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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krishna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Krishna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krishna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sama_Veda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sama_Veda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sama Veda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sama_Veda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atharva_Veda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atharva_Veda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Atharva Veda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atharva_Veda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Shakha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shakha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shakha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="वैदिक शाखाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वैदिक शाखाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakha_(veda)" title="Sakha (veda) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sakha (veda)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="शाखा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शाखा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Shakha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Шакха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шакха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shakha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" 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class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Ranayana<br />Shatyamukhya<br />Vyasa<br />Bhaguri<br />Olundi<br />Goulgulvi<br />Bhanumanoupamayava<br />Karati<br />Mashaka Argya<br />Varshgagavya<br />Kuthuma<br />Shakugitre<br /><a href="/wiki/Jaiminiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaiminiya">Jaiminiya</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda#Krishna_Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Krishna Yajurveda</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Samhita" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Samhita">Taittiriya Samhita</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maitrayani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitrayani">Maitrayani Samhita</a> <br />Karaka Katha Samhita <br />Kapisthala Kahta Samhita<br />Kathaka</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda#Shukla_Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Shukla Yajurveda</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Kanava<br />Madhyandin</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Shaunaka" title="Shaunaka">Shaunaka</a><br />Paippalada<br />Stauda<br />Mauda<br />Jajala<br />Jalada<br />Kuntap<br />Brahmavada<br />Devadarsa<br />Caranavaidya</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="text-align:center;"> <span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Vedas_and_Shakhas" title="Template:Vedas and Shakhas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vedas_and_Shakhas" title="Template talk:Vedas and Shakhas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vedas_and_Shakhas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vedas and Shakhas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>shakha</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>[[[wikt:शाखा#Sanskrit|śākhā]]] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 8) (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</span></i>, "branch" or "limb") is a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> theological school that specializes in learning certain <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> texts, or else the traditional texts followed by such a school.<sup id="cite_ref-S._Apte._A_Practical_Sanskrit_Dictionary_p._913_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S._Apte._A_Practical_Sanskrit_Dictionary_p._913-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monier-Williams,_A_Sanskrit-English_Dictionary_1062_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monier-Williams,_A_Sanskrit-English_Dictionary_1062-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An individual follower of a particular school or recension is called a <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śākhin</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is also used in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a> to refer to an adherent of a particular <a href="/wiki/Nastika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastika">orthodox system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A related term <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">caraṇa</i></span></i>, ("conduct of life" or "behavior") is also used to refer to such a Vedic school:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "although the words <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">caraṇa</i></span></i> and <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śākhā</i></span></i> are sometimes used synonymously, yet <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">caraṇa</i></span></i> properly applies to the sect or collection of persons united in one school, and <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śākhā</i></span></i> to the traditional text followed, as in the phrase <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śākhām adhite</i></span></i>, (<i>"he recites a particular version of the Veda"</i>)".