induced by Neutrons". Nuovo Saggiatore. 19: 41–47. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0309046">physics/0309046</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003physics...9046D">2003physics...9046D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.48550%2FarXiv.physics%2F0309046">10.48550/arXiv.physics/0309046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuovo+Saggiatore&rft.atitle=A+Historical+Note+About+How+the+Property+was+Discovered+that+Hydrogenated+Substances+Increase+the+Radioactivity+Induced+by+Neutrons&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fphysics%2F0309046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.48550%2FarXiv.physics%2F0309046&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003physics...9046D&rft.au=De+Gregorio%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigro,_M.2004" class="citation web cs1">Nigro, M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325120427/http://www.brera.unimi.it/SISFA/atti/2003/312-321NigroBari.pdf">"Hahn, Meitner e la teoria della fissione"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brera.unimi.it/SISFA/atti/2003/312-321NigroBari.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hahn%2C+Meitner+e+la+teoria+della+fissione&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Nigro%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brera.unimi.it%2FSISFA%2Fatti%2F2003%2F312-321NigroBari.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Krogt,_Peter" class="citation web cs1">van der Krogt, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Pu">"Elementymology & Elements Multidict"</a>. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elementymology+%26+Elements+Multidict&rft.au=van+der+Krogt%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3DPu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeitner,_L.Frisch,_O.1939" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Meitner, L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Otto_Frisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Frisch">Frisch, O.</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Begin/Nature_Meitner.shtml">"Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction"</a>. Nature. 143 (5218): 239–240. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Natur.224..466M">1969Natur.224..466M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F224466a0">10.1038/224466a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4188874">4188874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Disintegration+of+Uranium+by+Neutrons%3A+a+New+Type+of+Nuclear+Reaction&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=5218&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4188874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F224466a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Natur.224..466M&rft.au=Meitner%2C+L.&rft.au=Frisch%2C+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicarchive.com%2FDocs%2FBegin%2FNature_Meitner.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719113725/https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/nier.cfm">"Alfred O. C. Nier"</a>. www.aps.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/nier.cfm">the original</a> on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aps.org&rft.atitle=Alfred+O.+C.+Nier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fprograms%2Foutreach%2Fhistory%2Fhistoricsites%2Fnier.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManfred_Popp2016" class="citation web cs1">Manfred Popp (21 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/news/hitlers-atombombe-warum-es-sie-nicht-gab/1423529">"Wissenschaftsgeschichte: Hitlers Atombombe – warum es sie nicht gab – Spektrum der Wissenschaft"</a>. Spektrum.de. Retrieved 25 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wissenschaftsgeschichte%3A+Hitlers+Atombombe+%E2%80%93+warum+es+sie+nicht+gab+%E2%80%93+Spektrum+der+Wissenschaft&rft.pub=Spektrum.de&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft.au=Manfred+Popp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spektrum.de%2Fnews%2Fhitlers-atombombe-warum-es-sie-nicht-gab%2F1423529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2013/ph241/masters1/">"Chicago Pile One"</a>. large.stanford.edu. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=large.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Chicago+Pile+One&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flarge.stanford.edu%2Fcourses%2F2013%2Fph241%2Fmasters1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1981" class="citation journal cs1">Walsh, John (19 June 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0533/ML053340429.pdf">"A Manhattan Project Postscript"</a> (PDF). Science. 212 (4501). AAAS: 1369–1371. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...212.1369W">1981Sci...212.1369W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.212.4501.1369">10.1126/science.212.4501.1369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17746246">17746246</a>. Retrieved 23 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Manhattan+Project+Postscript&rft.volume=212&rft.issue=4501&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1369-%3C%2Fspan%3E1371&rft.date=1981-06-19&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17746246&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.212.4501.1369&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981Sci...212.1369W&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpbadupws.nrc.gov%2Fdocs%2FML0533%2FML053340429.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Helmreich, J.E. Gathering Rare Ores: The Diplomacy of Uranium Acquisition, 1943–1954, Princeton UP, 1986: ch. 10 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7837-9349-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7837-9349-9">0-7837-9349-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/frt.shtml">"Reactors Designed by Argonne National Laboratory: Fast Reactor Technology"</a>. U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory. 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reactors+Designed+by+Argonne+National+Laboratory%3A+Fast+Reactor+Technology&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy%2C+Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.anl.gov%2FAbout%2Freactors%2Ffrt.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926155637/http://web.em.doe.gov/tie/history.html">"History and Success of Argonne National Laboratory: Part 1"</a>. U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.em.doe.gov/tie/history.html">the original</a> on 26 September 2006. Retrieved 28 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+and+Success+of+Argonne+National+Laboratory%3A+Part+1&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy%2C+Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.em.doe.gov%2Ftie%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/lwr3.shtml#fragment-5">"Reactors Designed by Argonne National Laboratory: Light Water Reactor Technology Development"</a>. U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory. 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reactors+Designed+by+Argonne+National+Laboratory%3A+Light+Water+Reactor+Technology+Development&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy%2C+Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.anl.gov%2FAbout%2Freactors%2Flwr3.shtml%23fragment-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/17/newsid_3147000/3147145.stm">"1956: Queen switches on nuclear power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 17 October 1956. Retrieved 28 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1956%3A+Queen+switches+on+nuclear+power&rft.date=1956-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Foctober%2F17%2Fnewsid_3147000%2F3147145.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/lwr3.shtml#fragment-2">"STR (Submarine Thermal Reactor) in "Reactors Designed by Argonne National Laboratory: Light Water Reactor Technology Development""</a>. U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory. 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STR+%28Submarine+Thermal+Reactor%29+in+%22Reactors+Designed+by+Argonne+National+Laboratory%3A+Light+Water+Reactor+Technology+Development%22&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy%2C+Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.anl.gov%2FAbout%2Freactors%2Flwr3.shtml%23fragment-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCRWM-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCRWM_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCRWM_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603085718/http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0010.shtml">"Oklo: Natural Nuclear Reactors"</a>. Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0010.shtml">the original</a> on 3 June 2004. Retrieved 28 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Civilian+Radioactive+Waste+Management&rft.atitle=Oklo%3A+Natural+Nuclear+Reactors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocrwm.doe.gov%2Ffactsheets%2Fdoeymp0010.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarneke,_T.Croudace,_I._W.Warwick,_P._E.Taylor,_R._N.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Warneke, T.; Croudace, I. W.; Warwick, P. E. & Taylor, R. N. (2002). "A new ground-level fallout record of uranium and plutonium isotopes for northern temperate latitudes". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 203 (3–4): 1047–1057. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002E&PSL.203.1047W">2002E&PSL.203.1047W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2802%2900930-5">10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00930-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=A+new+ground-level+fallout+record+of+uranium+and+plutonium+isotopes+for+northern+temperate+latitudes&rft.volume=203&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1047-%3C%2Fspan%3E1057&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2802%2900930-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002E%26PSL.203.1047W&rft.au=Warneke%2C+T.&rft.au=Croudace%2C+I.+W.&rft.au=Warwick%2C+P.+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328130544/http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1887705,00.html">"The Worst Nuclear Disasters"</a>. Time. 25 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1887705,00.html">the original</a> on 28 March 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Worst+Nuclear+Disasters&rft.date=2009-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fphotogallery%2F0%2C29307%2C1887705%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilliland_et_al_2000-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilliland_et_al_2000_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliland,_Frank_D.Hunt,_William_C.Pardilla,_MarlaKey,_Charles_R.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gilliland, Frank D.; Hunt, William C.; Pardilla, Marla; Key, Charles R. (March 2000). "Uranium Mining and Lung Cancer Among Navajo Men in New Mexico and Arizona, 1969 to 1993". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 42 (3): 278–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00043764-200003000-00008">10.1097/00043764-200003000-00008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10738707">10738707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Occupational+and+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Uranium+Mining+and+Lung+Cancer+Among+Navajo+Men+in+New+Mexico+and+Arizona%2C+1969+to+1993&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E278-%3C%2Fspan%3E283&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00043764-200003000-00008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10738707&rft.au=Gilliland%2C+Frank+D.&rft.au=Hunt%2C+William+C.&rft.au=Pardilla%2C+Marla&rft.au=Key%2C+Charles+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ajph.org-58"><a href="#cite_ref-ajph.org_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruggeGoble2002" class="citation journal cs1">Brugge, Doug; Goble, Rob (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3222290">"The History of Uranium Mining and the Navajo People"</a>. American Journal of Public Health. 92 (9). Ajph.org: 1410–1419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.92.9.1410">10.2105/AJPH.92.9.1410</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3222290">3222290</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12197966">12197966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Uranium+Mining+and+the+Navajo+People&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1410-%3C%2Fspan%3E1419&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3222290%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12197966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.92.9.1410&rft.aulast=Brugge&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft.au=Goble%2C+Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3222290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_UnnikBroerseGeleijnsJansen1997" class="citation journal cs1">Van Unnik, J. G.; Broerse, J. J.; Geleijns, J.; Jansen, J. T.; Zoetelief, J.; Zweers, D. (1997). "Survey of CT techniques and absorbed dose in various Dutch hospitals". The British Journal of Radiology. 70 (832): 367–371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1259%2Fbjr.70.832.9166072">10.1259/bjr.70.832.9166072</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9166072">9166072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Radiology&rft.atitle=Survey+of+CT+techniques+and+absorbed+dose+in+various+Dutch+hospitals&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=832&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1259%2Fbjr.70.832.9166072&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9166072&rft.aulast=Van+Unnik&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=Broerse%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Geleijns%2C+J.&rft.au=Jansen%2C+J.+T.&rft.au=Zoetelief%2C+J.&rft.au=Zweers%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> (3000 examinations from 18 hospitals) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/russia-nuclear-fuel-cycle.aspx">Russia's Nuclear Fuel Cycle</a>. World Nuclear Association. Updated December 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2003" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&dq=%2248th+most+abundant+element%22&pg=PA480">Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8"><bdi>978-0-19-850340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-Xu07p3cKwC%26dq%3D%252248th%2Bmost%2Babundant%2Belement%2522%26pg%3DPA480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiever2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Biever, Celeste (27 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725103-700-first-measurements-of-earths-core-radioactivity/">"First measurements of Earth's core radioactivity"</a>. New Scientist. Retrieved 7 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=First+measurements+of+Earth%27s+core+radioactivity&rft.date=2005-07-27&rft.aulast=Biever&rft.aufirst=Celeste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg18725103-700-first-measurements-of-earths-core-radioactivity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/potassium-40-heats-up-earths-core/">"Potassium-40 heats up Earth's core"</a>. physicsworld.com. 7 May 2003. Retrieved 14 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=physicsworld.com&rft.atitle=Potassium-40+heats+up+Earth%27s+core&rft.date=2003-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fa%2Fpotassium-40-heats-up-earths-core%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Schnug, E., Sun, Y., Zhang, L., Windmann, H., Lottermoser, B.G., Ulrich, A. E., Bol, R., Makeawa, M., and Haneklaus, S.H. (2023) "Elemental loads with phosphate fertilizers – a constraint for soil productivity?" In: Bolan, N.S. and Kirkham, M.B. (eds.) Managing Soil Constraints for Sustaining Productivity. CRC Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://herschel.jpl.nasa.gov/chemicalOrigins.shtml">"History/Origin of Chemicals"</a>. NASA. Retrieved 1 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%2FOrigin+of+Chemicals&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherschel.jpl.nasa.gov%2FchemicalOrigins.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-B2FH-66"><a href="#cite_ref-B2FH_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurbidge,_E._M.Burbidge,_G._R.Fowler,_W._A.Hoyle,_F.1957" class="citation journal cs1">Burbidge, E. M.; Burbidge, G. R.; Fowler, W. A.; Hoyle, F. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.29.547">"Synthesis of the Elements in Stars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reviews_of_Modern_Physics" title="Reviews of Modern Physics">Reviews of Modern Physics</a>. 29 (4): 547. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957RvMP...29..547B">1957RvMP...29..547B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.29.547">10.1103/RevModPhys.29.547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+the+Elements+in+Stars&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=547&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.29.547&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1957RvMP...29..547B&rft.au=Burbidge%2C+E.+M.&rft.au=Burbidge%2C+G.+R.&rft.au=Fowler%2C+W.+A.&rft.au=Hoyle%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FRevModPhys.29.547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_D._Clayton" title="Donald D. Clayton">Clayton, Donald D.</a> (1968). Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill. pp. 577–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226109534" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226109534"><bdi>978-0226109534</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Stellar+Evolution+and+Nucleosynthesis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E577-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.pub=Mc-Graw-Hill&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0226109534&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Donald+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thoruranium-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thoruranium_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thoruranium_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrenn1978" class="citation journal cs1">Trenn, Thaddeus J. (1978). "Thoruranium (U-236) as the extinct natural parent of thorium: The premature falsification of an essentially correct theory". Annals of Science. 35 (6): 581–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00033797800200441">10.1080/00033797800200441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Science&rft.atitle=Thoruranium+%28U-236%29+as+the+extinct+natural+parent+of+thorium%3A+The+premature+falsification+of+an+essentially+correct+theory&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E581-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00033797800200441&rft.aulast=Trenn&rft.aufirst=Thaddeus+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTissotDauphasGrossmann2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tissot, François L. H.; Dauphas, Nicolas; Grossmann, Lawrence (4 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4783122">"Origin of uranium isotope variations in early solar nebula condensates"</a>. Science Advances. 2 (3): e1501400. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.01780">1603.01780</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SciA....2E1400T">2016SciA....2E1400T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1501400">10.1126/sciadv.1501400</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4783122">4783122</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26973874">26973874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Origin+of+uranium+isotope+variations+in+early+solar+nebula+condensates&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e1501400&rft.date=2016-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4783122%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016SciA....2E1400T&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1603.01780&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26973874&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1501400&rft.aulast=Tissot&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois+L.+H.&rft.au=Dauphas%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Grossmann%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4783122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinXuChenFayek2005" class="citation journal cs1">Min, M.; Xu, H.; Chen, J.; Fayek, M. (2005). "Evidence of uranium biomineralization in sandstone-hosted roll-front uranium deposits, northwestern China". Ore Geology Reviews. 26 (3–4): 198. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005OGRv...26..198M">2005OGRv...26..198M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.oregeorev.2004.10.003">10.1016/j.oregeorev.2004.10.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ore+Geology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+uranium+biomineralization+in+sandstone-hosted+roll-front+uranium+deposits%2C+northwestern+China&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=198&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.oregeorev.2004.10.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005OGRv...26..198M&rft.aulast=Min&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Xu%2C+H.&rft.au=Chen%2C+J.&rft.au=Fayek%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoribanicsTuortoLopez-ChiaffarelliMcGuinness2015" class="citation journal cs1">Koribanics, N. M.; Tuorto, S. J.; Lopez-Chiaffarelli, N.; McGuinness, L. R.; Häggblom, M. M.; Williams, K. H.; Long, P. E.; Kerkhof, L. J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4395306">"Spatial Distribution of an Uranium-Respiring Betaproteobacterium at the Rifle, CO Field Research Site"</a>. PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0123378. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1023378K">2015PLoSO..1023378K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0123378">10.1371/journal.pone.0123378</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4395306">4395306</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25874721">25874721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Spatial+Distribution+of+an+Uranium-Respiring+Betaproteobacterium+at+the+Rifle%2C+CO+Field+Research+Site&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e0123378&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4395306%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25874721&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0123378&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1023378K&rft.aulast=Koribanics&rft.aufirst=N.+M.&rft.au=Tuorto%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Lopez-Chiaffarelli%2C+N.&rft.au=McGuinness%2C+L.+R.&rft.au=H%C3%A4ggblom%2C+M.+M.&rft.au=Williams%2C+K.+H.&rft.au=Long%2C+P.+E.&rft.au=Kerkhof%2C+L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4395306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renshaw-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Renshaw_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenshawButchinsLivensMay2005" class="citation journal cs1">Renshaw, J. C.; Butchins, L. J. C.; Livens, F. R.; et al. (June 2005). "Bioreduction of uranium: environmental implications of a pentavalent intermediate". Environmental Science & Technology. 39 (15): 5657–5660. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EnST...39.5657R">2005EnST...39.5657R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes048232b">10.1021/es048232b</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16124300">16124300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Bioreduction+of+uranium%3A+environmental+implications+of+a+pentavalent+intermediate&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5657-%3C%2Fspan%3E5660&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16124300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes048232b&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005EnST...39.5657R&rft.aulast=Renshaw&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft.au=Butchins%2C+L.+J.+C.&rft.au=Livens%2C+F.+R.&rft.au=May%2C+I.&rft.au=Charnock%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vitesse-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Vitesse_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitesseMorrisNatrajanShaw2020" class="citation journal cs1">Vitesse, GF; Morris, K; Natrajan, LS; Shaw, S (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.9b05285">"Multiple Lines of Evidence Identify U(V) as a Key Intermediate during U(VI) Reduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR1"</a>. Environmental Science & Technology. 54 (4): 2268–2276. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EnST...54.2268V">2020EnST...54.2268V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.9b05285">10.1021/acs.est.9b05285</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31934763">31934763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Multiple+Lines+of+Evidence+Identify+U%28V%29+as+a+Key+Intermediate+during+U%28VI%29+Reduction+by+Shewanella+oneidensis+MR1&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2268-%3C%2Fspan%3E2276&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31934763&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.est.9b05285&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020EnST...54.2268V&rft.aulast=Vitesse&rft.aufirst=GF&rft.au=Morris%2C+K&rft.au=Natrajan%2C+LS&rft.au=Shaw%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%252Facs.est.9b05285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001476_and_482-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmsley2001476_and_482_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, pp. 476 and 482. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaskie,_L._E.Empson,_R._M.Cheetham,_A._K.Grey,_C._P.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Macaskie, L. E.; Empson, R. M.; Cheetham, A. K.; Grey, C. P. & Skarnulis, A. J. (1992). "Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO 2PO 4". Science. 257 (5071): 782–784. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Sci...257..782M">1992Sci...257..782M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1496397">10.1126/science.1496397</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1496397">1496397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Uranium+bioaccumulation+by+a+Citrobacter+sp.+as+a+result+of+enzymically+mediated+growth+of+polycrystalline+%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf+nowrap%22%3EHUO%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3EPO%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.volume=257&rft.issue=5071&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E782-%3C%2Fspan%3E784&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1496397&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1496397&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Sci...257..782M&rft.au=Macaskie%2C+L.+E.&rft.au=Empson%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Cheetham%2C+A.+K.&rft.au=Grey%2C+C.+P.&rft.au=Skarnulis%2C+A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndersonVrionis2003-76"><a href="#cite_ref-AndersonVrionis2003_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonVrionisOrtiz-BernadResch2003" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, R. T.; Vrionis, H. A.; Ortiz-Bernad, I.; Resch, C. T.; Long, P. E.; Dayvault, R.; Karp, K.; Marutzky, S.; Metzler, D. R.; Peacock, A.; White, D. C.; Lowe, M.; Lovley, D. R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC201226">"Stimulating the in situ activity of Geobacter species to remove uranium from the groundwater of a uranium-contaminated aquifer"</a>. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (10): 5884–5891. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApEnM..69.5884A">2003ApEnM..69.5884A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.69.10.5884-5891.2003">10.1128/AEM.69.10.5884-5891.2003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC201226">201226</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14532040">14532040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Stimulating+the+in+situ+activity+of+Geobacter+species+to+remove+uranium+from+the+groundwater+of+a+uranium-contaminated+aquifer&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5884-%3C%2Fspan%3E5891&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC201226%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14532040&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FAEM.69.10.5884-5891.2003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ApEnM..69.5884A&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=R.+T.&rft.au=Vrionis%2C+H.+A.&rft.au=Ortiz-Bernad%2C+I.&rft.au=Resch%2C+C.+T.&rft.au=Long%2C+P.+E.&rft.au=Dayvault%2C+R.&rft.au=Karp%2C+K.&rft.au=Marutzky%2C+S.&rft.au=Metzler%2C+D.+R.&rft.au=Peacock%2C+A.&rft.au=White%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=Lowe%2C+M.&rft.au=Lovley%2C+D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC201226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadd,_G._M.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gadd, G. M. (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.037143-0">"Metals, minerals and microbes: geomicrobiology and bioremediation"</a>. Microbiology. 156 (Pt 3): 609–643. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.037143-0">10.1099/mic.0.037143-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20019082">20019082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology&rft.atitle=Metals%2C+minerals+and+microbes%3A+geomicrobiology+and+bioremediation&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=Pt+3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E609-%3C%2Fspan%3E643&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fmic.0.037143-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20019082&rft.au=Gadd%2C+G.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%252Fmic.0.037143-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilgiriwala,_K.S.Alahari,_A.Rao,_A._S.Apte,_S.K.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nilgiriwala, K.S.; Alahari, A.; Rao, A. S. & Apte, S.K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2546639">"Cloning and Overexpression of Alkaline Phosphatase PhoK from Sphingomonas sp. Strain BSAR-1 for Bioprecipitation of Uranium from Alkaline Solutions"</a>. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (17): 5516–5523. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApEnM..74.5516N">2008ApEnM..74.5516N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.00107-08">10.1128/AEM.00107-08</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2546639">2546639</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18641147">18641147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Cloning+and+Overexpression+of+Alkaline+Phosphatase+PhoK+from+Sphingomonas+sp.+Strain+BSAR-1+for+Bioprecipitation+of+Uranium+from+Alkaline+Solutions&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5516-%3C%2Fspan%3E5523&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2546639%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18641147&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FAEM.00107-08&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ApEnM..74.5516N&rft.au=Nilgiriwala%2C+K.S.&rft.au=Alahari%2C+A.&rft.au=Rao%2C+A.+S.&rft.au=Apte%2C+S.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2546639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WNA-WUM-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WNA-WUM_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WNA-WUM_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WNA-WUM_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WNA-WUM_79-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production.aspx">"World Uranium Mining"</a>. World Nuclear Association. Retrieved 31 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Uranium+Mining&rft.pub=World+Nuclear+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld-nuclear.org%2Finformation-library%2Fnuclear-fuel-cycle%2Fmining-of-uranium%2Fworld-uranium-mining-production.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968774-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968774_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeaborg1968">Seaborg 1968</a>, p. 774. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investcom.com/moneyshow/uranium_athabasca.htm">"Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan"</a>. Retrieved 4 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athabasca+Basin%2C+Saskatchewan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investcom.com%2Fmoneyshow%2Furanium_athabasca.