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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_dentistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_dentistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Modern dentistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_dentistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards_in_modern_dentistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards_in_modern_dentistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hazards in modern dentistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazards_in_modern_dentistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evidence-based_dentistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidence-based_dentistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Evidence-based dentistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence-based_dentistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_and_medicolegal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_and_medicolegal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ethical and medicolegal issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_and_medicolegal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dentistry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandheelkunde" title="Tandheelkunde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tandheelkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahnmedizin" title="Zahnmedizin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zahnmedizin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طب الأسنان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طب الأسنان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontoloch%C3%ADa" title="Odontolochía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Odontolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="দন্ত চিকিৎসা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দন্ত চিকিৎসা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontolox%C3%ADa" title="Odontoloxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Odontoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatologiya" title="Stomatologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stomatologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="دیش دوکتورلوگو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیش دوکتورلوگو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="দন্তবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দন্তবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AA-i-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Gê-i-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gê-i-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стоматология – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Стоматология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Стаматалогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стаматалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Стаматалёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стаматалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistriya" title="Dentistriya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dentistriya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дентална медицина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дентална медицина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatologija" title="Stomatologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stomatologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentouriezh" title="Dentouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dentouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontologia" title="Odontologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Odontologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatologie" title="Stomatologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stomatologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deintyddiaeth" title="Deintyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deintyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandpleje" title="Tandpleje – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tandpleje" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahnmedizin" title="Zahnmedizin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zahnmedizin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambaravi" title="Hambaravi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hambaravi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Οδοντιατρική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οδοντιατρική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontolog%C3%ADa" title="Odontología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Odontología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentokuracado" title="Dentokuracado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dentokuracado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontologia" title="Odontologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Odontologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="دندان‌پزشکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دندان‌پزشکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dentistry" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontologie" title="Odontologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Odontologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiacl%C3%B3ireacht" title="Fiaclóireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fiaclóireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontolox%C3%ADa" title="Odontoloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Odontoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99" title="치의학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치의학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ստոմատոլոգիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստոմատոլոգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="दन्तचिकित्सा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दन्तचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentalna_medicina" title="Dentalna medicina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dentalna medicina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontologio" title="Odontologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Odontologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedokteran_gigi" title="Kedokteran gigi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kedokteran gigi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontologia" title="Odontologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Odontologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AD%E1%92%8D%E1%91%8E%E1%93%95%E1%95%86%E1%94%A8" title="ᑭᒍᑎᓕᕆᔨ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑭᒍᑎᓕᕆᔨ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannl%C3%A6kningar" title="Tannlækningar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tannlækningar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontoiatria" title="Odontoiatria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Odontoiatria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="רפואת שיניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפואת שיניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სტომატოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტომატოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistika" title="Dentistika – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Dentistika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стоматология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стоматология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganga_wa_meno" title="Uganga wa meno – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uganga wa meno" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diransaz%C3%AE" title="Diransazî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Diransazî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стоматология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Стоматология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_dentium" title="Medicina dentium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Medicina dentium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatolo%C4%A3ija" title="Stomatoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stomatoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontologija" title="Odontologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Odontologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandjheilk%C3%B3nde" title="Tandjheilkónde – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tandjheilkónde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistega" title="Dentistega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dentistega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog%C3%A1szat" title="Fogászat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fogászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Стоматологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стоматологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ദന്തവൈദ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദന്തവൈദ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergigian" title="Pergigian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pergigian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="သွားရောဂါကုပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သွားရောဂါကုပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandheelkunde" title="Tandheelkunde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tandheelkunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="दन्त चिकित्सा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दन्त चिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="歯学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="歯学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Стоматологи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Стоматологи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontologi" title="Odontologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Odontologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontologi" title="Odontologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Odontologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontologia" title="Odontologia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Odontologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatologiya" title="Stomatologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Stomatologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਦੰਦ ਚਿਕਿਤਸਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੰਦ ਚਿਕਿਤਸਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="دنداں دا علاج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دنداں دا علاج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D8%A7%DA%9A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="د غاښونو درملنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د غاښونو درملنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dent%C3%ACstica" title="Dentìstica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Dentìstica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taanheelkunn" title="Taanheelkunn – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Taanheelkunn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatologia" title="Stomatologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stomatologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontologia" title="Odontologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Odontologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatologiya" title="Stomatologiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Stomatologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontologie" title="Odontologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Odontologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiru_hampikamayuq" title="Kiru hampikamayuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kiru hampikamayuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стоматология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стоматология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стоматология – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Стоматология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Dentistry" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatologjia" title="Stomatologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stomatologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="දන්ත වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දන්ත වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dentistry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubn%C3%A9_lek%C3%A1rstvo" title="Zubné lekárstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zubné lekárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentalna_medicina" title="Dentalna medicina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dentalna medicina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پزیشکیی ددان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پزیشکیی ددان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Стоматологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стоматологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatologija" title="Stomatologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stomatologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammasl%C3%A4%C3%A4ketiede" title="Hammaslääketiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hammaslääketiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandv%C3%A5rd" title="Tandvård – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tandvård" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagdedentista" title="Pagdedentista – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagdedentista" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பல் மருத்துவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பல் மருத்துவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стоматология – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Стоматология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="దంత వైద్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దంత వైద్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ทันตแพทยศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทันตแพทยศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Дандонпизишкӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дандонпизишкӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C5%9F_hekimli%C4%9Fi" title="Diş hekimliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Diş hekimliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Стоматологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стоматологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="دندان سازی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دندان سازی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatologii" title="Stomatologii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Stomatologii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nha_khoa" title="Nha khoa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nha khoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dintistreye" title="Dintistreye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Dintistreye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagdedentista" title="Pagdedentista – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pagdedentista" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%99%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="牙医学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="牙医学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of medicine</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Dentistry</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GI_at_Guantanamo_visits_the_dentist.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/GI_at_Guantanamo_visits_the_dentist.JPG/220px-GI_at_Guantanamo_visits_the_dentist.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/GI_at_Guantanamo_visits_the_dentist.JPG/330px-GI_at_Guantanamo_visits_the_dentist.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/GI_at_Guantanamo_visits_the_dentist.JPG/440px-GI_at_Guantanamo_visits_the_dentist.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A dentist treats a patient with the help of a dental assistant.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Dentist</li> <li>Dental Surgeon</li> <li>Doctor</li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Sub-Millimeter Surgical Dexterity</li> <li>Knowledge of human health, disease, pathology, and anatomy</li> <li>Communication/Interpersonal Skills</li> <li>Analytical Skills</li> <li>Critical Thinking</li> <li>Empathy/Professionalism</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dental_Degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental Degree">Dental Degree</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Private practices</li><li>Primary care clinics</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_assistant" title="Dental assistant">dental assistant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_technician" title="Dental technician">dental technician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_hygienist" title="Dental hygienist">dental hygienist</a></li><li>various <a href="/wiki/Specialty_(dentistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (dentistry)">dental specialists</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=23&Submit=Search&action=search">23</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=24&Submit=Search&action=search">24</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003813">D003813</a></span></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128" class="extiw" title="d:Q12128">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dental_surgery_aboard_USS_Eisenhower,_January_1990.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dental_surgery_aboard_USS_Eisenhower%2C_January_1990.JPEG/220px-Dental_surgery_aboard_USS_Eisenhower%2C_January_1990.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dental_surgery_aboard_USS_Eisenhower%2C_January_1990.JPEG/330px-Dental_surgery_aboard_USS_Eisenhower%2C_January_1990.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dental_surgery_aboard_USS_Eisenhower%2C_January_1990.JPEG/440px-Dental_surgery_aboard_USS_Eisenhower%2C_January_1990.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2810" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Oral_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral surgeon">oral surgeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dental_assistant" title="Dental assistant">dental assistant</a> removing a <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_tooth" title="Wisdom tooth">wisdom tooth</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dentistry</b>, also known as <b>dental medicine</b> and <b>oral medicine</b>, is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> focused on the <a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">teeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gums" title="Gums">gums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a>. It consists of the study, <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnosis</a>, prevention, management, and treatment of <a href="/wiki/Diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases">diseases</a>, disorders, and conditions of the mouth, most commonly focused on <a href="/wiki/Dentition" title="Dentition">dentition</a> (the development and arrangement of teeth) as well as the <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">oral mucosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dentistry may also encompass other aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Craniofacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Craniofacial">craniofacial</a> complex including the <a href="/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint" title="Temporomandibular joint">temporomandibular joint</a>. The practitioner is called a <a href="/wiki/Dentist" title="Dentist">dentist</a>. </p><p>The history of dentistry is almost as ancient as the history of humanity and civilization, with the earliest evidence dating from 7000 BC to 5500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dentistry is thought to have been the first specialization in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> which has gone on to develop its own accredited degree with its own specializations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dentistry is often also understood to subsume the now largely defunct <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">medical specialty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stomatology" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomatology">stomatology</a> (the study of the mouth and its disorders and diseases) for which reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain regions. However, some specialties such as <a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">oral and maxillofacial surgery</a> (facial reconstruction) may require both medical and dental degrees to accomplish. In European history, dentistry is considered to have stemmed from the trade of <a href="/wiki/Barber_surgeon" title="Barber surgeon">barber surgeons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dental treatments are carried out by a dental team, which often consists of a <a href="/wiki/Dentist" title="Dentist">dentist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dental_auxiliary" title="Dental auxiliary">dental auxiliaries</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Dental_assistant" title="Dental assistant">dental assistants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_hygienist" title="Dental hygienist">dental hygienists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_technician" title="Dental technician">dental technicians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dental_therapist" title="Dental therapist">dental therapists</a>). Most dentists either work in private practices (<a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">primary care</a>), dental hospitals, or (<a href="/wiki/Secondary_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary care">secondary care</a>) institutions (prisons, armed forces bases, etc.). </p><p>The modern movement of <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_dentistry" title="Evidence-based dentistry">evidence-based dentistry</a> calls for the use of high-quality scientific research and evidence to guide decision-making such as in manual tooth conservation, use of fluoride water treatment and fluoride toothpaste, dealing with oral diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Tooth_decay" title="Tooth decay">tooth decay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Periodontal_disease" title="Periodontal disease">periodontitis</a>, as well as systematic diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> which could also affect the oral cavity. Other practices relevant to <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_dentistry" title="Evidence-based dentistry">evidence-based dentistry</a> include <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">radiology</a> of the mouth to inspect teeth deformity or oral malaises, <a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">haematology</a> (study of blood) to avoid bleeding complications during dental surgery, <a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">cardiology</a> (due to various severe complications arising from dental surgery with patients with heart disease), etc. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentistry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term dentistry comes from <i>dentist</i>, which comes from French <i>dentiste</i>, which comes from the French and Latin words for tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term for the associated scientific study of teeth is <b>odontology</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ὀδούς</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">odoús</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'tooth') – the study of the structure, development, and abnormalities of the teeth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dental_treatment">Dental treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentistry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dental treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dentistry usually encompasses practices related to the oral cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-Gambhir2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gambhir2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, oral diseases are major public health problems due to their high incidence and prevalence across the globe, with the disadvantaged affected more than other socio-economic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of dental treatments are carried out to prevent or treat the two most common <a href="/wiki/Dental_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental disease">oral diseases</a> which are <a href="/wiki/Dental_caries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental caries">dental caries</a> (tooth decay) and <a href="/wiki/Periodontal_disease" title="Periodontal disease">periodontal disease</a> (gum disease or pyorrhea). Common treatments involve the <a href="/wiki/Dental_restoration" title="Dental restoration">restoration of teeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_extraction" title="Dental extraction">extraction</a> or surgical removal of teeth, <a href="/wiki/Scaling_and_root_planing" title="Scaling and root planing">scaling and root planing</a>, endodontic <a href="/wiki/Endodontic_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Endodontic therapy">root canal</a> treatment, and <a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_dentistry" title="Cosmetic dentistry">cosmetic dentistry</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By nature of their general training, dentists, without specialization can carry out the majority of dental treatments such as restorative (fillings, <a href="/wiki/Crown_(dentistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown (dentistry)">crowns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(dentistry)" title="Bridge (dentistry)">bridges</a>), prosthetic (<a href="/wiki/Dentures" title="Dentures">dentures</a>), endodontic (root canal) therapy, periodontal (gum) therapy, and extraction of teeth, as well as performing examinations, radiographs (x-rays), and diagnosis. Dentists can also prescribe <a href="/wiki/Medications_used_in_dentistry_and_periodontics" title="Medications used in dentistry and periodontics">medications used in the field</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedatives</a>, and any other drugs used in patient management. Depending on their licensing boards, general dentists may be required to complete additional training to perform sedation, dental implants, etc. