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id="toc-Taxonomic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Taxonomic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Alternative concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plant_cells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_cells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Plant cells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_cells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Plant structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Photosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_and_repair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_and_repair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Growth and repair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_and_repair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Sexual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asexual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asexual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Asexual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asexual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Disease resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Genomics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_producers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_producers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Primary producers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_producers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ecological relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_to_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_to_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Importance to humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Importance_to_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Importance to humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Importance_to_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Medicines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonfood_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonfood_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Nonfood products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonfood_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ornamental_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornamental_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Ornamental plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornamental_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>In science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mythology,_religion,_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mythology,_religion,_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>In mythology, religion, and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mythology,_religion,_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Negative effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 234 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-234" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">234 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peunula" title="Peunula – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Peunula" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="КъэкӀыгъэхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="КъэкӀыгъэхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plant" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflanzen" title="Pflanzen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pflanzen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%B5%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B5" title="አትክልት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አትክልት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="पौधा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पौधा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plante" title="Plante – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Plante" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%B5%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аҵиаақәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҵиаақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نبات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نبات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%C3%A2" title="Plantâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Plantâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta" title="Planta – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Planta" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="উদ্ভিদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="वनस्पति – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="वनस्पति" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27avo" title="Ka'avo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ka'avo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitkil%C9%99r" title="Bitkilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bitkilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="بیتکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیتکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran" title="Tetanduran – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tetanduran" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="উদ্ভিদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tumbuhan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%CC%8Dt-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Si̍t-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Si̍t-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanduran" title="Tanduran – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Tanduran" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%AB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Үҫемлектәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үҫемлектәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Расліны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Расліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Расьліны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Расьліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="पौधा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पौधा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinanom" title="Tinanom – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tinanom" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Растения – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Растения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflanzna" title="Pflanzna – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Pflanzna" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biljke" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Plant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ургамал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ургамал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantes" title="Plantes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plantes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ӳсентăран – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ӳсентăран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanom" title="Tanom – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tanom" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostliny" title="Rostliny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rostliny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madzinde" title="Madzinde – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Madzinde" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyakumela" title="Vyakumela – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Vyakumela" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planhigyn" title="Planhigyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Planhigyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planter" title="Planter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Planter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="عشبة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عشبة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflanze" title="Pflanze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pflanze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ގަސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގަސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostliny" title="Rostliny – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rostliny" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="वनस्पति – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="वनस्पति" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taimed" title="Taimed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taimed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Φυτό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυτό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Касыкст – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Касыкст" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantoj" title="Plantoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plantoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landare" title="Landare – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Landare" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="گیاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paudha" title="Paudha – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Paudha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantur" title="Plantur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Plantur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plante" title="Plante – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plante" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planten" title="Planten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Planten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantis" title="Plantis – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Plantis" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planda" title="Planda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Planda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lus" title="Lus – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lus" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lus" title="Lus – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta" title="Planta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Planta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="БаьцовгӀаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="БаьцовгӀаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="植物" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%A9mera" title="Mĩmera – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mĩmera" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%E1%B9%B3%CC%8Dt-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Chhṳ̍t-vu̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhṳ̍t-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="식물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="식물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shuka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բույսեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բույսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AA" title="पादप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पादप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostliny" title="Rostliny – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rostliny" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biljke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planto" title="Planto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Planto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osisi" title="Osisi – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Osisi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mula" title="Mula – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mula" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta" title="Planta – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Planta" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plante" title="Plante – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Plante" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B1%E1%95%88%E1%96%85%E1%91%90%E1%96%85" title="ᐱᕈᖅᑐᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐱᕈᖅᑐᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauriaq" title="Nauriaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nauriaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Зайæгойтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зайæгойтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isityalo" title="Isityalo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isityalo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izitshalo" title="Izitshalo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izitshalo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurt" title="Jurt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jurt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%97" title="צומח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צומח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetuwuhan" title="Tetuwuhan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tetuwuhan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suu" title="Suu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Suu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಸಸ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಸ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaman" title="Tanaman – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tanaman" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მცენარეები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მცენარეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%84%D8%A0_%DA%A9%D9%94%D9%B9%D8%A0" title="کُلؠ کٔٹؠ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کُلؠ کٔٹؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Өсімдіктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өсімдіктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plans" title="Plans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Plans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikimera" title="Ikimera – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikimera" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmea" title="Mmea – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mmea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plant" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Plant" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riwek" title="Riwek – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Riwek" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BA" title="Өсүмдүк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өсүмдүк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Кушкыш – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кушкыш" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta" title="Planta – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Planta" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%85%D1%8F%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ххяххия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ххяххия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguoji" title="Auguoji – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Auguoji" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augi" title="Augi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Augi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planzer%C3%A4ich" title="Planzeräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Planzeräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Набатат – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Набатат" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augalai" title="Augalai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Augalai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plante" title="Plante – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Plante" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C9%94%C9%9Bl%C9%9B" title="Etɔɛlɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Etɔɛlɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta" title="Planta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Planta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazvi" title="Kazvi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kazvi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/spati" title="spati – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="spati" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6v%C3%A9nyek" title="Növények – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Növények" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="वनस्पति – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वनस्पति" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Растенија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Растенија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavamaniry" title="Zavamaniry – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zavamaniry" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സസ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സസ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="वनस्पती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वनस्पती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჩანარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩანარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نبات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نبات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%81%9E%E1%80%B6" title="တၞံ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="တၞံ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86" title="گیاهون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گیاهون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tumbuhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9E" title="ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuahan" title="Tumbuahan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tumbuahan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81u-m%C5%ADk" title="Chāu-mŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chāu-mŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta" title="Planta – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Planta" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ургамал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ургамал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuauhtontli" title="Cuauhtontli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cuauhtontli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea" title="Tea – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Tea" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planten" title="Planten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Planten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaanten" title="Plaanten – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Plaanten" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="वनस्पति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वनस्पति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80)" title="मा (बोट्यानी) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मा (बोट्यानी)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="植物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%C3%A6" title="Plantæ – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Plantæ" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Ораматаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ораматаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaanten" title="Plaanten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Plaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaant" title="Plaant – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Plaant" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planter" title="Planter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Planter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar" title="Plantar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Plantar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliante" title="Pliante – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pliante" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Кушкыл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кушкыл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A6" title="ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biqilaa" title="Biqilaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Biqilaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBsimliklar" title="Oʻsimliklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻsimliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪੌਦਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੌਦਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%92" title="بوٹے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بوٹے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BC%DB%8C" title="بوټی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوټی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaant_(Chrii)" title="Plaant (Chrii) – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Plaant (Chrii)" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Быдмас – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Быдмас" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7" title="រុក្ខជាតិ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រុក្ខជាតិ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plante" title="Plante – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Plante" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayor" title="Sayor – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Sayor" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planten" title="Planten – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Planten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny" title="Rośliny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rośliny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93simlikler" title="Ósimlikler – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ósimlikler" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%C4%83" title="Plantă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plantă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yura" title="Yura – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yura" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ростлины – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ростлины" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Растения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Растения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Үүнээйилэр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үүнээйилэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/mulangaway" title="mulangaway – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="mulangaway" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="ओषधयः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ओषधयः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Plant" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plonten" title="Plonten – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Plonten" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimela" title="Dimela – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Dimela" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bim%C3%ABt" title="Bimët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bimët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A" title="ශාක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශාක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7" title="ٻوٽا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻوٽا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timila" title="Timila – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Timila" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastliny" title="Rastliny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rastliny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastline" title="Rastline – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rastline" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B9eliny" title="Źeliny – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Źeliny" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhir" title="Dhir – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9" title="ڕوەک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕوەک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Биљке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биљке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biljke" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuwuhan" title="Tutuwuhan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tutuwuhan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasvit" title="Kasvit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kasvit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4xtriket" title="Växtriket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Växtriket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaman" title="Halaman – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halaman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தாவரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாவரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im%C9%A3i" title="Imɣi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Imɣi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Plantae" title="Regnum Plantae – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Regnum Plantae" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Үсемлекләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үсемлекләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qqhuniq_ru_kk%E2%80%99man" title="qqhuniq ru kk’man – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qqhuniq ru kk’man" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95" title="మొక్క – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మొక్క" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A" title="พืช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พืช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%91%D2%B3" title="Гиёҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гиёҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAkau" title="ʻAkau – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAkau" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%98" title="ᎦᎪᏘ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᎪᏘ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshimela" title="Tshimela – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Tshimela" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitki" title="Bitki – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bitki" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96s%C3%BCmlikler" title="Ösümlikler – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ösümlikler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1tyin_(a%CC%B1ga%CC%B1fi%CC%B1p)" title="A̱tyin (a̱ga̱fi̱p) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱tyin (a̱ga̱fi̱p)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Будос – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Будос" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Рослини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рослини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%88%D9%85%D9%84%DB%88%D9%83" title="ئۆسۈملۈك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۆسۈملۈك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenghgo" title="Doenghgo – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doenghgo" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Plantae" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazmused" title="Kazmused – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kazmused" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Thực vật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasv" title="Kasv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kasv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plante" title="Plante – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Plante" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="植物" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantn" title="Plantn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Plantn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaman" title="Tanaman – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tanaman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0ncax" title="Gàncax – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Gàncax" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="植物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A5" title="פלאנץ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלאנץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%CC%80gb%C3%ACn" title="Ọ̀gbìn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọ̀gbìn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="植物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebat" title="Nebat – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nebat" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%27n" title="Plant'n – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Plant'n" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augal%C4%81" title="Augalā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Augalā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="植物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuan" title="Tumbuan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tumbuan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumuni" title="Susumuni – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Susumuni" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utai_tumbuh" title="Utai tumbuh – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Utai tumbuh" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q756#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Kingdom of photosynthetic eukaryotes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Plant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Plant (disambiguation)">Plant (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Plants<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Mesoproterozoic–present</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; font-size:small; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,192,141); left:220.50773980251px; width:15.703916975018px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,197,202); left:236.21165677753px; width:10.175705559083px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(242,249,29); left:246.38736233661px; width:3.6126376633897px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(154,217,221); left:220.50773980251px; width:29.492260197491px;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic"><span style="color:black;">Pha.</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,67,112); left:113.15766426554px; width:49.263240864406px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,180,98); left:162.42090512995px; width:32.84216057627px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,179,66); left:195.26306570622px; width:25.244674096293px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,53,99); left:113.15766426554px; width:107.35007553697px;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><span style="color:black;">Proterozoic</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(218,3,127); left:29.355417861756px; width:23.591618680621px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(244,68,159); left:52.947036542377px; width:21.894773717514px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,104,169); left:74.841810259891px; width:21.894773717514px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(249,155,193); left:96.736583977405px; width:16.421080288135px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,4,127); left:29.355417861756px; width:83.802246403783px;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:black;">Archean</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.355417861756px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.355417861756px;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean"><span style="color:white;">Had.</span></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:249px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:162.42090512995px; width:87.579094870055px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:162.42090512995px; width:87.579094870055px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:163.42090512995px; width:85.579094870055px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_sylvestris_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-106_(extracted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pinus_sylvestris_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-106_%28extracted%29.jpg/130px-Pinus_sylvestris_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-106_%28extracted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pinus_sylvestris_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-106_%28extracted%29.jpg/195px-Pinus_sylvestris_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-106_%28extracted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pinus_sylvestris_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-106_%28extracted%29.jpg/260px-Pinus_sylvestris_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-106_%28extracted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Conifer</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_(single)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_%28single%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/124px-Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_%28single%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_%28single%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="243" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Red alga</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dryopteris_filix-mas_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-202.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dryopteris_filix-mas_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-202.jpg/134px-Dryopteris_filix-mas_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-202.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dryopteris_filix-mas_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-202.jpg/201px-Dryopteris_filix-mas_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-202.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dryopteris_filix-mas_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-202.jpg/268px-Dryopteris_filix-mas_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-202.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_(extracted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg/120px-Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg/180px-Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg/240px-Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="548" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></div></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Plantae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CAM_(clade)" title="CAM (clade)">CAM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plantae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Copeland_(biologist)" title="Herbert Copeland (biologist)">H. F. Copel.</a>, 1956</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Superdivisions </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>See text</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> <small>Cavalier-Smith 1981</small><sup id="cite_ref-CavalierSmith1981_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CavalierSmith1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chlorobionta <small>Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt 2004</small><sup id="cite_ref-LewisMcCourt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LewisMcCourt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chlorobiota <small>Kenrick and Crane 1997</small><sup id="cite_ref-KenrickCrane1997_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KenrickCrane1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chloroplastida <small>Adl et al., 2005 </small><sup id="cite_ref-Adl_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Phyta <small>Barkley 1939</small> emend. <small>Holt & Uidica 2007</small></li> <li>Cormophyta <small>Endlicher, 1836</small></li> <li>Cormobionta <small>Rothmaler, 1948</small></li> <li>Euplanta <small>Barkley, 1949</small></li> <li>Telomobionta <small>Takhtajan, 1964</small></li> <li>Embryobionta <small>Cronquist et al., 1966</small></li> <li>Metaphyta <small>Whittaker, 1969</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Plants</b> are the <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> that form the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdom</a> <b>Plantae</b>; they are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a>. This means that they obtain their energy from <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Endosymbiosis">endosymbiosis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a> from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water, using the green pigment <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>. Exceptions are <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_plant" title="Parasitic plant">parasitic plants</a> that have lost the genes for chlorophyll and photosynthesis, and obtain their energy from other plants or fungi. Most plants are <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular</a>, except for some green algae. </p><p>Historically, as in <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">Aristotle's biology</a>, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, and included <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>. Definitions have narrowed since then; current definitions exclude the fungi and some of the algae. By the definition used in this article, plants form the <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> (green plants), which consists of the <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">embryophytes</a> or land plants (<a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">hornworts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverworts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverworts">liverworts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">lycophytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>). A definition based on <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> includes the Viridiplantae, along with the <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">glaucophytes</a>, in the clade <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a>. </p><p>There are about 380,000 known <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of plants, of which the majority, some 260,000, <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">produce seeds</a>. They range in size from single cells to the tallest <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>. Green plants provide a substantial proportion of the world's molecular oxygen; the sugars they create supply the energy for most of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>, including animals, either <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">eat plants directly</a> or rely on organisms which do so. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">Grain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> are basic human foods and have been <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a> for millennia. People use plants <a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_plants" title="Human uses of plants">for many purposes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building materials</a>, ornaments, <a href="/wiki/Writing_material" title="Writing material">writing materials</a>, and, in great variety, <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal plant">for medicines</a>. The scientific study of plants is known as <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, a branch of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomic_history">Taxonomic history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)#History" title="Kingdom (biology)">Kingdom (biology) § History</a></div> <p>All living things were traditionally placed into one of two groups, plants and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>. This classification dates from <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BC), who distinguished different levels of beings in <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology#Classification" title="Aristotle's biology">his biology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on whether living things had a "sensitive soul" or like plants only a "vegetative soul".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, Aristotle's student, continued his work in plant taxonomy and classification.<sup id="cite_ref-OxBib_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxBib-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much later, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> (1707–1778) created the basis of the modern system of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific classification">scientific classification</a>, but retained the animal and plant <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdoms</a>, naming the plant kingdom the Vegetabilia.<sup id="cite_ref-OxBib_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxBib-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Current_definitions_of_Plantae"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_concepts">Alternative concepts</h3></div> <p>When the name Plantae or plant is applied to a specific group of organisms or <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a>, it usually refers to one of four concepts. From least to most inclusive, these four groupings are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name(s) </th> <th>Scope </th> <th>Organisation </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Land plants, also known as <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophyta</a> </td> <td>Plantae <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#sensu_strictissimo" title="Glossary of botanical terms">sensu strictissimo</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellular</a> </td> <td><b>Plants in the strictest sense</b> include <a href="/wiki/Liverworts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverworts">liverworts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">hornworts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>, as well as fossil plants similar to these surviving groups (e.g., Metaphyta <small>Whittaker, 1969</small>,<sup id="cite_ref-ib.usp.br_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ib.usp.br-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plantae <small><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Margulis</a>, 1971</small><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Green plants</b>, also known as <b><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a></b>, <b>Viridiphyta</b>, <b>Chlorobionta</b> or <b>Chloroplastida</b> </td> <td>Plantae <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#sensu_stricto" title="Glossary of botanical terms">sensu stricto</a></i> </td> <td>Some <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular</a>, some multicellular </td> <td><b>Plants in a strict sense</b> include the <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a>, and land plants that emerged within them, including <a href="/wiki/Stonewort" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonewort">stoneworts</a>. The relationships between plant groups are still being worked out, and the names given to them vary considerably. The <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> Viridiplantae encompasses a group of organisms that have <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a>, possess <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_a" title="Chlorophyll a">chlorophylls <i>a</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_b" title="Chlorophyll b"><i>b</i></a> and have <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastids</a> bound by only two membranes that are capable of photosynthesis and of storing starch. This clade is the main subject of this article (e.g., Plantae <small><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Copeland_(biologist)" title="Herbert Copeland (biologist)">Copeland</a>, 1956</small><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a>, also known as Plastida or Primoplantae </td> <td>Plantae <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#sensu_lato" title="Glossary of botanical terms">sensu lato</a></i> </td> <td>Some <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular</a>, some multicellular </td> <td><b>Plants in a broad sense</b> comprise the green plants listed above plus the red algae (<a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a>) and the glaucophyte algae (<a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a>) that store <a href="/wiki/Floridean_starch" title="Floridean starch">Floridean starch</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastids</a>, in the cytoplasm. This clade includes all of the organisms that eons ago acquired their <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast#Primary_endosymbiosis" title="Chloroplast">primary chloroplasts</a> directly by engulfing <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> (e.g., Plantae <small>Cavalier-Smith, 1981</small><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Old definitions of plant</a> (obsolete) </td> <td>Plantae <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#sensu_amplo" title="Glossary of botanical terms">sensu amplo</a></i> </td> <td>Some <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular</a>, some multicellular </td> <td><b>Plants in the widest sense</b> included the unrelated groups of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> on older, obsolete classifications (e.g. Plantae or Vegetabilia <small>Linnaeus 1751</small>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plantae <small>Haeckel 1866</small>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metaphyta <small>Haeckel, 1894</small>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plantae <small>Whittaker, 1969</small><sup id="cite_ref-ib.usp.br_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ib.usp.br-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversity">Diversity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cosmarium201512081550.