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta,_C._K.Mukherjee,_T._K.1990" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, C. K. & Mukherjee, T. K. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F7p7W1rykpwC&pg=PA75">Hydrometallurgy in extraction processes</a>. Vol. 1. CRC Press. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-6804-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-6804-2"><bdi>978-0-8493-6804-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hydrometallurgy+in+extraction+processes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-6804-2&rft.au=Gupta%2C+C.+K.&rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+T.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF7p7W1rykpwC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/uranium-production">"Uranium production"</a>. Our World in Data. Retrieved 6 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Uranium+production&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Furanium-production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-res-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-res_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-res_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/uranium-resources/supply-of-uranium.aspx">"Uranium Supplies: Supply of Uranium – World Nuclear Association"</a>. www.world-nuclear.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.world-nuclear.org&rft.atitle=Uranium+Supplies%3A+Supply+of+Uranium+%E2%80%93+World+Nuclear+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-nuclear.org%2Finformation-library%2Fnuclear-fuel-cycle%2Furanium-resources%2Fsupply-of-uranium.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAEAResourcesDemand-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAEAResourcesDemand_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAEAResourcesDemand_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2006/uranium_resources.html">"Global Uranium Resources to Meet Projected Demand"</a>. International Atomic Energy Agency. 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Uranium+Resources+to+Meet+Projected+Demand&rft.pub=International+Atomic+Energy+Agency&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2Fnewscenter%2Fnews%2F2006%2Furanium_resources.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106005859/http://www.uraniumsa.org/processing/processing.htm">"Uranium Mining and Processing in South Australia"</a>. South Australian Chamber of Mines and Energy. 2002. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uranium+Mining+and+Processing+in+South+Australia&rft.pub=South+Australian+Chamber+of+Mines+and+Energy&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uraniumsa.org%2Fprocessing%2Fprocessing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgoupanaFelix2011" class="citation news cs1">Ngoupana, P.-M.; Felix, B. (2011). Barker, A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idAFL5E7M34T920111103">"Areva suspends CAR uranium mine project"</a>. Central African Republic News. Retrieved 7 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+African+Republic+News&rft.atitle=Areva+suspends+CAR+uranium+mine+project&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ngoupana&rft.aufirst=P.-M.&rft.au=Felix%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidAFL5E7M34T920111103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/uranium-resources/military-warheads-as-a-source-of-nuclear-fuel.aspx">"Military Warheads as a Source of Nuclear Fuel"</a>. World-nuclear.org. Retrieved 24 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World-nuclear.org&rft.atitle=Military+Warheads+as+a+Source+of+Nuclear+Fuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld-nuclear.org%2Finformation-library%2Fnuclear-fuel-cycle%2Furanium-resources%2Fmilitary-warheads-as-a-source-of-nuclear-fuel.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080716044207/http://www.usec.com/megatonstomegawatts.htm">"Megatons to Megawatts"</a>. U.S. Enrichment Corp. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usec.com/megatonstomegawatts.htm">the original</a> on 16 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Megatons+to+Megawatts&rft.pub=U.S.+Enrichment+Corp.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usec.com%2Fmegatonstomegawatts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UseaWater-90"><a href="#cite_ref-UseaWater_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091017081215/http://www.jaea.go.jp/jaeri/english/ff/ff43/topics.html">"Uranium recovery from Seawater"</a>. Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute. 23 August 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaea.go.jp/jaeri/english/ff/ff43/topics.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uranium+recovery+from+Seawater&rft.pub=Japan+Atomic+Energy+Research+Institute&rft.date=1999-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaea.go.jp%2Fjaeri%2Fenglish%2Fff%2Fff43%2Ftopics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanfordCohen-91"><a href="#cite_ref-stanfordCohen_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070410165316/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.html">"How long will nuclear energy last?"</a>. 12 February 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.html">the original</a> on 10 April 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+long+will+nuclear+energy+last%3F&rft.date=1996-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-formal.stanford.edu%2Fjmc%2Fprogress%2Fcohen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsezosNoh1984" class="citation journal cs1">Tsezos, M.; Noh, S. H. (1984). "Extraction of uranium from sea water using biological origin adsorbents". The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 62 (4): 559–561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcjce.5450620416">10.1002/cjce.5450620416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Chemical+Engineering&rft.atitle=Extraction+of+uranium+from+sea+water+using+biological+origin+adsorbents&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E559-%3C%2Fspan%3E561&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcjce.5450620416&rft.aulast=Tsezos&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Noh%2C+S.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825192521/http://www.ornl.gov/info/press_releases/get_press_release.cfm?ReleaseNumber=mr20120821-00">"ORNL technology moves scientists closer to extracting uranium from seawater"</a>. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States. 21 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ornl.gov/info/press_releases/get_press_release.cfm?ReleaseNumber=mr20120821-00">the original</a> on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ORNL+technology+moves+scientists+closer+to+extracting+uranium+from+seawater&rft.pub=Oak+Ridge+National+Laboratory%2C+United+States&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ornl.gov%2Finfo%2Fpress_releases%2Fget_press_release.cfm%3FReleaseNumber%3Dmr20120821-00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825155837/http://www.pnnl.gov/news/release.aspx?id=938">"Fueling nuclear power with seawater"</a>. Pnnl.gov. 21 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnnl.gov/news/release.aspx?id=938">the original</a> on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fueling+nuclear+power+with+seawater&rft.pub=Pnnl.gov&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnnl.gov%2Fnews%2Frelease.aspx%3Fid%3D938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uraniumingo-95"><a href="#cite_ref-uraniumingo_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212170510/http://www.uranium.info/prices/monthly.html">"NUEXCO Exchange Value (Monthly Uranium Spot)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uranium.info/prices/monthly.html">the original</a> on 12 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NUEXCO+Exchange+Value+%28Monthly+Uranium+Spot%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uranium.info%2Fprices%2Fmonthly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227140531/http://www.uxc.com/fuelcycle/uranium/production-uranium.html">"World Uranium Production"</a>. UxC Consulting Company, LLC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uxc.com/fuelcycle/uranium/production-uranium.html">the original</a> on 27 February 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Uranium+Production&rft.pub=UxC+Consulting+Company%2C+LLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uxc.com%2Ffuelcycle%2Furanium%2Fproduction-uranium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithridates2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Mithridates (24 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304185144/http://www.pagef30.com/2008/07/kazakhstan-to-surpass-canada-as-worlds.html">"Page F30: Kazakhstan to surpass Canada as the world's largest producer of uranium by last year (2009)"</a>. Mithridates.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mithridates.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=Page+F30%3A+Kazakhstan+to+surpass+Canada+as+the+world%27s+largest+producer+of+uranium+by+last+year+%282009%29&rft.date=2008-07-24&rft.au=Mithridates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagef30.com%2F2008%2F07%2Fkazakhstan-to-surpass-canada-as-worlds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113013838/http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=717292">"Kazakistan uranyum üretimini artıracak"</a>. Zaman.com.tr (in Turkish). Zaman Gazetesi. 28 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=717292">the original</a> on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zaman.com.tr&rft.atitle=Kazakistan+uranyum+%C3%BCretimini+art%C4%B1racak&rft.date=2008-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaman.com.tr%2Fhaber.do%3Fhaberno%3D717292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/in-situ-leach-mining-of-uranium.aspx">"In Situ Leach Mining (ISL) of Uranium – World Nuclear Association"</a>. www.world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 6 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.world-nuclear.org&rft.atitle=In+Situ+Leach+Mining+%28ISL%29+of+Uranium+%E2%80%93+World+Nuclear+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-nuclear.org%2Finformation-library%2Fnuclear-fuel-cycle%2Fmining-of-uranium%2Fin-situ-leach-mining-of-uranium.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bufais-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Bufais_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7276%2C235261">"Big Uranium Find Announced in Somalia"</a>. The New York Times. 16 March 1968. Retrieved 16 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Big+Uranium+Find+Announced+in+Somalia&rft.date=1968-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DhbVWAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7276%252C235261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MITfuelSupply-101"><a href="#cite_ref-MITfuelSupply_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mit.edu/2007/fuel-supply">"Lack of fuel may limit U.S. nuclear power expansion"</a>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 21 March 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.atitle=Lack+of+fuel+may+limit+U.S.+nuclear+power+expansion&rft.date=2007-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mit.edu%2F2007%2Ffuel-supply&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeffeyes,_Kenneth_S.MacGregor,_Ian_D.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Deffeyes, Kenneth S. & MacGregor, Ian D. (January 1980). "World Uranium Resources". Scientific American. 242 (1): 66. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980SciAm.242a..66D">1980SciAm.242a..66D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0180-66">10.1038/scientificamerican0180-66</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6665051">6665051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=World+Uranium+Resources&rft.volume=242&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66&rft.date=1980-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0180-66&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F6665051%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980SciAm.242a..66D&rft.au=Deffeyes%2C+Kenneth+S.&rft.au=MacGregor%2C+Ian+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloproggePonceLoomis2021" class="citation book cs1">Kloprogge, J. Theo; Ponce, Concepcion P.; Loomis, Tom A. (2021). The periodic table : nature's building blocks : an introduction to the naturally occurring elements, their origins and their uses. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 861–862. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-821538-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-821538-8"><bdi>978-0-12-821538-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1223058470">1223058470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+periodic+table+%3A+nature%27s+building+blocks+%3A+an+introduction+to+the+naturally+occurring+elements%2C+their+origins+and+their+uses&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E861-%3C%2Fspan%3E862&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1223058470&rft.isbn=978-0-12-821538-8&rft.aulast=Kloprogge&rft.aufirst=J.+Theo&rft.au=Ponce%2C+Concepcion+P.&rft.au=Loomis%2C+Tom+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968779-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968779_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeaborg1968">Seaborg 1968</a>, p. 779. </li> <li id="cite_note-ANL-Chem-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANL-Chem_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANL-Chem_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANL-Chem_105-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060922180607/http://web.ead.anl.gov/uranium/guide/ucompound/forms/index.cfm">"Chemical Forms of Uranium"</a>. Argonne National Laboratory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ead.anl.gov/uranium/guide/ucompound/forms/index.cfm">the original</a> on 22 September 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemical+Forms+of+Uranium&rft.pub=Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ead.anl.gov%2Furanium%2Fguide%2Fucompound%2Fforms%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968778-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968778_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968778_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeaborg1968">Seaborg 1968</a>, p. 778. </li> <li id="cite_note-medusa-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medusa_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-medusa_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-medusa_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-medusa_107-3">d</a> Puigdomenech, Ignasi (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kth.se/che/medusa/chemeq-1.369367">Hydra/Medusa Chemical Equilibrium Database and Plotting Software</a>. <a href="/wiki/KTH_Royal_Institute_of_Technology" title="KTH Royal Institute of Technology">KTH Royal Institute of Technology</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782_108-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782_108-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782_108-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782_108-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782_108-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782_108-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968782_108-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeaborg1968">Seaborg 1968</a>, p. 782. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968780-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968780_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeaborg1968780_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeaborg1968">Seaborg 1968</a>, p. 780. </li> <li id="cite_note-beiser-110"><a href="#cite_ref-beiser_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeiser2003" class="citation book cs1">Beiser, A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161004204701/http://phy240.ahepl.org/Concepts_of_Modern_Physics_by_Beiser.pdf">"Nuclear Transformations"</a> (PDF). Concepts of Modern Physics (6th ed.). <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Education">McGraw-Hill Education</a>. pp. 432–434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-244848-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-244848-1"><bdi>978-0-07-244848-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phy240.ahepl.org/Concepts_of_Modern_Physics_by_Beiser.