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enamel_celiac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enamel_celiac.jpg/220px-Enamel_celiac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enamel_celiac.jpg/330px-Enamel_celiac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enamel_celiac.jpg/440px-Enamel_celiac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Irreversible enamel defects caused by an untreated celiac disease. They may be the only clue to its diagnosis, even in absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, but are often confused with fluorosis, <a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">tetracycline</a> discoloration, acid reflux or other causes.<sup id="cite_ref-NIHCDdiagnosis_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIHCDdiagnosis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Institutes of Health include a dental exam in the diagnostic protocol of <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIHCDdiagnosis_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIHCDdiagnosis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Dentists also encourage the prevention of oral diseases through proper <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> and regular, twice or more yearly, checkups for professional cleaning and evaluation. Oral infections and inflammations may affect overall health and conditions in the oral cavity may be indicative of systemic diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gambhir2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gambhir2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIHCDdiagnosis_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIHCDdiagnosis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many studies have also shown that <a href="/wiki/Gum_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Gum disease">gum disease</a> is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">preterm birth</a>. The concept that oral health can affect systemic health and disease is referred to as "oral-systemic health". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_licensing">Education and licensing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentistry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education and licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dentistry_throughout_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentistry throughout the world">Dentistry throughout the world</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_sections_of_teeth_labels.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cross_sections_of_teeth_labels.png/220px-Cross_sections_of_teeth_labels.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cross_sections_of_teeth_labels.png/330px-Cross_sections_of_teeth_labels.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cross_sections_of_teeth_labels.png/440px-Cross_sections_of_teeth_labels.png 2x" data-file-width="3453" data-file-height="3453" /></a><figcaption>A sagittal cross-section of a molar tooth; 1: crown, 2: root, 3: enamel, 4: dentin and dentin tubules, 5: pulp chamber, 6: blood vessels and nerve, 7: periodontal ligament, 8: apex and periapical region, 9: alveolar bone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_dental_chair,_Shamrock,_TX_IMG_6151.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Early_dental_chair%2C_Shamrock%2C_TX_IMG_6151.JPG/220px-Early_dental_chair%2C_Shamrock%2C_TX_IMG_6151.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Early_dental_chair%2C_Shamrock%2C_TX_IMG_6151.JPG/330px-Early_dental_chair%2C_Shamrock%2C_TX_IMG_6151.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Early_dental_chair%2C_Shamrock%2C_TX_IMG_6151.JPG/440px-Early_dental_chair%2C_Shamrock%2C_TX_IMG_6151.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Early dental chair in Pioneer West Museum in <a href="/wiki/Shamrock,_Texas" title="Shamrock, Texas">Shamrock, Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>John M. Harris started the world's first dental school in <a href="/wiki/Bainbridge,_Ross_County,_Ohio" title="Bainbridge, Ross County, Ohio">Bainbridge, Ohio</a>, and helped to establish dentistry as a health profession. It opened on 21 February 1828, and today is a <a href="/wiki/Harris_Dental_Museum" title="Harris Dental Museum">dental museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first dental college, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_College_of_Dental_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore College of Dental Surgery">Baltimore College of Dental Surgery</a>, opened in Baltimore, Maryland, US in 1840. The second in the United States was the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_College_of_Dental_Surgery" title="Ohio College of Dental Surgery">Ohio College of Dental Surgery</a>, established in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_College_of_Dental_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery">Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery</a> followed in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a> accepted a bid to incorporate the school. </p><p>Studies show that dentists that graduated from different countries,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even from different dental schools in one country,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may make different clinical decisions for the same clinical condition. For example, dentists that graduated from <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> dental schools may recommend the removal of asymptomatic <a href="/wiki/Tooth_impaction" title="Tooth impaction">impacted</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_molar" class="mw-redirect" title="Third molar">third molar</a> (wisdom teeth) more often than dentists that graduated from Latin American or Eastern European dental schools.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the first dental schools, the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Dental_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="London School of Dental Surgery">London School of Dental Surgery</a> and the Metropolitan School of Dental Science, both in London, opened in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Dentists Act of 1878 and the 1879 Dentists Register limited the title of "dentist" and "dental surgeon" to qualified and registered practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-125years_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125years-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bdatimeline_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdatimeline-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, others could legally describe themselves as "dental experts" or "dental consultants".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of dentistry in the United Kingdom became fully regulated with the 1921 Dentists Act, which required the registration of anyone practising dentistry.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Dental_Association" title="British Dental Association">British Dental Association</a>, formed in 1880 with Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Tomes" title="John Tomes">John Tomes</a> as president, played a major role in prosecuting dentists practising illegally.<sup id="cite_ref-125years_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125years-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dentists in the United Kingdom are now regulated by the <a href="/wiki/General_Dental_Council" title="General Dental Council">General Dental Council</a>. </p><p>In many countries, dentists usually complete between five and eight years of post-secondary education before practising. Though not mandatory, many dentists choose to complete an internship or residency focusing on specific aspects of dental care after they have received their dental degree. In a few countries, to become a qualified dentist one must usually complete at least four years of postgraduate study;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dental_degree" title="Dental degree">Dental degrees</a> awarded around the world include the Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) and Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD) in North America (US and Canada), and the Bachelor of Dental Surgery/Baccalaureus Dentalis Chirurgiae (BDS, BDent, BChD, BDSc) in the UK and current and former British Commonwealth countries. </p><p>All dentists in the United States undergo at least three years of undergraduate studies, but nearly all complete a bachelor's degree. This schooling is followed by four years of dental school to qualify as a "<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Dental_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Dental Surgery">Doctor of Dental Surgery</a>" (DDS) or "<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Dental_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Dental Medicine">Doctor of Dental Medicine</a>" (DMD). Specialization in dentistry is available in the fields of Anesthesiology, Dental Public Health, Endodontics, Oral Radiology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine, Orofacial Pain, Pathology, Orthodontics, Pediatric Dentistry (Pedodontics), Periodontics, and Prosthodontics.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialties">Specialties <span class="anchor" id="Specialities"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentistry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Specialties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Specialty_(dentistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (dentistry)">Specialty (dentistry)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armilan_hammashoitola,_Lappeenranta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Armilan_hammashoitola%2C_Lappeenranta.jpg/220px-Armilan_hammashoitola%2C_Lappeenranta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Armilan_hammashoitola%2C_Lappeenranta.jpg/330px-Armilan_hammashoitola%2C_Lappeenranta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Armilan_hammashoitola%2C_Lappeenranta.jpg/440px-Armilan_hammashoitola%2C_Lappeenranta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A modern dental clinic in <a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some dentists undertake further training after their initial degree in order to specialize. Exactly which subjects are recognized by dental registration bodies varies according to location. Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_anesthesiology" title="Dental anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – The specialty of dentistry that deals with the advanced use of general anesthesia, sedation and pain management to facilitate dental procedures.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_dentistry" title="Cosmetic dentistry">Cosmetic dentistry</a> – Focuses on improving the appearance of the mouth, teeth and smile.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_public_health" title="Dental public health">Dental public health</a> – The study of <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a> and social health policies relevant to oral health.