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<span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_and_acute_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_acute_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>General and acute care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_acute_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-District" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#District"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>District</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-District-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Specialized</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Teaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Clinics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Departments_or_wards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Departments_or_wards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Departments or wards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Departments_or_wards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Departments or wards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Departments_or_wards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Remote_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remote_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Remote monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remote_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_and_Enlightenment_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_and_Enlightenment_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Early modern and Enlightenment Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_and_Enlightenment_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>20th century and beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Quality and safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_hospitals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_hospitals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>History of hospitals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_hospitals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hospital</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitaal" title="Hospitaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hospitaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krankenhaus" title="Krankenhaus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Krankenhaus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89" title="مستشفى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستشفى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hespital" title="Hespital – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hespital" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%9F%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%97%DC%90" title="ܒܝܬ ܟܪܝܗܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܬ ܟܪܝܗܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitalu" title="Spitalu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Spitalu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hospital" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasyo" title="Tasyo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tasyo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C9%99st%C9%99xana" title="Xəstəxana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xəstəxana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B6%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مریضخانا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مریضخانا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah_sakit" title="Rumah sakit – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Rumah sakit" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="হাসপাতাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাসপাতাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93%E2%81%BF-%C4%AB%E2%81%BF" title="Pēⁿ-īⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pēⁿ-īⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дауахана – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дауахана" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Бальніца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бальніца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Лякарня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лякарня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="अस्पताल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अस्पताल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospital" title="Ospital – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ospital" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Болница – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Болница" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A8%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B" title="སྨན་ཁང་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྨན་ཁང་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolnica" title="Bolnica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bolnica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospital" title="Ospital – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ospital" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Эмнэлгэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эмнэлгэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hospital" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%C4%83" title="Пульницă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пульницă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospital" title="Ospital – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ospital" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemocnice" title="Nemocnice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nemocnice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipatara" title="Chipatara – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chipatara" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysbyty" title="Ysbyty – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ysbyty" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashibiti" title="Ashibiti – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ashibiti" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sygehus" title="Sygehus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sygehus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krankenhaus" title="Krankenhaus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krankenhaus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haigla" title="Haigla – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Haigla" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Νοσοκομείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νοσοκομείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hospital" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malsanulejo" title="Malsanulejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malsanulejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospitale" title="Ospitale – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ospitale" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بیمارستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیمارستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital" title="Hôpital – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hôpital" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikeh%C3%BBs" title="Sikehûs – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sikehûs" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospid%C3%A9al" title="Ospidéal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ospidéal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hospital" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E9%99%A2" title="病院 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="病院" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B2" title="હોસ્પિટલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હોસ્પિટલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiang-y%C3%A8n" title="Phiang-yèn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phiang-yèn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EC%9B%90" title="병원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="병원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asibiti" title="Asibiti – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Asibiti" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Հիվանդանոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիվանդանոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="चिकित्सालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चिकित्सालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolnica" title="Bolnica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bolnica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitalo" title="Hospitalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hospitalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah_sakit" title="Rumah sakit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumah sakit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hospital" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitale" title="Hospitale – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hospitale" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8B%E1%93%90%E1%93%82%E1%90%8A%E1%95%90%E1%95%95%E1%92%83" title="ᐋᓐᓂᐊᕐᕕᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐋᓐᓂᐊᕐᕕᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%BAkrah%C3%BAs" title="Sjúkrahús – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjúkrahús" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospedale" title="Ospedale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ospedale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בית חולים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית חולים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griya_sakit" title="Griya sakit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Griya sakit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86" title="ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="საავადმყოფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საავადმყოფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%8E%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8E%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ہَسپَتال – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہَسپَتال" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аурухана – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аурухана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitali" title="Hospitali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hospitali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopital" title="Lopital – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lopital" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexwe%C5%9Fxane" title="Nexweşxane – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nexweşxane" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Оорукана – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оорукана" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospital" title="Ospital – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ospital" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%9D%E0%BB%8D" title="ໂຮງໝໍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຮງໝໍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valetudinarium" title="Valetudinarium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Valetudinarium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slimn%C4%ABca" title="Slimnīca – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Slimnīca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spidol" title="Spidol – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Spidol" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligonin%C4%97" title="Ligoninė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ligoninė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%C3%A1ko_ya_bok%C9%94n%C9%94" title="Ndáko ya bokɔnɔ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ndáko ya bokɔnɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospedaa" title="Ospedaa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ospedaa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3rh%C3%A1z" title="Kórház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kórház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Болница – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Болница" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pitaly" title="Hôpitaly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hôpitaly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="ആശുപത്രി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആശുപത്രി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="हॉस्पिटल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हॉस्पिटल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89" title="المستشفى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المستشفى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%87" title="ناخشخنه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ناخشخنه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hospital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayarsabea" title="Ayarsabea – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Ayarsabea" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mfantse</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziekenhuis" title="Ziekenhuis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ziekenhuis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="अस्पताल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अस्पताल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E9%99%A2" title="病院 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="病院" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Лазартни – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лазартни" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykehus" title="Sykehus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sykehus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjukehus" title="Sjukehus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjukehus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasalxona" title="Kasalxona – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kasalxona" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਹਸਪਤਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਸਪਤਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisingan" title="Paisingan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Paisingan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7%DD%AA" title="ہسپتاݪ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہسپتاݪ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="روغتون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روغتون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szpital" title="Szpital – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szpital" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hospital" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spital" title="Spital – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spital" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naslingro%27Kher" title="Naslingro'Kher – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Naslingro'Kher" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unquna_wasi" title="Unquna wasi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Unquna wasi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Больница – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Больница" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falema%27i" title="Falema'i – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Falema'i" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pspuhan" title="Pspuhan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Pspuhan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepatela" title="Sepatela – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Sepatela" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitali" title="Spitali – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Spitali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitali" title="Spitali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Spitali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F" title="ආරෝග්‍යශාලා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආරෝග්‍යශාලා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hospital" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اسپتال – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسپتال" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemocnica" title="Nemocnica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemocnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolni%C5%A1nica" title="Bolnišnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bolnišnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazaryt" title="Lazaryt – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Lazaryt" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isbitaal" title="Isbitaal – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Isbitaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="نەخۆشخانە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەخۆشخانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Болница – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Болница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolnica" title="Bolnica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bolnica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sairaala" title="Sairaala – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sairaala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjukhus" title="Sjukhus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjukhus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospital" title="Ospital – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ospital" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="மருத்துவமனை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மருத்துவமனை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2" title="వైద్యశాల – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వైద్యశాల" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="โรงพยาบาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรงพยาบาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бемористон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бемористон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naa%27%C3%A9m%C3%A2h%C3%A9%C3%B3%27o" title="Naa'émâhéó'o – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Naa'émâhéó'o" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastane" title="Hastane – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hastane" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaresabea" title="Ayaresabea – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ayaresabea" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Лікарня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лікарня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81" title="شفاخانہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شفاخانہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospea%C5%82e" title="Ospeałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ospeałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_vi%E1%BB%87n" title="Bệnh viện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bệnh viện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospit%C3%A5" title="Ospitå – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ospitå" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinieke" title="Klinieke – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Klinieke" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hospital" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2" title="医院 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="医院" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C" title="שפיטאל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שפיטאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%A9_%C3%ACw%C3%B2s%C3%A0n" title="Ilé ìwòsàn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilé ìwòsàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2" title="醫院 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="醫院" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2" title="醫院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="醫院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotoxwe" title="Dotoxwe – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Dotoxwe" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepital" title="Sepital – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sepital" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Health care facility with specialized staff and equipment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hospital_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hospital (disambiguation)">Hospital (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"General hospital" redirects here. For the US daytime TV series, see <a href="/wiki/General_Hospital" title="General Hospital">General Hospital</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospital-de-Bellvitge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hospital-de-Bellvitge.jpg/220px-Hospital-de-Bellvitge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hospital-de-Bellvitge.jpg/330px-Hospital-de-Bellvitge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hospital-de-Bellvitge.jpg/440px-Hospital-de-Bellvitge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>The exterior of <a href="/wiki/Bellvitge_University_Hospital" title="Bellvitge University Hospital">Bellvitge University Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/L%27Hospitalet_de_Llobregat" title="L'Hospitalet de Llobregat">L'Hospitalet de Llobregat</a>, Spain, with entrance and parking area for ambulances.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg/230px-Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg/345px-Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg/460px-Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam" title="Grand Coulee Dam">Grand Coulee Dam</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fixed_asset" title="Fixed asset">Assets</a> and facilities</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airports</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridges</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">Broadband</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canals</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical infrastructure">Critical infrastructure</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dams</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">Electricity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hospitals</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation scheme">Irrigation schemes</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levees</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Parks</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline transport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Ports</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Mass transit</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State schools</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public spaces</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Roads</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">Sluices</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Solid waste</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Utilities</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">Weirs</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Concepts</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_asset_management" title="Infrastructure asset management">Asset management</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(law)" title="Appropriation (law)">Appropriation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lindahl_tax" title="Lindahl tax">Lindahl tax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer" title="Build–operate–transfer">Build–operate–transfer</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)">Earmark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/European_green_infrastructure" title="European green infrastructure">European green infrastructure</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fixed_cost" title="Fixed cost">Fixed cost</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure#Engineering" title="Infrastructure">Engineering contracts</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">Government debt</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Green infrastructure</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance (technical)">Maintenance</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Monopoly</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">Property tax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_capital" title="Public capital">Public capital</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Upgrade" title="Upgrade">Replacement (upgrade)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Spillover_(economics)" title="Spillover (economics)">Spillover</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">Supply chain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">Taxation</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Issues and ideas</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">Congestion pricing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">Fuel tax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicles</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">Pork barrel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Rapid bus transit</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewables</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic congestion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">Fuel efficiency</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weatherization" title="Weatherization">Weatherization</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless technology</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Fields of study</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Examples</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashi Kaikyō Bridge">Akashi Kaikyō Bridge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska pipeline</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_parking_station" title="Bicycle parking station">Bicycle parking station</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Brazil">Brazilian energy independence</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Water_Reclamation_District_of_Greater_Chicago" title="Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago">Chicago wastewater</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">China's high-speed rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rede_Integrada_de_Transporte" title="Rede Integrada de Transporte">Curtiba rapid bus transit</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Cycling infrastructure</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_cycling_infrastructure" title="History of cycling infrastructure">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safety_of_cycling_infrastructure" title="Safety of cycling infrastructure">safety</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Denmark" title="Wind power in Denmark">Danish wind-power</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">British offshore wind-power</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">Nuclear power in France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Germany" title="Solar power in Germany">Solar power in Germany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong Int'l Airport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">Intercity Express</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate highways</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Petroleum#Jamnagar_Refinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliance Petroleum">Jamnagar Refinery</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport" title="Kansai International Airport">Kansai Int'l Airport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_port" title="Offshore wind port">Offshore wind port</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai" title="Port of Shanghai">Port of Shanghai</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Bay Bridge">San Francisco Bay Bridge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">Spanish high-speed rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">French TGV rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spanish autovias and autopistas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental Railroad">Transcontinental Railroad</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission#Overhead_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Power transmission in the USA</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Wind farm</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;background:lavender;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure" title="Category:Infrastructure">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infrastructure_sidebar" title="Template:Infrastructure sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infrastructure_sidebar" title="Template talk:Infrastructure sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>hospital</b> is a healthcare institution providing patient treatment with specialized <a href="/wiki/Medical_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Science">health science</a> and auxiliary healthcare staff and medical equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known type of hospital is the general hospital, which typically has an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">emergency department</a> to treat urgent health problems ranging from fire and accident victims to a sudden illness. A district hospital typically is the major health care facility in its region, with many beds for <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive care">intensive care</a> and additional beds for patients who need long-term care. </p><p>Specialized hospitals include <a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">trauma centers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_hospital" title="Rehabilitation hospital">rehabilitation hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_hospital" title="Children's hospital">children's hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geriatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geriatric">geriatric</a> hospitals, and hospitals for specific medical needs, such as <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospitals</a> for <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatric</a> treatment and other disease-specific categories. Specialized hospitals can help reduce <a href="/wiki/Health_care_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care costs">health care costs</a> compared to general hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hospitals are classified as general, specialty, or government depending on the sources of income received. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">teaching hospital</a> combines assistance to people with teaching to health science students and <a href="/wiki/Allied_Healthcare" title="Allied Healthcare">auxiliary healthcare</a> students. A health science facility smaller than a hospital is generally called a clinic. Hospitals have a range of departments (e.g. surgery and <a href="/wiki/Urgent_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Urgent care">urgent care</a>) and specialist units such as <a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">cardiology</a>. Some hospitals have <a href="/wiki/Outpatient" class="mw-redirect" title="Outpatient">outpatient departments</a> and some have chronic treatment units. Common support units include a <a href="/wiki/Hospital_pharmacy" title="Hospital pharmacy">pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">radiology</a>. </p><p>Hospitals are typically funded by <a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Publicly funded healthcare">public funding</a>, health organizations (<a href="/wiki/For-profit_hospital" title="For-profit hospital">for-profit</a> or nonprofit), <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a> companies, or charities, including direct charitable donations. Historically, hospitals were often founded and funded by <a href="/wiki/Religious_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious orders">religious orders</a>, or by charitable individuals and leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hospitals are currently staffed by professional physicians, surgeons, nurses, and <a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">allied health practitioners</a>. In the past, however, this work was usually performed by the members of founding religious orders or by <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">volunteers</a>. However, there are various Catholic religious orders, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alexians" title="Alexians">Alexians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bon_Secours_Sisters" title="Bon Secours Sisters">Bon Secours Sisters</a> that still focus on hospital ministry in the late 1990s, as well as several other Christian denominations, including the Methodists and Lutherans, which run hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with the original meaning of the word, hospitals were original "places of hospitality", and this meaning is still preserved in the names of some institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hospital_Chelsea" title="Royal Hospital Chelsea">Royal Hospital Chelsea</a>, established in 1681 as a retirement and nursing home for veteran soldiers. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Middle Ages, hospitals served different functions from modern institutions in that they were <a href="/wiki/Almshouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Almshouses">almshouses</a> for the poor, <a href="/wiki/Hostel" title="Hostel">hostels</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrims">pilgrims</a>, or hospital schools. The word "hospital" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">hospes</i></span>, signifying a stranger or foreigner, hence a guest. Another noun derived from this, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">hospitium</i></span> came to signify hospitality, that is the relation between guest and shelterer, hospitality, friendliness, and hospitable reception. By <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymy</a>, the Latin word then came to mean a guest-chamber, guest's lodging, an <a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">inn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hospes</i></span> is thus the root for the English words <i>host</i> (where the <i>p</i> was dropped for convenience of pronunciation) <i><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">hospice</a></i>, <i>hostel,</i> and <i>hotel</i>. The latter modern word derives from Latin via the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> romance word <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">hostel</i></span>, which developed a silent <i>s</i>, which letter was eventually removed from the word, the loss of which is signified by a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">modern French</a> word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">hôtel</i></span>. The German word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Spital</i></span> shares similar roots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types"><span class="anchor" id="Types"></span>Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some patients go to a hospital just for <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnosis</a>, treatment, or therapy and then leave ("<a href="/wiki/Outpatients" class="mw-redirect" title="Outpatients">outpatients</a>") without staying overnight; while others are "admitted" and stay overnight or for several days or weeks or months ("<a href="/wiki/Inpatients" class="mw-redirect" title="Inpatients">inpatients</a>"). Hospitals are usually distinguished from other types of medical facilities by their ability to admit and care for inpatients whilst the others, which are smaller, are often described as <a href="/wiki/Clinics" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinics">clinics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_acute_care">General and acute care<span class="anchor" id="General_hospital"></span><span class="anchor" id="General"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General and acute care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"General hospital" redirects here. For the American soap opera, see <a href="/wiki/General_Hospital" title="General Hospital">General Hospital</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/General_hospital_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="General hospital (disambiguation)">General hospital (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>The best-known type of hospital is the general hospital, also known as an acute-care hospital. These facilities handle many kinds of disease and injury, and normally have an emergency department (sometimes known as "accident & emergency") or <a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">trauma center</a> to deal with immediate and urgent threats to health. Larger cities may have several hospitals of varying sizes and facilities. Some hospitals, especially in the United States and Canada, have their own ambulance service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="District">District</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: District"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regional_hospital" title="Regional hospital">Regional hospital</a></div> <p>A district hospital typically is the major health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive care">intensive care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Critical_care_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical care medicine">critical care</a>, and long-term care. </p><p>In California, "district hospital" refers specifically to a class of healthcare facility created shortly after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to address a shortage of hospital beds in many local communities.<sup id="cite_ref-DHLF2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHLF2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knox2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even today, district hospitals are the sole public hospitals in 19 of California's counties,<sup id="cite_ref-DHLF2013_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHLF2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are the sole locally accessible hospital within nine additional counties in which one or more other hospitals are present at a substantial distance from a local community.<sup id="cite_ref-DHLF2013_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHLF2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-eight of California's rural hospitals and 20 of its critical-access hospitals are district hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-Knox2013_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are formed by local municipalities, have boards that are individually elected by their local communities, and exist to serve local needs.<sup id="cite_ref-DHLF2013_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHLF2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knox2013_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are a particularly important provider of healthcare to uninsured patients and patients with <a href="/wiki/Medi-Cal" title="Medi-Cal">Medi-Cal</a> (which is California's <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> program, serving low-income persons, some <a href="/wiki/Senior_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior citizens">senior citizens</a>, persons with <a href="/wiki/Disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabilities">disabilities</a>, children in <a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster care</a>, and pregnant women).<sup id="cite_ref-DHLF2013_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHLF2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knox2013_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, district hospitals provided $54 million in uncompensated care in California.<sup id="cite_ref-Knox2013_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized">Specialized</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Specialized"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starship_Children%27s_Health_Auckland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Starship_Children%27s_Health_Auckland.jpg/220px-Starship_Children%27s_Health_Auckland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Starship_Children%27s_Health_Auckland.jpg/330px-Starship_Children%27s_Health_Auckland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Starship_Children%27s_Health_Auckland.jpg/440px-Starship_Children%27s_Health_Auckland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Starship_Children%27s_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Starship Children's Health">Starship Children's Health</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_hospital" title="Children's hospital">children's hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McMasterUMedical.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/McMasterUMedical.jpg/220px-McMasterUMedical.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/McMasterUMedical.jpg/330px-McMasterUMedical.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/McMasterUMedical.jpg/440px-McMasterUMedical.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/McMaster_University_Medical_Centre" title="McMaster University Medical Centre">McMaster University Medical Centre</a>, a teaching hospital in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, Ontario</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIIMS_-New_Delhi%27s_Ward_Block.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AIIMS_-New_Delhi%27s_Ward_Block.jpg/220px-AIIMS_-New_Delhi%27s_Ward_Block.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AIIMS_-New_Delhi%27s_Ward_Block.jpg/330px-AIIMS_-New_Delhi%27s_Ward_Block.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AIIMS_-New_Delhi%27s_Ward_Block.jpg/440px-AIIMS_-New_Delhi%27s_Ward_Block.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2389" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_New_Delhi" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi">All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi</a>, a large teaching hospital in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A specialty hospital is primarily and exclusively dedicated to one or a few related <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">medical specialties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subtypes include <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_hospital" title="Rehabilitation hospital">rehabilitation hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_hospital" title="Children's hospital">children's hospitals</a>, seniors' (<a href="/wiki/Geriatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geriatric">geriatric</a>) hospitals, <a href="/wiki/Long-term_acute_care_facility" title="Long-term acute care facility">long-term acute care facilities</a>, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs such as <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatric</a> problems (see <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospital</a>), <a href="/wiki/List_of_cancer_hospitals" title="List of cancer hospitals">cancer treatment</a>, certain disease categories such as cardiac, oncology, or orthopedic problems, and so forth. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, specialised hospitals are called <i>Fachkrankenhaus</i>; an example is <a href="/wiki/Fachkrankenhaus_Coswig" title="Fachkrankenhaus Coswig">Fachkrankenhaus Coswig</a> (thoracic surgery). In India, specialty hospitals are known as <i>super-specialty hospitals</i> and are distinguished from multispecialty hospitals which are composed of several specialties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Specialised hospitals can help reduce <a href="/wiki/Health_care_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care costs">health care costs</a> compared to general hospitals. For example, <a href="/wiki/Narayana_Health" title="Narayana Health">Narayana Health</a>'s cardiac unit in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> specialises in cardiac surgery and allows for a significantly greater number of patients. It has 3,000 beds and performs 3,000 paediatric cardiac operations annually, the largest number in the world for such a facility.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fastcompany_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastcompany-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surgeons are paid on a fixed salary instead of per operation, thus when the number of procedures increases, the hospital is able to take advantage of <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> and reduce its cost per procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-fastcompany_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastcompany-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each specialist may also become more efficient by working on one procedure like a <a href="/wiki/Production_line" title="Production line">production line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching">Teaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">Teaching hospital</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">teaching hospital</a> delivers healthcare to patients as well as training to prospective <a href="/wiki/Medical_professionals" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical professionals">medical professionals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Medical_students" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical students">medical students</a> and student <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nurses</a>. It may be linked to a medical school or nursing school, and may be involved in <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical research</a>. Students may also observe clinical work in the hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinics">Clinics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Clinics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clinics generally provide only <a href="/wiki/Outpatient" class="mw-redirect" title="Outpatient">outpatient</a> services, but some may have a few inpatient beds and a limited range of services that may otherwise be found in typical hospitals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Departments_or_wards">Departments or wards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Departments or wards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A hospital contains one or more wards that house <a href="/wiki/Hospital_bed" title="Hospital bed">hospital beds</a> for <a href="/wiki/Inpatient" class="mw-redirect" title="Inpatient">inpatients</a>. It may also have acute services such as an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">emergency department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operating_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating theatre">operating theatre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care unit</a>, as well as a range of medical specialty departments. A well-equipped hospital may be classified as a trauma center. They may also have other services such as a <a href="/wiki/Hospital_pharmacy" title="Hospital pharmacy">hospital pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">radiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical laboratories">medical laboratories</a>. Some hospitals have outpatient departments such as <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral health">behavioral health</a> services, <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">rehabilitation services</a>. </p><p>A hospital may also have a <a href="/wiki/Nursing_management" title="Nursing management">department of nursing</a>, headed by a <a href="/wiki/Chief_nursing_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief nursing officer">chief nursing officer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nursing_management#Director_of_nursing" title="Nursing management">director of nursing</a>. This department is responsible for the administration of professional nursing practice, <a href="/wiki/Nursing_research" title="Nursing research">research</a>, and policy for the hospital. </p><p>Many units have both a nursing and a medical director that serve as administrators for their respective disciplines within that unit. For example, within an intensive care nursery, a medical director is responsible for physicians and medical care, while the nursing manager is responsible for all the nurses and nursing care. </p><p>Support units may include a <a href="/wiki/Medical_records_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical records department">medical records department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Release_of_information_department" title="Release of information department">release of information department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technical_support" title="Technical support">technical support</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_engineering" title="Clinical engineering">clinical engineering</a>, facilities management, <a href="/wiki/Plant_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant operations">plant operations</a>, dining services, and security departments. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospital-beds-per-1000-people.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hospital beds per 1000 people 2013[11]"><img alt="Hospital beds per 1000 people 2013." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hospital-beds-per-1000-people.png/333px-Hospital-beds-per-1000-people.