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Transformations&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Modern+Physics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E432-%3C%2Fspan%3E434&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-244848-1&rft.aulast=Beiser&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphy240.ahepl.org%2FConcepts_of_Modern_Physics_by_Beiser.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-primU-111"><a href="#cite_ref-primU_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoedererKratzFrebelChristlieb2009" class="citation journal cs1">Roederer, I. U.; Kratz, K.; Frebel, A.; Christlieb, N.; Pfeiffer, B.; Cowan, J. J.; Sneden, C. (2009). "The end of nucleosynthesis: Production of lead and thorium in the early galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 698 (2): 1963–1980. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0904.3105">0904.3105</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...698.1963R">2009ApJ...698.1963R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F698%2F2%2F1963">10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1963</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2152%2F35050">2152/35050</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14814446">14814446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+end+of+nucleosynthesis%3A+Production+of+lead+and+thorium+in+the+early+galaxy&rft.volume=698&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1963-%3C%2Fspan%3E1980&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2152%2F35050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14814446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ApJ...698.1963R&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0904.3105&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F698%2F2%2F1963&rft.aulast=Roederer&rft.aufirst=I.+U.&rft.au=Kratz%2C+K.&rft.au=Frebel%2C+A.&rft.au=Christlieb%2C+N.&rft.au=Pfeiffer%2C+B.&rft.au=Cowan%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Sneden%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pu244-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pu244_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pu244_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pu244_112-2">c</a> The occurrence of plutonium-244 as a primordial nuclide is disputed, though some reports of its detection have also been attributed to infall from the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PRC-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-WallnerFaestermann2015-114">[113]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRC-113"><a href="#cite_ref-PRC_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachner2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lachner, J.; et al. (2012). "Attempt to detect primordial 244Pu on Earth". Physical Review C. 85 (1): 015801. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhRvC..85a5801L">2012PhRvC..85a5801L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.85.015801">10.1103/PhysRevC.85.015801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+C&rft.atitle=Attempt+to+detect+primordial+%3Csup%3E244%3C%2Fsup%3EPu+on+Earth&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=015801&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevC.85.015801&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PhRvC..85a5801L&rft.aulast=Lachner&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WallnerFaestermann2015-114"><a href="#cite_ref-WallnerFaestermann2015_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallnerFaestermannFeigeFeldstein2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wallner, A.; Faestermann, T.; Feige, J.; Feldstein, C.; Knie, K.; Korschinek, G.; Kutschera, W.; Ofan, A.; Paul, M.; Quinto, F.; Rugel, G.; Steier, P. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4309418">"Abundance of live 244Pu in deep-sea reservoirs on Earth points to rarity of actinide nucleosynthesis"</a>. Nature Communications. 6: 5956. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.08054">1509.08054</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.5956W">2015NatCo...6.5956W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6956">10.1038/ncomms6956</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4309418">4309418</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25601158">25601158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Abundance+of+live+244Pu+in+deep-sea+reservoirs+on+Earth+points+to+rarity+of+actinide+nucleosynthesis&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=5956&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4309418%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCo...6.5956W&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1509.08054&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms6956&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25601158&rft.aulast=Wallner&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Faestermann%2C+T.&rft.au=Feige%2C+J.&rft.au=Feldstein%2C+C.&rft.au=Knie%2C+K.&rft.au=Korschinek%2C+G.&rft.au=Kutschera%2C+W.&rft.au=Ofan%2C+A.&rft.au=Paul%2C+M.&rft.au=Quinto%2C+F.&rft.au=Rugel%2C+G.&rft.au=Steier%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4309418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tretyak2002-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Tretyak2002_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTretyakZdesenko2002" class="citation journal cs1">Tretyak, V.I.; Zdesenko, Yu.G. (2002). "Tables of Double Beta Decay Data — An Update". <a href="/wiki/At._Data_Nucl._Data_Tables" class="mw-redirect" title="At. Data Nucl. Data Tables">At. Data Nucl. Data Tables</a>. 80 (1): 83–116. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ADNDT..80...83T">2002ADNDT..80...83T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fadnd.2001.0873">10.1006/adnd.2001.0873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=At.+Data+Nucl.+Data+Tables&rft.atitle=Tables+of+Double+Beta+Decay+Data+%E2%80%94+An+Update&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fadnd.2001.0873&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002ADNDT..80...83T&rft.aulast=Tretyak&rft.aufirst=V.I.&rft.au=Zdesenko%2C+Yu.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236U-116"><a href="#cite_ref-236U_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarouliPomméJobbágyVan_Ammel2014" class="citation journal cs1">Marouli, M.; Pommé, S.; Jobbágy, V.; Van Ammel, R.; Paepen, J.; Stroh, H.; Benedik, L. (2014). "Alpha-particle emission probabilities of 236U obtained by alpha spectrometry". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 87: 292–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apradiso.2013.11.020">10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0969-8043">0969-8043</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24309010">24309010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Radiation+and+Isotopes&rft.atitle=Alpha-particle+emission+probabilities+of+%3Csup%3E236%3C%2Fsup%3EU+obtained+by+alpha+spectrometry&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E292-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0969-8043&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24309010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apradiso.2013.11.020&rft.aulast=Marouli&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Pomm%C3%A9%2C+S.&rft.au=Jobb%C3%A1gy%2C+V.&rft.au=Van+Ammel%2C+R.&rft.au=Paepen%2C+J.&rft.au=Stroh%2C+H.&rft.au=Benedik%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iaea2022-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iaea2022_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iaea2022_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/TE-2009web.pdf">Near Term and Promising Long Term Options for the Deployment of Thorium Based Nuclear Energy</a> (PDF) (Report). Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Near+Term+and+Promising+Long+Term+Options+for+the+Deployment+of+Thorium+Based+Nuclear+Energy&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=International+Atomic+Energy+Agency&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-pub.iaea.org%2FMTCD%2FPublications%2FPDF%2FTE-2009web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forsburg_1999-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forsburg_1999_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsburg_1999_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsburg,_C._W.Lewis,_L._C.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Forsburg, C. W.; Lewis, L. C. (24 September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moltensalt.org/references/static/downloads/pdf/ORNL-6952.pdf">"Uses For Uranium-233: What Should Be Kept for Future Needs?"</a> (PDF). Ornl-6952. Oak Ridge National Laboratory.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ornl-6952&rft.atitle=Uses+For+Uranium-233%3A+What+Should+Be+Kept+for+Future+Needs%3F&rft.date=1999-09-24&rft.au=Forsburg%2C+C.+W.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+L.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoltensalt.org%2Freferences%2Fstatic%2Fdownloads%2Fpdf%2FORNL-6952.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffer2006" class="citation book cs1">Goffer, Zvi (2006). Archaeological Chemistry (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-91515-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-91515-7"><bdi>978-0-471-91515-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Chemistry&rft.pages=106&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-471-91515-7&rft.aulast=Goffer&rft.aufirst=Zvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangYangHuangGan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Z. Y.; et al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.152502">"New α -Emitting Isotope 214 U and Abnormal Enhancement of α -Particle Clustering in Lightest Uranium Isotopes"</a>. Physical Review Letters. 126 (15): 152502. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.06023">2101.06023</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PhRvL.126o2502Z">2021PhRvL.126o2502Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.126.152502">10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.152502</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33929212">33929212</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231627674">231627674</a>. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=New+%CE%B1+-Emitting+Isotope+214+U+and+Abnormal+Enhancement+of+%CE%B1+-Particle+Clustering+in+Lightest+Uranium+Isotopes&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=152502&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231627674%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PhRvL.126o2502Z&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2101.06023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33929212&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.126.152502&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Z.+Y.&rft.au=Yang%2C+H.+B.&rft.au=Huang%2C+M.+H.&rft.au=Gan%2C+Z.+G.&rft.au=Yuan%2C+C.+X.&rft.au=Qi%2C+C.&rft.au=Andreyev%2C+A.+N.&rft.au=Liu%2C+M.+L.&rft.au=Ma%2C+L.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+M.+M.&rft.au=Tian%2C+Y.+L.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y.+S.&rft.au=Wang%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Yang%2C+C.+L.&rft.au=Li%2C+G.+S.&rft.au=Qiang%2C+Y.+H.&rft.au=Yang%2C+W.+Q.&rft.au=Chen%2C+R.+F.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+H.+B.&rft.au=Lu%2C+Z.+W.&rft.au=Xu%2C+X.+X.&rft.au=Duan%2C+L.+M.&rft.au=Yang%2C+H.+R.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+X.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Z.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+X.+H.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y.+H.&rft.au=Xu%2C+H.+S.&rft.au=Wang%2C+N.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+H.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aps.org%2Fprl%2Fabstract%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.126.152502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-U241-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-U241_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-U241_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiwase,_T.Watanabe,_Y._X.Hirayama,_Y.Mukai,_M.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Niwase, T.; Watanabe, Y. X.; Hirayama, Y.; et al. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/197980/1/PhysRevLett.130.132502.pdf">"Discovery of New Isotope 241U and Systematic High-Precision Atomic Mass Measurements of Neutron-Rich Pa-Pu Nuclei Produced via Multinucleon Transfer Reactions"</a> (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 130 (13): 132502-1 – 132502-6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PhRvL.130m2502N">2023PhRvL.130m2502N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.130.132502">10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.132502</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37067317">37067317</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257976576">257976576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+New+Isotope+%3Csup%3E241%3C%2Fsup%3EU+and+Systematic+High-Precision+Atomic+Mass+Measurements+of+Neutron-Rich+Pa-Pu+Nuclei+Produced+via+Multinucleon+Transfer+Reactions&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132502-1+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132502-6%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.130.132502&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257976576%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37067317&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023PhRvL.130m2502N&rft.au=Niwase%2C+T.&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+Y.+X.&rft.au=Hirayama%2C+Y.&rft.au=Mukai%2C+M.&rft.au=Schury%2C+P.&rft.au=Andreyev%2C+A.+N.&rft.au=Hashimoto%2C+T.&rft.au=Iimura%2C+S.&rft.au=Ishiyama%2C+H.&rft.au=Ito%2C+Y.&rft.au=Jeong%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Kaji%2C+D.&rft.au=Kimura%2C+S.&rft.au=Miyatake%2C+H.&rft.au=Morimoto%2C+K.&rft.au=Moon%2C+J.-Y.&rft.au=Oyaizu%2C+M.&rft.au=Rosenbusch%2C+M.&rft.au=Taniguchi%2C+A.&rft.au=Wada%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F197980%2F1%2FPhysRevLett.130.132502.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230Pa-122"><a href="#cite_ref-230Pa_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastrenSteinParkerRadchenko2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mastren, T.; Stein, B. W.; Parker, T. G.; Radchenko, V.; Copping, R.; Owens, A.; Wyant, L. E.; Brugh, M.; Kozimor, S. A.; Noriter, F. M.; Birnbaum, E. R.; John, K. D.; Fassbender, M. E. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325135604">"Separation of protactinium employing sulfur-based extraction chromatographic resins"</a>. Analytical Chemistry. 90 (11): 7012–7017. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.analchem.8b01380">10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01380</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-2700">0003-2700</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1440455">1440455</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29757620">29757620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Separation+of+protactinium+employing+sulfur-based+extraction+chromatographic+resins&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7012-%3C%2Fspan%3E7017&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29757620&rft.issn=0003-2700&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1440455%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.analchem.8b01380&rft.aulast=Mastren&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Stein%2C+B.+W.&rft.au=Parker%2C+T.+G.&rft.au=Radchenko%2C+V.&rft.au=Copping%2C+R.&rft.au=Owens%2C+A.&rft.au=Wyant%2C+L.+E.&rft.au=Brugh%2C+M.&rft.au=Kozimor%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Noriter%2C+F.+M.&rft.au=Birnbaum%2C+E.+R.&rft.au=John%2C+K.+D.&rft.au=Fassbender%2C+M.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F325135604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khuyagbaatar-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Khuyagbaatar_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhuyagbaatar2015" class="citation journal cs1">Khuyagbaatar, J.; et al. (11 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/8311218">"New Short-Lived Isotope 221U and the Mass Surface Near N = 126"</a>. Physical Review Letters. 