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endodontics" title="Endodontics">Endodontics</a> (also called <i>endodontology</i>) – <a href="/wiki/Root_canal_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Root canal therapy">Root canal therapy</a> and study of diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Dental_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental pulp">dental pulp</a> and periapical tissues.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_odontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic odontology">Forensic odontology</a> – The gathering and use of dental evidence in law. This may be performed by any <a href="/wiki/Dentist" title="Dentist">dentist</a> with experience or training in this field. The function of the forensic dentist is primarily documentation and verification of identity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_dentistry" title="Geriatric dentistry">Geriatric dentistry</a> or <i>geriodontics</i> – The delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal aging and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</a> – The study, diagnosis, and sometimes the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_radiology" title="Oral and maxillofacial radiology">Oral and maxillofacial radiology</a> – The study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a> (also called <i>oral surgery</i>) – <a href="/wiki/Extraction_(dental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraction (dental)">Extractions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_implant" title="Dental implant">implants</a>, and surgery of the jaws, mouth and face.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Oral biology – Research in dental and craniofacial biology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_Implantology" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral Implantology">Oral Implantology</a> – The art and science of replacing extracted teeth with dental implants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a> – The clinical evaluation and <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnosis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oral_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral cavity">oral</a> <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">mucosal</a> <a href="/wiki/Oral_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral pathology">diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodontics" title="Orthodontics">Orthodontics</a> and dentofacial orthopedics – The straightening of teeth and modification of midface and mandibular growth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_dentistry" title="Pediatric dentistry">Pediatric dentistry</a> (also called <i>pedodontics</i>) – Dentistry for children</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontology" title="Periodontology">Periodontology</a> (also called <i>periodontics</i>) – The study and treatment of diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Periodontium" title="Periodontium">periodontium</a> (non-surgical and surgical) as well as placement and maintenance of dental implants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthodontics" title="Prosthodontics">Prosthodontics</a> (also called <i>prosthetic dentistry</i>) – <a href="/wiki/Denture" class="mw-redirect" title="Denture">Dentures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(dentistry)" title="Bridge (dentistry)">bridges</a> and the restoration of implants. <ul><li>Some prosthodontists super-specialize in <a href="/wiki/Maxillofacial_prosthetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxillofacial prosthetics">maxillofacial prosthetics</a>, which is the discipline originally concerned with the rehabilitation of patients with congenital facial and oral defects such as <a href="/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_palate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft lip and palate">cleft lip and palate</a> or patients born with an underdeveloped ear (<a href="/wiki/Microtia" title="Microtia">microtia</a>). Today, most maxillofacial prosthodontists return function and esthetics to patients with acquired defects secondary to surgical removal of head and neck tumors, or secondary to trauma from war or motor vehicle accidents.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_needs_dentistry" title="Special needs dentistry">Special needs dentistry</a> (also called <i>special care dentistry</i>) – Dentistry for those with <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental</a> and acquired disabilities.</li> <li>Sports dentistry – the branch of <a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">sports medicine</a> dealing with prevention and treatment of dental injuries and oral diseases associated with sports and exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sports dentist works as an individual consultant or as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Sports_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports Medicine">Sports Medicine</a> Team.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_dentistry" title="Veterinary dentistry">Veterinary dentistry</a> – The field of dentistry applied to the care of animals. It is a specialty of <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentistry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_dental_treatments" title="History of dental treatments">History of dental treatments</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_wealthy_patient_falling_over_because_of_having_a_tooth_ext_Wellcome_V0012058.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/A_wealthy_patient_falling_over_because_of_having_a_tooth_ext_Wellcome_V0012058.jpg/220px-A_wealthy_patient_falling_over_because_of_having_a_tooth_ext_Wellcome_V0012058.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/A_wealthy_patient_falling_over_because_of_having_a_tooth_ext_Wellcome_V0012058.jpg/330px-A_wealthy_patient_falling_over_because_of_having_a_tooth_ext_Wellcome_V0012058.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/A_wealthy_patient_falling_over_because_of_having_a_tooth_ext_Wellcome_V0012058.jpg/440px-A_wealthy_patient_falling_over_because_of_having_a_tooth_ext_Wellcome_V0012058.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><i>A wealthy patient falling over because of having a tooth extracted with such vigour by a fashionable dentist</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1790</span>. History of Dentistry.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Liss_002a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Johann_Liss_002a.jpg/220px-Johann_Liss_002a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Johann_Liss_002a.jpg/330px-Johann_Liss_002a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Johann_Liss_002a.jpg/440px-Johann_Liss_002a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="2421" /></a><figcaption><i>Farmer at the dentist</i>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Liss" title="Johann Liss">Johann Liss</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1616–17</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Tooth decay was low in <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_diet" title="Paleolithic diet">pre-agricultural</a> societies, but the advent of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">farming</a> society about 10,000 years ago correlated with an increase in <a href="/wiki/Tooth_decay" title="Tooth decay">tooth decay</a> (cavities).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An infected tooth from Italy partially cleaned with flint tools, between 13,820 and 14,160 years old, represents the oldest known dentistry,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a 2017 study suggests that 130,000 years ago the <a href="/wiki/Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a> already used rudimentary dentistry tools.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy evidence dated to the Paleolithic, around 13,000 years ago, points to bitumen used to fill a tooth<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Neolithic Slovenia, 6500 years ago, beeswax was used to close a fracture in a tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Indus_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley">Indus valley</a> has yielded evidence of dentistry being practised as far back as 7000 BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic India">Neolithic</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> (now in Pakistan's south western province of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>) indicates that this form of dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with <a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">bow drills</a> operated, perhaps, by skilled bead-crafters.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Dental_restoration" title="Dental restoration">dental filling</a>, made of <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>, was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and dates from 6500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dentistry was practised in prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, as evidenced by a skull which had a <a href="/wiki/Dental_abscess" title="Dental abscess">dental abscess</a> lanced from the root of a tooth dating back to around 2500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> text describes a "<a href="/wiki/Tooth_worm" title="Tooth worm">tooth worm</a>" as the cause of <a href="/wiki/Dental_caries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental caries">dental caries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of this belief has also been found in ancient India, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, Japan, and China. The legend of the worm is also found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as late as the 14th century AD the surgeon <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Chauliac" title="Guy de Chauliac">Guy de Chauliac</a> still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recipes for the treatment of toothache, infections and loose teeth are spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers Papyrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kahun_Papyri" title="Kahun Papyri">Kahun Papyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brugsch_Papyrus" title="Brugsch Papyrus">Brugsch Papyrus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hearst_papyrus" title="Hearst papyrus">Hearst papyrus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blomstedt_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blomstedt-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Smith_Papyrus" title="Edwin Smith Papyrus">Edwin Smith Papyrus</a>, written in the 17th century BC but which may reflect previous manuscripts from as early as 3000 BC, discusses the treatment of dislocated or fractured jaws.<sup id="cite_ref-blomstedt_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blomstedt-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> referenced dental extraction twice as it related to punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examination of the remains of some <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Romans</a> reveals early attempts at dental <a href="/wiki/Prosthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosthetic">prosthetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is possible the prosthetics were prepared after death for aesthetic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-blomstedt_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blomstedt-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> scholars <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote about dentistry, including the eruption pattern of teeth, treating decayed teeth and gum disease, extracting teeth with <a href="/wiki/Forceps" title="Forceps">forceps</a>, and using wires to stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws.<sup id="cite_ref-History_Of_Dentistry_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Of_Dentistry-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of dental appliances, <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(dentistry)" title="Bridge (dentistry)">bridges</a> and dentures was applied by the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> in northern Italy, from as early as 700 BC, of human or other animal teeth fastened together with gold bands.