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hospital-beds-per-1000-people.png/501px-Hospital-beds-per-1000-people.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hospital-beds-per-1000-people.png/666px-Hospital-beds-per-1000-people.png 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hospital beds per 1000 people 2013<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospital_beds_in_OECD.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hospital beds per inhabitants"><img alt="Hospital beds per inhabitants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hospital_beds_in_OECD.svg/390px-Hospital_beds_in_OECD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hospital_beds_in_OECD.svg/586px-Hospital_beds_in_OECD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hospital_beds_in_OECD.svg/780px-Hospital_beds_in_OECD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hospital beds per inhabitants</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ER_room_after_a_trauma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Resuscitation room bed after a trauma intervention, showing the highly technical equipment of modern hospitals"><img alt="Resuscitation room bed after a trauma intervention, showing the highly technical equipment of modern hospitals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ER_room_after_a_trauma.jpg/260px-ER_room_after_a_trauma.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ER_room_after_a_trauma.jpg/391px-ER_room_after_a_trauma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ER_room_after_a_trauma.jpg/520px-ER_room_after_a_trauma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Resuscitation" title="Resuscitation">Resuscitation</a> room bed after a <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">trauma</a> intervention, showing the highly technical equipment of modern hospitals</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remote_monitoring">Remote monitoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Remote monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> stimulated the development of virtual wards across the British <a href="/wiki/NHS" class="mw-redirect" title="NHS">NHS</a>. Patients are managed at home, monitoring their own oxygen levels using an oxygen saturation probe if necessary and supported by telephone. <a href="/wiki/West_Hertfordshire_Hospitals_NHS_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust">West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust</a> managed around 1200 patients at home between March and June 2020 and planned to continue the system after COVID-19, initially for respiratory patients.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Care_NHS_Foundation_Trust" title="Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust">Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust</a> started a COVID Oximetry@Home service in April 2020. This enables them to monitor more than 5000 patients a day in their own homes. The technology allows nurses, carers, or patients to record and monitor vital signs such as blood oxygen levels.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_hospitals" title="History of hospitals">History of hospitals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_examples">Early examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Ancient Egyptian medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Ancient Greek medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_ancient_Rome" title="Medicine in ancient Rome">Medicine in ancient Rome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medical_community_of_ancient_Rome" title="Medical community of ancient Rome">Medical community of ancient Rome</a></div> <p>In early <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fa_Xian" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa Xian">Fa Xian</a>, a Chinese Buddhist monk who travelled across India <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 400</span>, recorded examples of healing institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i>, the ancient chronicle of Sinhalese royalty, written in the sixth century AD, King <a href="/wiki/Pandukabhaya_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka">Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka</a> (r. 437–367 BC) had lying-in-homes and hospitals (Sivikasotthi-Sala).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Guneshapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Guneshapur">hospital and medical training center</a> also existed at <a href="/wiki/Gundeshapur" title="Gundeshapur">Gundeshapur</a>, a major city in southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Persian Empire">Sassanid Persian Empire</a> founded in AD 271 by <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, temples dedicated to the healer-god <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Asclepeion" class="mw-redirect" title="Asclepeion">Asclepeion</a> functioned as centers of medical advice, prognosis, and healing.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Asclepeia spread to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. While public healthcare was non-existent in the Roman Empire, military hospitals called <i>valetudinaria</i> did exist stationed in military barracks and would serve the soldiers and slaves within the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-ziegler_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ziegler-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence exists that some civilian hospitals, while unavailable to the Roman population, were occasionally privately built in extremely wealthy Roman households located in the countryside for that family, although this practice seems to have ended in 80 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 251.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 249.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kos_Asklepeion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Askleipion of Kos, the best preserved instance of an Asklepieion"><img alt="View of the Askleipion of Kos, the best preserved instance of an Asklepieion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kos_Asklepeion.jpg/374px-Kos_Asklepeion.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kos_Asklepeion.jpg/561px-Kos_Asklepeion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kos_Asklepeion.jpg/747px-Kos_Asklepeion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the <i>Askleipion</i> of <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>, the best preserved instance of an Asklepieion</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lankan_Traditional_Medicine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of a two thousand-year-old hospital were discovered in the historical city of Anuradhapura Mihintale Sri Lanka."><img alt="Ruins of a two thousand-year-old hospital were discovered in the historical city of Anuradhapura Mihintale Sri Lanka." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sri_Lankan_Traditional_Medicine.jpg/309px-Sri_Lankan_Traditional_Medicine.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sri_Lankan_Traditional_Medicine.jpg/464px-Sri_Lankan_Traditional_Medicine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sri_Lankan_Traditional_Medicine.jpg/618px-Sri_Lankan_Traditional_Medicine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="1722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of a two thousand-year-old hospital were discovered in the historical city of <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> <a href="/wiki/Mihintale" title="Mihintale">Mihintale</a> Sri Lanka.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Byzantine medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medieval medicine of Western Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine in the medieval Islamic world</a></div><p> The declaration of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> as an accepted religion in the Roman Empire drove an expansion of the provision of care.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in AD 325 construction of a hospital in every cathedral town was begun, including among the earliest hospitals by <a href="/wiki/Sampson_the_Hospitable" title="Sampson the Hospitable">Saint Sampson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil, bishop of Caesarea</a> in modern-day Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the twelfth century, Constantinople had two well-organised hospitals, staffed by doctors who were both male and female. Facilities included systematic treatment procedures and specialised wards for various diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Door_of_the_Moristan_of_Kala%27oon_(1878)_-_TIMEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Door_of_the_Moristan_of_Kala%27oon_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/220px-Door_of_the_Moristan_of_Kala%27oon_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Door_of_the_Moristan_of_Kala%27oon_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/330px-Door_of_the_Moristan_of_Kala%27oon_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Door_of_the_Moristan_of_Kala%27oon_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/440px-Door_of_the_Moristan_of_Kala%27oon_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Qalawun_complex" title="Qalawun complex">Qalawun complex</a> in Cairo, Egypt, which housed the notable Mansuri hospital</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest general hospital in the Islamic world was built in 805 in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> by <a href="/wiki/Harun_Al-Rashid" class="mw-redirect" title="Harun Al-Rashid">Harun Al-Rashid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glubb_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glubb-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 10th century, Baghdad had five more hospitals, while <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> had six hospitals by the 15th century, and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Córdoba</a> alone had 50 major hospitals, many exclusively for the military, by the end of the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-aramco0317_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aramco0317-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islamic <a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">bimaristan</a> served as a center of medical treatment, as well <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">nursing home</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunatic_asylum" title="Lunatic asylum">lunatic asylum</a>. It typically treated the poor, as the rich would have been treated in their own homes.<sup id="cite_ref-nlm_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nlm-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hospitals in this era were the first to require medical licenses for doctors, and compensation for negligence could be made.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alatas_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alatas-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hospitals were forbidden by law to turn away patients who were unable to pay.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These hospitals were financially supported by <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqfs</a>, as well as state funds.<sup id="cite_ref-aramco0317_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aramco0317-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, <a href="/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">public hospitals</a> existed at least since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" title="Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firuz Shah Tughlaq</a> in the 14th century. The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> in the 17th century established hospitals in large cities at government expense with records showing salaries and grants for medicine being paid for by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, the state began to take on social welfare functions previously provided by Buddhist monasteries and instituted public hospitals, <a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">hospices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_dispensary" title="Public dispensary">dispensaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_and_Enlightenment_Europe">Early modern and Enlightenment Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early modern and Enlightenment Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancien-Hopital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ancien-Hopital.jpg/220px-Ancien-Hopital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ancien-Hopital.jpg/330px-Ancien-Hopital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ancien-Hopital.jpg/440px-Ancien-Hopital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>A hospital ward in 6th century <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe the medieval concept of Christian care evolved during the 16th and 17th centuries into a secular one. In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolution of the monasteries</a> in 1540 by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, the church abruptly ceased to be the supporter of hospitals, and only by direct petition from the citizens of London, were the hospitals <a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital" title="St Bartholomew's Hospital">St Bartholomew's</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27s_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="St Thomas's Hospital">St Thomas's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital" title="Bethlem Royal Hospital">St Mary of Bethlehem's</a> (Bedlam) endowed directly by the crown; this was the first instance of secular support being provided for medical institutions. </p><p>In 1682, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hospital_Chelsea" title="Royal Hospital Chelsea">Royal Hospital Chelsea</a> as a retirement home for old soldiers known as <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Pensioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea Pensioners">Chelsea Pensioners</a>, an instance of the use of the word "hospital" to mean an <a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">almshouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten years later, <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Hospital,_London" title="Greenwich Hospital, London">Royal Hospital for Seamen, Greenwich</a>, with the same purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guy%27s_Hospital00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Guy%27s_Hospital00.jpg/220px-Guy%27s_Hospital00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Guy%27s_Hospital00.jpg/330px-Guy%27s_Hospital00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Guy%27s_Hospital00.jpg/440px-Guy%27s_Hospital00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>1820 engraving of <a href="/wiki/Guy%27s_Hospital" title="Guy's Hospital">Guy's Hospital</a> in London, one of the first voluntary hospitals to be established in 1724</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruinas_San_Nicolas_de_Bari_CCSD_09_2018_1414.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ruinas_San_Nicolas_de_Bari_CCSD_09_2018_1414.jpg/220px-Ruinas_San_Nicolas_de_Bari_CCSD_09_2018_1414.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ruinas_San_Nicolas_de_Bari_CCSD_09_2018_1414.jpg/330px-Ruinas_San_Nicolas_de_Bari_CCSD_09_2018_1414.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ruinas_San_Nicolas_de_Bari_CCSD_09_2018_1414.jpg/440px-Ruinas_San_Nicolas_de_Bari_CCSD_09_2018_1414.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_San_Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Bari" title="Hospital San Nicolás de Bari">Hospital San Nicolás de Bari</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, recognized by UNESCO for being the oldest hospital built in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Built between 1514 and 1541.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_Hospital_(Highsmith).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pennsylvania_Hospital_%28Highsmith%29.png/220px-Pennsylvania_Hospital_%28Highsmith%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pennsylvania_Hospital_%28Highsmith%29.png/330px-Pennsylvania_Hospital_%28Highsmith%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pennsylvania_Hospital_%28Highsmith%29.png/440px-Pennsylvania_Hospital_%28Highsmith%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4332" data-file-height="3432" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">Pennsylvania Hospital</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Health_System" title="University of Pennsylvania Health System">University of Pennsylvania Health System</a>). Founded in 1751, it is the earliest established public hospital in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-AmericasFirstHospital_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmericasFirstHospital-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nrhp_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also home to America's first surgical amphitheatre and its first medical library.