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cosmarium201512081550.JPG/170px-Cosmarium201512081550.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cosmarium201512081550.JPG/255px-Cosmarium201512081550.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cosmarium201512081550.JPG/340px-Cosmarium201512081550.JPG 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>The desmid <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmarium_botrytis" title="Cosmarium botrytis">Cosmarium botrytis</a></i> is a single cell.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_199_Redwood_Highway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/US_199_Redwood_Highway.jpg/170px-US_199_Redwood_Highway.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/US_199_Redwood_Highway.jpg/255px-US_199_Redwood_Highway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/US_199_Redwood_Highway.jpg/340px-US_199_Redwood_Highway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="3399" /></a><figcaption>The coast redwood <i><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens">Sequoia sempervirens</a></i> is up to 120 metres (380 ft) tall.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are about 382,000 accepted <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of plants,<sup id="cite_ref-WFO_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WFO-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which the great majority, some 283,000, <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">produce seeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCNdata_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNdata-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table below shows some species count estimates of different green plant (Viridiplantae) <a href="/wiki/Division_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Division (botany)">divisions</a>. About 85–90% of all plants are flowering plants. Several projects are currently attempting to collect records on all plant species in online databases, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">World Flora Online</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WFO_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WFO-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants range in scale from <a href="/wiki/Single-celled_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-celled organisms">single-celled organisms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Desmid" class="mw-redirect" title="Desmid">desmids</a> (from <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001100000000000000♠"></span>10 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometres</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(μm)</span> across) and <a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">picozoa</a> (less than <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994300000000000000♠"></span>3 μm</span> across),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seenivasan_Sausen_Medlin_Melkonian_2013_p=e59565_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seenivasan_Sausen_Medlin_Melkonian_2013_p=e59565-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the largest trees (<a href="/wiki/Megaflora" title="Megaflora">megaflora</a>) such as the conifer <i><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens">Sequoia sempervirens</a></i> (up to 120 metres (380 ft) tall) and the angiosperm <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_regnans" title="Eucalyptus regnans">Eucalyptus regnans</a></i> (up to 100 m (325 ft) tall).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><b>Diversity of living green plant (Viridiplantae) divisions by number of species</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Informal group </th> <th>Division name </th> <th>Common name </th> <th>No. of described living species </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;""><a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">Green algae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Green algae (chlorophytes) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3800–4300 <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AlgaeBase_Chlorophyta_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgaeBase_Chlorophyta-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Green algae (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Desmidiales" title="Desmidiales">desmids</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charales" title="Charales">stoneworts</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2800–6000 <sup id="cite_ref-AlgaeBase_Charophyta_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlgaeBase_Charophyta-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;""><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophytes</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Liverworts </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6000–8000 <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotophyta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Hornworts </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100–200 <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mosses </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12000 <sup id="cite_ref-Goffinet_&_Buck_2004_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goffinet_&_Buck_2004-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte" title="Pteridophyte">Pteridophytes</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">Lycopodiophyta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Clubmosses </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1200 <sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2005_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven_2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Polypodiophyta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ferns, whisk ferns & horsetails </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11000 <sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2005_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven_2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:top;""><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a><br />(seed plants) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycadophyta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Cycads </td> <td style="text-align:right;">160 <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgophyta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ginkgo </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinophyta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Conifers </td> <td style="text-align:right;">630 <sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2005_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven_2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Gnetophytes </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70 <sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2005_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven_2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiospermae</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Flowering plants </td> <td style="text-align:right;">258650 <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The naming of plants is governed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history of plants</a></div> <p>The ancestors of land plants evolved in water. An algal scum formed on the land <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1,200">1,200</a> million years ago</span>, but it was not until the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>, around <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=450">450</a> million years ago</span>, that the first land plants appeared, with a level of organisation like that of bryophytes.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, fossils of organisms with a flattened <a href="/wiki/Thallus" title="Thallus">thallus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> rocks suggest that multicellular freshwater eukaryotes existed over 1000 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primitive land plants began to diversify in the late <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a>, around <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=420">420</a> million years ago</span>. Bryophytes, club mosses, and ferns then appear in the fossil record.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early plant anatomy is preserved in cellular detail in an early <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> fossil assemblage from the <a href="/wiki/Rhynie_chert" title="Rhynie chert">Rhynie chert</a>. These early plants were preserved by being petrified in <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a> formed in silica-rich volcanic hot springs.<sup id="cite_ref-GarwoodOliver2019_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarwoodOliver2019-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the Devonian, most of the basic features of plants today were present, including roots, leaves and <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">secondary wood</a> in trees such as <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteris" title="Archaeopteris">Archaeopteris</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rothwelletal989_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwelletal989-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period saw the development of forests in swampy environments dominated by clubmosses and horsetails, including some as large as trees, and the appearance of early <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">seed plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Permo-Triassic_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Permo-Triassic extinction event">Permo-Triassic extinction event</a> radically changed the structures of communities.<sup id="cite_ref-McElwain_Punyasena_2007_pp._548–557_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McElwain_Punyasena_2007_pp._548–557-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have set the scene for the <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant#Fossil_history" title="Flowering plant">evolution of flowering plants</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> (~<span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=200">200</a> million years ago</span>), with an <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">adaptive radiation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> so rapid that Darwin called it an "<a href="/wiki/Abominable_mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Abominable mystery">abominable mystery</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-2009_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-2009-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berendse_Scheffer_2009_pp._865–872_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berendse_Scheffer_2009_pp._865–872-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herendeen-2017_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herendeen-2017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Conifers</a> diversified from the Late Triassic onwards, and became a dominant part of floras in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leslie_etal-2018_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie_etal-2018-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhynia_stem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section of a stem of Rhynia, an early land plant, preserved in Rhynie chert from the early Devonian"><img alt="Cross-section of a stem of Rhynia, an early land plant, preserved in Rhynie chert from the early Devonian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rhynia_stem.jpg/163px-Rhynia_stem.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rhynia_stem.jpg/245px-Rhynia_stem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rhynia_stem.jpg/326px-Rhynia_stem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section of a stem of <i><a href="/wiki/Rhynia" title="Rhynia">Rhynia</a></i>, an early land plant, preserved in <a href="/wiki/Rhynie_chert" title="Rhynie chert">Rhynie chert</a> from the early <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devonianscene-green.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="By the Devonian, plants had adapted to land with roots and woody stems."><img alt="By the Devonian, plants had adapted to land with roots and woody stems." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Devonianscene-green.jpg/175px-Devonianscene-green.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Devonianscene-green.jpg/263px-Devonianscene-green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Devonianscene-green.jpg/350px-Devonianscene-green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="1792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">By the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>, plants had adapted to land with roots and woody stems.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asterophyllites_Equisetiformis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the Carboniferous, horsetails such as Asterophyllites proliferated in swampy forests."><img alt="In the Carboniferous, horsetails such as Asterophyllites proliferated in swampy forests." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Asterophyllites_Equisetiformis.jpg/175px-Asterophyllites_Equisetiformis.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Asterophyllites_Equisetiformis.jpg/263px-Asterophyllites_Equisetiformis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Asterophyllites_Equisetiformis.jpg/350px-Asterophyllites_Equisetiformis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="2178" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equisetaceae" title="Equisetaceae">horsetails</a> such as <i>Asterophyllites</i> proliferated in swampy forests.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrified_Araucaria_cone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Conifers became diverse and often dominant in the Jurassic. Cone of Araucaria mirabilis."><img alt="Conifers became diverse and often dominant in the Jurassic. Cone of Araucaria mirabilis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Petrified_Araucaria_cone.jpg/175px-Petrified_Araucaria_cone.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Petrified_Araucaria_cone.jpg/263px-Petrified_Araucaria_cone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Petrified_Araucaria_cone.jpg/350px-Petrified_Araucaria_cone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Conifers</a> became diverse and often dominant in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>. Cone of <i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_mirabilis" title="Araucaria mirabilis">Araucaria mirabilis</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sagaria_cilentana_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adaptive radiation in the Cretaceous created many flowering plants, such as Sagaria in the Ranunculaceae."><img alt="Adaptive radiation in the Cretaceous created many flowering plants, such as Sagaria in the Ranunculaceae." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sagaria_cilentana_%28cropped%29.jpg/149px-Sagaria_cilentana_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sagaria_cilentana_%28cropped%29.jpg/224px-Sagaria_cilentana_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sagaria_cilentana_%28cropped%29.jpg/298px-Sagaria_cilentana_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1326" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> created many <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sagaria" title="Sagaria">Sagaria</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div> <p>In 2019, a <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transcriptome" title="Transcriptome">transcriptomes</a> from 1,153 plant species was proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-1000plants_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1000plants-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The placing of algal groups is supported by phylogenies based on genomes from the <a href="/wiki/Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a> that have since been sequenced. Both the "chlorophyte algae" and the "streptophyte algae" are treated as <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> (vertical bars beside phylogenetic tree diagram) in this analysis, as the land plants arose from within those groups.<sup id="cite_ref-MvirideGenome1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MvirideGenome1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mv_and_Ca_Genomes_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mv_and_Ca_Genomes-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classification of Bryophyta is supported both by Puttick <i>et al.</i> 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-Puttick2018_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puttick2018-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by phylogenies involving the hornwort genomes that have also since been sequenced.<sup id="cite_ref-HornwortGenome1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HornwortGenome1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HornwortGenome2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HornwortGenome2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:80%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">Rhodophyta</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_(single).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_%28single%29.jpg/50px-Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_%28single%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_%28single%29.jpg/75px-Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_%28single%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_%28single%29.jpg/100px-Chondrus_crispus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-034_%28single%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucophyta</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glaucocystis_nostochinearum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Glaucocystis_nostochinearum.jpg/50px-Glaucocystis_nostochinearum.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Glaucocystis_nostochinearum.jpg/75px-Glaucocystis_nostochinearum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Glaucocystis_nostochinearum.jpg/100px-Glaucocystis_nostochinearum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="413" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkgreen;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volvox_sp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Volvox_sp.png/50px-Volvox_sp.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Volvox_sp.png/75px-Volvox_sp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Volvox_sp.png/100px-Volvox_sp.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid darkgreen;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Prasinococcaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasinococcaceae">Prasinococcales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px none;font-size:50%;line-height:50%;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="font-size:50%;line-height:50%;"> <p>  </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;font-size:50%;line-height:50%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid blue;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid blue;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid blue;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Spirotaenia" title="Spirotaenia">Spirotaenia</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spirotaenia_condensata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Spirotaenia_condensata.jpg/30px-Spirotaenia_condensata.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Spirotaenia_condensata.jpg/45px-Spirotaenia_condensata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Spirotaenia_condensata.jpg/60px-Spirotaenia_condensata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid blue;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiales</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Klebsormidium_bilatum_Belgium_(14759117646).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Klebsormidium_bilatum_Belgium_%2814759117646%29.jpg/50px-Klebsormidium_bilatum_Belgium_%2814759117646%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Klebsormidium_bilatum_Belgium_%2814759117646%29.jpg/75px-Klebsormidium_bilatum_Belgium_%2814759117646%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Klebsormidium_bilatum_Belgium_%2814759117646%29.jpg/100px-Klebsormidium_bilatum_Belgium_%2814759117646%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid blue;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Chara_(alga)" title="Chara (alga)">Chara</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CharaGlobularis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/CharaGlobularis.jpg/40px-CharaGlobularis.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/CharaGlobularis.jpg/60px-CharaGlobularis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/CharaGlobularis.jpg/80px-CharaGlobularis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid blue;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid blue;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_freshwater_alga_Spirogyra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_freshwater_alga_Spirogyra.jpg/50px-The_freshwater_alga_Spirogyra.