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-donaldson_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donaldson-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Becker1999_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker1999-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> had likely borrowed this technique by the 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-donaldson_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donaldson-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> crafted dentures during the 6th–4th century BC, fashioning them from gold wire and incorporating two ivory teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Hesy-Ra" title="Hesy-Ra">Hesy-Ra</a> is the first named "dentist" (greatest of the teeth). The Egyptians bound replacement teeth together with gold wire. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> medical writer <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Celsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius Celsus">Cornelius Celsus</a> wrote extensively of oral diseases as well as dental treatments such as narcotic-containing <a href="/wiki/Emollients" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollients">emollients</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astringents" class="mw-redirect" title="Astringents">astringents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(dentistry)" title="Amalgam (dentistry)">dental amalgams</a> were first documented in a <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> medical text written by the Chinese physician Su Kung in 659, and appeared in Germany in 1528.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> Dentistry was discussed in several famous books of medicine such as <a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon in medicine</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> and Al-Tasreef by <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">Al-Zahrawi</a> who is considered the greatest <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicenna said that jaw fracture should be reduced according to the occlusal guidance of the teeth; this principle is still valid in modern times. Al-Zahrawi invented over 200 surgical tools that resemble the modern kind.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, dental extractions have been used to treat a variety of illnesses. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and throughout the 19th century, dentistry was not a profession in itself, and often dental procedures were performed by barbers or general <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barber" title="Barber">Barbers</a> usually limited their practice to extracting teeth which alleviated <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> and associated chronic tooth <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>. Instruments used for dental extractions date back several centuries. In the 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Chauliac" title="Guy de Chauliac">Guy de Chauliac</a> most probably invented the dental pelican<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (resembling a <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelican</a>'s beak) which was used to perform <a href="/wiki/Dental_extraction" title="Dental extraction">dental extractions</a> up until the late 18th century. The pelican was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Dental_key" title="Dental key">dental key</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, in turn, was replaced by modern forceps in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Device-teeth-fauchard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Device-teeth-fauchard.jpg/220px-Device-teeth-fauchard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Device-teeth-fauchard.jpg/330px-Device-teeth-fauchard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Device-teeth-fauchard.jpg/440px-Device-teeth-fauchard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Dental <a href="/wiki/Needle-nose_pliers" title="Needle-nose pliers">needle-nose pliers</a> designed by Fauchard in the late 17th century to use in <a href="/wiki/Prosthodontics" title="Prosthodontics">prosthodontics</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first book focused solely on dentistry was the "Artzney Buchlein" in 1530,<sup id="cite_ref-History_Of_Dentistry_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Of_Dentistry-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first dental textbook written in English was called "Operator for the Teeth" by Charles Allen in 1685.<sup id="cite_ref-bdatimeline_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdatimeline-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, there was no formal qualification for the providers of dental treatment until 1859 and it was only in 1921 that the practice of dentistry was limited to those who were professionally qualified. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_National_Health_Service" title="Royal Commission on the National Health Service">Royal Commission on the National Health Service</a> in 1979 reported that there were then more than twice as many registered dentists per 10,000 population in the UK than there were in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_dentistry">Modern dentistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentistry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern dentistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microscope,The_Dental_cosmos_(1907).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Microscope%2CThe_Dental_cosmos_%281907%29.jpg/220px-Microscope%2CThe_Dental_cosmos_%281907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Microscope%2CThe_Dental_cosmos_%281907%29.jpg/330px-Microscope%2CThe_Dental_cosmos_%281907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Microscope%2CThe_Dental_cosmos_%281907%29.jpg/440px-Microscope%2CThe_Dental_cosmos_%281907%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>A microscopic device used in dental analysis, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1907</span></figcaption></figure> <p>It was between 1650 and 1800 that the science of modern dentistry developed. The English physician <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Friend" title="A Letter to a Friend">A Letter to a Friend</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1656</span> pub. 1690) made an early dental observation with characteristic humour: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Egyptian Mummies that I have seen, have had their Mouths open, and somewhat gaping, which affordeth a good opportunity to view and observe their Teeth, wherein 'tis not easie to find any wanting or decayed: and therefore in Egypt, where one Man practised but one Operation, or the Diseases but of single Parts, it must needs be a barren Profession to confine unto that of drawing of Teeth, and little better than to have been Tooth-drawer unto King Pyrrhus, who had but two in his Head.</p></blockquote> <p>The French surgeon <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fauchard" title="Pierre Fauchard">Pierre Fauchard</a> became known as the "father of modern dentistry". Despite the limitations of the primitive surgical instruments during the late 17th and early 18th century, Fauchard was a highly skilled <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeon</a> who made remarkable improvisations of dental instruments, often adapting tools from <a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">watchmakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeweler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeweler">jewelers</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Barber" title="Barber">barbers</a>, that he thought could be used in dentistry. He introduced <a href="/wiki/Dental_filling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental filling">dental fillings</a> as treatment for <a href="/wiki/Dental_cavities" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental cavities">dental cavities</a>. He asserted that <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>-derived acids like <a href="/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">tartaric acid</a> were responsible for <a href="/wiki/Caries" class="mw-redirect" title="Caries">dental decay</a>, and also suggested that tumors surrounding the teeth and in the <a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gums</a> could appear in the later stages of tooth decay.<sup id="cite_ref-Besombes_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besombes-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weinberger_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberger-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_radiograph_of_historic_dental_implants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Panoramic_radiograph_of_historic_dental_implants.jpg/220px-Panoramic_radiograph_of_historic_dental_implants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Panoramic_radiograph_of_historic_dental_implants.jpg/330px-Panoramic_radiograph_of_historic_dental_implants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Panoramic_radiograph_of_historic_dental_implants.jpg/440px-Panoramic_radiograph_of_historic_dental_implants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Panoramic radiograph of historic dental implants, made 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>Fauchard was the pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Prosthodontics" title="Prosthodontics">dental prosthesis</a>, and he invented many methods to replace lost teeth. He suggested that substitutes could be made from carved blocks of <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>. He also introduced <a href="/wiki/Dental_braces" title="Dental braces">dental braces</a>, although they were initially made of gold, he discovered that the teeth position could be corrected as the teeth would follow the pattern of the wires. Waxed <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> threads were usually employed to fasten the braces. His contributions to the world of dental science consist primarily of his 1728 publication Le chirurgien dentiste or The Surgeon Dentist. The French text included "basic oral anatomy and function, dental construction, and various operative and restorative techniques, and effectively separated dentistry from the wider category of surgery".<sup id="cite_ref-Besombes_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besombes-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weinberger_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberger-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dental_office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dental_office.jpg/220px-Dental_office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dental_office.jpg/330px-Dental_office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dental_office.jpg/440px-Dental_office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>A modern dentist's chair</figcaption></figure> <p>After Fauchard, the study of dentistry rapidly expanded. Two important books, <i>Natural History of Human Teeth</i> (1771) and <i>Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Teeth</i> (1778), were published by British surgeon <a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">John Hunter</a>. In 1763, he entered into a period of collaboration with the London-based dentist James Spence. He began to theorise about the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Tooth_transplant" title="Tooth transplant">tooth transplants</a> from one person to another. He realised that the chances of a successful tooth transplant (initially, at least) would be improved if the donor tooth was as fresh as possible and was matched for size with the recipient. These principles are still used in the transplantation of <a href="/wiki/Internal_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal organ">internal organs</a>. Hunter conducted a series of pioneering operations, in which he attempted a tooth transplant. Although the donated teeth never properly bonded with the recipients' gums, one of Hunter's patients stated that he had three which lasted for six years, a remarkable achievement for the period.