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_hospital" title="Voluntary hospital">voluntary hospital</a> movement began in the early 18th century, with hospitals being founded in London by the 1720s, including <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hospital" title="Westminster Hospital">Westminster Hospital</a> (1719) promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Private_bank" title="Private bank">private bank</a> <a href="/wiki/C._Hoare_%26_Co" title="C. Hoare & Co">C. Hoare & Co</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guy%27s_Hospital" title="Guy's Hospital">Guy's Hospital</a> (1724) funded from the bequest of the wealthy merchant, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Guy" title="Thomas Guy">Thomas Guy</a>. </p><p>Other hospitals sprang up in London and other British cities over the century, many paid for by private subscriptions. St Bartholomew's in London was rebuilt from 1730 to 1759,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the London Hospital, Whitechapel, opened in 1752. </p><p>These hospitals represented a turning point in the function of the institution; they began to evolve from being basic places of care for the sick to becoming centers of medical innovation and discovery and the principal place for the <a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">education</a> and training of prospective practitioners. Some of the era's greatest surgeons and doctors worked and passed on their knowledge at the hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also changed from being mere homes of refuge to being complex institutions for the provision and advancement of medicine and care for sick. The <a href="/wiki/Charit%C3%A9" title="Charité">Charité</a> was founded in Berlin in 1710 by King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I of Prussia</a> as a response to an outbreak of plague. </p><p>Voluntary hospitals also spread to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">Colonial America</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bellevue_Hospital" title="Bellevue Hospital">Bellevue Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> opened in 1736, first as a workhouse and then later as a hospital; <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">Pennsylvania Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> opened in 1752, <a href="/wiki/Weill_Cornell_Medical_Center" title="Weill Cornell Medical Center">New York Hospital</a>, now Weill Cornell Medical Center<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in New York City opened in 1771, and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> opened in 1811. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_General_Hospital" title="Vienna General Hospital">Vienna General Hospital</a> opened in 1784 as the world's largest hospital, physicians acquired a new facility that gradually developed into one of the most important research centers.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> era charitable innovation was the dispensary; these would issue the poor with medicines free of charge. The London Dispensary opened its doors in 1696 as the first such clinic in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. The idea was slow to catch on until the 1770s,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when many such organisations began to appear, including the <a href="/wiki/Public_Dispensary_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Dispensary of Edinburgh">Public Dispensary of Edinburgh</a> (1776), the Metropolitan Dispensary and Charitable Fund (1779) and the <a href="/wiki/Finsbury_Dispensary" title="Finsbury Dispensary">Finsbury Dispensary</a> (1780). Dispensaries were also opened in New York 1771, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> 1786, and Boston 1796.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Hospital,_Stonehouse" title="Royal Naval Hospital, Stonehouse">Royal Naval Hospital, Stonehouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, was a pioneer of hospital design in having "pavilions" to minimize the spread of infection. <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> visited in 1785, and commented "I never saw anything of the kind so complete; every part is so convenient, and so admirably neat. But there is nothing superfluous, and nothing purely ornamented, either within or without." This revolutionary design was made more widely known by <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a>, the philanthropist. In 1787 the French government sent two scholar administrators, <a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Coulomb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Ren%C3%A9_Tenon" title="Jacques-René Tenon">Tenon</a>, who had visited most of the hospitals in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were impressed and the "pavilion" design was copied in France and throughout Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27One_of_the_wards_in_the_hospital_at_Scutari%27._Wellcome_M0007724_-_restoration,_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%27One_of_the_wards_in_the_hospital_at_Scutari%27._Wellcome_M0007724_-_restoration%2C_cropped.jpg/220px-%27One_of_the_wards_in_the_hospital_at_Scutari%27._Wellcome_M0007724_-_restoration%2C_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%27One_of_the_wards_in_the_hospital_at_Scutari%27._Wellcome_M0007724_-_restoration%2C_cropped.jpg/330px-%27One_of_the_wards_in_the_hospital_at_Scutari%27._Wellcome_M0007724_-_restoration%2C_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%27One_of_the_wards_in_the_hospital_at_Scutari%27._Wellcome_M0007724_-_restoration%2C_cropped.jpg/440px-%27One_of_the_wards_in_the_hospital_at_Scutari%27._Wellcome_M0007724_-_restoration%2C_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3970" data-file-height="2609" /></a><figcaption>A ward of the hospital at <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Scutari</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> worked and helped to restructure the modern hospital</figcaption></figure> <p>English physician <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percival" title="Thomas Percival">Thomas Percival</a> (1740–1804) wrote a comprehensive system of medical conduct, <i><a href="/wiki/Medical_Ethics;_or,_a_Code_of_Institutes_and_Precepts,_Adapted_to_the_Professional_Conduct_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Ethics; or, a Code of Institutes and Precepts, Adapted to the Professional Conduct of Physicians and Surgeons">Medical Ethics; or, a Code of Institutes and Precepts, Adapted to the Professional Conduct of Physicians and Surgeons</a></i> (1803) that set the standard for many textbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-19th century, hospitals and the medical profession became more professionalised, with a reorganisation of hospital management along more bureaucratic and administrative lines. The <a href="/wiki/Apothecaries_Act_1815" title="Apothecaries Act 1815">Apothecaries Act 1815</a> made it compulsory for medical students to practise for at least half a year at a hospital as part of their training.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> pioneered the modern profession of nursing during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> when she set an example of compassion, commitment to patient care and diligent and thoughtful hospital administration. The first official nurses' training programme, the Nightingale School for Nurses, was opened in 1860, with the mission of training nurses to work in hospitals, to work with the poor and to teach.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nightingale was instrumental in reforming the nature of the hospital, by improving <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> standards and changing the image of the hospital from a place the sick would go to die, to an institution devoted to recuperation and healing. She also emphasised the importance of <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical measurement</a> for determining the success rate of a given intervention and pushed for <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">administrative reform</a> at hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 19th century, the modern hospital was beginning to take shape with a proliferation of a variety of public and private hospital systems. By the 1870s, hospitals had more than trebled their original average intake of 3,000 patients. In continental Europe the new hospitals generally were built and run from public funds. The <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>, the principal provider of health care in the United Kingdom, was founded in 1948. During the nineteenth century, the Second Viennese Medical School emerged with the contributions of physicians such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Freiherr_von_Rokitansky" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky">Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_%C5%A0koda" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Škoda">Josef Škoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ritter_von_Hebra" title="Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra">Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Philipp_Semmelweis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis">Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis</a>. Basic medical science expanded and specialisation advanced. Furthermore, the first dermatology, eye, as well as ear, nose, and throat clinics in the world were founded in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, being considered as the birth of specialised medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_and_beyond">20th century and beyond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 20th century and beyond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hospital" title="Talk:Hospital">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabell_Huntington_Hospital_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cabell_Huntington_Hospital_2014.jpg/220px-Cabell_Huntington_Hospital_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cabell_Huntington_Hospital_2014.jpg/330px-Cabell_Huntington_Hospital_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cabell_Huntington_Hospital_2014.jpg/440px-Cabell_Huntington_Hospital_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5290" data-file-height="1641" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cabell_Huntington_Hospital" title="Cabell Huntington Hospital">Cabell Huntington Hospital</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia" title="Huntington, West Virginia">Huntington, West Virginia</a> (2014)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022-07-29_15_08_07_View_south_along_Delaware_State_Route_202_(Concord_Pike)_just_south_of_the_exit_for_Interstate_95_NORTH_(Chester,_Philadelphia)_in_Blue_Ball,_New_Castle_County,_Delaware.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White H on blue background, used to represent hospitals in the US." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2022-07-29_15_08_07_View_south_along_Delaware_State_Route_202_%28Concord_Pike%29_just_south_of_the_exit_for_Interstate_95_NORTH_%28Chester%2C_Philadelphia%29_in_Blue_Ball%2C_New_Castle_County%2C_Delaware.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2022-07-29_15_08_07_View_south_along_Delaware_State_Route_202_%28Concord_Pike%29_just_south_of_the_exit_for_Interstate_95_NORTH_%28Chester%2C_Philadelphia%29_in_Blue_Ball%2C_New_Castle_County%2C_Delaware.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2022-07-29_15_08_07_View_south_along_Delaware_State_Route_202_%28Concord_Pike%29_just_south_of_the_exit_for_Interstate_95_NORTH_%28Chester%2C_Philadelphia%29_in_Blue_Ball%2C_New_Castle_County%2C_Delaware.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>During peacetime, hospitals are often marked by symbols. A white 'H' on a blue background is often used in the United States. During military conflicts, a hospital may be marked with the emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">red cross, red crescent or red crystal</a> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, medical advancements such as <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a> and sterile techniques that could make surgery less risky, and the availability of more advanced diagnostic devices such as <a href="/wiki/X-ray#Discovery" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>, continued to make hospitals a more attractive option for treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-NYThospital_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYThospital-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern hospitals measure various efficiency metrics such as occupancy rates, the average length of stay, time to service, patient satisfaction, physician performance, patient readmission rate, inpatient mortality rate, and <a href="/wiki/Case_mix_index" title="Case mix index">case mix index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the number of hospitalizations grew to its peak in 1981 with 171 admissions per 1,000 Americans and 6,933 hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-NYThospital_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYThospital-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend subsequently reversed, with the rate of hospitalization falling by more than 10% and the number of US hospitals shrinking from 6,933 in 1981 to 5,534 in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-aha2016_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aha2016-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occupancy rates also dropped from 77% in 1980 to 60% in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the reasons for this are the increasing availability of more complex care elsewhere such as at home or the physicians' offices and also the less therapeutic and more life-threatening image of the hospitals in the eyes of the public.<sup id="cite_ref-NYThospital_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYThospital-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDCinfection_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCinfection-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, a patient may sleep in a hospital bed, but be considered outpatient and "under observation" if not formally admitted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S., inpatient stays are covered under Medicare Part A, but a hospital might keep a patient under observation which is only covered under Medicare Part B, and subjects the patient to additional coinsurance costs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services">Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services</a> (CMS) introduced a "two-midnight" rule for inpatient admissions,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intended to reduce an increasing number of long-term "observation" stays being used for reimbursement.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rule was later dropped in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 and 2017, healthcare reform and a continued decline in admissions resulted in US hospital-based healthcare systems performing poorly financially.