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_freshwater_alga_Spirogyra.jpg/75px-The_freshwater_alga_Spirogyra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_freshwater_alga_Spirogyra.jpg/100px-The_freshwater_alga_Spirogyra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="3104" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophytes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">"<a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophytes</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Hornworts</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phaeoceros_laevis_48205337_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Phaeoceros_laevis_48205337_%28white_background%29.jpg/40px-Phaeoceros_laevis_48205337_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Phaeoceros_laevis_48205337_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Phaeoceros_laevis_48205337_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Phaeoceros_laevis_48205337_%28white_background%29.jpg/80px-Phaeoceros_laevis_48205337_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Setaphyta" title="Setaphyta">Setaphytes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Liverworts</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Conocephalum_conicum_(e,_144739-474742)_1022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Conocephalum_conicum_%28e%2C_144739-474742%29_1022.jpg/50px-Conocephalum_conicum_%28e%2C_144739-474742%29_1022.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Conocephalum_conicum_%28e%2C_144739-474742%29_1022.jpg/75px-Conocephalum_conicum_%28e%2C_144739-474742%29_1022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Conocephalum_conicum_%28e%2C_144739-474742%29_1022.jpg/100px-Conocephalum_conicum_%28e%2C_144739-474742%29_1022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Mosses</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png/20px-WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png/30px-WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png/40px-WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="2499" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Tracheophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheophyte">Tracheophytes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophytes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_(extracted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg/50px-Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg/75px-Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg/100px-Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="548" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyte" title="Euphyllophyte">Euphyllophytes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Arena_Point_fern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/California_Arena_Point_fern.jpg/50px-California_Arena_Point_fern.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/California_Arena_Point_fern.jpg/75px-California_Arena_Point_fern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/California_Arena_Point_fern.jpg/100px-California_Arena_Point_fern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="779" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIH_1830_Scots_Pine_(Pinus_sylvestris)_graft_clone_collection_in_R%C3%B6ykk%C3%A4_Finland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PIH_1830_Scots_Pine_%28Pinus_sylvestris%29_graft_clone_collection_in_R%C3%B6ykk%C3%A4_Finland.jpg/40px-PIH_1830_Scots_Pine_%28Pinus_sylvestris%29_graft_clone_collection_in_R%C3%B6ykk%C3%A4_Finland.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PIH_1830_Scots_Pine_%28Pinus_sylvestris%29_graft_clone_collection_in_R%C3%B6ykk%C3%A4_Finland.jpg/60px-PIH_1830_Scots_Pine_%28Pinus_sylvestris%29_graft_clone_collection_in_R%C3%B6ykk%C3%A4_Finland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PIH_1830_Scots_Pine_%28Pinus_sylvestris%29_graft_clone_collection_in_R%C3%B6ykk%C3%A4_Finland.jpg/80px-PIH_1830_Scots_Pine_%28Pinus_sylvestris%29_graft_clone_collection_in_R%C3%B6ykk%C3%A4_Finland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4024" data-file-height="6048" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg/50px-160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg/75px-160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg/100px-160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="749" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(seed plants) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(land plants) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(green plants) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-bar" style=""><div><div style="position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;top:15%;">"chlorophyte algae"</div><div style="position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;top:33%;">"streptophyte algae"</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_cells">Plant cells</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cell</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plant_cell_structure-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Plant_cell_structure-en.svg/330px-Plant_cell_structure-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Plant_cell_structure-en.svg/495px-Plant_cell_structure-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Plant_cell_structure-en.svg/660px-Plant_cell_structure-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Plant cell structure</figcaption></figure> <p>Plant cells have distinctive features that other eukaryotic cells (such as those of animals) lack. These include the large water-filled central <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a>, and the strong flexible <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a>, which is outside the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a>. Chloroplasts are <a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis" title="Symbiogenesis">derived from what was once a symbiosis</a> of a non-photosynthetic cell and photosynthetic <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>. The cell wall, made mostly of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, allows plant cells to <a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">swell up with water</a> without bursting. The vacuole allows the cell to change in size while the amount of <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> stays the same.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_structure">Plant structure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plant_Anatomy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plant_Anatomy.svg/220px-Plant_Anatomy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plant_Anatomy.svg/330px-Plant_Anatomy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plant_Anatomy.svg/440px-Plant_Anatomy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Anatomy of a seed plant. 1. <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> system. 2. <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a> system. 3. <a href="/wiki/Hypocotyl" title="Hypocotyl">Hypocotyl</a>. 4. <a href="/wiki/Terminal_bud" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal bud">Terminal bud</a>. 5. <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> blade. 6. Internode. 7. <a href="/wiki/Axillary_bud" title="Axillary bud">Axillary bud</a>. 8. <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a>. 9. Stem. 10. Node. 11. <a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">Tap root</a>. 12. <a href="/wiki/Root_hair" title="Root hair">Root hairs</a>. 13. Root tip. 14. <a href="/wiki/Root_cap" title="Root cap">Root cap</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most plants are <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">multicellular</a>. Plant cells <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiate</a> into multiple cell types, forming tissues such as the <a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">vascular tissue</a> with specialized <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a> of leaf veins and <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a>, and organs with different physiological functions such as <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> to absorb water and minerals, stems for support and to transport water and synthesized molecules, <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> for photosynthesis, and <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> for reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></div> <p>Plants <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesize</a>, manufacturing food molecules (<a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a>) using energy obtained from <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>. Plant cells contain <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophylls</a> inside their chloroplasts, which are green pigments that are used to capture light energy. The end-to-end chemical equation for photosynthesis is:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {6CO2{}+6H2O{}->[{\text{light}}]C6H12O6{}+6O2{}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>light</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {6CO2{}+6H2O{}->[{\text{light}}]C6H12O6{}+6O2{}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/100302228047a00799cc68db892940dd5e3adc9e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.342ex; width:37.456ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {6CO2{}+6H2O{}->[{\text{light}}]C6H12O6{}+6O2{}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>This causes plants to release <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> into the atmosphere. Green plants provide a substantial proportion of the world's molecular oxygen, alongside the contributions from photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Reinhard_Planavsky_Olson_Lyons_2016_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reinhard_Planavsky_Olson_Lyons_2016-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-behrenfeld_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-behrenfeld-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tivy_2014_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tivy_2014-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants that have secondarily adopted a parasitic lifestyle may lose the genes involved in photosynthesis and the production of chlorophyll.<sup id="cite_ref-Qu-etal-2019_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qu-etal-2019-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_repair">Growth and repair</h3></div> <p>Growth is determined by the interaction of a plant's <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> with its physical and biotic environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Baucom_Heath_Chambers_2020_pp._175–178_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baucom_Heath_Chambers_2020_pp._175–178-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors of the physical or abiotic environment include <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, light, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> in the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biotic factors that affect plant growth include crowding, grazing, beneficial symbiotic bacteria and fungi, and attacks by insects or <a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">plant diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bareja_2022_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bareja_2022-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frost and dehydration can damage or kill plants. Some plants have <a href="/wiki/Antifreeze_protein" title="Antifreeze protein">antifreeze proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_shock_protein" title="Heat shock protein">heat-shock proteins</a> and sugars in their cytoplasm that enable them to <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">tolerate these stresses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambroise_Legay_Guerriero_Hausman_2019_pp._3–20_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambroise_Legay_Guerriero_Hausman_2019_pp._3–20-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants are continuously exposed to a range of physical and biotic stresses which cause <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage</a>, but they can tolerate and repair much of this damage.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18707020_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18707020-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Plant reproduction</a></div> <p>Plants reproduce to generate offspring, whether <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">sexually</a>, involving <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexually</a>, involving ordinary growth. Many plants use both mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_Kim_2016_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang_Kim_2016-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexual">Sexual</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alternation_of_generations_simpler.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Alternation_of_generations_simpler.svg/330px-Alternation_of_generations_simpler.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Alternation_of_generations_simpler.svg/495px-Alternation_of_generations_simpler.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Alternation_of_generations_simpler.svg/660px-Alternation_of_generations_simpler.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a> between a <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> (n) gametophyte (top) and a <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> (2n) sporophyte (bottom), in all types of plant</figcaption></figure> <p>When reproducing sexually, plants have complex lifecycles involving <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">alternation of generations</a>. One generation, the <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> (with 2 sets of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>), gives rise to the next generation, the <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> (with one set of chromosomes). Some plants also reproduce asexually via <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a>. In some non-flowering plants such as mosses, the sexual gametophyte forms most of the visible plant.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In seed plants (gymnosperms and flowering plants), the sporophyte forms most of the visible plant, and the gametophyte is very small. Flowering plants reproduce sexually using flowers, which contain male and female parts: these may be within the same (<a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphrodite flower">hermaphrodite</a>) flower, on <a href="/wiki/Monoecy" title="Monoecy">different flowers on the same plant</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dioecy" title="Dioecy">on different plants</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> create <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, which produces male gametes that enter the <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovule</a> to fertilize the egg cell of the female gametophyte. Fertilization takes place within the <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovaries</a>, which develop into <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a> that contain <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>. Fruits may be dispersed whole, or they may split open and the <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">seeds dispersed</a> individually.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asexual">Asexual</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RowOfPlants.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/RowOfPlants.JPG/220px-RowOfPlants.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/RowOfPlants.JPG/330px-RowOfPlants.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/RowOfPlants.JPG/440px-RowOfPlants.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ficinia_spiralis" title="Ficinia spiralis">Ficinia spiralis</a></i> spreads <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexually</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stolon" title="Stolon">runners</a> in the sand.</figcaption></figure> <p>Plants reproduce asexually by growing any of a wide variety of structures capable of growing into new plants. At the simplest, plants such as mosses or liverworts may be broken into pieces, each of which may regrow into whole plants. The propagation of flowering plants by <a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">cuttings</a> is a similar process. Structures such as <a href="/wiki/Stolon" title="Stolon">runners</a> enable plants to grow to cover an area, forming a <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">clone</a>. Many plants grow food storage structures such as <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbs</a> which may each develop into a new plant.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some non-flowering plants, such as many liverworts, mosses and some clubmosses, along with a few flowering plants, grow small clumps of cells called <a href="/wiki/Gemma_(botany)" title="Gemma (botany)">gemmae</a> which can detach and grow.<sup id="cite_ref-Kato_Yasui_Ishizaki_2020_pp._459–465_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kato_Yasui_Ishizaki_2020_pp._459–465-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moody_Diggle_Steingraeber_1999_pp._1512–1522_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moody_Diggle_Steingraeber_1999_pp._1512–1522-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease_resistance">Disease resistance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance" title="Plant disease resistance">Plant disease resistance</a></div> <p>Plants use pattern-recognition receptors to recognize <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> such as bacteria that cause plant diseases. This recognition triggers a protective response. The first such plant receptors were identified in <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genomics">Genomics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Plant_genome" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant genome">Plant genome</a></div> <p>Plants have some of the largest genomes of all organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest plant genome (in terms of gene number) is that of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>), predicted to encode ≈94,000 genes<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus almost 5 times as many as the <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a>. The first plant genome sequenced was that of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> which encodes about 25,500 genes.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of sheer DNA sequence, the smallest published genome is that of the carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Utricularia_gibba" title="Utricularia gibba">bladderwort</a> (<i>Utricularia gibba)</i> at 82 Mb (although it still encodes 28,500 genes)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the largest, from the <a href="/wiki/Picea_abies" title="Picea abies">Norway spruce</a> (<i>Picea abies</i>), extends over 19.6 Gb (encoding about 28,300 genes).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegetation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vegetation.png/550px-Vegetation.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vegetation.png/825px-Vegetation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vegetation.png/1100px-Vegetation.png 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>A map of a classification of the world's vegetation into <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a>. Those named here include <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate broadleaf forest">temperate broadleaf forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperate_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate steppe">temperate steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical rainforest">subtropical rainforest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Vegetation">Mediterranean vegetation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoon forest">monsoon forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">arid desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xeric_shrubland" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeric shrubland">xeric shrubland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry steppe">dry steppe</a>, semiarid desert, grass <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a>, tree savanna, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">subtropical and tropical dry forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine tundra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montane_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane Forest">montane forests</a>. Shown in gray is "<a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a> and polar desert" devoid of plants.</figcaption></figure> <p>Plants are distributed almost worldwide. While they inhabit several <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a> which can be divided into a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_2001_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson_2001-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only the hardy plants of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">Antarctic flora</a>, consisting of algae, mosses, liverworts, lichens, and just two flowering plants, have adapted to the prevailing conditions on that southern continent.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulze_Beck_Buchmann_Clemens_2018_pp._657–688_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulze_Beck_Buchmann_Clemens_2018_pp._657–688-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants are often the dominant physical and structural component of the habitats where they occur. Many of the Earth's biomes are named for the type of vegetation because plants are the dominant organisms in those biomes, such as <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_producers">Primary producers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">Autotroph</a></div> <p>The photosynthesis conducted by land plants and algae is the ultimate source of energy and organic material in nearly all ecosystems. Photosynthesis, at first by cyanobacteria and later by photosynthetic eukaryotes, radically changed the composition of the early Earth's anoxic atmosphere, which as a result is now 21% <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. Animals and most other organisms are <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic</a>, relying on oxygen; those that do not are confined to relatively rare <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic environment">anaerobic environments</a>. Plants are the <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">primary producers</a> in most terrestrial ecosystems and form the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a> in those ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants form about 80% of the world <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> at about 450 gigatonnes (4.4<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>11</sup> long tons; 5.0<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>11</sup> short tons) of carbon.