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major advances in science were made in the 19th century, and dentistry evolved from a trade to a profession. The profession came under government regulation by the end of the 19th century. In the UK, the Dentist Act was passed in 1878 and the British Dental Association formed in 1879. In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Brodie_Imlach" title="Francis Brodie Imlach">Francis Brodie Imlach</a> was the first ever dentist to be elected President of the Royal College of Surgeons (Edinburgh), raising dentistry onto a par with clinical surgery for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazards_in_modern_dentistry">Hazards in modern dentistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentistry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hazards in modern dentistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazards_in_dentistry" title="Occupational hazards in dentistry">Occupational hazards in dentistry</a></div> <p>Long term occupational noise exposure can contribute to permanent hearing loss, which is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">noise-induced hearing loss</a> (NIHL) and <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a>. Noise exposure can cause excessive stimulation of the hearing mechanism, which damages the delicate structures of the inner ear.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NIHL can occur when an individual is exposed to sound levels above 90 dBA according to the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA). Regulations state that the permissible noise exposure levels for individuals is 90 dBA.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (<a href="/wiki/NIOSH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIOSH">NIOSH</a>), exposure limits are set to 85 dBA. Exposures below 85 dBA are not considered to be hazardous. Time limits are placed on how long an individual can stay in an environment above 85 dBA before it causes hearing loss. OSHA places that limitation at 8 hours for 85 dBA. The exposure time becomes shorter as the dBA level increases. </p><p>Within the field of dentistry, a variety of cleaning tools are used including piezoelectric and sonic scalers, and ultrasonic scalers and cleaners.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a majority of the tools do not exceed 75 dBA,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prolonged exposure over many years can lead to hearing loss or complaints of tinnitus.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few dentists have reported using personal hearing protective devices,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could offset any potential hearing loss or tinnitus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evidence-based_dentistry">Evidence-based dentistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentistry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evidence-based dentistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_dentistry" title="Evidence-based dentistry">Evidence-based dentistry</a></div> <p>There is a movement in modern dentistry to place a greater emphasis on high-quality scientific evidence in decision-making. <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_dentistry" title="Evidence-based dentistry">Evidence-based dentistry</a> (EBD) uses current scientific evidence to guide decisions. It is an approach to oral health that requires the application and examination of relevant scientific data related to the patient's oral and medical health. Along with the dentist's professional skill and expertise, EBD allows dentists to stay up to date on the latest procedures and patients to receive improved treatment. A new paradigm for medical education designed to incorporate current research into education and practice was developed to help practitioners provide the best care for their patients.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first introduced by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Guyatt" title="Gordon Guyatt">Gordon Guyatt</a> and the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group at <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ontario,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario, Canada">Ontario, Canada</a> in the 1990s. It is part of the larger movement toward <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based medicine</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Evidence-based practices">evidence-based practices</a>, especially since a major part of dentistry involves dealing with oral and systemic diseases. Other issues relevant to the dental field in terms of evidence-based research and evidence-based practice include population oral health, dental clinical practice, tooth morphology etc. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dental_Chair_UMSOD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dental_Chair_UMSOD.jpg/220px-Dental_Chair_UMSOD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dental_Chair_UMSOD.jpg/330px-Dental_Chair_UMSOD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dental_Chair_UMSOD.jpg/440px-Dental_Chair_UMSOD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A dental chair at the University of Michigan School of Dentistry</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethical_and_medicolegal_issues">Ethical and medicolegal issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentistry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethical and medicolegal issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dentistry is unique in that it requires dental students to have competence-based clinical skills that can only be acquired through supervised specialized laboratory training and direct patient care.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This necessitates the need for a scientific and professional basis of care with a foundation of extensive research-based education.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some experts, the accreditation of dental schools can enhance the quality and professionalism of dental education.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentistry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_aerosol" title="Dental aerosol">Dental aerosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_instrument" title="Dental instrument">Dental instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_public_health" title="Dental public health">Dental public health</a></li> <li>Domestic healthcare: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_ancient_Rome" title="Dentistry in ancient Rome">Dentistry in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_Canada" title="Dentistry in Canada">Dentistry in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_the_Philippines" title="Dentistry in the Philippines">Dentistry in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_Israel" title="Dentistry in Israel">Dentistry in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Dentistry in the United Kingdom">Dentistry in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_the_United_States" title="Dentistry in the United States">Dentistry in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-friendly_dentistry" title="Eco-friendly dentistry">Eco-friendly dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_dentistry" title="Geriatric dentistry">Geriatric dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dental_organizations" title="List of dental organizations">List of dental organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_dentistry" title="Pediatric dentistry">Pediatric dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_dentistry" title="Sustainable dentistry">Sustainable dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_dentistry" title="Veterinary dentistry">Veterinary dentistry</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentistry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whether Dentists are referred to as "Doctor" is subject to geographic variation. For example, they are called "Doctor" in the US. In the UK, dentists have traditionally been referred to as "Mister" as they identified themselves with <a href="/wiki/Barber_surgeon" title="Barber surgeon">barber surgeons</a> more than <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> (as do surgeons in the UK, see <a href="/wiki/Surgeon#Titles" title="Surgeon">Surgeon#Titles</a>). However more UK dentists now refer to themselves as "Doctor", although this was considered to be potentially misleading by the British public in a single report (see Costley and Fawcett 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The scope of oral and maxillofacial surgery is variable. In some countries, both a medical and dental degree is required for training, and the scope includes head and neck oncology and craniofacial deformity.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentistry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNeil_CostleyJo_Fawcett2010" class="citation report cs1">Neil Costley; Jo Fawcett (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091233/https://www.gdc-uk.org/Newsandpublications/research/Documents/GDC%20Public%20Attitudes%20to%20Standards%20for%20Dental%20Professionals.pdf">General Dental Council Patient and Public Attitudes to Standards for Dental Professionals, Ethical Guidance and Use of the Term Doctor</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/General_Dental_Council" title="General Dental Council">General Dental Council</a>/George Street Research. 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"Evolution of the scientific basis for dentistry and its impact on dental education: past, present, and future". <i>Journal of Dental Education</i>. <b>76</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.0022-0337.2012.76.1.tb05231.x">10.1002/j.0022-0337.2012.76.1.tb05231.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1930-7837">1930-7837</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22262547">22262547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dental+Education&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+scientific+basis+for+dentistry+and+its+impact+on+dental+education%3A+past%2C+present%2C+and+future&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2012-01&rft.issn=1930-7837&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22262547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.0022-0337.2012.76.1.tb05231.x&rft.aulast=Slavkin&rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADentistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormicolaBailitBeazoglouTedesco2008" class="citation journal cs1">Formicola, Allan J.; Bailit, Howard L.; Beazoglou, Tryfon J.; Tedesco, Lisa A. (February 2008). "The interrelationship of accreditation and dental education: history and current environment". <i>Journal of Dental Education</i>. <b>72</b> (2 Suppl): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.0022-0337.2008.72.2_suppl.tb04480.x">10.1002/j.0022-0337.2008.72.2_suppl.tb04480.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0337">0022-0337</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18250379">18250379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dental+Education&rft.atitle=The+interrelationship+of+accreditation+and+dental+education%3A+history+and+current+environment&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2+Suppl&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2008-02&rft.issn=0022-0337&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18250379&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.0022-0337.2008.72.2_suppl.tb04480.x&rft.aulast=Formicola&rft.aufirst=Allan+J.&rft.au=Bailit%2C+Howard+L.&rft.au=Beazoglou%2C+Tryfon+J.&rft.au=Tedesco%2C+Lisa+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADentistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrrassi2019" class="citation web cs1">Carrrassi, A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adee.org/">"The first 25 year [Internet] Ireland: ADEE (Association for Dental Education in Europe)"</a>. <i>Association for Dental Education in Europe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+for+Dental+Education+in+Europe&rft.atitle=The+first+25+year+%5BInternet%5D+Ireland%3A+ADEE+%28Association+for+Dental+Education+in+Europe%29&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Carrrassi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adee.