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microhospitals, with bed capacities of between eight and fifty, are expanding in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, freestanding emergency rooms, which transfer patients that require inpatient care to hospitals, were popularised in the 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-:1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have since expanded rapidly across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> is the largest non-government provider of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">health careservices</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Geopolitics_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geopolitics-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has around 18,000 clinics, 16,000 homes for the elderly and those with special needs, and 5,500 hospitals, with 65 percent of them located in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Development_p.40_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Development_p.40-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the Church's <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_the_Pastoral_Care_of_Health_Care_Workers" title="Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers">Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers</a> said that the Church manages 26% of the world's health care facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KB_Dubrava_Zagreb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/KB_Dubrava_Zagreb.jpg/220px-KB_Dubrava_Zagreb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/KB_Dubrava_Zagreb.jpg/330px-KB_Dubrava_Zagreb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/KB_Dubrava_Zagreb.jpg/440px-KB_Dubrava_Zagreb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3643" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clinical_Hospital_Dubrava" title="Clinical Hospital Dubrava">Clinical Hospital Dubrava</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern hospitals derive funding from a variety of sources. They may be funded by private payment and <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Public_expenditure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public expenditure">public expenditure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charitable_donation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charitable donation">charitable donations</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the National Health Service delivers health care to legal residents funded by the state "free at the point of delivery", and emergency care free to anyone regardless of nationality or status. Due to the need for hospitals to prioritise their limited resources, there is a tendency in countries with such systems for 'waiting lists' for non-crucial treatment, so those who can afford it may take out private health care to access treatment more quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-GROW_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GROW-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, hospitals typically operate privately and in some cases on a <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">for-profit</a> basis, such as <a href="/wiki/HCA_Healthcare" title="HCA Healthcare">HCA Healthcare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USATODAY_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USATODAY-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The list of procedures and their prices are billed with a <a href="/wiki/Chargemaster" title="Chargemaster">chargemaster</a>; however, these prices may be lower for health care obtained within <a href="/wiki/Hospital_network" title="Hospital network">healthcare networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislation requires hospitals to provide care to patients in life-threatening emergency situations regardless of the patient's ability to pay.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Privately funded hospitals which admit uninsured patients in emergency situations incur direct financial losses, such as in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USATODAY_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USATODAY-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quality_and_safety">Quality and safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Quality and safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the quality of health care has increasingly become an issue around the world, hospitals have increasingly had to pay serious attention to this matter. Independent external assessment of quality is one of the most powerful ways to assess this aspect of health care, and <a href="/wiki/Hospital_accreditation" title="Hospital accreditation">hospital accreditation</a> is one means by which this is achieved. In many parts of the world such accreditation is sourced from other countries, a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/International_healthcare_accreditation" title="International healthcare accreditation">international healthcare accreditation</a>, by groups such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Accreditation_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accreditation Canada (page does not exist)">Accreditation Canada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Commission" title="Joint Commission">Joint Commission</a> in the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Accreditation_Scheme" title="Trent Accreditation Scheme">Trent Accreditation Scheme</a> in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, and the <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_Autorit%C3%A9_de_sant%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Haute Autorité de santé">Haute Autorité de santé</a></i> (HAS) in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, hospitals are monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Care_Quality_Commission" title="Care Quality Commission">Care Quality Commission</a>. In 2020, they turned their attention to hospital food standards after seven patient deaths from <a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">listeria</a> linked to pre-packaged sandwiches and salads in 2019, saying "Nutrition and hydration is part of a patient's recovery."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> reported in 2011 that being admitted to a hospital was far riskier than flying. Globally, the chance of a patient being subject to a treatment error in a hospital was about 10%, and the chance of death resulting from an error was about one in 300. according to <a href="/wiki/Liam_Donaldson" title="Liam Donaldson">Liam Donaldson</a>. 7% of hospitalised patients in developed countries, and 10% in developing countries, acquire at least one <a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection" title="Hospital-acquired infection">health care-associated infection</a>. In the U.S., 1.7 million infections are acquired in hospital each year, leading to 100,000 deaths, figures much worse than in Europe where there were 4.5 million infections and 37,000 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern hospital buildings are designed to minimise the effort of medical personnel and the possibility of contamination while maximising the efficiency of the whole system. Travel time for personnel within the hospital and the transportation of patients between units is facilitated and minimised. The building also should be built to accommodate heavy departments such as radiology and operating rooms while space for special wiring, plumbing, and waste disposal must be allowed for in the design.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, many hospitals, even those considered "modern", are the product of continual and often badly managed growth over decades or even centuries, with utilitarian new sections added on as needs and finances dictate. As a result, Dutch architectural historian Cor Wagenaar has called many hospitals: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"... built catastrophes, anonymous institutional complexes run by vast bureaucracies, and totally unfit for the purpose they have been designed for ... They are hardly ever functional, and instead of making patients feel at home, they produce stress and anxiety."<sup id="cite_ref-ODE_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODE-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some newer hospitals now try to re-establish design that takes the patient's psychological needs into account, such as providing more fresh air, better views and more pleasant colour schemes. These ideas harken back to the late eighteenth century, when the concept of providing fresh air and access to the 'healing powers of nature' were first employed by hospital architects in improving their buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-ODE_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODE-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The research of <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Association" title="British Medical Association">British Medical Association</a> is showing that good hospital design can reduce patient's recovery time. Exposure to daylight is effective in reducing depression.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Single-sex accommodation help ensure that patients are treated in privacy and with dignity. Exposure to nature and hospital gardens is also important – looking out windows improves patients' moods and reduces blood pressure and stress level. Open windows in patient rooms have also demonstrated some evidence of beneficial outcomes by improving airflow and increased microbial diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eliminating long corridors can reduce nurses' fatigue and stress.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another ongoing major development is the change from a ward-based system (where patients are accommodated in communal rooms, separated by movable partitions) to one in which they are accommodated in individual rooms. The ward-based system has been described as very efficient, especially for the medical staff, but is considered to be more stressful for patients and detrimental to their privacy. A major constraint on providing all patients with their own rooms is however found in the higher cost of building and operating such a hospital; this causes some hospitals to charge for private rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UVa_Medical_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The medical center at the University of Virginia shows the growing trend for modern architecture in hospitals."><img alt="The medical center at the University of Virginia shows the growing trend for modern architecture in hospitals." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/UVa_Medical_Center.jpg/269px-UVa_Medical_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/UVa_Medical_Center.jpg/403px-UVa_Medical_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/UVa_Medical_Center.jpg/538px-UVa_Medical_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The medical center at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> shows the growing trend for modern architecture in hospitals.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NHS_NNUH_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The National Health Service Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital in the UK, showing the utilitarian architecture of many modern hospitals"><img alt="The National Health Service Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital in the UK, showing the utilitarian architecture of many modern hospitals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/NHS_NNUH_entrance.jpg/240px-NHS_NNUH_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/NHS_NNUH_entrance.jpg/360px-NHS_NNUH_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/NHS_NNUH_entrance.jpg/480px-NHS_NNUH_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_and_Norwich_University_Hospital" title="Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital">Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital</a> in the UK, showing the utilitarian architecture of many modern hospitals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fawcett_Memorial_Hospital_Chapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hospital chapel at Fawcett Memorial Hospital (Port Charlotte, Florida)"><img alt="Hospital chapel at Fawcett Memorial Hospital (Port Charlotte, Florida)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Fawcett_Memorial_Hospital_Chapel.jpg/240px-Fawcett_Memorial_Hospital_Chapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Fawcett_Memorial_Hospital_Chapel.jpg/360px-Fawcett_Memorial_Hospital_Chapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Fawcett_Memorial_Hospital_Chapel.jpg/480px-Fawcett_Memorial_Hospital_Chapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hospital chapel at <a href="/wiki/Fawcett_Memorial_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Fawcett Memorial Hospital">Fawcett Memorial Hospital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Port_Charlotte,_Florida" title="Port Charlotte, Florida">Port Charlotte, Florida</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinduja_Hospital,_Mahim,_Mumbai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hinduja National Hospital, Mumbai"><img alt="Hinduja National Hospital, Mumbai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hinduja_Hospital%2C_Mahim%2C_Mumbai.jpg/120px-Hinduja_Hospital%2C_Mahim%2C_Mumbai.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hinduja_Hospital%2C_Mahim%2C_Mumbai.jpg/180px-Hinduja_Hospital%2C_Mahim%2C_Mumbai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hinduja_Hospital%2C_Mahim%2C_Mumbai.jpg/240px-Hinduja_Hospital%2C_Mahim%2C_Mumbai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hinduja_National_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduja National Hospital">Hinduja National Hospital, Mumbai</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intensivstation_(01)_2007-03-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An intensive care unit (ICU) within a hospital"><img alt="An intensive care unit (ICU) within a hospital" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Intensivstation_%2801%29_2007-03-03.jpg/276px-Intensivstation_%2801%29_2007-03-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Intensivstation_%2801%29_2007-03-03.jpg/413px-Intensivstation_%2801%29_2007-03-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Intensivstation_%2801%29_2007-03-03.jpg/551px-Intensivstation_%2801%29_2007-03-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1934" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care unit</a> (ICU) within a hospital</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlinikumAachen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uniklinikum Aachen in Germany"><img alt="Uniklinikum Aachen in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/KlinikumAachen.jpg/240px-KlinikumAachen.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/KlinikumAachen.jpg/360px-KlinikumAachen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/KlinikumAachen.jpg/480px-KlinikumAachen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Uniklinikum_Aachen" title="Uniklinikum Aachen">Uniklinikum Aachen</a> in Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TAYS,TAMPERE_1.12-09_aamulla_n.klo_8_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tampere University Hospital in Tampere, Finland"><img alt="Tampere University Hospital in Tampere, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/TAYS%2CTAMPERE_1.12-09_aamulla_n.klo_8_-_panoramio.jpg/305px-TAYS%2CTAMPERE_1.12-09_aamulla_n.klo_8_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/TAYS%2CTAMPERE_1.12-09_aamulla_n.klo_8_-_panoramio.jpg/458px-TAYS%2CTAMPERE_1.12-09_aamulla_n.klo_8_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/TAYS%2CTAMPERE_1.12-09_aamulla_n.klo_8_-_panoramio.jpg/611px-TAYS%2CTAMPERE_1.12-09_aamulla_n.klo_8_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5539" data-file-height="3268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tampere_University_Hospital" title="Tampere University Hospital">Tampere University Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences in Delhi, India"><img alt="All India Institute of Medical Sciences in Delhi, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg/240px-AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg/360px-AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg/480px-AIIMS_central_lawn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/AIIMS,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="AIIMS, New Delhi">All India Institute of Medical Sciences</a> in Delhi, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 333.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest in Allentown, Pennsylvania, U.S."><img alt="Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest in Allentown, Pennsylvania, U.S." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg/500px-Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg" decoding="async" width="334" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg/750px-Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Hospital%E2%80%93Cedar_Crest" title="Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest">Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn_center" title="Burn center">Burn center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hospitals" title="History of hospitals">History of hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">Hospice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_network" title="Hospital network">Hospital network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals" title="Lists of hospitals">Lists of hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_information_system" title="Hospital information system">Hospital information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">Trauma center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waiting_Room_(2012_film)" title="The Waiting Room (2012 film)">The Waiting Room</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk-in_clinic" title="Walk-in clinic">Walk-in clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP_Liaison" title="GP Liaison">GP Liaison</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Although Philadelphia General Hospital (1732) and Bellevue Hospital in New York (1736) are older, the Philadelphia General was founded as an almshouse, and Bellevue as a workhouse."