<sup id="cite_ref-Monier-Williams,_A_Sanskrit-English_Dictionary_1062_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monier-Williams,_A_Sanskrit-English_Dictionary_1062-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The schools have different points of view, described as "difference of (Vedic) school" (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śākhābhedaḥ</i></span></i>). Each school would learn a specific Vedic <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṃhita</i></span> (one of the "four <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>" properly so-called), as well as its associated <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyakas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrautasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrautasutra">Shrautasutras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grhyasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Grhyasutra">Grhyasutras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-S._Apte._A_Practical_Sanskrit_Dictionary_p._913_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S._Apte._A_Practical_Sanskrit_Dictionary_p._913-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monier-Williams,_A_Sanskrit-English_Dictionary_1062_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monier-Williams,_A_Sanskrit-English_Dictionary_1062-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In traditional Hindu society affiliation with a specific school is an important aspect of class identity. By the end of the Rig Vedic period the term <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Brāhmaṇa</i></span></a> had come to be applied to all members of the priestly class, but there were subdivisions within this order based both on varna (class) and on the shakha (branch) with which they were affiliated.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Brāhmaṇa</i></span></a> who changed school would be called "a traitor to his <i>śākhā</i>" (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śākhāraṇḍaḥ</i></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-S._Apte._A_Practical_Sanskrit_Dictionary_p._913_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S._Apte._A_Practical_Sanskrit_Dictionary_p._913-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_of_schools">Summary of schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary of schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_Vedic_Culture_(1100-500_BCE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png/220px-Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png/330px-Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png/440px-Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Late Vedic culture (1100-500 BCE), with shakhas shown in red. The Kosala-Magadha region was not considered part of <a href="/wiki/Aryavarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryavarta">Aryavarta</a> until after Vedic times, despite the presence of sakhas. It constituted a culturally markedly different region, which gave rise to Jainism and Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional source of information on the shakhas of each Veda is the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Caraṇa-vyūha</i></span></i>, of which two, mostly similar, versions exist: the 49th <a href="/wiki/Parisista" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisista"><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pariśiṣṭa</i></span></i></a> of the Atharvaveda, ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Shaunaka" title="Shaunaka">Shaunaka</a>, and the 5th <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pariśiṣṭa</i></span></i> of the Śukla (White) Yajurveda, ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Katyayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana">Kātyāyana</a>. These have lists of the numbers of recensions that were believed to have once existed as well as those still extant at the time the works were compiled. Only a small number of recensions have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saraswati_Gangadhar" title="Saraswati Gangadhar">Saraswati Gangadhar</a>'s devotional poetry written in Marathi called <a href="/wiki/Shri_Guru_Charitra" title="Shri Guru Charitra">Shri Gurucharitra</a> describes different shakhas of 4 Vedas in 27th chapter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The schools are enumerated below, categorised according to the Veda each expounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rig_Veda">Rig Veda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rig Veda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śaunaka</i></span>'s <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Caraṇa-vyuha</i></span></i> lists five shakhas for the Rig Veda, the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shakala_Shakha" title="Shakala Shakha">Śākala</a></i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bāṣkala</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Aśvalāyana</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śaṅkhāyana</i></span>, and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Māṇḍukāyana</i></span> of which only the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shakala_Shakha" title="Shakala Shakha">Śākala</a></i></span> and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bāṣkala</i></span> and very few of Asvalayana are now extant. The Bashkala recension of the Rigveda has the <a href="/wiki/Khilani" title="Khilani">Khilani</a> which are not present in the Shakala text but is preserved in one Kashmir manuscript (now at Pune). The <i><a href="/wiki/Shakala_Shakha" title="Shakala Shakha">Shakala</a></i> has the <a href="/wiki/Aitareya-Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Aitareya-Brahmana">Aitareya-Brahmana</a>, The Bashkala has the <a href="/wiki/Kausitaki-Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kausitaki-Brahmana">Kausitaki-Brahmana</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shri_Guru_Charitra" title="Shri Guru Charitra">Shri Gurucharitra</a> mentions 12 shakhas for the Rig Veda namely śrāvakā, śravaṇiyā, jaṭā, śaphaṭa, pāṭhakrama(2), daṇḍa, aśvalāyanī, śāṃkhāyanī, śākalā, bāṣkalā and māṇḍūkā (श्रावका, श्रवणिया, जटा, शफट, पाठक्रम(2), दण्ड, अश्वलायनी, शांखायनी, शाकला, बाष्कला, माण्डूका) in <a href="/wiki/Ovi_(poetry)" title="Ovi (poetry)">Ovi</a> 35 to 38.