115 (24): 242502. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvL.115x2502K">2015PhRvL.115x2502K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.115.242502">10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.242502</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26705628">26705628</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12184696">12184696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=New+Short-Lived+Isotope+%3Csup%3E221%3C%2Fsup%3EU+and+the+Mass+Surface+Near+N+%3D+126&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=242502&rft.date=2015-12-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.115.242502&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12184696%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26705628&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PhRvL.115x2502K&rft.aulast=Khuyagbaatar&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flup.lub.lu.se%2Frecord%2F8311218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070124232415/http://web.ead.anl.gov/uranium/guide/depletedu/enrich/index.cfm">"Uranium Enrichment"</a>. Argonne National Laboratory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ead.anl.gov/uranium/guide/depletedu/enrich/index.cfm">the original</a> on 24 January 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uranium+Enrichment&rft.pub=Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ead.anl.gov%2Furanium%2Fguide%2Fdepletedu%2Fenrich%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-paducah-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paducah_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paducah_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehl,_Peter" class="citation news cs1">Diehl, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130113114319/http://www.wise-uranium.org/dhap991.html">"Depleted Uranium: a by-product of the Nuclear Chain"</a>. Laka Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wise-uranium.org/dhap991.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Depleted+Uranium%3A+a+by-product+of+the+Nuclear+Chain&rft.au=Diehl%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wise-uranium.org%2Fdhap991.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuarte,_F._J.Hillman,_L._W.1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Duarte" title="F. J. Duarte">Duarte, F. J.</a>; Hillman, L. W., eds. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100917020215/http://www.opticsjournal.com/dlp.htm">Dye Laser Principles</a>. Academic. p. 413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-222700-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-222700-4"><bdi>978-0-12-222700-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opticsjournal.com/dlp.htm">the original</a> on 17 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dye+Laser+Principles&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Academic&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-12-222700-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opticsjournal.com%2Fdlp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA-Rad-127"><a href="#cite_ref-EPA-Rad_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclide-basics-uranium">"Radionuclide Basics: Uranium"</a>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 16 February 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radionuclide+Basics%3A+Uranium&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fradiation%2Fradionuclide-basics-uranium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATSDR-ToxFAQ-128"><a href="#cite_ref-ATSDR-ToxFAQ_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=439&toxid=77">"ToxFAQ for Uranium"</a>. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ToxFAQ+for+Uranium&rft.pub=Agency+for+Toxic+Substances+and+Disease+Registry&rft.date=2014-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwwn.cdc.gov%2FTSP%2FToxFAQs%2FToxFAQsDetails.aspx%3Ffaqid%3D439%26toxid%3D77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0650.html">"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Uranium (insoluble compounds, as U)"</a>. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health&rft.atitle=CDC+%E2%80%93+NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards+%E2%80%93+Uranium+%28insoluble+compounds%2C+as+U%29&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0650.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPermyakov2009" class="citation book cs1">Permyakov, Eugene (2009). Metalloproteomics. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. p. 564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-44774-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-44774-1"><bdi>978-0-470-44774-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/609844907">609844907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metalloproteomics&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=564&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F609844907&rft.isbn=978-0-470-44774-1&rft.aulast=Permyakov&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Busby, C. and Schnug, E. (2008). "Advanced biochemical and biophysical aspects of uranium contamination". In: De Kok, L.J. and Schnug, E. (Eds) Loads and Fate of Fertilizer Derived Uranium. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5782-193-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5782-193-6">978-90-5782-193-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Francis_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisDodgeMcDonaldHalada2005" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, A. J.; Dodge, C. J.; McDonald, J. A.; Halada, G. P. (2005). "Decontamination of uranium-contaminated steel surfaces by hydroxycarboxylic acid with uranium recovery". Environmental Science & Technology. 39 (13): 5015–21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EnST...39.5015F">2005EnST...39.5015F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes048887c">10.1021/es048887c</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16053105">16053105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Decontamination+of+uranium-contaminated+steel+surfaces+by+hydroxycarboxylic+acid+with+uranium+recovery&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5015-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16053105&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes048887c&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005EnST...39.5015F&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.au=Dodge%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Halada%2C+G.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhiSampathMaliyekkal2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gandhi, T. Pushparaj; Sampath, Prasanna Venkatesh; Maliyekkal, Shihabudheen M. (15 June 2022). "A critical review of uranium contamination in groundwater: Treatment and sludge disposal". The Science of the Total Environment. 825: 153947. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ScTEn.82553947G">2022ScTEn.82553947G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2022.153947">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153947</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1879-1026">1879-1026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35189244">35189244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246988421">246988421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=A+critical+review+of+uranium+contamination+in+groundwater%3A+Treatment+and+sludge+disposal&rft.volume=825&rft.pages=153947&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246988421%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ScTEn.82553947G&rft.issn=1879-1026&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2022.153947&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35189244&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=T.+Pushparaj&rft.au=Sampath%2C+Prasanna+Venkatesh&rft.au=Maliyekkal%2C+Shihabudheen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrustySomuSahooPanda2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prusty, Sourav; Somu, Prathap; Sahoo, Jitendra Kumar; Panda, Debasish; Sahoo, Sunil Kumar; Sahoo, Shraban Kumar; Lee, Yong Rok; Jarin, T.; Sundar, L. Syam; Rao, Koppula Srinivas (December 2022). "Adsorptive sequestration of noxious uranium (VI) from water resources: A comprehensive review". Chemosphere. 308 (Pt 1): 136278. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Chmsp.30836278P">2022Chmsp.30836278P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2022.136278">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136278</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1879-1298">1879-1298</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36057349">36057349</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251999162">251999162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemosphere&rft.atitle=Adsorptive+sequestration+of+noxious+uranium+%28VI%29+from+water+resources%3A+A+comprehensive+review&rft.volume=308&rft.issue=Pt+1&rft.pages=136278&rft.date=2022-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251999162%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Chmsp.30836278P&rft.issn=1879-1298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2022.136278&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36057349&rft.aulast=Prusty&rft.aufirst=Sourav&rft.au=Somu%2C+Prathap&rft.au=Sahoo%2C+Jitendra+Kumar&rft.au=Panda%2C+Debasish&rft.au=Sahoo%2C+Sunil+Kumar&rft.au=Sahoo%2C+Shraban+Kumar&rft.au=Lee%2C+Yong+Rok&rft.au=Jarin%2C+T.&rft.au=Sundar%2C+L.+Syam&rft.au=Rao%2C+Koppula+Srinivas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craft04-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Craft04_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraft,_E._S.Abu-Qare,_A._W.Flaherty,_M._M.Garofolo,_M._C.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Craft, E. S.; Abu-Qare, A. W.; Flaherty, M. M.; Garofolo, M. C.; Rincavage, H. L. & Abou-Donia, M. B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmzhawaii.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/health-overview-04.pdf">"Depleted and natural uranium: chemistry and toxicological effects"</a> (PDF). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews. 7 (4): 297–317. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JTEHB...7..297C">2004JTEHB...7..297C</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.535.5247">10.1.1.535.5247</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10937400490452714">10.1080/10937400490452714</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15205046">15205046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9357795">9357795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Toxicology+and+Environmental+Health+Part+B%3A+Critical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Depleted+and+natural+uranium%3A+chemistry+and+toxicological+effects&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E317&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9357795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JTEHB...7..297C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.535.5247%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15205046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10937400490452714&rft.au=Craft%2C+E.+S.&rft.au=Abu-Qare%2C+A.+W.&rft.au=Flaherty%2C+M.+M.&rft.au=Garofolo%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Rincavage%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Abou-Donia%2C+M.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmzhawaii.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F02%2Fhealth-overview-04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATSDR-136"><a href="#cite_ref-ATSDR_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry_(ATSDR)2013" class="citation report cs1">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp150-c2.pdf">"2. Relevance to Public Health"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=440&tid=77">Toxicological Profile for Uranium</a> (Report). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. pp. 11–38. CAS# 7440-61-1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Toxicological+Profile+for+Uranium&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services%2C+Public+Health+Service&rft.date=2013-02&rft.au=Agency+for+Toxic+Substances+and+Disease+Registry+%28ATSDR%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsdr.cdc.gov%2Ftoxprofiles%2Ftp150-c2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindin2005-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindin2005_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindinBruggePanikkar2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hindin, Rita; Brugge, D.; Panikkar, B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1242351">"Teratogenicity of depleted uranium aerosols: A review from an epidemiological perspective"</a>. Environ Health. 4 (1): 17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EnvHe...4...17H">2005EnvHe...4...17H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-069X-4-17">10.1186/1476-069X-4-17</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1242351">1242351</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16124873">16124873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ+Health&rft.atitle=Teratogenicity+of+depleted+uranium+aerosols%3A+A+review+from+an+epidemiological+perspective&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1242351%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16124873&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1476-069X-4-17&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005EnvHe...4...17H&rft.aulast=Hindin&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft.au=Brugge%2C+D.&rft.au=Panikkar%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1242351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArfsten,_D._P.Still,_K._R.Ritchie,_G._D.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Arfsten, D. P.; Still, K. R.; Ritchie, G. D. (2001). "A review of the effects of uranium and depleted uranium exposure on reproduction and fetal development". Toxicology and Industrial Health. 17 (5–10): 180–91. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ToxIH..17..180A">2001ToxIH..17..180A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0748233701th111oa">10.1191/0748233701th111oa</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12539863">12539863</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25310165">25310165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicology+and+Industrial+Health&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+effects+of+uranium+and+depleted+uranium+exposure+on+reproduction+and+fetal+development&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F0748233701th111oa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25310165%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12539863&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001ToxIH..17..180A&rft.au=Arfsten%2C+D.+P.&rft.au=Still%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+G.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrellierAtkinsonBérardBingham2017" class="citation journal cs1">Grellier, James; Atkinson, Will; Bérard, Philippe; Bingham, Derek; Birchall, Alan; Blanchardon, Eric; Bull, Richard; Guseva Canu, Irina; Challeton-de Vathaire, Cécile; Cockerill, Rupert; Do, Minh T; Engels, Hilde; Figuerola, Jordi; Foster, Adrian; Holmstock, Luc; Hurtgen, Christian; Laurier, Dominique; Puncher, Matthew; Riddell, Tony; Samson, Eric; Thierry-Chef, Isabelle; Tirmarche, Margot; Vrijheid, Martine; Cardis, Elisabeth (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5540354">"Risk of lung cancer mortality in nuclear workers from internal exposure to alpha particle-emitting radionuclides"</a>. Epidemiology. 28 (5): 675–684. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FEDE.0000000000000684">10.1097/EDE.0000000000000684</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5540354">5540354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28520643">28520643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Risk+of+lung+cancer+mortality+in+nuclear+workers+from+internal+exposure+to+alpha+particle-emitting+radionuclides.