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/hospitals/en/">"Hospitals"</a>. <i>World Health Organization</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Haverford House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-910702-02-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-910702-02-7"><bdi>978-0-910702-02-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+First+Hospital%3A+The+Pennsylvania+Hospital%2C+1751%E2%80%931841&rft.pub=Haverford+House&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-910702-02-7&rft.au=Williams%2C+William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasfirsthos0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrhp-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrhp_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000688">"NPGallery Digital Asset Management System: Pennsylvania Hospital"</a>, <i>National Register of Historic Places</i>, <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=NPGallery+Digital+Asset+Management+System%3A+Pennsylvania+Hospital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FAssetDetail%2FNRIS%2F66000688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017093642/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/kinggeorge/p/003ktop00000025u021g0000.html">"Painted window in St Bartholomew's Hospital"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/kinggeorge/p/003ktop00000025u021g0000.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Painted+window+in+St+Bartholomew%27s+Hospital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fonlinegallery%2Fonlineex%2Fkinggeorge%2Fp%2F003ktop00000025u021g0000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinarz,_Jonathan2007" class="citation book cs1">Reinarz, Jonathan (2007). "Corpus Curricula: Medical Education and the Voluntary Hospital Movement". <i>Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience</i>. pp. 43–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-70967-3_4">10.1007/978-0-387-70967-3_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-70966-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-70966-6"><bdi>978-0-387-70966-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Corpus+Curricula%3A+Medical+Education+and+the+Voluntary+Hospital+Movement&rft.btitle=Brain%2C+Mind+and+Medicine%3A+Essays+in+Eighteenth-Century+Neuroscience&rft.pages=43-52&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-70967-3_4&rft.isbn=978-0-387-70966-6&rft.au=Reinarz%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216194027/https://npidata.net/category/general-acute-care-hospital/ny/">"General Acute Care Hospital in New York"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npidata.net/category/general-acute-care-hospital/ny/">the original</a> on 16 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Acute+Care+Hospital+in+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpidata.net%2Fcategory%2Fgeneral-acute-care-hospital%2Fny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roderick E. McGrew, <i>Encyclopedia of Medical History</i> (Macmillan 1985), p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman_GK2017" class="citation journal cs1">Freeman GK (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5308110">"Books: The Dispensaries: Healthcare for the Poor Before the NHS: Britain's Forgotten Health-care System: Dispensaries: An Alternative to General Practice?"</a>. <i>Br J Gen Pract</i>. <b>67</b> (655): 81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3399%2Fbjgp17X689281">10.3399/bjgp17X689281</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5308110">5308110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28126876">28126876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+J+Gen+Pract&rft.atitle=Books%3A+The+Dispensaries%3A+Healthcare+for+the+Poor+Before+the+NHS%3A+Britain%27s+Forgotten+Health-care+System%3A+Dispensaries%3A+An+Alternative+to+General+Practice%3F&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=655&rft.pages=81&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5308110%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28126876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3399%2Fbjgp17X689281&rft.au=Freeman+GK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5308110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Marks_DavisAndrew_Robert_Warner1918" class="citation book cs1">Michael Marks Davis; Andrew Robert Warner (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dispensariesthei00daviuoft"><i>Dispensaries, Their Management and Development: A Book for Administrators, Public Health Workers, and All Interested in Better Medical Service for the People</i></a>. MacMillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dispensariesthei00daviuoft/page/2">2</a>–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dispensaries%2C+Their+Management+and+Development%3A+A+Book+for+Administrators%2C+Public+Health+Workers%2C+and+All+Interested+in+Better+Medical+Service+for+the+People&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1918&rft.au=Michael+Marks+Davis&rft.au=Andrew+Robert+Warner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdispensariesthei00daviuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Surgeon Vice Admiral A Revell in <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.histansoc.org.uk/uploads/9/5/5/2/9552670/volume_19.pdf">http://www.histansoc.org.uk/uploads/9/5/5/2/9552670/volume_19.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106105544/http://www.histansoc.org.uk/uploads/9/5/5/2/9552670/volume_19.pdf">Archived</a> 6 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddington_Ivan1975" class="citation journal cs1">Waddington Ivan (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1081608">"The Development of Medical Ethics – A Sociological Analysis"</a>. <i>Medical History</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 36–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs002572730001992x">10.1017/s002572730001992x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1081608">1081608</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1095851">1095851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Medical+Ethics+%E2%80%93+A+Sociological+Analysis&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-51&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1081608%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1095851&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs002572730001992x&rft.au=Waddington+Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1081608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Porter" title="Roy Porter">Porter, Roy</a> (1999) [1997]. <i>The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 316–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31980-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31980-4"><bdi>978-0-393-31980-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Benefit+to+Mankind%3A+A+Medical+History+of+Humanity+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=316-17&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31980-4&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathy_Neeb2006" class="citation book cs1">Kathy Neeb (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofme0000neeb"><i>Fundamentals of Mental Health Nursing</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-2034-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-2034-6"><bdi>978-0-8036-2034-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Mental+Health+Nursing&rft.pub=Philadelphia%3A+F.A.+Davis+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8036-2034-6&rft.au=Kathy+Neeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalsofme0000neeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNightingale,_Florence1999" class="citation book cs1">Nightingale, Florence (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dRpgFsQ7nqkC&q=sanitary+commissioner+Scutari&pg=PA114"><i>Florence Nightingale: Measuring Hospital Care Outcomes</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+psychological+and+social+needs+of+patients&rft.pub=British+Medical+Association&rft.date=2011-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bma.org.uk%2Fhealth_promotion_ethics%2Fpsychologicalandsocialneedsofpatients.jsp%3Fpage%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2004" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Julian (15 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2004/11_15/feature05_21.html">"Health administrators go shopping for new hospital designs"</a>. <i>National Review of Medicine</i>. Volume 1, no. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226075348/http://www.nationalreviewofmedicine.com/issue/2004/11_15/feature05_21.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Health+administrators+go+shopping+for+new+hospital+designs&rft.date=2004-11-15&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreviewofmedicine.com%2Fissue%2F2004%2F11_15%2Ffeature05_21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_hospitals">History of hospitals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History of hospitals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brockliss, Lawrence, and Colin Jones. "The Hospital in the Enlightenment", in <i>The Medical World of Early Modern France</i> (Oxford UP, 1997), pp. 671–729; covers France 1650–1800</li> <li>Chaney, Edward (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_evolution_of_the_grand_tour.html?id=rYB_HYPsa8gC"><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Philanthropy in Italy': English Observations on Italian Hospitals 1545–1789"</a>, in: <i>The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance</i>, 2nd ed. London, Routledge, 2000.</li> <li>Connor, J.T.H. "Hospital History in Canada and the United States", <i>Canadian Bulletin of Medical History</i>, 1990, Vol. 7 Issue 1, pp. 93–104</li> <li>Crawford, D.S. Bibliography of Histories of Canadian hospitals and schools of nursing.</li> <li>Gorsky, Martin. "The British National Health Service 1948–2008: A Review of the Historiography", <i>Social History of Medicine</i>, December 2008, Vol. 21 Issue 3, pp. 437–60</li> <li>Harrison, Mar, et al. eds. <i>From Western Medicine to Global Medicine: The Hospital Beyond the West</i> (2008)</li> <li>Horden, Peregrine. <i>Hospitals and Healing From Antiquity to the Later Middle Ages</i> (2008)</li> <li>McGrew, Roderick E. <i>Encyclopedia of Medical History</i> (1985)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorelonRashed1996" class="citation cs2">Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996), <i>Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science</i>, vol. 3, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12410-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12410-2"><bdi>978-0-415-12410-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Arabic+Science&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12410-2&rft.aulast=Morelon&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gis&rft.au=Rashed%2C+Roshdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHospital" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Porter, Roy. <i>The Hospital in History</i>, with Lindsay Patricia Granshaw (1989) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00375-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00375-9">978-0-415-00375-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guenter_B._Risse" title="Guenter B. Risse">Risse, Guenter B.</a> <i>Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals</i> (1999); world coverage</li> <li>Rosenberg, Charles E. <i>The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America's Hospital System</i> (1995); history to 1920</li> <li>Scheutz, Martin et al. eds. <i>Hospitals and Institutional Care in Medieval and Early Modern Europe</i> (2009)</li> <li>Wall, Barbra Mann. <i>American Catholic Hospitals: A Century of Changing Markets and Missions</i> (Rutgers University Press, 2011). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4940-8">978-0-8135-4940-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hospital" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hospital">hospital</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hospitals" class="extiw" title="commons:Hospitals"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Hospitals</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> Hospitals <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.who.int/hospitals/en/">https://www.who.int/hospitals/en/</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.hospitalsworldguide.com/hospitals-in-usa/">"Global and Multilanguage Database of public and private hospitals"</a>. <i>hospitalsworldguide<a href="/wiki/.com" title=".com">.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hospitalsworldguide.com&rft.atitle=Global+and+Multilanguage+Database+of+public+and+private+hospitals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fus.hospitalsworldguide.com%2Fhospitals-in-usa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHospital" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100421162908/http://hospitals.webometrics.info/">"Directory and Ranking of more than 17.000 Hospitals worldwide"</a>. <i>hospitals.webometrics.info</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hospitals.webometrics.info/">the original</a> on 21 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hospitals.webometrics.info&rft.atitle=Directory+and+Ranking+of+more+than+17.000+Hospitals+worldwide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhospitals.webometrics.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHospital" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_about_hospitals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hospital_articles" title="Template:Hospital articles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hospital_articles" title="Template talk:Hospital articles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hospital_articles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hospital articles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Articles_about_hospitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles about <a class="mw-selflink selflink">hospitals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_hospitals" title="History of hospitals">History of hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital_network" title="Hospital network">Hospital network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals" title="Category:Hospitals">Category:Hospitals</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common hospital<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_accreditation" title="Hospital accreditation">Accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_bed" title="Hospital bed">Bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_care_unit" title="Coronary care unit">Coronary care unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">Emergency department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_emergency_codes" title="Hospital emergency codes">Emergency codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_administration#Hospital_administrators" title="Health administration">Hospital administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_information_system" title="Hospital information system">Hospital information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_museum" title="Hospital museum">Hospital museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">Intensive care unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnist" title="Nocturnist">Nocturnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-call_room" title="On-call room">On-call room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_theater" title="Operating theater">Operating theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orderly" title="Orderly">Orderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patients#Outpatients_and_inpatients" class="mw-redirect" title="Patients">Patients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_pharmacy" title="Hospital pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospital ward">Wards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaic forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">Almshouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepeion" class="mw-redirect" title="Asclepeion">Asclepeion</a> (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a> (Islamic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_hospital" title="Cottage hospital">Cottage hospital</a> (England)</li> <li>Hôtel-Dieu (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_community_of_ancient_Rome#Imperial" title="Medical community of ancient Rome">Valetudinaria</a> (Roman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a> lying in houses (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenodochium" title="Xenodochium">Xenodochium</a> (Middle Ages)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic service area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_hospital" title="Base hospital">Base hospital</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_hospital" title="Community hospital">Community hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="General hospital">General hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_hospital" title="Regional hospital">Regional hospital</a> or <a href="/wiki/District_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="District hospital">District hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_hospital" title="Municipal hospital">Municipal hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complexity of services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_hospital" title="Day hospital">Day hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_hospital" title="Secondary hospital">Secondary hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_referral_hospital" title="Tertiary referral hospital">Tertiary referral hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">Teaching hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialty_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty hospital">Specialty hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unique physical traits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">Hospital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_train" title="Hospital train">Hospital train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile hospital">Mobile hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hospital" title="Underground hospital">Underground hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Hospital" title="Virtual Hospital">Virtual Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Limited class of patients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_hospital" title="Military hospital">Military hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_support_hospital" title="Combat support hospital">Combat support hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">Field hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prison_hospitals" title="Category:Prison hospitals">Prison hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Veterans_Affairs_medical_facilities" title="List of Veterans Affairs medical facilities">Veterans medical facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_hospitals" title="Category:Women's hospitals">Women's hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_hospital" title="Charitable hospital">Charitable hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_hospital" title="For-profit hospital">For-profit hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_hospital" title="Non-profit hospital">Non-profit hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_hospital" title="State hospital">State hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_hospital" title="Private hospital">Private hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">Public hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_hospital" title="Voluntary hospital">Voluntary hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_hospitals" title="Category:Defunct hospitals">Defunct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Condition treated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cancer_hospitals" title="Category:Cancer hospitals">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_hospital" title="Children's hospital">Children's hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eye_hospitals" title="Category:Eye hospitals">Eye hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fever_hospital" title="Fever hospital">Fever hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leper_colony" title="Leper colony">Leper colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_hospital" title="Lock hospital">Lock hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternity_hospital" title="Maternity hospital">Maternity hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">Psychiatric hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_hospital" title="Rehabilitation hospital">Rehabilitation hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">Trauma center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Veterinary_hospitals" title="Category:Veterinary hospitals">Verterinary hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Century established</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_5th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_6th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_7th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_8th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_9th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_10th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_11th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_12th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_13th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_14th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_15th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_16th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_17th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_18th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_19th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_20th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_21st_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Lists of hospitals in: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Africa" title="Lists of hospitals in Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Asia" title="Lists of hospitals in Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Europe" title="Lists of hospitals in Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_North_America" title="Lists of hospitals in North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Oceania" title="Lists of hospitals in Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_South_America" title="Lists of hospitals in South America">South America</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_care" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_care" title="Template:Health care"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_care" title="Template talk:Health care"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_care" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health care"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_care" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical equipment">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_guideline" title="Medical guideline">Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_healthcare" title="Philosophy of healthcare">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_provider" title="Health care provider">Providers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO%27s_ranking_of_health_care_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO's ranking of health care systems">Ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare science">Healthcare science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health professions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_management" title="Health information management">Health information management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">Clinic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">Nursing home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Academic_health_science_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic health science centre">Academic health science centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">Teaching hospital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_school" title="Pharmacy school">Pharmacy school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Care</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_care" title="Acute care">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_care" title="Chronic care">Chronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">Hospice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overutilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Overutilization">Overutilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-care" title="Self-care">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_care" title="Total care">Total</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills / training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor-patient_relationship#Bedside_manner" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor-patient relationship">Bedside manner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_precautions" title="Universal precautions">Universal precautions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_technology" title="Health technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_bioprinting" title="3D bioprinting">3D bioprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_health" title="Connected health">Connected health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_health" title="Digital health">Digital health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record" title="Electronic health record">Electronic health records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">mHealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Health informatics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_image_computing" title="Medical image computing">Medical image computing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imaging_informatics" title="Imaging informatics">imaging informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Artificial intelligence in healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_informatics" title="Behavior informatics">Behavior informatics</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translational_bioinformatics" title="Translational bioinformatics">Translational bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translational_medicine" title="Translational medicine">Translational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_technology" title="Health information technology">health information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_management" title="Health information management">Health information management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_health_informatics" title="Consumer health informatics">Consumer health informatics</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_debate_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare reform debate in the United States">reform debate in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Healthcare in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_Zealand" title="Healthcare in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_care_by_country" title="Category:Health care by country">(Category Health care by country)</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Health_care" title="Category:Health care">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_infrastructure" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_infrastructure_topics" title="Template:Public infrastructure topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_infrastructure_topics" title="Template talk:Public infrastructure topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_infrastructure_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public infrastructure topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_infrastructure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fixed_asset" title="Fixed asset">Assets</a><br />and<br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical infrastructure">Critical infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">Electricity generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">Town square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">Wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(law)" title="Appropriation (law)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_asset_management" title="Infrastructure asset management">Infrastructure asset management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer" title="Build–operate–transfer">Build–operate–transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)">Earmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure#Engineering" title="Infrastructure">Engineering contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_cost" title="Fixed cost">Fixed cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">Government debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_bond" title="Infrastructure bond">Infrastructure bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindahl_tax" title="Lindahl tax">Lindahl tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance,_repair,_and_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance, repair, and operations">Maintenance, repair, and operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">Property tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_capital" title="Public capital">Public capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_(economics)" title="Spillover (economics)">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upgrade" title="Upgrade">Upgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues<br />and<br />ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">Congestion pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">Fuel efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">Fuel tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">Pork barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Sustainable urban infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic congestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherization" title="Weatherization">Weatherization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields<br />of study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashi Kaikyō Bridge">Akashi Kaikyō Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_rapid_transit_systems" title="List of bus rapid transit systems">Bus rapid transit systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_controlled-access_highway_systems" title="List of controlled-access highway systems">Controlled-access highway systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission#Overhead_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">High-speed trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_Bridge" title="Humber Bridge">Humber Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport" title="Kansai International Airport">Kansai International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millau_Viaduct" title="Millau Viaduct">Millau Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms" title="List of offshore wind farms">Offshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai" title="Port of Shanghai">Port of Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland_Bay_Bridge" title="San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge">San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_by_country" title="Solar power by country">Solar power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">Transcontinental railroads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16917#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16917#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16917#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85062285">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hôpitaux"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940402g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hôpitaux"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940402g">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561153">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="nemocnice"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123221&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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