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar-On_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-On-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_relationships">Ecological relationships</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></div> <p>Numerous animals have coevolved with plants; flowering plants have evolved <a href="/wiki/Pollination_syndrome" title="Pollination syndrome">pollination syndromes</a>, suites of flower traits that <a href="/wiki/Pollinator-mediated_selection" title="Pollinator-mediated selection">favour their reproduction</a>. Many, including <a href="/wiki/Entomophily" title="Entomophily">insect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ornithophily" title="Ornithophily">bird partners</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a>, visiting flowers and accidentally transferring pollen in exchange for food in the form of pollen or <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunau_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunau-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many animals <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">disperse seeds</a> that are adapted for such dispersal. Various mechanisms of dispersal have evolved. Some fruits offer nutritious outer layers attractive to animals, while the seeds are adapted to survive the passage through the animal's gut; others have hooks that enable them to attach to a mammal's fur.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaefer_Ruxton_2011_pp._48–67_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer_Ruxton_2011_pp._48–67-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Myrmecophyte" title="Myrmecophyte">Myrmecophytes</a> are plants that have coevolved with <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>. The plant provides a home, and sometimes food, for the ants. In exchange, the ants defend the plant from <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a> and sometimes competing plants. Ant wastes serve as organic <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of plant species have fungi associated with their root systems in a <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhiza</a>. The fungi help the plants gain water and mineral nutrients from the soil, while the plant gives the fungi carbohydrates manufactured in photosynthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some plants serve as homes for <a href="/wiki/Endophyte" title="Endophyte">endophytic</a> fungi that protect the plant from herbivores by producing toxins. The fungal endophyte <i><a href="/wiki/Neotyphodium_coenophialum" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotyphodium coenophialum">Neotyphodium coenophialum</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Tall_fescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall fescue">tall fescue</a> grass has pest status in the American cattle industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyons1986_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyons1986-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> have <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizobium" title="Rhizobium">Rhizobium</a></i> nitrogen-fixing bacteria in nodules of their roots, which fix nitrogen from the air for the plant to use; in return, the plants supply sugars to the bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nitrogen fixed in this way can become available to other plants, and is important in agriculture; for example, farmers may grow a <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> of a legume such as beans, followed by a cereal such as wheat, to provide <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> with a reduced input of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen fertilizer">nitrogen fertilizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some 1% of <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_plant" title="Parasitic plant">plants are parasitic</a>. They range from the semi-parasitic <a href="/wiki/Mistletoe" title="Mistletoe">mistletoe</a> that merely takes some nutrients from its host, but still has photosynthetic leaves, to the fully-parasitic <a href="/wiki/Orobanche" title="Orobanche">broomrape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lathraea" title="Lathraea">toothwort</a> that acquire all their nutrients through connections to the roots of other plants, and so have no chlorophyll. Full parasites can be extremely harmful to their plant hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-Kokla_Melnyk_2010_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kokla_Melnyk_2010-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants that grow on other plants, usually trees, without parasitizing them, are called <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytes</a>. These may support diverse arboreal ecosystems. Some may indirectly harm their host plant, such as by intercepting light. <a href="/wiki/Hemiepiphyte" title="Hemiepiphyte">Hemiepiphytes</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Strangler_fig" title="Strangler fig">strangler fig</a> begin as epiphytes, but eventually set their own roots and overpower and kill their host. Many <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromeliad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromeliad">bromeliads</a>, ferns, and mosses grow as epiphytes.<sup id="cite_ref-Zotz_2016_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zotz_2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the epiphytes, the bromeliads accumulate water in their leaf axils; these <a href="/wiki/Phytotelma" title="Phytotelma">water-filled cavities</a> can support complex aquatic food webs.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some 630 species of plants are <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">carnivorous</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Venus_flytrap" title="Venus flytrap">Venus flytrap</a> (<i>Dionaea muscipula</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Sundew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundew">sundew</a> (<i>Drosera</i> species). They trap small animals and digest them to obtain mineral nutrients, especially <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellison_Adamec_2018_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellison_Adamec_2018-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Honey_Bee_gathering_pollen_image_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN4801_(13)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bee gathering pollen (orange pollen basket on its leg)"><img alt="Bee gathering pollen (orange pollen basket on its leg)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Honey_Bee_gathering_pollen_image_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN4801_%2813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/134px-Honey_Bee_gathering_pollen_image_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN4801_%2813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Honey_Bee_gathering_pollen_image_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN4801_%2813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/202px-Honey_Bee_gathering_pollen_image_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN4801_%2813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Honey_Bee_gathering_pollen_image_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN4801_%2813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/269px-Honey_Bee_gathering_pollen_image_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN4801_%2813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bee gathering <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> (orange <a href="/wiki/Pollen_basket" title="Pollen basket">pollen basket</a> on its leg)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hummingbird visiting a flower for nectar"><img alt="Hummingbird visiting a flower for nectar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding_%28cropped%29.jpg/175px-Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding_%28cropped%29.jpg/263px-Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding_%28cropped%29.jpg/350px-Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="978" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">Hummingbird</a> visiting a flower for <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epizoochory_-_dog_with_hooked_Geum_fruits_in_his_fur_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seed dispersal by animals: many hooked Geum urbanum fruits attached to a dog's fur"><img alt="Seed dispersal by animals: many hooked Geum urbanum fruits attached to a dog's fur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Epizoochory_-_dog_with_hooked_Geum_fruits_in_his_fur_%28detail%29.jpg/175px-Epizoochory_-_dog_with_hooked_Geum_fruits_in_his_fur_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Epizoochory_-_dog_with_hooked_Geum_fruits_in_his_fur_%28detail%29.jpg/263px-Epizoochory_-_dog_with_hooked_Geum_fruits_in_his_fur_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Epizoochory_-_dog_with_hooked_Geum_fruits_in_his_fur_%28detail%29.jpg/350px-Epizoochory_-_dog_with_hooked_Geum_fruits_in_his_fur_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="982" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Seed dispersal</a> by animals: many hooked <i><a href="/wiki/Geum_urbanum" title="Geum urbanum">Geum urbanum</a></i> fruits attached to a dog's fur</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robinia_pseudoacacia_root_nodules.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Legumes have root nodules containing symbiotic Rhizobium nitrogen fixing bacteria."><img alt="Legumes have root nodules containing symbiotic Rhizobium nitrogen fixing bacteria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Robinia_pseudoacacia_root_nodules.JPG/175px-Robinia_pseudoacacia_root_nodules.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Robinia_pseudoacacia_root_nodules.JPG/263px-Robinia_pseudoacacia_root_nodules.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Robinia_pseudoacacia_root_nodules.JPG/350px-Robinia_pseudoacacia_root_nodules.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">Legumes</a> have <a href="/wiki/Root_nodule" title="Root nodule">root nodules</a> containing symbiotic <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizobium" title="Rhizobium">Rhizobium</a></i> nitrogen fixing bacteria.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drosera_capensis_bend.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A sundew leaf with sticky hairs curling to trap and digest a fly"><img alt="A sundew leaf with sticky hairs curling to trap and digest a fly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Drosera_capensis_bend.JPG/129px-Drosera_capensis_bend.JPG" decoding="async" width="129" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Drosera_capensis_bend.JPG/194px-Drosera_capensis_bend.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Drosera_capensis_bend.JPG/258px-Drosera_capensis_bend.JPG 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Sundew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundew">sundew</a> leaf with sticky hairs curling to <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">trap and digest a fly</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition">Competition</h3></div> <p>Competition for shared resources reduces a plant's growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Ecology-2012_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecology-2012-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pocheville-2015_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocheville-2015-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shared resources include sunlight, water and nutrients. Light is a critical resource because it is necessary for photosynthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Ecology-2012_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecology-2012-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants use their leaves to shade other plants from sunlight and grow quickly to maximize their own expose.<sup id="cite_ref-Ecology-2012_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecology-2012-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water too is essential for photosynthesis; roots compete to maximize water uptake from soil.<sup id="cite_ref-Casper-1997_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casper-1997-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some plants have deep roots that are able to locate water stored deep underground, and others have shallower roots that are capable of extending longer distances to collect recent rainwater.<sup id="cite_ref-Casper-1997_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casper-1997-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minerals are important for plant growth and development.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common nutrients competed for amongst plants include nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.<sup id="cite_ref-Oborny-2000_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oborny-2000-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_to_humans">Importance to humans</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plants_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants in culture">Plants in culture</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Production"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvest_Time_-_geograph.org.uk_-_747095.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Harvest_Time_-_geograph.org.uk_-_747095.jpg/170px-Harvest_Time_-_geograph.org.uk_-_747095.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Harvest_Time_-_geograph.org.uk_-_747095.jpg/255px-Harvest_Time_-_geograph.org.uk_-_747095.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Harvest_Time_-_geograph.org.uk_-_747095.jpg/340px-Harvest_Time_-_geograph.org.uk_-_747095.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Harvesting <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Human cultivation of plants is the core of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, which in turn has <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">played a key role in the history of world civilizations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans depend on flowering plants for <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>, either directly or as feed in <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>. More broadly, agriculture includes <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">agronomy</a> for arable crops, <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a> for vegetables and fruit, and <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, including both flowering plants and conifers, for timber.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatGeogAgriculture_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeogAgriculture-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 7,000 species of plant have been used for food, though most of today's food is derived from only 30 species. The major <a href="/wiki/Staple_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Staple crop">staples</a> include <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> such as rice and wheat, starchy roots and tubers such as <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>, and legumes such as <a href="/wiki/Peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Peas">peas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oils</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> provide <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">lipids</a>, while fruit and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> contribute <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> and minerals to the diet.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a> are major crops whose <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>-containing products serve as mild stimulants.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopper_2015_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopper_2015-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of plant uses by people is called economic botany or <a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">ethnobotany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicines">Medicines</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">Medicinal plants</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>A medieval physician preparing an extract from a <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">medicinal plant</a>, from an Arabic <a href="/wiki/De_materia_medica" title="De materia medica">Dioscorides</a>, 1224</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">Medicinal plants</a> are a primary source of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>, both for their medicinal and physiological effects, and for the industrial <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">synthesis</a> of a vast array of organic chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many hundreds of medicines, as well as <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotics</a>, are derived from plants, both traditional medicines used in <a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">herbalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-tapsell_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tapsell-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lai_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lai-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and chemical substances purified from plants or first identified in them, sometimes by ethnobotanical search, and then synthesised for use in modern medicine. Modern medicines derived from plants include <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxol" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxol">taxol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">reserpine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colchicine" title="Colchicine">colchicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digitalis" title="Digitalis">digitalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vincristine" title="Vincristine">vincristine</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">Plants used in herbalism</a> include <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">ginkgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinacea" title="Echinacea">echinacea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feverfew" class="mw-redirect" title="Feverfew">feverfew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_wort" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John's wort">Saint John's wort</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopoeia" title="Pharmacopoeia">pharmacopoeia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_materia_medica" title="De materia medica">De materia medica</a></i></span>, describing some 600 medicinal plants, was written between 50 and 70 CE and remained in use in Europe and the Middle East until around 1600 CE; it was the precursor of all modern pharmacopoeias.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonfood_products">Nonfood products</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-food_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-food crop">Non-food crop</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timber_DonnellyMills2005_SeanMcClean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Timber_DonnellyMills2005_SeanMcClean.jpg/170px-Timber_DonnellyMills2005_SeanMcClean.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Timber_DonnellyMills2005_SeanMcClean.jpg/255px-Timber_DonnellyMills2005_SeanMcClean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Timber_DonnellyMills2005_SeanMcClean.jpg/340px-Timber_DonnellyMills2005_SeanMcClean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">Timber</a> in storage for later processing at a <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmill</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Plants grown as industrial crops are the source of a wide range of products used in manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonfood products include <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">natural dyes</a>, pigments, <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>, alkaloids, <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cork_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Cork material">cork</a>. Products derived from plants include soaps, shampoos, perfumes, cosmetics, paint, varnish, turpentine, rubber, <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a>, lubricants, linoleum, plastics, inks, and <a href="/wiki/Gum_(botany)" title="Gum (botany)">gums</a>. Renewable fuels from plants include <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CruzDierig2014_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruzDierig2014-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> are derived from the remains of aquatic organisms including <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geological_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time">geological time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the coal fields date to the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">Earth's history</a>. Terrestrial plants also form <a href="/wiki/Kerogen#Type_III:_humic" title="Kerogen">type III kerogen</a>, a source of natural gas.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Structural resources and fibres from plants are used to construct dwellings and to manufacture clothing. <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> is used for buildings, boats, and furniture, and for smaller items such as <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> and sports equipment. Wood is <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulped</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">cardboard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cloth is often made from <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">ramie</a> or synthetic fibres such as <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a>, derived from plant cellulose. <a href="/wiki/Thread_(yarn)" title="Thread (yarn)">Thread</a> used to sew cloth likewise comes in large part from cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ornamental_plants">Ornamental plants</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">Ornamental plant</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_espalier_Niedernhall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rose_espalier_Niedernhall.JPG/170px-Rose_espalier_Niedernhall.