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADentistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentistry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Dentistry</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:en:dentistry" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:en:dentistry">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Dentistry" class="extiw" title="c:category:Dentistry">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dentistry" class="extiw" title="q:Dentistry">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Dentistry" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Dentistry">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dental_Case_Files" class="extiw" title="b:Dental Case Files">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/School:Dentistry" class="extiw" title="v:School:Dentistry">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128" class="extiw" title="d:Q12128">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Dentistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_(dentistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (dentistry)">Specialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endodontics" title="Endodontics">Endodontics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_radiology" title="Oral and maxillofacial radiology">Oral and maxillofacial radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodontics" title="Orthodontics">Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_dentistry" title="Pediatric dentistry">Pediatric dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontics" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontics">Periodontics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthodontics" title="Prosthodontics">Prosthodontics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_public_health" title="Dental public health">Dental public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_dentistry" title="Cosmetic dentistry">Cosmetic dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_implant" title="Dental implant">Dental implantology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_dentistry" title="Geriatric dentistry">Geriatric dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_dentistry" title="Restorative dentistry">Restorative dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_dentistry" title="Forensic dentistry">Forensic odontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_trauma" title="Dental trauma">Dental traumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_dentistry" title="Holistic dentistry">Holistic dentistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dental_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental surgery">Dental surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_extraction" title="Dental extraction">Dental extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_filling" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth filling">Tooth filling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endodontic_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Endodontic therapy">Root canal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_end_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Root end surgery">Root end surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaling_and_root_planing" title="Scaling and root planing">Scaling and root planing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeth_cleaning" title="Teeth cleaning">Teeth cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_bonding" title="Dental bonding">Dental bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_polishing" title="Tooth polishing">Tooth polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_bleaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth bleaching">Tooth bleaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_preservation" title="Socket preservation">Socket preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_implant" title="Dental implant">Dental implant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Orthodontists" title="American Association of Orthodontists">American Association of Orthodontists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Dental_Association" title="British Dental Association">British Dental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Dental_Health_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Dental Health Foundation">British Dental Health Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Orthodontic_Society" title="British Orthodontic Society">British Orthodontic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Orthodontists" title="Canadian Association of Orthodontists">Canadian Association of Orthodontists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_Technologists_Association" title="Dental Technologists Association">Dental Technologists Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dental_Council" title="General Dental Council">General Dental Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Dental_Association" title="Indian Dental Association">Indian Dental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_Canada" title="Dentistry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_the_Philippines" title="Dentistry in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_Israel" title="Dentistry in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Dentistry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_the_United_States" title="Dentistry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_oral_health_and_dental_articles" title="Index of oral health and dental articles">Index of oral health and dental articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_dentistry_and_oral_health" title="Outline of dentistry and oral health">Outline of dentistry and oral health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_fear" title="Dental fear">Dental fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental instruments">Dental instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_material" title="Dental material">Dental material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_dental_treatments" title="History of dental treatments">History of dental treatments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_ancient_Rome" title="Dentistry in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_oral_mutilation" title="Infant oral mutilation">Infant oral mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_assessment" title="Mouth assessment">Mouth assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">Oral hygiene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate173" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleft_lip_and_palate" title="Template:Cleft lip and palate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cleft_lip_and_palate" title="Template talk:Cleft lip and palate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cleft_lip_and_palate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cleft lip and palate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate173" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate" title="Cleft lip and cleft palate">Cleft lip and cleft palate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related specialities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_practice_nurse" title="Advanced practice nurse">Advance practice nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audiology" title="Audiology">Audiology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">Dietetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodontics" title="Orthodontics">Orthodontics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodontic_technology" title="Orthodontic technology">Orthodontic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_dentistry" title="Pediatric dentistry">Pediatric dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory therapy">Respiratory therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech%E2%80%93language_pathology" title="Speech–language pathology">Speech and language therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syndromes" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndromes">Related syndromes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss_with_craniofacial_syndromes" title="Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes">Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Robin_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Robin syndrome">Pierre Robin syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popliteal_pterygium_syndrome" title="Popliteal pterygium syndrome">Popliteal pterygium syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Woude_syndrome" title="Van der Woude syndrome">Van der Woude syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cleft_lip_and_palate_organisations" title="List of cleft lip and palate organisations">National and international <br /> organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleft_Lip_and_Palate_Association" title="Cleft Lip and Palate Association">Cleft Lip and Palate Association</a></li> <li>Craniofacial Society of Great Britain and Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplast" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplast">Interplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Thames_Regional_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate_Service" title="North Thames Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service">North Thames Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Smile" title="Operation Smile">Operation Smile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Plastic_Surgery_Appeal" title="Overseas Plastic Surgery Appeal">Overseas Plastic Surgery Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shriners_Hospitals_for_Children" title="Shriners Hospitals for Children">Shriners Hospitals for Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smile_Train" title="Smile Train">Smile Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_Faces_Worldwide" class="mw-redirect" title="Transforming Faces Worldwide">Transforming Faces Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smile_Angel_Foundation" title="Smile Angel Foundation">Smile Angel Foundation</a> (China)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dental_schools421" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dental_schools" title="Template:Dental schools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dental_schools" title="Template talk:Dental schools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dental_schools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dental schools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dental_schools421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dental_school" title="Dental school">Dental schools</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dental_schools_in_the_United_States" title="List of dental schools in the United States">American dental schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UAB_School_of_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="UAB School of Dentistry">UAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_School_of_Dentistry_and_Oral_Health" title="Arizona School of Dentistry and Oral Health">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_University" title="Augusta University">Augusta (DCG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Goldman_School_of_Dental_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine">Boston U (Goldman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">California</a> (<a href="/wiki/UCLA_School_of_Dentistry" title="UCLA School of Dentistry">UCLA</a>, <a href="/wiki/UCSF_School_of_Dentistry" title="UCSF School of Dentistry">UCSF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Case School of Dental Medicine">Case Western Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_College_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Columbia University College of Dental Medicine">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_University_School_of_Dentistry" title="Creighton University School of Dentistry">Creighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Detroit_Mercy_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry">Detroit Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Carolina_University_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="East Carolina University School of Dental Medicine">East Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida_College_of_Dentistry" title="University of Florida College of Dentistry">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Harvard School of Dental Medicine">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_University_College_of_Dentistry" title="Howard University College of Dentistry">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Chicago_College_of_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois Chicago College of Dentistry">Illinois–Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_School_of_Dentistry" title="Indiana University School of Dentistry">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa_College_of_Dentistry" title="University of Iowa College of Dentistry">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky_College_of_Dentistry" title="University of Kentucky College of Dentistry">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_Linda_University_School_of_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Loma Linda