&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E675-%3C%2Fspan%3E684&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5540354%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28520643&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FEDE.0000000000000684&rft.aulast=Grellier&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Will&rft.au=B%C3%A9rard%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Bingham%2C+Derek&rft.au=Birchall%2C+Alan&rft.au=Blanchardon%2C+Eric&rft.au=Bull%2C+Richard&rft.au=Guseva+Canu%2C+Irina&rft.au=Challeton-de+Vathaire%2C+C%C3%A9cile&rft.au=Cockerill%2C+Rupert&rft.au=Do%2C+Minh+T&rft.au=Engels%2C+Hilde&rft.au=Figuerola%2C+Jordi&rft.au=Foster%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Holmstock%2C+Luc&rft.au=Hurtgen%2C+Christian&rft.au=Laurier%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Puncher%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Riddell%2C+Tony&rft.au=Samson%2C+Eric&rft.au=Thierry-Chef%2C+Isabelle&rft.au=Tirmarche%2C+Margot&rft.au=Vrijheid%2C+Martine&rft.au=Cardis%2C+Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5540354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATSDR-PHS-140"><a href="#cite_ref-ATSDR-PHS_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp150-c1-b.pdf">"Public Health Statement for Uranium"</a> (PDF). CDC. Retrieved 5 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Health+Statement+for+Uranium&rft.pub=CDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsdr.cdc.gov%2FToxProfiles%2Ftp150-c1-b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pgms/worknotify/fernald.html">Radon Exposures to Workers at the Fernald Feed Materials Production Center</a>. Page reviewed: April 8, 2020. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Chart of the Nuclides, US Atomic Energy Commission 1968 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDart,_Richard_C.2004" class="citation book cs1">Dart, Richard C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDf3AO8nILoC&pg=PA1468">Medical Toxicology</a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-2845-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-2845-4"><bdi>978-0-7817-2845-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Toxicology&rft.pages=1468&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-2845-4&rft.au=Dart%2C+Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDf3AO8nILoC%26pg%3DPA1468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOH.WA-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOH.WA_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOH.WA_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928164044/http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/rp/factsheets/factsheets-htm/fs27uran.htm">"Radiation Fact Sheets #27, Uranium (U)"</a>. Washington State Department of Health, Office of Radiation Protection. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/rp/factsheets/factsheets-htm/fs27uran.htm">the original</a> on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radiation+Fact+Sheets+%2327%2C+Uranium+%28U%29&rft.pub=Washington+State+Department+of+Health%2C+Office+of+Radiation+Protection&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doh.wa.gov%2Fehp%2Frp%2Ffactsheets%2Ffactsheets-htm%2Ffs27uran.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_cited">Sources cited</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Emsley" title="John Emsley">Emsley, John</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC">"Uranium"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/476">Nature's Building Blocks: An A to Z Guide to the Elements</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/476">476–482</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8"><bdi>978-0-19-850340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uranium&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A+to+Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=476-482&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-Xu07p3cKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaborg1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Seaborg, Glenn T.</a> (1968). "Uranium". The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. <a href="/wiki/Skokie,_Illinois" title="Skokie, Illinois">Skokie, Illinois</a>: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. 773–786. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68029938">68029938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uranium&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Chemical+Elements&rft.place=Skokie%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E773-%3C%2Fspan%3E786&rft.pub=Reinhold+Book+Corporation&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68029938&rft.aulast=Seaborg&rft.aufirst=Glenn+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Uranium" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Uranium">Uranium</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/uranium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:uranium">uranium</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.gov/nuclear/">Nuclear fuel data and analysis</a> from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Energy_Information_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Energy Information Administration">U.S. Energy Information Administration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wise-uranium.org/umaps.html">World Uranium deposit maps</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDittmar1888" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dittmar" title="William Dittmar">Dittmar, William</a> (1888). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Uranium">"Uranium" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. XXIV (9th ed.). p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uranium&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Dittmar&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUranium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214080409/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science%2FUranium">Annotated bibliography for uranium from the Alsos Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+uranium,+radioactive">NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Uranium, Radioactive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0650.html">CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.html">ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Uranium Toxicity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204174821/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=7">Archived</a> 4 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/092.htm">Uranium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Uranium_compounds93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uranium_compounds" title="Template:Uranium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uranium_compounds" title="Template talk:Uranium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uranium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uranium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uranium_compounds93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Uranium_compounds" title="Uranium compounds">Uranium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_diboride" title="Uranium diboride">UB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_monosulfide" title="Uranium monosulfide">US</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_trifluoride" title="Uranium trifluoride">UF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium(III)_chloride" title="Uranium(III) chloride">UCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium(III)_bromide" title="Uranium(III) bromide">UBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium(III)_iodide" title="Uranium(III) iodide">UI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_monophosphide" title="Uranium monophosphide">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium(III)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranium(III) hydroxide (page does not exist)">U(OH)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium(III)_hydride" title="Uranium(III) hydride">UH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_nitrides" title="Uranium nitrides">UN</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organouranium(III)_compounds56" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organouranium_chemistry" title="Organouranium chemistry">Organouranium</a>(III) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Organouranium_chemistry" title="Organouranium chemistry">U(C5H5)3</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uranium(IV)_compounds" title="Uranium(IV) compounds">U(IV)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_borohydride" title="Uranium borohydride">U(BH4)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_carbide" title="Uranium carbide">UC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_tetrachloride" title="Uranium tetrachloride">UCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_tetrafluoride" title="Uranium tetrafluoride">UF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_tetrabromide" title="Uranium tetrabromide">UBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium(IV)_iodide" title="Uranium(IV) iodide">UI4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_dioxide" title="Uranium dioxide">UO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium(IV)_hydride" title="Uranium(IV) hydride">UH4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_disilicide" title="Uranium disilicide">USi2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_disulfide" title="Uranium disulfide">US2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_diselenide" title="Uranium diselenide">USe2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_ditelluride" title="Uranium ditelluride">UTe2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium(IV)_sulfate" title="Uranium(IV) sulfate">U(SO4)2</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organouranium(IV)_compounds27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organouranium(IV) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranocene" title="Uranocene">U(C8H8)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrakis(cyclopentadienyl)uranium(IV)" title="Tetrakis(cyclopentadienyl)uranium(IV)">U(C5H5)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organouranium_chemistry" title="Organouranium chemistry">U(C5H5)3Cl</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U(IV,V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_nitrides" title="Uranium nitrides">U2N3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U(IV,VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triuranium_octoxide" title="Triuranium octoxide">U3O8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_pentachloride" title="Uranium pentachloride">UCl5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_pentafluoride" title="Uranium pentafluoride">UF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_pentabromide" title="Uranium pentabromide">UBr5</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Halides">UI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diuranium_pentoxide" title="Diuranium pentoxide">U2O5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_diuranate" title="Ammonium diuranate">(NH4)2U2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_diuranate" title="Sodium diuranate">Na2U2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexachloride" title="Uranium hexachloride">UCl6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride" title="Uranium hexafluoride">UF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium phosphate">U(PO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_trioxide" title="Uranium trioxide">UO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_peroxide" title="Uranyl peroxide">UO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_acetate" title="Uranyl acetate">UO2(CH3COO)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_formate" title="Uranyl formate">UO2(CHO2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_carbonate" title="Uranyl carbonate">UO2CO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_uranyl_carbonate" title="Ammonium uranyl carbonate">UO2CO3·2(NH4)2CO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_chloride" title="Uranyl chloride">UO2Cl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_fluoride" title="Uranyl fluoride">UO2F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_nitrate" title="Uranyl nitrate">UO2(NO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_hydroxide" title="Uranyl hydroxide">UO2(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_hydroxide" title="Uranyl hydroxide">(UO2)2(OH)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_sulfate" title="Uranyl sulfate">UO2(SO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_zinc_acetate" title="Uranyl zinc acetate">ZnUO2(CH3COO)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_nitrides" title="Uranium nitrides">UN2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranic acid (page does not exist)">H2UO4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrasodium_tricarbonatodioxouranate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrasodium tricarbonatodioxouranate (page does not exist)">Na4UO2(CO3)3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U(XII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexoxide" title="Uranium hexoxide">UO6</a> (hypothetical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_technology476" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_technology" title="Template:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_technology" title="Template talk:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_technology476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_nuclear_technology" title="Outline of nuclear technology">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">braking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">Fuel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">Tritium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">Helium-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_material" title="Fertile material">Fertile material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">Fissile material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_separation" title="Isotope separation">Isotope separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_material" title="Nuclear material">Nuclear material</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uranium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">Activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_poison" title="Neutron poison">Poison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_cross_section" title="Neutron cross section">Cross section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">Reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_temperature" title="Neutron temperature">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast neutron">Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron#Fusion_neutrons" title="Neutron">Fusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">Power plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_nuclear_power_plants" title="Economics of nuclear power plants">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy" title="Nuclear energy policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-mission_radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator">MMRTG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_propulsion" title="Nuclear propulsion">Propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_thermal_rocket" title="Nuclear thermal rocket">rocket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_safety_and_security" title="Nuclear safety and security">Safety and security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_meltdown" title="Nuclear meltdown">Nuclear meltdown</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoradiograph" title="Autoradiograph">Autoradiograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RadBall" title="RadBall">RadBall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintigraphy" title="Scintigraphy">Scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">Single-photon emission (SPECT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">Positron-emission tomography (PET)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron_therapy" title="Fast neutron therapy">Fast-neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture_therapy_of_cancer" title="Neutron capture therapy of cancer">Neutron capture therapy of cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_alpha-particle_therapy" title="Targeted alpha-particle therapy">Targeted alpha-particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_therapy" title="Proton therapy">Proton-beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomotherapy" title="Tomotherapy">Tomotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">Brachytherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiosurgery" title="Radiosurgery">Radiosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmacology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">Processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_gardening" title="Atomic gardening">Atomic gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron-beam_processing" title="Electron-beam processing">Electron-beam processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone_irradiation" title="Gemstone irradiation">Gemstone irradiation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_delivery" title="Nuclear weapons delivery">Delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_ethics" title="Nuclear ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_explosion" title="Nuclear explosion">Explosion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions" title="Effects of nuclear explosions">effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">Proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">Testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_nuclear_explosion" title="High-altitude nuclear explosion">high-altitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Underground nuclear weapons testing">underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">Yield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">TNTe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">States with nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_nuclear_weapons_stockpiles_and_nuclear_tests_by_country" title="Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country">Historical stockpiles and tests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of nuclear weapons tests">Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States">Tests in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_mass_destruction_treaties" title="List of weapons of mass destruction treaties">WMD treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-weapon-free_zone" title="Nuclear-weapon-free zone">Weapon-free zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons" title="List of nuclear weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Waste</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reprocessed_uranium" title="Reprocessed uranium">Reprocessed uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactor-grade_plutonium" title="Reactor-grade plutonium">Reactor-grade plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activation_product" title="Activation product">Activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Fission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product" title="Long-lived fission product">LLFP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Disposal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">Fuel cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_waste" title="High-level waste">High-level (HLW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_waste" title="Low-level waste">Low-level (LLW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_decommissioning" title="Nuclear decommissioning">Nuclear decommissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_geological_repository" title="Deep geological repository">Repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">Reprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">Spent fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spent_fuel_pool" title="Spent fuel pool">pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cask_storage" title="Dry cask storage">cask</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">Transmutation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_debate" title="Nuclear weapons debate">Nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining_debate" title="Uranium mining debate">Uranium mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out" title="Nuclear power phase-out">Nuclear power phase-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Nuclear_reactors476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fission831" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor#Fission" title="Nuclear reactor">Fission</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">Moderator</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light-water_reactor" title="Light-water reactor">Light water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_homogeneous_reactor" title="Aqueous homogeneous reactor">Aqueous homogeneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">Boiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_boiling_water_reactor" title="Advanced boiling water reactor">ABWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Simplified_Boiling_Water_Reactor" title="Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor">ESBWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerena_boiling_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerena boiling water reactor">Kerena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">Natural fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">Pressurized</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APR-1400" title="APR-1400">APR-1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APR%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="APR+">APR+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APWR" class="mw-redirect" title="APWR">APWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATMEA1" class="mw-redirect" title="ATMEA1">ATMEA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAP1400" title="CAP1400">CAP1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPR-1000" title="CPR-1000">CPR-1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPR_(nuclear_reactor)" title="EPR (nuclear reactor)">EPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualong_One" title="Hualong One">HPR-1000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACPR1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACPR1000">ACPR1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACP1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACP1000">ACP1000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVER" title="VVER">VVER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPWR-900" title="IPWR-900">IPWR-900</a></li> <li>many others</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercritical_water_reactor" title="Supercritical water reactor">Supercritical (SCWR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy-water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy-water reactor">Heavy water</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;;background:whitesmoke;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterium oxide">D2O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_heavy-water_reactor" title="Pressurized heavy-water reactor">Pressurized</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CANDU_reactor" title="CANDU reactor">CANDU</a> <ul><li>CANDU 6</li> <li>CANDU 9</li> <li>EC6</li> <li>AFCR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACR-1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACR-1000">ACR-1000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor" title="Carolinas–Virginia Tube Reactor">CVTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR" title="IPHWR">IPHWR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-220" title="IPHWR-220">IPHWR-220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR#IPHWR-540" title="IPHWR">IPHWR-540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-700" title="IPHWR-700">IPHWR-700</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Argentina">PHWR KWU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MZFR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MZFR (page does not exist)">MZFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85gestaverket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ågestaverket">R3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R4_nuclear_reactor" title="R4 nuclear reactor">R4 Marviken</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H2O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HWLWR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWLWR (page does not exist)">HWLWR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugen_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fugen Nuclear Power Plant">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentilly_Nuclear_Generating_Station#Gentilly-1" title="Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station">HW BLWR 250</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam-generating_heavy_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam-generating heavy water reactor">Steam-generating (SGHWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_heavy-water_reactor" title="Advanced heavy-water reactor">AHWR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WR-1" title="WR-1">WR-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HWGCR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWGCR (page does not exist)">HWGCR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brennilis_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant">EL-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernkraftwerk_Niederaichbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernkraftwerk Niederaichbach (page does not exist)">KKN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_150" title="KS 150">KS 150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucens_reactor" title="Lucens reactor">Lucens</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Graphite-moderated_reactor" title="Graphite-moderated reactor">Graphite</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="H2O22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H2O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant">AM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloyarsk_Nuclear_Power_Station#Early_reactors" title="Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station">AMB-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGP-6" title="EGP-6">EGP-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBMK" title="RBMK">RBMK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_reactor" title="Gas-cooled reactor">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNGG_reactor" title="UNGG reactor">Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz (UNGG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine_modular_helium_reactor" title="Gas turbine modular helium reactor">GTMHR</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MHR-T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MHR-T (page does not exist)">MHR-T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UHTREX" title="UHTREX">UHTREX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-high-temperature_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-high-temperature reactor">VHTR (HTGR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pebble-bed_reactor" title="Pebble-bed reactor">PBR (PBMR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AVR_reactor" title="AVR reactor">AVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR-10" title="HTR-10">HTR-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR-PM" title="HTR-PM">HTR-PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THTR-300" title="THTR-300">THTR-300</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prismatic_block_reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prismatic block reactor (page does not exist)">PMR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molten_salt_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Molten salt reactor">Molten-salt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fluorides19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/FLiBe" title="FLiBe">Fluorides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Fuji Molten Salt Reactor">Fuji MSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor" title="Liquid fluoride thorium reactor">Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten-Salt_Reactor_Experiment" title="Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment">Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Integral Molten Salt Reactor">Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMSR-500" class="mw-redirect" title="TMSR-500">TMSR-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMSR-LF1" title="TMSR-LF1">TMSR-LF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">None (<a href="/wiki/Fast-neutron_reactor" title="Fast-neutron reactor">fast-neutron</a>)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder reactor">Breeder (FBR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_fast_reactor" title="Integral fast reactor">Integral (IFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_cooled_reactor" title="Liquid metal cooled reactor">Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small,_sealed,_transportable,_autonomous_reactor" title="Small, sealed, transportable, autonomous reactor">Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_wave_reactor" title="Traveling wave reactor">Traveling-wave (TWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Multiplier_Module" title="Energy Multiplier Module">Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_moderation_water_reactor" title="Reduced moderation water reactor">Reduced-moderation (RMWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Breeder_Test_Reactor" title="Fast Breeder Test Reactor">Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_fluid_reactor" title="Dual fluid reactor">Dual fluid reactor (DFR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Generation_IV_reactor" title="Generation IV reactor">Generation IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Sodium-cooled fast reactor">Sodium (SFR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BN-350_reactor" title="BN-350 reactor">BN-350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-600_reactor" title="BN-600 reactor">BN-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-800_reactor" title="BN-800 reactor">BN-800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-1200_reactor" title="BN-1200 reactor">BN-1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFR-600" title="CFR-600">CFR-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nix" title="Phénix">Phénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superph%C3%A9nix" title="Superphénix">Superphénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype_Fast_Breeder_Reactor" title="Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor">PFBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBR-600" title="FBR-600">FBR-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Experimental_Fast_Reactor" title="China Experimental Fast Reactor">CEFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dounreay#Prototype_Fast_Reactor_(PFR)" title="Dounreay">PFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(reactor)" title="PRISM (reactor)">PRISM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Lead-cooled fast reactor">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Gas-cooled fast reactor">Helium gas (GFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_salt_reactor" title="Stable salt reactor">Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_nuclear_reactor" title="Organic nuclear reactor">Organic nuclear reactor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Moderated_Reactor_Experiment" title="Organic Moderated Reactor Experiment">OMRE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbus-reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbus-reactor (page does not exist)">Arbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piqua_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Piqua Nuclear Generating Station">Piqua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion" title="Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion">Aircraft Reactor Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fusion214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor#Fusion_reactors" title="Nuclear reactor">Fusion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>by <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_fusion#Confinement" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear fusion">confinement</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">Magnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-reversed_configuration" title="Field-reversed configuration">Field-reversed configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitated_dipole" title="Levitated dipole">Levitated dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversed_field_pinch" title="Reversed field pinch">Reversed field pinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spheromak" title="Spheromak">Spheromak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">Stellarator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">Tokamak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Inertial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_fusion" title="Bubble fusion">Bubble (acoustic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor" title="Fusor">Fusor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_electrostatic_confinement" title="Inertial electrostatic confinement">electrostatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Laser-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetized_target_fusion" title="Magnetized target fusion">Magnetized-target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-pinch" title="Z-pinch">Z-pinch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dense_plasma_focus" title="Dense plasma focus">Dense plasma focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migma" title="Migma">Migma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon-catalyzed_fusion" title="Muon-catalyzed fusion">Muon-catalyzed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polywell" title="Polywell">Polywell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroelectric_fusion" title="Pyroelectric fusion">Pyroelectric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/32px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/48px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/64px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_technology" title="Category:Nuclear technology">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nuclear_technology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nuclear technology">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manhattan_Project245" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manhattan_Project" title="Template talk:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manhattan_Project245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project" title="Timeline of the Manhattan Project">Timeline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Project" title="Ames Project">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Site_A" title="Site A">Site A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Project" title="Dayton Project">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works" title="Hanford Engineer Works">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Camel" title="Project Camel">Inyokern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Y" title="Project Y">Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Oak Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Wells_Pilot_Plant" title="Salt Wells Pilot Plant">Salt Wells Pilot Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendover_Air_Force_Base" title="Wendover Air Force Base">Wendover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-9_Project" title="P-9 Project">Heavy water sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Duffield" title="Priscilla Duffield">Priscilla Duffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Farrell (United States Army officer)">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansdale_Jr." title="John Lansdale Jr.">John Lansdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Marshall" title="James C. Marshall">James Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Matthias" title="Franklin Matthias">Franklin Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_McKibbin" title="Dorothy McKibbin">Dorothy McKibbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">Deak Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pash" title="Boris Pash">Boris Pash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Spedding" title="Frank Spedding">Frank Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Uanna" title="William L. Uanna">Bud Uanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_L._Warren" title="Stafford L. Warren">Stafford Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Westcott" title="Ed Westcott">Ed Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Charles_Wilson" title="Roscoe Charles Wilson">Roscoe Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Woods" title="Leona Woods">Leona Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Alsos Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peppermint" title="Operation Peppermint">Operation Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb" title="Pumpkin bomb">Pumpkin bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_scientists_and_technicians_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="African-American scientists and technicians on the Manhattan Project">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphate_process" title="Bismuth phosphate process">Bismuth phosphate process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron_Girls" title="Calutron Girls">Calutron Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_core" title="Demon core">Demon core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">Einstein–Szilard letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Report" title="Franck Report">Franck Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Primer" title="Los Alamos Primer">Los Alamos Primer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_who_worked_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="List of Nobel laureates who worked on the Manhattan Project">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheimer security hearing">Oppenheimer security hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaLa_Experiment" title="RaLa Experiment">RaLa Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Executive_Committee" title="S-1 Executive Committee">S-1 Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-50_(Manhattan_Project)" title="S-50 (Manhattan Project)">S-50 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Smyth Report</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Y-12 Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Manhattan_Project" title="Category:Manhattan Project">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1098#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1739" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1098#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1739" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1098#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1162214/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4187153-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85141276">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119337333">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119337333">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574039">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126944&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX531546">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007529652205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644103">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranium&oldid=1275603341">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranium&oldid=1275603341</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uranium" title="Category:Uranium">Uranium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements" title="Category:Chemical elements">Chemical elements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Actinides" title="Category:Actinides">Actinides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_fuels" title="Category:Nuclear fuels">Nuclear fuels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_materials" title="Category:Nuclear materials">Nuclear materials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suspected_male-mediated_teratogens" title="Category:Suspected male-mediated teratogens">Suspected male-mediated teratogens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manhattan_Project" title="Category:Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pyrophoric_materials" title="Category:Pyrophoric materials">Pyrophoric materials</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2021">Use dmy dates from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_EB9" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 February 2025, at 23:56 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranium&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Uranium</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 169 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-vwnk5","wgBackendResponseTime":234,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.609","walltime":"4.085","ppvisitednodes":{"value":59383,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1299792,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":87594,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":56,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":627601,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3602.878 1 -total"," 58.90% 2121.987 3 Template:Infobox"," 38.91% 1401.849 1 Template:Infobox_uranium"," 38.78% 1397.328 1 Template:Infobox_element"," 22.13% 797.260 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.90% 572.911 153 Template:Trim"," 14.88% 536.274 1 Template:Infobox_uranium_isotopes"," 14.81% 533.428 1 Template:Infobox_isotopes_(meta)"," 14.51% 522.603 1 Template:Isotopes/main/table"," 13.55% 488.308 6 Template:Isotopes/main/isotope"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.941","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15284329,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAgency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry_(ATSDR)2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonVrionisOrtiz-BernadResch2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArfsten,_D._P.Still,_K._R.Ritchie,_G._D.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeiser2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiever2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruggeGoble2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurbidge,_E._M.Burbidge,_G._R.Fowler,_W._A.Hoyle,_F.1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClayton1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraft,_E._S.Abu-Qare,_A._W.Flaherty,_M._M.Garofolo,_M._C.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDart,_Richard_C.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Gregorio,_A.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeffeyes,_Kenneth_S.MacGregor,_Ian_D.1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiehl,_Peter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDittmar1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuarte,_F._J.Hillman,_L._W.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmsley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmsley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFermi1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsburg,_C._W.Lewis,_L._C.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancisDodgeMcDonaldHalada2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGadd,_G._M.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhiSampathMaliyekkal2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillettMack1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilliland,_Frank_D.Hunt,_William_C.Pardilla,_MarlaKey,_Charles_R.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoffer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrellierAtkinsonBérardBingham2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrentheDrożdżyńskiFujinoBuck2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta,_C._K.Mukherjee,_T._K.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond,_C._R.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHindinBruggePanikkar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhuyagbaatar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlaproth,_M._H.1789\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKloproggePonceLoomis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoribanicsTuortoLopez-ChiaffarelliMcGuinness2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLachner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacaskie,_L._E.Empson,_R._M.Cheetham,_A._K.Grey,_C._P.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManfred_Popp2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarouliPomméJobbágyVan_Ammel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMastrenSteinParkerRadchenko2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeitner,_L.Frisch,_O.1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinXuChenFayek2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMithridates2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgoupanaFelix2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigro,_M.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilgiriwala,_K.S.Alahari,_A.Rao,_A._S.Apte,_S.K.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiwase,_T.Watanabe,_Y._X.Hirayama,_Y.Mukai,_M.2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPermyakov2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrustySomuSahooPanda2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPéligot,_E.-M.1842\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenshawButchinsLivensMay2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoedererKratzFrebelChristlieb2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRollett,_A._D.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeaborg1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTissotDauphasGrossmann2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrenn1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTretyakZdesenko2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsezosNoh1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_UnnikBroerseGeleijnsJansen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVitesseMorrisNatrajanShaw2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallnerFaestermannFeigeFeldstein2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarneke,_T.Croudace,_I._W.Warwick,_P._E.Taylor,_R._N.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangYangHuangGan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Krogt,_Peter\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bigmath\"] = 3,\n [\"Chem\"] = 60,\n [\"Cite EB9\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 50,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"E\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox uranium\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Manhattan Project\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NUBASE2020\"] = 14,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nuclear Technology\"] = 1,\n [\"Nuclide\"] = 4,\n [\"Overunderset\"] = 2,\n [\"Periodic table (navbox)\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 48,\n [\"Sub\"] = 9,\n [\"Sup\"] = 78,\n [\"Uranium compounds\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 7,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","820","32.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","11.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","7.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","6.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","2.4"],["[others]","580","23.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-l7xhn","timestamp":"20250216230320","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Uranium","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uranium","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1098","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1098","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-17T13:53:38Z","dateModified":"2025-02-13T23:56:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d8\/HEUraniumC.jpg","headline":"radioactive, metallic element with the atomic number 92"}</script> </body> </html>