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rose_espalier_Niedernhall.JPG/255px-Rose_espalier_Niedernhall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rose_espalier_Niedernhall.JPG/340px-Rose_espalier_Niedernhall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>A rose <a href="/wiki/Espalier" title="Espalier">espalier</a> at Niedernhall in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Thousands of plant species are cultivated for their beauty and to provide shade, modify temperatures, reduce wind, abate noise, provide privacy, and reduce soil erosion. Plants are the basis of a multibillion-dollar per year tourism industry, which includes travel to <a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">historic gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> with colourful autumn leaves, and festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Japan's</a><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/National_Cherry_Blossom_Festival" title="National Cherry Blossom Festival">America's cherry blossom festivals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCBF_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBF-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants may be grown indoors as <a href="/wiki/Houseplant" title="Houseplant">houseplants</a>, or in specialized buildings such as <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a>. Plants such as Venus flytrap, <a href="/wiki/Sensitive_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitive plant">sensitive plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_plant" title="Resurrection plant">resurrection plant</a> are sold as novelties. Art forms specializing in the arrangement of cut or living plant include <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">ikebana</a>, and the arrangement of cut or dried flowers. <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">Ornamental plants</a> have sometimes changed the course of history, as in <a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">tulipomania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lambert_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambert-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_science">In science</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbara_McClintock_(1902-1992)_shown_in_her_laboratory_in_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Barbara_McClintock_%281902-1992%29_shown_in_her_laboratory_in_1947.jpg/170px-Barbara_McClintock_%281902-1992%29_shown_in_her_laboratory_in_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Barbara_McClintock_%281902-1992%29_shown_in_her_laboratory_in_1947.jpg/255px-Barbara_McClintock_%281902-1992%29_shown_in_her_laboratory_in_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Barbara_McClintock_%281902-1992%29_shown_in_her_laboratory_in_1947.jpg/340px-Barbara_McClintock_%281902-1992%29_shown_in_her_laboratory_in_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> used <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> to study inheritance of traits.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">traditional study of plants</a> is the science of <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basic biological research has often used plants as its <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organisms</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, the breeding of pea plants allowed <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> to derive the <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">basic laws governing inheritance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and examination of chromosomes in maize allowed <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> to demonstrate their connection to inherited traits.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> is used in laboratories as a model organism to understand how <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> control the growth and development of plant structures.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tree_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree ring">Tree rings</a> provide a method of dating in <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archeology</a>, and a record of <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">past climates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of plant fossils, or <a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a>, provides information about the evolutions of plants, <a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">paleogeographical</a> reconstructions, and past climate change. Plant fossils can also help determine the age of rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_mythology,_religion,_and_culture"><span id="In_mythology.2C_religion.2C_and_culture"></span>In mythology, religion, and culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_plants#In_mythology_and_religion" title="Human uses of plants">Human uses of plants § In mythology and religion</a></div> <p>Plants including <a href="/wiki/Trees_in_mythology" title="Trees in mythology">trees appear in mythology</a>, religion, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_plants" title="List of fictional plants">literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In multiple <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European religion">Indo-European</a>, Siberian, and <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">world tree</a> motif is depicted as a colossal tree growing on the earth, supporting the heavens, and with its roots reaching into the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>. It may also appear as a cosmic tree or an eagle and serpent tree.<sup id="cite_ref-Annus2009_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annus2009-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forms of the world tree include the archetypal <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">tree of life</a>, which is in turn connected to the Eurasian concept of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">sacred tree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another widespread ancient motif, found for example in Iran, has a tree of life flanked by a pair of <a href="/wiki/Confronted_animals" title="Confronted animals">confronted animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flowers are often used as memorials, gifts and to mark special occasions such as births, deaths, weddings and holidays. Flower arrangements may be used to send <a href="/wiki/Language_of_flowers" title="Language of flowers">hidden messages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants and especially flowers form the subjects of many paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_effects">Negative effects</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_invasive_Musk_Thistle_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Texas_invasive_Musk_Thistle_1.jpg/120px-Texas_invasive_Musk_Thistle_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Texas_invasive_Musk_Thistle_1.jpg/180px-Texas_invasive_Musk_Thistle_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Texas_invasive_Musk_Thistle_1.jpg/240px-Texas_invasive_Musk_Thistle_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Carduus_nutans" title="Carduus nutans">musk thistle</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">Weeds</a> are commercially or aesthetically undesirable plants growing in managed environments such as in agriculture and gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People have spread many plants beyond their native ranges; some of these plants have become <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive</a>, damaging existing ecosystems by displacing native species, and sometimes becoming serious weeds of cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some plants that produce <a href="/wiki/Anemophily" title="Anemophily">windblown pollen</a>, including grasses, invoke <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic reactions</a> in people who suffer from <a href="/wiki/Hay_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay fever">hay fever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Cause_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Cause-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many plants <a href="/wiki/List_of_poisonous_plants" title="List of poisonous plants">produce toxins</a> to <a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">protect themselves from herbivores</a>. Major classes of plant toxins include <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">terpenoids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenolics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These can be harmful to humans and livestock by ingestion<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, as with <a href="/wiki/Poison_ivy" title="Poison ivy">poison ivy</a>, by contact.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some plants have negative effects on other plants, preventing seedling growth or the growth of nearby plants by releasing <a href="/wiki/Allelopathy" title="Allelopathy">allopathic</a> chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/48px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/64px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/28px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/42px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/56px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">Ecological succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant identification">Plant identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(physiology)" title="Plant perception (physiology)">Plant perception (physiology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrarium" title="Terrarium">Terrarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Environment_Day" title="World Environment Day">World Environment Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CavalierSmith1981-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CavalierSmith1981_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?searching=true&gettaxon=Charophyta"><i>AlgaeBase : Charophyta</i></a>. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913110015/https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?searching=true&gettaxon=Charophyta">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 457, 463, & 476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30419-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30419-9"><bdi>0-521-30419-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algae%3A+An+Introduction+to+Phycology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=457%2C+463%2C+%26+476&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-30419-9&rft.aulast=Van+den+Hoek&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Mann%2C+D.G.&rft.au=Jahns%2C+H.M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrandall-StotlerStotler2000" class="citation book cs1">Crandall-Stotler, Barbara; Stotler, Raymond E. 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"Animals as seed dispersers". <i>Plant-Animal Communication</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 48–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780199563609.003.0003">10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199563609.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956360-9"><bdi>978-0-19-956360-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animals+as+seed+dispersers&rft.btitle=Plant-Animal+Communication&rft.pages=48-67&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780199563609.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956360-9&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=H.+Martin&rft.au=Ruxton%2C+Graeme+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeightHunterWatt2008" class="citation book cs1">Speight, Martin R.; Hunter, Mark D.; Watt, Allan D. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.bio.ed.ac.uk/jdeacon/microbes/mycorrh.htm">the original</a> on 27 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bio.ed.ac.uk+%28archived%29&rft.atitle=The+Microbial+World%3A+Mycorrhizas&rft.aulast=Deacon&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.bio.ed.ac.uk%2Fjdeacon%2Fmicrobes%2Fmycorrh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyons1986-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lyons1986_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyonsPlattnerBacon1986" class="citation journal cs1">Lyons, P. C.; Plattner, R. D.; Bacon, C. W. (1986). "Occurrence of peptide and clavine ergot alkaloids in tall fescue grass". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>232</b> (4749): 487–489. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Sci...232..487L">1986Sci...232..487L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.3008328">10.1126/science.3008328</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3008328">3008328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Occurrence+of+peptide+and+clavine+ergot+alkaloids+in+tall+fescue+grass&rft.volume=232&rft.issue=4749&rft.pages=487-489&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3008328&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.3008328&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Sci...232..487L&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rft.au=Plattner%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Bacon%2C+C.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullick2006" class="citation book cs1">Fullick, Ann (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5j1ys2uLQYC&pg=PA48"><i>Feeding Relationships</i></a>. Heinemann-Raintree Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4034-7521-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4034-7521-3"><bdi>978-1-4034-7521-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feeding+Relationships&rft.pub=Heinemann-Raintree+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4034-7521-3&rft.aulast=Fullick&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do5j1ys2uLQYC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2011" class="citation web cs1">Wagner, Stephen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/">"Biological Nitrogen Fixation"</a>. <i>Nature Education Knowledge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317210753/https://www.nature.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature+Education+Knowledge&rft.atitle=Biological+Nitrogen+Fixation&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kokla_Melnyk_2010-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kokla_Melnyk_2010_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoklaMelnyk2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kokla, Anna; Melnyk, Charles W. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2018.06.013">"Developing a thief: Haustoria formation in parasitic plants"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Developmental_Biology_(journal)" title="Developmental Biology (journal)">Developmental Biology</a></i>. <b>442</b> (1): 53–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2018.06.013">10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.06.013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29935146">29935146</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49394142">49394142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Biology&rft.atitle=Developing+a+thief%3A+Haustoria+formation+in+parasitic+plants&rft.volume=442&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-59&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49394142%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29935146&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2018.06.013&rft.aulast=Kokla&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Melnyk%2C+Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ydbio.2018.06.013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zotz_2016-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zotz_2016_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZotz2016" class="citation book cs1">Zotz, Gerhard (2016). <i>Plants on Plants: the biology of vascular epiphytes</i>. 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Cambridge University Botanic Garden. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/Botanic/Trail.aspx?p=27&ix=11">the original</a> on 9 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemicals+from+Plants&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Botanic+Garden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.botanic.cam.ac.uk%2FBotanic%2FTrail.aspx%3Fp%3D27%26ix%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span> The details of each plant and the chemicals it yields are described in the linked subpages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tapsell-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tapsell_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapsellHemphillCobiac2006" class="citation journal cs1">Tapsell, L. C.; Hemphill, I.; Cobiac, L. (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2450&context=hbspapers">"Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future"</a>. <i>Medical Journal of Australia</i>. <b>185</b> (4 Supplement): S4–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2006.tb00548.x">10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00548.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F22802">2440/22802</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17022438">17022438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9769230">9769230</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031172039/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2450&context=hbspapers">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Journal+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Health+benefits+of+herbs+and+spices%3A+the+past%2C+the+present%2C+the+future&rft.volume=185&rft.issue=4+Supplement&rft.pages=S4-24&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F22802&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9769230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17022438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.2006.tb00548.x&rft.aulast=Tapsell&rft.aufirst=L.+C.&rft.au=Hemphill%2C+I.&rft.au=Cobiac%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fro.uow.edu.au%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2450%26context%3Dhbspapers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lai-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lai_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaiRoy2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lai, P. K.; Roy, J. (June 2004). "Antimicrobial and chemopreventive properties of herbs and spices". <i>Current Medicinal Chemistry</i>. <b>11</b> (11): 1451–1460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F0929867043365107">10.2174/0929867043365107</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15180577">15180577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Antimicrobial+and+chemopreventive+properties+of+herbs+and+spices&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1451-1460&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F0929867043365107&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15180577&rft.aulast=Lai&rft.aufirst=P.+K.&rft.au=Roy%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIH_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_dioscorides.html">"Greek Medicine"</a>. National Institutes of Health, USA. 16 September 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109193334/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_dioscorides.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Medicine&rft.pub=National+Institutes+of+Health%2C+USA&rft.date=2002-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fhmd%2Fgreek%2Fgreek_dioscorides.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHefferon2012" class="citation book cs1">Hefferon, Kathleen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iORoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46"><i>Let Thy Food Be Thy Medicine</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1998-7398-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1998-7398-2"><bdi>978-0-1998-7398-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801030407/https://books.google.com/books?id=iORoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+Thy+Food+Be+Thy+Medicine&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-1998-7398-2&rft.aulast=Hefferon&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiORoAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooney2009" class="citation book cs1">Rooney, Anne (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBMEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT143"><i>The Story of Medicine</i></a>. Arcturus Publishing. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8485-8039-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8485-8039-8"><bdi>978-1-8485-8039-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801030419/https://books.google.com/books?id=jBMEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT143">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Medicine&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Arcturus+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-8485-8039-8&rft.aulast=Rooney&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjBMEAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sustainabletable.org/804/industrial-crop-production">"Industrial Crop Production"</a>. Grace Communications Foundation. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610195055/https://www.sustainabletable.org/804/industrial-crop-production">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industrial+Crop+Production&rft.pub=Grace+Communications+Foundation&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sustainabletable.org%2F804%2Findustrial-crop-production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/journals/industrial-crops-and-products/0926-6690?generatepdf=true">"<i>Industrial Crops and Products</i> An International Journal"</a>. Elsevier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002022039/https://www.elsevier.com/journals/industrial-crops-and-products/0926-6690?generatepdf=true">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industrial+Crops+and+Products+An+International+Journal&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fjournals%2Findustrial-crops-and-products%2F0926-6690%3Fgeneratepdf%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CruzDierig2014-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CruzDierig2014_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruzDierig2014" class="citation book cs1">Cruz, Von Mark V.; Dierig, David A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iIFxBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR9"><i>Industrial Crops: Breeding for BioEnergy and Bioproducts</i></a>. Springer. pp. 9 and passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-1447-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-1447-0"><bdi>978-1-4939-1447-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422142944/https://books.google.com/books?id=iIFxBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR9">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Crops%3A+Breeding+for+BioEnergy+and+Bioproducts&rft.pages=9+and+passim&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4939-1447-0&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Von+Mark+V.&rft.au=Dierig%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiIFxBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSato1990" class="citation book cs1">Sato, Motoaki (1990). "Thermochemistry of the formation of fossil fuels". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geochemsoc.org/files/6214/1261/1770/SP-2_271-284_Sato.pdf"><i>Fluid-Mineral Interactions: A Tribute to H. P. Eugster, Special Publication No. 2</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Geochemical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920172448/https://www.geochemsoc.org/files/6214/1261/1770/SP-2_271-284_Sato.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thermochemistry+of+the+formation+of+fossil+fuels&rft.btitle=Fluid-Mineral+Interactions%3A+A+Tribute+to+H.+P.+Eugster%2C+Special+Publication+No.+2&rft.pub=The+Geochemical+Society&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Sato&rft.aufirst=Motoaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geochemsoc.org%2Ffiles%2F6214%2F1261%2F1770%2FSP-2_271-284_Sato.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerSpoolman2007" class="citation book cs1">Miller, G.; Spoolman, Scott (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ4SnHbb-ZcC&q=fossil+fuels+depleted+much+faster+than+renewal&pg=PA11"><i>Environmental Science: Problems, Connections and Solutions</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-38337-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-38337-6"><bdi>978-0-495-38337-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Science%3A+Problems%2C+Connections+and+Solutions&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-495-38337-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Spoolman%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJ4SnHbb-ZcC%26q%3Dfossil%2Bfuels%2Bdepleted%2Bmuch%2Bfaster%2Bthan%2Brenewal%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhuja2015" class="citation book cs1">Ahuja, Satinder (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DHKDBAAAQBAJ&q=fossil+fuels+depleted+much+faster+than+renewal&pg=PA278"><i>Food, Energy, and Water: The Chemistry Connection</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800374-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800374-9"><bdi>978-0-12-800374-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%2C+Energy%2C+and+Water%3A+The+Chemistry+Connection&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-12-800374-9&rft.aulast=Ahuja&rft.aufirst=Satinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDHKDBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfossil%2Bfuels%2Bdepleted%2Bmuch%2Bfaster%2Bthan%2Brenewal%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSixta2006" class="citation book cs1">Sixta, Herbert, ed. (2006). <i>Handbook of pulp</i>. Vol. 1. Winheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30997-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30997-9"><bdi>978-3-527-30997-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+pulp&rft.place=Winheim%2C+Germany&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30997-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160720093749/https://www.naturalfibres2009.org/en/fibres/">"Natural fibres"</a>. <i>Discover Natural Fibres</i>. 2009. 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"Some thoughts about weeds". <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 16–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02971181">10.1007/BF02971181</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28399160">28399160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Some+thoughts+about+weeds&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-24&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02971181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28399160%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harlan&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=deWet%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisThompson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Mark A.; Thompson, Ken (2000). "Eight Ways to be a Colonizer; Two Ways to be an Invader: A Proposed Nomenclature Scheme for Invasion Ecology". <i>Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America</i>. <b>81</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Society_of_America" title="Ecological Society of America">Ecological Society of America</a>: 226–230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Ecological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Eight+Ways+to+be+a+Colonizer%3B+Two+Ways+to+be+an+Invader%3A+A+Proposed+Nomenclature+Scheme+for+Invasion+Ecology&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=226-230&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2015Cause-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIH2015Cause_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617124141/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/environmental-allergies/Pages/cause.aspx">"Cause of Environmental Allergies"</a>. <i>NIAID</i>. 22 April 2015. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIAID&rft.atitle=Cause+of+Environmental+Allergies&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niaid.nih.gov%2Ftopics%2Fenvironmental-allergies%2FPages%2Fcause.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703145234/http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/herbnew/aprodbc.htm">"Biochemical defenses: secondary metabolites"</a>. <i>Plant Defense Systems & Medicinal Botany</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/herbnew/aprodbc.htm">the original</a> on 3 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plant+Defense+Systems+%26+Medicinal+Botany&rft.atitle=Biochemical+defenses%3A+secondary+metabolites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mcdaniel.edu%2FBiology%2Fbotf99%2Fherbnew%2Faprodbc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevan-Jones2009" class="citation book cs1">Bevan-Jones, Robert (1 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4KOmAwAAQBAJ"><i>Poisonous Plants: A Cultural and Social History</i></a>. Windgather Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909686-22-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909686-22-9"><bdi>978-1-909686-22-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poisonous+Plants%3A+A+Cultural+and+Social+History&rft.pub=Windgather+Press&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-909686-22-9&rft.aulast=Bevan-Jones&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4KOmAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gasZYoM22bkC"><i>Livestock-Poisoning Plants of California</i></a>. UCANR Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60107-674-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60107-674-8"><bdi>978-1-60107-674-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livestock-Poisoning+Plants+of+California&rft.pub=UCANR+Publications&rft.isbn=978-1-60107-674-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgasZYoM22bkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby2004" class="citation book cs1">Crosby, Donald G. (1 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B9gJCAAAQBAJ"><i>The Poisoned Weed: Plants Toxic to Skin</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-028870-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-028870-9"><bdi>978-0-19-028870-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poisoned+Weed%3A+Plants+Toxic+to+Skin&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-028870-9&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB9gJCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrodzinskii2016" class="citation book cs1">Grodzinskii, A. M. (1 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlA4DwAAQBAJ"><i>Allelopathy in the Life of Plants and their Communities</i></a>. Scientific Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86102-04-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-86102-04-1"><bdi>978-93-86102-04-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allelopathy+in+the+Life+of+Plants+and+their+Communities&rft.pub=Scientific+Publishers&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft.isbn=978-93-86102-04-1&rft.aulast=Grodzinskii&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJlA4DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <p><b>General:</b> </p> <ul><li>Evans, L.T. (1998). <i>Feeding the Ten Billion – Plants and <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a> Growth</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64685-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64685-5">0-521-64685-5</a>.</li> <li>Kenrick, Paul; Crane, Peter R. (1997). <i>The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Institution Press">Smithsonian Institution Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-730-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56098-730-8">1-56098-730-8</a>.</li> <li>Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005). <i>Biology of Plants</i> (7th ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W.H._Freeman_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="W.H. Freeman and Company">W.H. Freeman and Company</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-1007-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-1007-2">0-7167-1007-2</a>.</li> <li>Taylor, Thomas N.; Taylor, Edith L. (1993). <i>The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants</i>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-651589-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-651589-4">0-13-651589-4</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Species estimates and counts:</b> </p> <ul><li>International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (2004). <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/">The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Prance, G. T. (2001). "Discovering the Plant World". <i>Taxon</i>. <b>50</b> (2, Golden Jubilee Part 4): 345–359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1223885">10.2307/1223885</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1223885">1223885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=Discovering+the+Plant+World&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2%2C+Golden+Jubilee+Part+4&rft.pages=345-359&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1223885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1223885%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Prance%2C+G.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key">Dichotomous Key</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key/Plantae" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key/Plantae">Plantae</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/INA.html">Index Nominum Algarum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060210225113/https://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/phylogeny/cronq88.html">Interactive Cronquist classification</a>. Archived 10 February 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611054707/https://www.prota.org/uk/about+prota/">Plant Resources of Tropical Africa</a>. Archived 11 June 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tolweb.org/Green_plants">Tree of Life</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309093200/http://tolweb.org/Green_plants">Archived</a> 9 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Botanical and vegetation databases</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/recherche.php?langue=an">African Plants Initiative database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/databases/">Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chilebosque.cl/">Chilean plants at <i>Chilebosque</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efloras.org/index.aspx">e-Floras (Flora of China, Flora of North America and others)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219200600/http://www.efloras.org/index.aspx">Archived</a> 19 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html">Flora Europaea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.floraweb.de/">Flora of Central Europe</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1">Flora of North America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219202016/http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1">Archived</a> 19 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/botanical_name/list_of_japanese_wild_plants_abelia_buxus.htm">List of Japanese Wild Plants Online</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316094850/http://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/botanical_name/list_of_japanese_wild_plants_abelia_buxus.htm">Archived</a> 16 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616151737/https://ntbg.org/plants/choose_a_plant.php">Meet the Plants-National Tropical Botanical Garden</a>. Archived 16 June 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildflower.org/">Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center – Native Plant Information Network at University of Texas, Austin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.usda.gov/">United States Department of Agriculture</a> not limited to continental US species.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classification_of_Archaeplastida_or_Plantae_s.l." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plant_classification" title="Template talk:Plant classification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plant_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plant classification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classification_of_Archaeplastida_or_Plantae_s.l." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification of <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> or <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu lato; in the broad sense"><i>s.l.</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaeplastida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picomonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Picomonas">Picomonas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">Rhodophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(red algae)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanidiophyceae" title="Cyanidiophyceae">Cyanidiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyridiophyceae" title="Porphyridiophyceae">Porphyridiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylonematophyceae" title="Stylonematophyceae">Stylonematophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compsopogonophyceae" title="Compsopogonophyceae">Compsopogonophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodellophyceae" title="Rhodellophyceae">Rhodellophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangiophyceae" title="Bangiophyceae">Bangiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florideophyceae" title="Florideophyceae">Florideophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucocystophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><i>incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algospongia" title="Algospongia">Algospongia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">or <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu stricto; in the strict sense"><i>s.s.</i></span></a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> &<br /> land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prasinodermophyta" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasinoderma" title="Prasinoderma">Prasinodermophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmophyllophyceae" title="Palmophyllophyceae">Palmophyllophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Prasinophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamiellophyceae" title="Mamiellophyceae">Mamiellophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramimonadophyceae" title="Pyramimonadophyceae">Pyramimonadophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Chlorophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephroselmidaceae" title="Nephroselmidaceae">Nephroselmidophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocystis" title="Picocystis">Picocystophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloropicophyceae">Chloropicophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedinophyceae" title="Pedinophyceae">Pedinophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodendrales" title="Chlorodendrales">Chlorodendrophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC_clade" title="UTC clade">UTC clade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirotaenia" title="Spirotaenia">Spirotaenia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phragmoplastophyta" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplastophyta" title="Phragmoplastophyta">Phragmoplastophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Anydrophyta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div id="Embryophytes_or_Plantae_sensu_strictissimo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophytes</a> or <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="in the strictest sense"><i>sensu strictissimo</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bryophytes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(liverworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplomitriopsida" title="Haplomitriopsida">Haplomitriopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiopsida" title="Marchantiopsida">Marchantiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungermanniopsida" title="Jungermanniopsida">Jungermanniopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(hornworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leiosporoceros" title="Leiosporoceros">Leiosporocerotopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(mosses)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takakia" title="Takakia">Takakiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphagnopsida" title="Sphagnopsida">Sphagnopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeobryum" title="Andreaeobryum">Andreaeobryopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeaceae" title="Andreaeaceae">Andreaeopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipodium" title="Oedipodium">Oedipodiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraphidaceae" title="Tetraphidaceae">Tetraphidopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytrichaceae" title="Polytrichaceae">Polytrichopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryopsida" title="Bryopsida">Bryopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -55px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Polysporangiophyte" title="Polysporangiophyte">Polysporangiophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Protracheophytes*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Protracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Horneophytopsida" title="Horneophytopsida">Horneophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Aglaophyton" title="Aglaophyton">Aglaophyton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(vascular plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Paratracheophytes*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Paratracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooksoniopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooksoniopsida (page does not exist)">Cooksoniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Rhyniophyte" title="Rhyniophyte">Rhyniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaliales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaliales (page does not exist)">Renaliales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Eutracheophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lycophytes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Barinophyte" title="Barinophyte">Barinophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Zosterophyll" title="Zosterophyll">Zosterophyllopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">Lycopodiopsida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lycopodiaceae" title="Lycopodiaceae">clubmosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selaginella" title="Selaginella">spikemosses</a> & <a href="/wiki/Isoetes" title="Isoetes">quillworts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyte" title="Euphyllophyte">Euphyllophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Eophyllophyton" title="Eophyllophyton">Eophyllophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Trimerophytopsida" title="Trimerophytopsida">Trimerophytopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moniliformopses" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Moniliformopses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibykales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibykales (page does not exist)">Ibykales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cladoxylopsida" title="Cladoxylopsida">Cladoxylopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Polypodiopsida</a> (ferns and <a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">horsetails</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Lignophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Progymnosperms*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Progymnosperm" title="Progymnosperm">Progymnosperms</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noeggerathiopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noeggerathiopsida (page does not exist)">Noeggerathiopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aneurophytopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aneurophytopsida (page does not exist)">Aneurophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeopteridopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeopteridopsida (page does not