University School of Dentistry">Loma Linda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_School_of_Dentistry" title="Louisiana State University School of Dentistry">LSU Health–New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquette_University_School_of_Dentistry" title="Marquette University School of Dentistry">Marquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of Maryland School of Dentistry">Maryland–Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meharry_Medical_College_School_of_Dentistry" title="Meharry Medical College School of Dentistry">Meharry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of Michigan School of Dentistry">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_University" title="Midwestern University">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of Minnesota School of Dentistry">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi_Medical_Center_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of Mississippi Medical Center School of Dentistry">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas_City_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Dentistry">Missouri–Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Medical_Center_College_of_Dentistry" title="University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry">Nebraska–Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNLV_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="UNLV School of Dental Medicine">Nevada–Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_England_(United_States)" title="University of New England (United States)">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Dentistry" title="New York University College of Dentistry">NYU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">SUNY</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="University at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine">Buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Stony Brook University School of Dental Medicine">Stony Brook</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNC_Adams_School_of_Dentistry" title="UNC Adams School of Dentistry">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Southeastern_University_College_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Nova Southeastern University College of Dental Medicine">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University_College_of_Dentistry" title="Ohio State University College of Dentistry">Ohio State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_College_of_Dentistry" title="University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Health_%26_Science_University_School_of_Dentistry" title="Oregon Health & Science University School of Dentistry">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Pacific_Arthur_A._Dugoni_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry">Pacific (Dugoni)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="University of Puerto Rico School of Dental Medicine">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester_Medical_Center#School_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry" title="University of Rochester Medical Center">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Rutgers School of Dental Medicine">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_University_of_South_Carolina_College_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Medical University of South Carolina College of Dental Medicine">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Ostrow_School_of_Dentistry_of_USC" title="Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC">Southern California (Ostrow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine">Southern Illinois–Edwardsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touro_College_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Touro College of Dental Medicine">Touro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_H._Kornberg_School_of_Dentistry" title="Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry">Temple (Kornberg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_College_of_Dentistry" title="University of Tennessee College of Dentistry">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_System" title="University of Texas System">Texas</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTHealth_School_of_Dentistry" title="UTHealth School of Dentistry">UT Health–Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_School_at_the_University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center_at_San_Antonio" title="Dental School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio">UT Health–San Antonio</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_College_of_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas A&M University College of Dentistry">Texas A&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_L._Hunt_School_of_Dental_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Woody L. Hunt School of Dental Medicine">Texas Tech–El Paso (Hunt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufts_University_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Tufts University School of Dental Medicine">Tufts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCU_School_of_Dentistry" title="VCU School of Dentistry">VCU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of Washington School of Dentistry">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="Western University of Health Sciences">WesternU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University_School_of_Dentistry" title="West Virginia University School of Dentistry">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_dental_schools_in_the_United_States" title="List of defunct dental schools in the United States">Defunct American dental schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University">Fairleigh Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_School_of_Dentistry" title="Georgetown University School of Dentistry">Georgetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Dental_Museum" title="Harris Dental Museum">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_School_of_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyola University School of Dentistry">Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Dental_School" title="Northwestern University Dental School">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_College_of_Dental_Surgery" title="Ohio College of Dental Surgery">Ohio College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_Roberts_University" title="Oral Roberts University">Oral Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_College_of_Dental_Surgery" title="Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery">Pennsylvania College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Washington University School of Dental Medicine">Wash U</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Canadian dental schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta_Faculty_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry" title="University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia_Faculty_of_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="University of British Columbia Faculty of Dentistry">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University_Faculty_of_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalhousie University Faculty of Dentistry">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facult%C3%A9_de_m%C3%A9decine_dentaire_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_Laval" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculté de médecine dentaire de l'Université Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba_Faculty_of_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Manitoba Faculty of Dentistry">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University_Faculty_of_Dentistry" title="McGill University Faculty of Dentistry">McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facult%C3%A9_de_m%C3%A9decine_dentaire_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculté de médecine dentaire de l'Université de Montréal">Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan_College_of_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Saskatchewan College of Dentistry">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Dentistry" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Dentistry">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulich_School_of_Medicine_%26_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dental_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of dental schools in the United Kingdom">British dental schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen_College_of_Life_Sciences_and_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Aberdeen College of Life Sciences and Medicine">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barts_and_The_London_School_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry" title="Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry">Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Dental_Hospital_and_School" title="Glasgow Dental Hospital and School">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GKT_School_of_Medical_Education" title="GKT School of Medical Education">Guy's, King's & St Thomas's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of Liverpool School of Dentistry">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Dental_Sciences,_Newcastle_University" title="School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_College_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry" title="Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry">Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCL_Eastman_Dental_Institute" title="UCL Eastman Dental Institute">UCL Eastman Dental Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dental_schools_in_Australia" title="List of dental schools in Australia">Australian and New Zealand dental schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Dental_School" title="Sydney Dental School">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Dental_School" title="Melbourne Dental School">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide_School_of_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Adelaide School of Dentistry">Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sturt_University" title="Charles Sturt University">Charles Sturt University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffith_University" title="Griffith University">Griffith University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook_University_School_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="James Cook University School of Medicine and Dentistry">James Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Trobe_University" title="La Trobe University">La Trobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland" title="University of Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago_Faculty_of_Dentistry" title="University of Otago Faculty of Dentistry">University of Otago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dental_colleges_in_South_Korea" title="List of dental colleges in South Korea">South Korean dental schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeonbuk_National_University" title="Jeonbuk National University">Chonbuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonnam_National_University" title="Chonnam National University">Chonnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chosun_University" title="Chosun University">Chosun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dankook_University" title="Dankook University">Dankook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangneung%E2%80%93Wonju_National_University" title="Gangneung–Wonju National University">Gangneung-Wonju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyung_Hee_University" title="Kyung Hee University">Kyung Hee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyungpook_National_University" title="Kyungpook National University">Kyungpook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusan_National_University" title="Pusan National University">Pusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_National_University" title="Seoul National University">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonkwang_University" title="Wonkwang University">Wonkwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonsei_University" title="Yonsei University">Yonsei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons 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data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" 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