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is, however, <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Sutra literature</a> from the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Aśvalāyana</i></span> shakha, both a shrauta sutra and a grhya sutra, both surviving with a commentary (<i>vrtti</i>) by Gargya Naranaya. Gargya Naranaya's commentary was based on the longer commentary or <i>bhashya</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Devasvamin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devasvamin (page does not exist)">Devasvamin</a>, written in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śaṅkhāyana</i></span> shakha has been recently rediscovered in Banswada in Rajasthan where two septuagenarians are the last surviving practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th>Shakha </th> <th>Samhita </th> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Aranyaka </th> <th>Upanishad </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Shakala_Shakha" title="Shakala Shakha">Saakala</a></b> </td> <td> </td> <td>Aitreya Samhita </td> <td>Aitreya Aranyaka </td> <td>Aitreya Upanishad </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yajur_Veda">Yajur Veda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Yajur Veda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shakha" title="Special:EditPage/Shakha">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śaunaka</i></span>'s <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Caraṇa-vyuha</i></span></i> lists forty-two or forty-four out of eighty-six shakhas for the Yajur Veda, but that only five of these are now extant, with a sixth partially extant. For the Yajur Veda the five (partially in six) shakhas are the (Vajasaneyi Madhandina, Kanva; <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya">Taittiriya</a>, Maitrayani, Caraka-Katha, Kapisthala-Katha). </p><p>The Yajurvedin shakhas are divided in <i>Shukla</i> (White) and <i>Krishna</i> (Black) schools. The White recensions have separate Brahmanas, while the Black ones have their(much earlier) Brahmanas interspersed between the Mantras. </p> <ul><li>Shukla Yajurveda: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vājasaneyi Samhita Madhyandina</i></span></i> (VSM), <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vājasaneyi Samhita Kānva</i></span></i> (VSK): <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a> (ShBM, ShBK)</li> <li>Krishna Yajurveda: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Taittirīya Saṃhita</i></span></i> (TS) with an additional Brahmana, <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Brahmana">Taittiriya Brahmana</a> (TB), <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Maitrayani Saṃhita</i></span></i> (MS), <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Caraka-Katha Saṃhita</i></span></i> (KS), <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kapiṣṭhala-Katha Saṃhita</i></span></i> (KapS).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shukla">Shukla</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shukla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th>Shakha </th> <th>Samhita </th> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Aranyaka </th> <th>Upanishad </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Madhyandina_Shakha" title="Madhyandina Shakha">Madhyandina (VSM)</a></b> </td> <td>Currently recited by all over North Indian Brahmins and by <a href="/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin" title="Deshastha Brahmin">Deshastha Brahmins</a> </td> <td>Madhyandina Shatapatha (SBM) </td> <td>survives as Shatapatha XIV.1-8, with accents. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> = SBM XIV. 3–8, with accents, <a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Ishavasya Upanishad</a> = VSM 40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kanva_Shakha" title="Kanva Shakha">Kanva (VSK)</a></b> </td> <td>Currently recited by <a href="/wiki/Utkala_Brahmin" title="Utkala Brahmin">Utkala Brahmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada Brahmins">Kannada Brahmins</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Karhade_Brahmin" title="Karhade Brahmin">Karhade Brahmins</a> and few <a href="/wiki/Iyer" title="Iyer">Iyers</a> </td> <td>Kanva Shatapatha (SBK)(different from madhyandina) </td> <td>survives as book XVII of SBK </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a>=SBK,with accents, <a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Ishavasya Upanishad</a> = VSK 40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Katyayana</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Krishna">Krishna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Krishna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th>Shakha </th> <th>Samhita </th> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Aranyaka </th> <th>Upanishad </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Shakha" title="Taittiriya Shakha">Taittiriya</a></b> </td> <td>TS, Present all over India and in <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> recited by <a href="/wiki/Chitpavan_Brahmins" title="Chitpavan Brahmins">Chitpavan Brahmins</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Brahmana">Taittiriya Brahmana</a> (TB) and Vadhula Br. (part of Vadhula Srautrasutra) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Aranyaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Aranyaka">Taittiriya Aranyaka</a> (TA) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> (TU) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Maitrayani</b> </td> <td>MS, Recited by few Brahmins in <a href="/wiki/Nasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasik">Nasik</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>virtually same as the Upanishad </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya Upanishad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Caraka-Katha</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katha_Aranyaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Katha Aranyaka">Katha Aranyaka</a> (almost the entire text from a solitary manuscript) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kathaka_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathaka Upanishad">Kathaka Upanishad</a>, Katha-Shiksha Upanishad<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kapishthala</b> </td> <td>KapS (fragmentary manuscript, only first sections accented), edited (without accents) by Raghu Vira. </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sama_Veda">Sama Veda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sama Veda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śaunaka</i></span>'s <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Caraṇa-vyuha</i></span></i> lists twelve shakhas for the Sama Veda out of a thousand that are said to have once existed, but that of these only one or perhaps two are still extant. The two Samaveda recensions are the Jaiminiya and Kauthuma. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ovi_(poetry)" title="Ovi (poetry)">Ovi</a> 203 to 210 of chapter 27, <a href="/wiki/Shri_Guru_Charitra" title="Shri Guru Charitra">Shri Gurucharitra</a> mentions 8 of the thousands of shakhas namely āsurāyaṇīyā, vāsurāyaṇīya़ā, vātāntareyā, prāṃjalī, ṛjñagvainavidhā, prācīna yogyaśākhā, jñānayoga and rāṇāyaṇīyā (आसुरायणीया, वासुरायणीय़ा, वातान्तरेया, प्रांजली, ऋज्ञग्वैनविधा, प्राचीन योग्यशाखा, ज्ञानयोग, राणायणीया). Of these rāṇāyaṇīyā (राणायणीया) has 10 shakhas namely rāṇāyaṇīyā, sāṃkhyāyanī, śāṭhyā, mugdala, khalvalā, mahākhalvalā, lāṅ‌galā, kaithumā, gautamā and jaiminī (राणायणीया, सांख्यायनी, शाठ्या, मुग्दल, खल्वला, महाखल्वला, लाङ्‌गला, कैथुमा, गौतमा, जैमिनी).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kauthuma shakha has the PB, SadvB, the <a href="/wiki/Jaiminiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaiminiya">Jaiminiya</a> shakha has the <a href="/wiki/Jaiminiya_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaiminiya Brahmana">Jaiminiya Brahmana</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th>Shakha </th> <th>Samhita </th> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Aranyaka </th> <th>Upanishad </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kauthuma</b> </td> <td>edited,Recited by all over North and in South India<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>edited (8 Brahmanas in all), no accents </td> <td>None. The Samhita itself has the ‘Aranyaka’. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ranayaniya</b> </td> <td>Manuscripts of Samhita exist.Recited by <a href="/wiki/Gokarna,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokarna, India">Gokarna</a>,and <a href="/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin" title="Deshastha Brahmin">Deshastha Brahmins</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Same as Kauthuma with minor differences. </td> <td>None. The Samhita itself has the ‘Aranyaka’. </td> <td>Same as Kauthuma. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Jaiminiya/Talavakara</b> </td> <td>Samhita edited.Recited by <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiris</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choliyal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choliyal (page does not exist)">choliyal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil nadu">Tamil nadu</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Two distinct styles of Saman recitation, partially recorded and published.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Brahmana published (without accents) – Jaiminiya Brahmana, Arsheya Brahmana </td> <td>Tamil Nadu version of Talavakara Aranyaka (=<a href="/wiki/Jaiminiya_Upanishad_Brahmana" title="Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana">Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana</a>) published<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena Upanishad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Shatyayana</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atharva_Veda">Atharva Veda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Atharva Veda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only one shakha of an original nine is now extant for the Atharvaveda. The nine sakhas were Paippalada, Tauda, Mauda, Shaunakiya, Jajala, Jalada, Brahmavada, Devadarsa and Chaarana-Vaidya. In <a href="/wiki/Ovi_(poetry)" title="Ovi (poetry)">Ovi</a> 217 to 219 of chapter 27, <a href="/wiki/Shri_Guru_Charitra" title="Shri Guru Charitra">Shri Gurucharitra</a> mentions 9 shakhas namely paippalā, dāntā, pradāṃta, stotā, autā, brahmadā yaśadā, śaunakī, vedadarśā and caraṇavidyā (पैप्पला, दान्ता, प्रदांत, स्तोता, औता, ब्रह्मदा यशदा, शौनकी, वेददर्शा, चरणविद्या).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shaunaka is the only shakha of the Atharvaveda for which both printed texts and an active oral tradition are known to still exist. </p><p>For the Atharvaveda, both the Shaunakiya and the Paippalada traditions contain textual corruptions, and the original text of the Atharvaveda may only be approximated from comparison between the two. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th>Shakha </th> <th>Samhita </th> <th>Brahmana </th> <th>Aranyaka </th> <th>Upanishad </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Shaunaka</b> </td> <td>AVS, edited and recited by all over North India and South India </td> <td>Fragmentary Gopatha Brahmana (extant and published), no accents. </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka Upanishad</a> (?) published. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Paippalada</b> </td> <td>AVP; recited by <a href="/wiki/Utkala_Brahmin" title="Utkala Brahmin">Utkala Brahmins</a> as samhita patha only. otherwise, two manuscripts survive: Kashmiri (mostly edited) and Oriya (partly edited, by Dipak Bhattacharya and others, unaccented) </td> <td>lost, similar to that of Gopatha Brahmana </td> <td>- </td> <td>Prashna Upanishad, Sharabha Upanishad etc. – all edited.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Paippalada tradition was discontinued, and its text is known only from manuscripts collected since the 20th century. However some Orissa Brahmins<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> still continue the tradition of Paippalada. No Brahmana is known for the Shaunaka shakha. The Paippalada is possibly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Gopatha_Brahmana" title="Gopatha Brahmana">Gopatha Brahmana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-S._Apte._A_Practical_Sanskrit_Dictionary_p._913-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S._Apte._A_Practical_Sanskrit_Dictionary_p._913_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S._Apte._A_Practical_Sanskrit_Dictionary_p._913_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S._Apte._A_Practical_Sanskrit_Dictionary_p._913_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">V. S. Apte. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, p. 913, left column.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monier-Williams,_A_Sanskrit-English_Dictionary_1062-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monier-Williams,_A_Sanskrit-English_Dictionary_1062_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monier-Williams,_A_Sanskrit-English_Dictionary_1062_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monier-Williams,_A_Sanskrit-English_Dictionary_1062_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, p. 1062, right column.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. S. Apte. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, p. 913, left column</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore, Charles A. <i>A Source Book in Indian Philosophy</i>. Princeton University Press; 1957. Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01958-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01958-4">0-691-01958-4</a>. p. 560. The example is given here of a text which refers to a dispute involving <i>śākhins</i> [followers] who do not accept a particular position.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. S. Apte. <i>A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary</i>. p. 429, middle column</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basham, A. L. <i>The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before The Coming Of The Muslims</i>. (Grove Press, Inc.: New York, 1954) p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra</i>; Bronkhorst (2007), <i>Greater Magadha</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a brief summary of the shakhas as given in Shaunaka's <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Caraṇa-vyūha</i></span></i> see: Monier-Williams, <i>A Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i>, p. 1062, right column.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://mr.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE">"गुरूचरित्र/अध्याय सव्विसावा - विकिस्रोत"</a>. <i>mr.wikisource.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mr.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%2F%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE+-+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmr.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%2F%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Catalogue of Sanskrit, Pali, and Prakrit Books in the British Museum</i> (1876) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cataloguesanskr03manugoog#page/n20/mode/2up">p. 9</a>. B.K. Sastry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yabaluri.org/TRIVENI/CDWEB/reviewsjul83.htm">review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314084413/http://yabaluri.org/triveni/cdweb/reviewsjul83.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of K. P. Aithal (ed.), <i>Asvalayana Grihya Sutra Bhashyam of Devasvamin</i>, 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiafacts.org/after-millenia-tradition-reborn-vaidika-bharata">"After millennia a Tradition is Reborn"</a>. 12 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+millennia+a+Tradition+is+Reborn&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiafacts.org%2Fafter-millenia-tradition-reborn-vaidika-bharata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">a lost Upanishad reconstructed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a> as having been very similar in content to the <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a>, chapter 1. M. Witzel, <i>An unknown Upanisad of the Krsna Yajurveda: The Katha-Siksa-Upanisad.</i> Journal of the Nepal Research Centre, Vol. 1, Wiesbaden-Kathmandu 1977, pp. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106205840/http://www.vedamu.org/Media/audio/Atharvaveda.asp">"Vedamu.org - Vedic Literature - Course"</a>. January 6, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vedamu.org/Media/audio/Atharvaveda.asp">the original</a> on 2009-01-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vedamu.org+-+Vedic+Literature+-+Course&rft.date=2009-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vedamu.org%2FMedia%2Faudio%2FAtharvaveda.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>List of Pundits from different shakhas in India <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedpradip.com/vedpandit.php?linkid=3">Vedpradip :: A Resource on Preservation and Research of Vedas</a></li> <li>State wise list of shakhas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedpradip.com/pan_state_shakha_cnt.php?linkid=8">Vedpradip :: A Resource on Preservation and Research of Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a>, <i>Tracing the Vedic dialects</i> in <i>Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes</i> ed. <a href="/wiki/Colette_Caillat" title="Colette Caillat">Caillat</a>, Paris, 1989, 97–265.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakha&oldid=1245647389">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakha&oldid=1245647389</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vedas" title="Category:Vedas">Vedas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_studies" title="Category:Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2023">Articles needing additional references from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">Transliteration template errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2024">Articles needing additional references from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 September 2024, at 07:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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