exist)">Archaeopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopityales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protopityales (page does not exist)">Protopityales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(seed plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta" title="Pteridospermatophyta">Pteridosperms</a><span class="nobold">*</span><br /><span class="nobold">(seed ferns)<br />and other extinct<br /> seed plant groups</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Calamopityales" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamopityales">Calamopityales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Callistophytales" title="Callistophytales">Callistophytales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Caytoniales" title="Caytoniales">Caytoniales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cordaitales" title="Cordaitales">Cordaitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Corystospermaceae" title="Corystospermaceae">Corystospermales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Czekanowskiales" title="Czekanowskiales">Czekanowskiales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gigantopteridales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantopteridales">Gigantopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Glossopteridales" title="Glossopteridales">Glossopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Lyginopteridales" title="Lyginopteridales">Lyginopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Medullosales" title="Medullosales">Medullosales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Peltaspermales" title="Peltaspermales">Peltaspermopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pentoxylales" title="Pentoxylales">Pentoxylopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petriellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petriellales (page does not exist)">Petriellales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Acrogymnospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(living gymnosperms)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycadopsida (cycads)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales (<i>Ginkgo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida (conifers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(flowering plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal angiosperms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Core angiosperms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> groups</li> <li>† = <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_plant_orders" title="List of plant orders">List of plant orders</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Current_definitions_of_Plantae">Current definitions of Plantae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eukaryote_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eukaryota" title="Template talk:Eukaryota"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eukaryota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eukaryota"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eukaryote_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a> classification</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amorphea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-21px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amoebozoa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discosea" title="Discosea">Discosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubulinea" title="Tubulinea">Tubulinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eumycetozoa" title="Eumycetozoa">Eumycetozoa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variosea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variosea">Variosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archamoebea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archamoebea">Archamoebea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutosea" title="Cutosea">Cutosea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">   <a href="/wiki/Obazoa" title="Obazoa">Obazoa</a>   </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadidae" title="Apusomonadidae">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holomycota" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Holomycota" title="Holomycota">Holomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristidiscoidea" title="Cristidiscoidea">Rotosphaerida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></b>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">   <a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a>   </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunicaraptor" title="Tunicaraptor">Tunicaraptor</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Bicellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicellum">Bicellum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosporea" title="Ichthyosporea">Ichthyosporea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriformea" title="Pluriformea">Pluriformea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Filozoa" title="Filozoa">Filozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filasterea" title="Filasterea">Filasterea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">Choanoflagellata</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></b>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-34px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centroplasthelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Centroplasthelida">Centroplasthelida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptophyte" title="Haptophyte">Haptophyta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">    <a href="/wiki/TSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TSAR">TSAR</a>    </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">     <a href="/wiki/SAR_supergroup" title="SAR supergroup">SAR</a>     </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomyxa" title="Endomyxa">Endomyxa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Foraminifera</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Radiolaria" title="Radiolaria">Radiolaria</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colponemida" class="mw-redirect" title="Colponemida">Colponemida</a>*</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80); vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Myzozoa" title="Myzozoa">Myzozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrompodellid" title="Chrompodellid">Chrompodellida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellata</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkinsozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkinsozoa">Perkinsozoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Platysulcus" title="Platysulcus">Platysulcus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Bigyra" title="Bigyra">Bigyra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicosoecea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicosoecea">Bicosoecida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placidozoa" title="Placidozoa">Placidozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagenista" title="Sagenista">Sagenista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Gyrista" title="Gyrista">Gyrista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developea" class="mw-redirect" title="Developea">Developea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirsoniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirsoniales">Pirsoniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphochytriomycetes" title="Hyphochytriomycetes">Hyphochytriomycetes</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ochrophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochrophyta">Ochrophyta</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oomycetes">Oomycetes</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinophryida" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinophryida">Actinophryida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">     <a href="/wiki/CAM_clade" class="mw-redirect" title="CAM clade">CAM</a>     </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Pancryptista" title="Pancryptista">Pancryptista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Microheliella" title="Microheliella">Microheliella</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Palpitomonas" title="Palpitomonas">Palpitomonas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptophyta">Cryptophyta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodelphidia">Rhodelphidia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viridiplantae(Plants_sensu_lato)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Alternative_concepts">Plants <i>sensu lato</i></a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Streptophyta" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybus" title="Chlorokybus">Chlorokybus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesostigma" title="Mesostigma">Mesostigma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a></b>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-23px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavates</a>*</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakobida" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobida">Jakobida</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsukubamonas" title="Tsukubamonas">Tsukubamonas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discicristata" title="Discicristata">Discicristata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heterolobosea" title="Heterolobosea">Heterolobosea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barthelona" title="Barthelona">Barthelona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaeramoebae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaeramoebae (page does not exist)">Anaeramoebae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaeromonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaeromonada">Anaeromonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornicata" class="mw-redirect" title="Fornicata">Fornicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabasalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabasalia">Parabasalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonadidae" title="Malawimonadidae">Malawimonadidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imasidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Imasidae">Imasidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-31px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Acritarch" title="Acritarch">Acritarchs</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Grypania" title="Grypania">Grypania</a></i></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gunflint_chert" title="Gunflint chert">Gunflint microbiota</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Chitinozoan" title="Chitinozoan">Chitinozoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteora_sporadica" title="Meteora sporadica">Meteora sporadica</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hemimastigophora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spironematellidae" title="Spironematellidae">Spironematellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramastigidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramastigidae">Paramastigidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancyromonadidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancyromonadidae (page does not exist)">Ancyromonadidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planomonadidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planomonadidae (page does not exist)">Planomonadidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collodictyonidae" title="Collodictyonidae">Collodictyonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantamonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantamonadida">Mantamonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigifilida" title="Rigifilida">Rigifilida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>¹traditional <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdoms</a> excluded from <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a></li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> groups</li> <li><b>bold</b> denotes groups with over 1,000 species</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elements_of_nature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nature" title="Template:Nature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nature" title="Template talk:Nature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_of_nature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere <span style="font-size:85%;">(Earth)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">Wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin <span style="font-size:85%;">(abiogenesis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nature" title="Category:Nature">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template talk:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_intensive_gardening" title="French intensive gardening">French intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">Garden tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplifting" title="Proplifting">Proplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">Types of<br />gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Gardens of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Australia" title="Gardening in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_garden" title="Biblical garden">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">Plant collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horticulture" title="Category:Horticulture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horticulture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Horticulture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Horticulture_and_Gardening" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Horticulture and Gardening">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_on_Earth" title="Template talk:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> phyla/divisions by domain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Chlorobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferribacteraceae" title="Deferribacteraceae">Deferribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyoglomus_thermophilum" title="Dictyoglomus thermophilum">Dictyoglomota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakobea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobea">Jakobea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">Tardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Template:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Template talk:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">non-cellular life</a>, and comparable structures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryota</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LUCA" class="mw-redirect" title="LUCA">LUCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plantae</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a>'</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_dark_matter#Microbes_with_highly_unusual_DNA" title="Microbial dark matter">Microbes with highly unusual DNA</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroid</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adnaviria" title="Adnaviria">Adnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria">Duplodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monodnaviria" title="Monodnaviria">Monodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ribozyviria" title="Ribozyviria">Ribozyviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varidnaviria" title="Varidnaviria">Varidnaviria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unassigned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Naldaviricetes" title="Naldaviricetes">Naldaviricetes</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alphasatellitidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphasatellitidae">Alphasatellitidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampullaviridae" title="Ampullaviridae">Ampullaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anelloviridae" title="Anelloviridae">Anelloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avsunviroidae" title="Avsunviroidae">Avsunviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicaudaviridae" title="Bicaudaviridae">Bicaudaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clavaviridae" title="Clavaviridae">Clavaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finnlakeviridae" title="Finnlakeviridae">Finnlakeviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuselloviridae" title="Fuselloviridae">Fuselloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Globuloviridae" title="Globuloviridae">Globuloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttaviridae" title="Guttaviridae">Guttaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halspiviridae" title="Halspiviridae">Halspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ovaliviridae" title="Ovaliviridae">Ovaliviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plasmaviridae" title="Plasmaviridae">Plasmaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polydnaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydnaviridae">Polydnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portogloboviridae" title="Portogloboviridae">Portogloboviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pospiviroidae" title="Pospiviroidae">Pospiviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spiraviridae" title="Spiraviridae">Spiraviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thaspiviridae" title="Thaspiviridae">Thaspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolecusatellitidae" title="Tolecusatellitidae">Tolecusatellitidae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinodnavirus" title="Dinodnavirus">Dinodnavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizidiovirus" title="Rhizidiovirus">Rhizidiovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanobe" title="Nanobe">Nanobe</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_(biology)" title="Obelisk (biology)">Obelisk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparable<br />structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bio-like_structure" title="Bio-like structure">Bio-like structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmid" title="Cosmid">Cosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_interfering_particle" title="Defective interfering particle">Defective interfering particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element" title="Endogenous viral element">Endogenous viral element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosmid" title="Fosmid">Fosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_and_conjugative_element" title="Integrative and conjugative element">Integrative and conjugative element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeewanu" title="Jeewanu">Jeewanu</a></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Nanobacterium" title="Nanobacterium">Nanobacterium</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">Phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_prion" title="Fungal prion">Fungal prion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoid" title="Proteinoid">Proteinoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Microparticle#Biological_protocells" title="Microparticle">microsphere</a></li> <li>Retroelements not elsewhere classified <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retron" title="Retron">Retron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity-generating_retroelement" title="Diversity-generating retroelement">Diversity-generating retroelement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase" title="Telomerase reverse transcriptase">Telomerase reverse transcriptase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase-related_cellular_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene">Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiegelman%27s_Monster" title="Spiegelman's Monster">Spiegelman's Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">Tandem repeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">Transposable element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroposon" title="Retroposon">Retroposon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpoviron" title="Transpoviron">Transpoviron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobot" title="Xenobot">Xenobot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Plantae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q756">Q756</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Plantae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Plantae">Plantae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/AlgaeBase" title="AlgaeBase">AlgaeBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/detail/?taxonid=1">1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/54717">54717</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14871">14871</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/P">P</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/281">281</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PLAK">1PLAK</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/6">6</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47126">47126</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/107789">107789</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=202422">202422</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MycoBank" title="MycoBank">MycoBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycobank.org/MB/514430">514430</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/3ead4965-50d6-4373-a616-240cc151c611">3ead4965-50d6-4373-a616-240cc151c611</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5268475">5268475</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=54311">54311</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=151418">151418</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/">plantae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/da1de22e-1d65-4197-9f4c-38ca39b964af">da1de22e-1d65-4197-9f4c-38ca39b964af</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=3">3</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933145f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933145f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572119">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="rostliny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116070&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525083">Spain</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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